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Wcdma RF Panning For Umts
Wcdma RF Panning For Umts
Radio network planners, particularly, face a number of new challenges when moving
from the familiar 2G to the new 3G networks, many of them related to the design and
the planning of true multi-service radio networks, and some to particular aspects of the
underlying WCDMA radio access method.
This training course gives detailed descriptions and important features of of the radio
network planning and design of UMTS networks based on Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) for WCDMA technology.
Network planning faces real constraints. Operators with existing networks may have to
co-locate future sites for either economic, technical or planning reasons. Greenfield
operators are subject to more and more environmental and land use considerations in
acquiring and developing new sites.
In general, all 3G systems show a certain relation between capacity and coverage, so
the network planning process itself depends not only on propagation but also on cell
load. Thus, the results of network planning are sensitive to capacity requirements,
which makes the process less straightforward.
Ideally, sites should be selected based on network analysis with the planned load and
traffic/service portfolio.
This requires more analysis with the planning tools and immediate feedback from the
operating network.
The 3G revolution forces operators to abandon the coverage first, capacity later
philosophy.
Furthermore, because of the potential for mutual interference, sites need to be selected in
groups.
This fact should be considered in planning and optimisation.
The technology for accessing a network and transporting the information will become
less important, but greater emphasis will be put on the services and the quality
thereof. Users will no longer even know which access technology they are using
they will just request a service and the network will decide at the time the optimum
technology (GSM/EDGE, cdma2000, WCDMA, WLAN, DVB, etc.) to provide it.
The forecast is that the Operations Support System (OSS) and especially the value
adding components of the NMS are the areas to expand the business in IT as well as in
telecommunications. This new trend evolves partly because the vision of the new
service-driven future is becoming clearer. Further, the convergence of different
technical solutions will set requirements also to OSS business.
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A radio channel can be fully characterised by its time-variant impulse response, h(t).In
a mobile radio channel, the impulse response consists of several time-delayed
components This kind of channel is referred to as a multipath channel.
The delayed peaks are due to reflections from surrounding objects, and
time dependence is caused by the movement of the User Equipment (UE) and the other
objects in the environment
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At the transmitter site, the first step is modulation in which the narrowband
signal Sn, which occupies frequency band Wi, is formed. In the modulation process,
bit sequences of length n are mapped to 2^n different narrowband symbols constituting
the narrowband signal Sn.
In the second step the signal spreading is carried out, in which the narrowband signal Sn
is spread in a large frequency band Wc. At the receiver site the first step is despreading.
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Shadow fading is used to model variations in path loss due to large obstacles like
buildings, terrain conditions, trees.
Shadow fading is also called as log-normal fading since it is modeled using log-normal
distribution
In cell dimensioning/link budget shadow fading is taken into account through a certain
margin (=shadow fading margin)
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In CDMA all users in the same cell share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously
In a CDMA-based cellular network this is also true for users in different cells.
In spread spectrum transmission the interference tolerance enables universal frequency
reuse.
This underlies all other network-level functions. For example, it enables new
functions such as soft handover, but also causes strict requirements for power control.
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The figure illustrates both the data and the spreading and despreading operations
applied to it. The processing gain is given by the ratio of chip rate to the user data rate
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The basic idea is that the receiver works as a correlation receiver, which means that it
correlates a known (reference) code signal with an incoming signal that is composed of
several different CDMA signals (from different users or channels), of general interference
(from other RF systems), and of noise (of thermal nature).
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The PG comes from spreading and coding. Multiple chips are processed to interpret the
value of a single information bit.
Hence the processing gain can be expressed as follows:
PG = 10log( W / Rinfo).
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The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile network (voice, web
browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates
Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different services depending
on the radio network planning issues
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UMTS is an umbrella term for the third generation radio technologies developed within
3GPP.
The radio access specifications provide for Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time
Division Duplex (TDD) variants, and several chip rates are provided for in the TDD option,
allowing UTRA technology to operate in a wide range of bands and co-exist with other
radio access technologies.
UMTS includes the original W-CDMA scheme using paired or unpaired 5 MHz wide
channels in globally agreed bandwidth around 2 GHz, though subsequently, further
bandwidth has been allocated by the ITU on a regional basis.
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Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for UMTS (1997)
(Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)
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WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the industry and universities
WCDMA was chosen besides ETSI also in other forums like ARIB (Japan) as 3G
technology in late 1997/early 1998.
During 1998 parallel work proceeded in ETSI and ARIB (mainly), with commonalities but
also differences
Work was also on-going in USA and Korea
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The current 3G and 3.5G mobile communication and the variants thereof will surely
not be the end of the development, even though with HSDPA and HSUPA the 3GPP
radio access will be highly competitive for quite some years.
Next-generation systems denoted as fourth generation (4G) are
around the corner and will ensure competitiveness even in the longer run.
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The main additional requirements compared with the current 3G systems can be seen
in particular in that these new systems will be developed for an optimised, pure packet
switched data access with a much more distributed radio resource and network
management (fully IP-based) and a multi-carrier radio access (allowing more flexible
carrier bandwidths than the current 5 MHz).
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Soft handover is a form of diversity, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio when the
transmission power is constant. At network level, soft handover smoothes the movement
of a UE from one cell to another. It helps to minimise the transmission power needed in
both uplink and downlink.
Because of universal frequency reuse, the connection of a Mobile Station (MS, or
generally UE in WCDMA) to the cellular network can include several radio links.
When the UE is connected to more than one cell, it is said to be in soft handover
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If, in particular, the UE has more than one radio link to multiple cells on the same site, it is
in softer handover.
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The Macro Diversity Combining (MDC) gain is the reduction of the required Eb/N0
per link in soft or softer handover when compared with the situation with one radio link
only. Due to the power control, the gain is small when measured as the average required
Eb/N0.
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Power control ensures that each user in the network receives and transmits just enough
energy to convey information while causing minimal interference to other users. This is
crucial for network capacity.
A secondary reason for power control is to minimise battery consumption.
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The stronger the received common pilot signal power, the less initial transmission power
is needed. This type of initial power adjustment is arranged by uplink open-loop power
control.
The process has to be supported by a priori information which the UE receives on the
cells Broadcast Channel (BCH).
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Variations in the multi-path channel may mean that a fixed target value of the SIR cannot
always guarantee a satisfactory quality target. Therefore the target SIR must be controlled
based on the achieved bit error rate or block error rate. If the error rate is too high, the
target SIR is increased until the desired error rate is met.
Increasing the target SIR at the receiver end causes the closed-loop power control to
increase the transmission power at the transmitter end until the new target SIR is
reached. Control of the target SIR is named outer-loop power control.
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. For the WCDMA standard, power control is applied in both the uplink and downlink
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Physical channels
Corresponds to a specific carrier frequency, code, relative phase in I and Q branches
Dedicated and Common Physical Channels
Layered structure of radio frames and time slots
A radio frame = 10 msec = 15 slots/frame
1 frame = 38400 chips, 1 slot = 2560 chips
Slot configuration varies depending on the channel bit rate of the physical channel
# bits/slot different for different physical channels
may vary with time (on a frame by frame basis)
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The high-level functional grouping into Access Stratum (AS) and Non-Access Stratum
(NAS) defined in the 3GPP standard for Radio Interface Protocol Architecture.
The AS is the functional grouping of protocols specific to the access technique.
It includes protocols for supporting transfer of radio-related information, for
coordinating the use of radio resources between UE and access network, and for
supporting the access from the serving network to the resources provided by the
access network. The AS offers services through Service Access Points (SAPs) to
the NAS (CN-related signalling and services) i.e., provides the access link between
the UE and CN which consists of one or more independent and simultaneous UE
CN RAB services, and only one signalling connection between the upper-layer entities
of the UE and CN.
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The radio interface protocols are needed to set up, reconfigure and release the Radio
Bearer Services. The radio interface consists of three protocol layers the physical
layer (L1), the data link layer (L2) and the network layer (L3). L2 contains the following
sublayers:
Medium Access Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), Packet Data
Convergence Protocol (PDCP) and Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC). RLC is
divided into C-plane and U-plane, while PDCP and BMC exist only in the U-plane.
L3 consists of one protocol, denoted as Radio Resource Control (RRC), which
belongs to the C-plane.
Each block represents an instance of the corresponding protocol.
The dashed lines represent the control interfaces through which the RRC protocol
controls and configures the lower layers. The SAPs between the MAC and physical
layers and between the RLC and MAC sub-layers provide the Transport Channels
(TrCHs) and the Logical Channels (LoCHs), respectively. The TrCHs are specified
for data transport between the physical layer and L2 peer entities, whereas LoCHs
just define the transfer of a specific type of information over the radio interface
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The dedicated higher layer information, including user data and signalling, is carried
by the uplink DPDCH, and the control information generated at L1 is mapped onto the
uplink DPCCH. The DPCCH comprises pre-defined Pilot symbols (used for channel
estimation and coherent detection/averaging), power control commands, Feedback
Information (FBI) for closed-loop mode transmit diversity and Site Selection Diversity
Technique (SSDT), and optionally a TFCI.
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The common uplink physical channels are the PRACH and the PCPCH, which are
used to carry RACH and CPCH, respectively. The RACH is transmitted using openloop power control. The CPCH is transmitted using inner-loop power control and is
always associated with a downlink DPCCH carrying power control commands.
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Random access transmission is based on a slotted ALOHA approach with fast
acquisition indication. There are 15 access slots per two frames spaced 5120 chips
apart Information concerning which access slots are available in the cell for random
access transmission is broadcast on the BCH.
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The link performance requirements are different for different services, for example,
because of different channel-coding schemes and interleaving depths. Assumptions
regarding the radio propagation channel must be carefully chosen, as the propagation
channel has a significant effect on the link performance indicators. Also the speed of
the UE must be taken into account.
In reality, channel conditions vary from cell to cell and even within cells. Thus,
choosing a specific multi-path channel model, as is usually done in simulations, is
not ideal. However, it is the only way to ensure consistency when comparing issues
in the development phase, such as the performance of different receiver algorithms or
of different network-level radio resource management algorithms, or even different
approaches in cell deployment.
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