PROBIOTICS

Probioticsmeansgoodbacteria.LactobacillusandBifidobacteriastrainsarethemainonesinthis
category.Theirfunctionisvitaltohealth,providingabout80%ofthetotalimmunesystem.
Probioticcolonizationisseverelyreducedwhenanumberoffactorsarepresent:sugar(glucose,
fructose,sucroseetc.),fluoride,alcohol,andantibiotics,forexample.

Lactobacillusstrains
about56speciesareknown

grampositivefacultativeanaerobes
nonsporeforming
nonflagellated,rodorcoccobacilli
helpkeepthevaginafreefrominfectionbyproducinghydrogenperoxide,asubstancethatis
highlyacidic.Whenthevaginalmicrofloraisdisruptedthroughinfection,douching,orpoor
hygiene,forexample,Lactobacillicandieoff,leadingtoaconditionknownasbacterial
vaginosis.

L.acidophilus
foundmainlyinthesmallintestine
breaksdownfood,producingbyproductshostiletocommonpathogensincluding
Salmonella,Shigella,Enterococcusfaecalis,Staphylococcusaureus,Candidaalbicans,
andE.Coli
implantsitselfonintestinalwallsandvaginallinings,cervix,andurethrathus
preventinginfections
helpscontrolandpreventdiarrhea
helpscontrolserumcholesterollevels
produceslactase,theenzymethatbreaksdownmilksugar.Thosewhoarelactose
intolerantdonotproducethisenzyme.
protectsandstrengthenstheimmunesystem
producesnaturalantibioticandantiviralcompounds(lactocidin,acidophilin)
helpsproduceatleastthreeBvitamins:niacinB3),folicacid(B9),andpyridoxine(B6)
inhibitstheformationofsomecancers
theDDSstrainisespeciallyabletoresistthedestructiveeffectsofantibiotics
NOTE:theacidophilususedinmostcommercialyogurtscannotsurvivestomachacids
L.amylovorus
foundnormallyintheintestinaltractofanimalsandhumansaswellasinthehuman
mouthandvagina
sometimesfoundincommercialacidophilusmilk
beingstudiedasapotentialcommercialproduceroflacticacid
L.brevis
produceslacticacidwhichishostiletopathogens
helpssynthesizevitaminsDandK

effectiveagainstH.pylori(thebacteriathatcausesstomachulcers)
improvesintestinalmicrofloraandtheintestinalimmunesystem
helpsdecreaseintestinalpermeability(leakygutsyndrome)

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L.bulgaricus
importantinfermentingyogurt
formsahostileenvironmentforpathogens,removingthemfromtheGItract
fastgrowing,itproduceslacticacidwhichhelpspromotebeneficialbacteria
resistanttostomachacidsandbilesalts
improvesdigestion,lactosetolerance,andcholesterollevels
assistsinthemetabolismoflipids(fats)
enhancesimmunitybystimulatingproductionofinterferonandtumornecrosisfactor
correctsbothdiarrheaandconstipationbyregulatingperistalsis
hasantitumorproperties
producesnaturalantibioticsubstances
asatransientmicroorganism,itdoesnotimplantitselfintheintestinaltractbut
roamsthroughoutprovidinganimportantprotectiverole
L.caseii

closelyrelatedtoL.rhamnosusandL.acidophilus
secretespeptidoglycan,whichsupportsnaturalbodydefencesandstimulatesimmune
responsesintheintestinaltract
increasescirculatingIgAininfantsinfectedwithrotavirus,shorteningthedurationof
associateddiarrhealepisodes
producesbacteriocins(inhibitgrowthofpathogenicbacteriainthesmallintestine)
proventolessenwinterinfectionsintheelderly
hasstrongresistancetodigestiveenzymes
produceslacticacid
reduceslactoseintolerance
inhibitstumorsbystimulatingnaturalkillercells
encouragesproperGIfunctionandelimination
helpstreatallergies

L.caseiirhamnosus/LactobacillusGG
discoveredin1985byGorbachandGolden,becomingtheGGstrain
hasanexceptionalabilitytoadheretotheintestinalmucosaandproliferate
reducesthenumberandseverityofrotavirusassociateddiarrhea
usedsuccessfullyineradicatingClostridiumdifficileinpatientswithrelapsingcolitis
hastheabilitytoinhibitchemicallyinducedintestinaltumors
bindstosomechemicalcarcinogens

withBifidobacteriumlactis,producessignificantimprovementofatopiceczemain
childrenwithfoodallergies
hasanantioxidativeability,especiallythechelationofmetalions,particularlyiron
andcopper

L.caucasicus
commonlyfoundinkefir
L.crispatus
animportantpartofthenormalvaginalmicroflora
alongwithL.acidophilusandL.delbrueckii,Lcrispatusinhibitsbacterialvaginosis
associatedspecies
L.fermenti

commonlyfoundinkefirbutalsousedtomakesourdoughbreadandyogurt
usefulinprotectingthevaginalareafromvaginitis

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L.gasseri

themainLactobacillusspeciesinthehumangastrointestinaltract
hasagoodsurvivalrate,evenintheelderly
playsasignificantroleinreducinggasticinflammationandsuppressingH.pylori,the
ulcercausingbacterium

L.helveticus
oftenusedinmakingSwisstypecheesestoenhanceflavour
addedtocertainfermentedmilks
hasprovedtohavesignificanteffectsonbonedensity
hassomeeffectinpreventingtrabecularbonelosswhencomparedtoothermilk
productsthatdidnotcontaintheorganism
increasesboneformationofosteoblasts(bonecells)andserumcalciumconcentrations
helpstolowerbloodpressure
produceslacticacid
hasantimicrobialandanticancereffects
L.johnsonii
survivespassagethroughthedigestivetract

adherestointestinalcells,blockingthecolonizationofpotentiallypathogenicbacteria,
includingE.coli
stimulatesthebody'snaturalimmunedefences
suppressescolonizationofC.perfringens(apathogencommoninchickens)
helpswithlactoseintoleranceandtravellersdiarrhea

L.lactis
usedinmakingsomecheesesandfermentedmilkproducts
hasantimicrobialandanticancereffects
helpsdecreasehighbloodpressure
helpsfightoraldisease
helpspreventurinaryandvaginalinfections
inhibitsbothgrampositive(eg.listeria)andgramnegative(eg.E.coli)pathogens
L.leichmannii
produceslacticacid
oftenusedtodetermineconcentrationsofvitaminB12inproducts
normallypresentinryegrainandusedinmakingGermanryebread
L.paracasei/F19
acidandbileresistant
adherestothecolon
effectiveinpreventing&treatingcertaintypesofdiarrhea&IBS(irritablebowel
syndrome)
hastheabilitytoalterintestinalmicrofloraactivity
helpsmodulatetheimmunesystem
helpsreducetheriskofsomecancers

helpspreventcolonizationofC.difficileandH.pylori,especiallyintheelderly
welltoleratedbyinfants,adults,&theelderly
helpsincreaseinthenumbersofotherLactobacillusstrains
itsnumbersaresignificantlyreducedwiththeuseofglucose,fructose,&sucrose

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L.plantarum
vegetableoriginbutstillproduceslacticacid
inhibitsgrowthofGIpathogensandeliminatesthemfromthebody

usedtotreatrecurrentC,difficileassociateddiarrheaandCandidainfections
helpspreservekeynutrients,vitamins,antioxidants
manufacturesvitaminsA,B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B12,Kandshortchainsoffattyacids
helpsproducelactolin,anaturalantibiotic
helpsdestroymoulds,viruses,parasites
eradicatessuchpathogensasStaphylococcusaureusfromfermentedfood
helpsmaintainhealthycholesterolandtriglyceridelevels
increasesthenumberofimmunesystemcells
providesprotectionfromenvironmentaltoxins(eg.pesticides,pollutants)
reducestoxicwasteatthecellularlevel
stimulatestherepairmechanismofcells
producesspecialenzymesthatbreakdowncyanogenicglycosides
eliminatestoxiccomponentsfromfoodincludingnitrates
helpspreventintestinalgas
reducesIBS,allergies,arthritis,andinfectiousdiseases
producesLlysine,anaminoacidknownfortreatingtheHerpesvirus

L.reuteri
naturallyfoundintheintestinalfloraandbreastmilkofanimalsandhumans

moreeffectivethanacidophilusasanantibiotic
helpsstrengthentheimmunesystem
producesreuterin,anantimicrobialsubstance
protectsinfantsandyoungchildrenfromdevelopingallergies
aneffectivetreatmentforrotaviraldiarrheainchildren
notcommonlyfoundinsupplements

L.rhamnosus
produceslacticacid
preventsandtreatsvaginalfungalorbacterialinfectionsandsometumors
closelyrelatedtoL.caseiiandL.acidophilusbutmoretransient
veryresistanttostomachacidsandbilesalts
colonizeseasilyintheintestinalliningandthevaginaltract
reducestheseverityofantibioticassociateddiarrhea
increasesimmunitybyincreasingtheresponseofTlymphocytes
hasanantiinflammatoryeffect
helpsdecreaseinfanteczema
growsrapidlyinmilksofoundinmanyfermenteddairyproducts

helpspreventrotoviralorC.difficileinduceddiarrhea
helpstreatandpreventfoodallergies,eczema,lactoseintolerance
stabilizesoverawiderangeoftemperaturesandpHlevels
inhibitsthegrowthofbadbacteria,especiallyStreptococciandClostridia

L.rhamnosusGG
superiorabilitytopreventandtreatGIdisorders,especiallydiarrhea
enhancestheimmunesystembytreatingandpreventingviralandbacterialinfections
resistsstomachacidsandbilesalts
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L.salivarius
mostabundantinthemouthaswellasthesmallintestine
importantfornormalizinggutflora,especiallyinthosewithchronicboweldisorders
preventsgasbyinhibitingundesirablebacteria
antibioticresistant
helpsbreakdownundigestedprotein
breaksaparttoxinsproducedbyproteinputrification
produceslacticacid
inhibitsthegrowthofH.pylori
veryresilient,doublingitspopulationevery20minutes

afacultativebacteriumthatsurvivesandgrowsinbothanaerobic(withoutoxygen)and
aerobic(withoxygen)environments,unlikeL,acidophilus,whichhaslittleornogrowth
inanaerobicenvironment

Bacillusstrains
foundinsoil,manure,andplantmatter
mostspeciesareharmlessbutsomecanbedeadly
somestrainsareusedtomakeantibioticswhileothersareusedasinsecticides
Twothatareconsideredtobebeneficialtohumansare:

B.lichenformis
asoilbasedorganismusedtoinactivatesuchlipid(fat)envelopedvirusesas:
HIV(humanimmunodeficiencyvirus)
SIV(simianimmunodeficiencyvirus)
HHV6[AandB](humanherpesvirus)
EBV(EpsteinBarrvirus)
CMV(Cytomegalovirusrelatedtoherpes)
effectiveagainstotherorganismsincludingbacteria,mycoplasmas(atypeofbacteria),
andfungi
producessurfactin,anantibioticsubstance
B.subtilis

anonpathogenicbacteriumthatiswidespreadinsoil,water,air
abletogrowinvarioushabitatsincludingtheGItractsofanimalsandhumans
inhibitsorcontrolsthegrowthofharmfulbacteriaandfungi
helpsnormalizeintestinalmicroflora
sourceoftheenzymenattokinasewhichsupportscardiovascularhealth
secreteslargeamountsofenzymesincludingaamylase,arabinase,cellulase,
dextranase,levansucrase,maltase,alkalineprotease,neutralprotease,bglucanase,
Dnase,andotherenzymeswithNacetylmuramidaseactivity

Bifidobacteriumstrains

about30speciesareknownandmakesupabout90%ofthebeneficialbacteria
commoninthenaturalfloraofhuman&animals

somestrainsinhibitthegrowthofsuchharmfulbacteriaasSalmonella
stimulatestheimmunesystem
helpthedigestionbyimprovingtheabsorptionoffoodingredientsandnutrients
synthesizesomevitamins
aregrampositiveanaerobes;nonmotile,nonsporeformingandcatalasenegative
havevariousshapes(short,curvedrods,clubshapedrods,bifurcatedYshapedrods)

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thenameisderivedfromthewaytheyexist(Yshapedorbifidform)
lacticacidproducers
breastfednewbornsbegintocolonizebifidobacteriawithindaysofbirth
populationsbegintodeclinewithadvancingageunlesssupplemented
influencedbymanyfactors,includingdiet,antibiotics,andstress
B.adolescentis

inhabitsthelowerlargeintestine
hasantitumoreffects
sharessimilarcharacteristicsasB.breve
alongwithB.infantisandB.longum,B.adolescentisaccountsforalmost99%ofthe
naturalflora
hasstrongeffectsagainstgramnegativebacteria
helpspreventthecolonizationofinvadingpathogensbycompetingfornutrientsand
attachmentsites
increasesvitaminproductionandcalciumabsorption
helpsfermentover20kindsofcarbohydratesintolacticacid

B.bifidum

alsoknownasBacillusbifidus,Bacteriumbifidum,Lactobacillusbifidus,and
Lactobacillusparabifidus
residesmainlyintheliningofthelargeintestineandvaginaltract
usedintheproductionofcertainfermentedfoodsandtherapeuticpreparations
usedtotreatdigestivedisorders,enterocolitis,constipation,cirrhosisoftheliver,
imbalanceofintestinalflorafollowingantibiotictherapy,andtopromoteperistalsis
mostprolificinforminglacticandaceticacids
digestslactose
fermentsindigestiblefibers,therebyproducingmoreenergyandlessgas
synthesizessomevitamins,especiallyseveraloftheBvitamins
assistsinmineralabsorption,especiallyiron,calcium,magnesium,andzinc
inhibitsthegrowthofSalmonella,Bacilluscereus,Staphylococcusaureus,Candida
albicans,Campylobacterjejuni,Listeria,Shigella,E.coliandClostridiumbycrowding
themoutandeatingthenutrientstheyneed
fightsbadbacteriabyloweringtheintestinalpHthroughtheproductionoffattyacids,
lacticacid,andaceticacid
absorbslargequantitiesofferrousions,therebyinhibitingthegrowthofbadbacteria
thatuseitforfood
helpsdecomposenitrosamines(cancercausingsubstances)
helpslowerserumcholesterol

B.breve
mostcommonininfantsbutremainsinadultsmallandlargeintestine
produceslacticacid
producesthenaturalantibioticlactobrevin
hasanaffinityforabsorbingcarcinogenicsespeciallythoseproducedbycharredmeats
survivesstomachacidsandbilesalts

sharescommoncharacteristicswithB.Adolescentis
adeptatabsorbingcarcinogenics,especiallythoseproducedbycharredmeats
survivesbileacids

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abletoeradicateCampylobacterjejunifromchildrenwithenteritis

B.infantis

alsoknownasB.lactentis,B.liberorum,andActinomycesparabifidus
foundmainlyinthelargeintestinesofinfantsbutalsoinadultsandthevagina
stimulatesproductionofsuchimmuneagentsascytokines
producesacidsthatretardcolonizationofcertainforeignorharmfulbacteriaincluding
Clostridia,Salmonella,&Shigella

B.lactis

alsoknownasBifidobacteriumanimalissubsplactis
foundinlargenumbersinthelargeintestine
resistanttostomachacidsandbilesalts
lowersbodypH
produceshydrogenperoxide(H2O2)whichkillspathogens
provinghelpfulinthosewitheczema
increasesnaturalkillercellsandTlymphocytesthushelpingtheimmunesystem,
especiallyintheelderly
helpsrelieveconstipationandpreventdiarrhea,especiallyinchildren
decreaseschronicinflammationofthecolon
hasantimicrobialproperties
hasantimicrobialpropertiesthatdecreasetheeffectofnegativebacteria,especially
Clostridium

B.longum
foundinhighconcentrationsinthelargeintestine
produceslactic&aceticacidsthatlowerpH&inhibitspathogens
resistanttostomachacids&bilesalts
stimulatestheimmunesystem
hasstrongantitumoractivity
improvesthenutritionalvalueoffoods
producessomeBvitamins,lysozymeenzymes,digestiveenzymes,&casein
phosphatase
increasescalciumabsorption

OTHERPROBIOTICSandPREBIOTICS
Enterococcusstrains

foundintheintestinesofanimals&humans
grampositive,facultativeanaerobiccoccioftheStreptococcaceaefamily
aresphericaltoovoidinshape;occurinpairsorshortchains;arecatalasenegative;non
sporeforming;usuallynonmotile
usuallycausenoharm,butinsome,cancauseseriousinfectionsoftheurinarytract(UTIs),
inwounds,andtheblood
E.faecalisTH10

highlyeffectiveagainsteventhemostdeadlyantibioticresistantbacterialstrains,
includingMRSA(methicillinresistantStaphylococcusaureus)

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E.faecium

shouldnotbeconfusedwiththepathogenicstrainE.faecalis(foundmainlyin
animalsbutisapathogeninhumans).Becauseofconcernsoversimilaritiesinthe
strainsandthenames,manyfermentedfoodmanufacterershavestoppedaddingE.
faeciumtotheirproducts.
normallyfoundintheintestinaltractsofanimalsandhumans
onlytemporarycolonization
effectiveintreatingdiarrhea,especiallywhenassociatedwiththerotavirus
abletowithstandhighstomachacidsandtemperatures
antibioticresistant
helpslowercholesterollevels

E.faeciumSF68
usedtomanageseveraldiarrhealillnesses

Lactococcusstrains

lacticacidproducers
commonlyusedtosourmilk
grampositivefacultativeanaerobes
severalstrainsarebeingusedorarebeingdevelopedasprotiotics
L.lactis

formerlyknownasStreptococcuslactis
abletosynthesizebothfolicacidandriboflavin,twoimportantBvitamins
oneofthemostimportantmicroorganismsusedinthedairyindustry,particularlyin
cheesemaking,sinceitproducescopiousamountsoflacticacid
NOTE:Scientistsarenowexperiementingwithitbycreatingageneticallymodified
versionwhichsecretesinterleukin10

Leuconostocstrains

foundinvariousenvironments
belongstothelacticacidproducingfamilyofbacteriausedtofermentfoodswhichincreases
theirnutritivequality
somestrainsproducethecharacteristicflavorinculturedmilkproductsandvegetables
L.mesenteroides
mostoftenusedinfermentingvegetableswhereitinitiatesthedesirablelacticacid
initiatesgrowthinvegetablesmorerapidlyoverarangeoftemperaturesandsalt
concentrationsthananyotherlacticacidbacteria
usedtofermentsourdoughbread,sorghumbeer,allfermentedmilks,andcassava
differsfromotherlacticacidspeciesinthatitcantoleratefairlyhighconcentrationsof
saltandsugar(upto50%sugar)
producescarbondioxideandacidswhichrapidlylowerspH,inhibitingthe
developmentofundesirablemicroorganismswhileincreasingtheproperenvironment
forlactobacillusspecies
removesoxygen,helpingtopreservethecolourofvegetablesandstabilizingany
ascorbicacid(vitaminC)thatispresent

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Pediococcusstrains

foundinfoods,onplants,andtopreventspoilageinbeer
producesinactivelacticacid
usedmainlyformakingfermentedvegetables,mashes,beer,andwort
P.acidilactici
aspecificstrainoflacticacidproducingbacteria
helpstokeepaproperbalanceofmicroflorainthedigestivesystem

usedtocontrolListeriamonocytogenesintemperatureabusedvacuumpackedwieners

Saccharomycesstrains

beneficialyeastorganismsusedinmakingbeer,bread,andnutritionalsupplement
S.boulardii
nonpathogenic

closelyrelatedtobrewer'syeastbutNOTATALLtoCandidayeast
fastgrowing,ithelpseliminateharmfulyeasts,includingCandida,intheGItract
produceslacticacidandsomeBvitamins
helpstreatdiarrheacausedbyantibioticsandC.difficile(secretesproteaseenzymes
whichdigestexotoxinsknowntocausediarrheaandcolitiscausedbyC.difficile)
helpseaseCrohn'sdisease
survivesgastricacidity
notadverselyaffectedorinhibitedbyantibiotics
doesnotalteroradverselyaffectthenormalflorainthebowel
canbetakenwithotherfriendlyprobioticorganisms
protectsthegutfromamebasandcholera
NOTE:Donottakeatthesametimeasprescriptionantifungalsasthisorganismwill
bekilledaswell.Alcoholalsokillsthisorganism.

S.cerevisiae

commonlyknownasbaker's,budding,orbrewer'syeast,whichreferstoitsuseorhow
theyeastmultiplies
usedinmakingbreadandbeer
doesnotcontributetoCandidayeastinfections
NOTE:Somenutritionalyeastsarederivedfrombyproductsofbreweriesorpaper
mills.Asuperiorkindisgrownonmolasses,givingitahighernutrientcontent

Streptococcusstrains

knownmostlyaspathogenscausingillnessesthatrangefromsorethroatstorheumaticfever
beneficialstrainsareusuallyfoundinculturedmilkproducts
S.thermophilus

withL.bulgaricus,isusedcommerciallytoproduceyogurt&otherfermentedmilk
productsincludingmozzarellacheese
produceslargequantitiesoflactase,theenzymeneededtobreakdownlactose
classifiedasalacticacidbacteria
hastheabilitytoproducemethanolacetone,apotentantipathogenicagentwhich
destroyssuchpathogensasPseudomonas,E.coli,Staphylococcusaureus,Salmonella,
&Shigella

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stimulatestheproductionofcytokineswhichareinvolvedwiththeimmunesystem
improvesthenutritionalvalueoffoodsbymakingmicronutrientsavailable
agrampositivefacultativeanaerobe
cytochrome,oxidase&catalasenegative
nonmotile,nonsporeforming&homofermentative
analphahemolyticspeciesoftheviridansgroup

S.salivarussubspthermophilustype1131
aprobioticstrain

FOS(fructooligosaccharides)

aPREbiotic,meaningitfeedsfriendlyflora
derivedfromsugarcaneviaafermentationprocess
resistanttodigestionintheupperGItractandthusabletostimulatethegrowthof
BifidobacteriumandLactobacillusstrainsfartherdowninthelargeintestine
doesnotsupportthegrowthofpathogens
increasesabsorptionofcalciumandmagnesium
decreasestriglyceridelevels
hasanticancereffects,significantlyreducingtheincidenceofcolontumors
uptakeisreducedby60%whenglucose,fructose,sucrose,andfluorideareconsumed
foundnaturallyinsuchfoodsasJerusalemartichokes,yacon,onions,leeks,garlic,chicory,
andbarley
resistanttodigestivejuices

Inulins
agroupofnondigestiblecarbohydratescalledfructans(alsoknownaslevans)

notanFOSbecausethemajorityofitschainsexceed10units
InulinproducingplantspeciesincludethosefromthefamilyLiliaceae,Amaryllidaceae,
Gramineae,andCompositae,especiallychicory,onions,leeks,garlic,bananas,asparagusand
artichokes
NOTE:onlychicory(Cichoriumintybus)andJerusalemartichokes(Helianthustuberosus)are
usedtoproduceInulincommercially
stimulatesthegrowthofBifidobacteriuminthelargeintestine
bindmineralsinthesmallintestinewhichisaGOODthingbecausetheyarethenreleased
intothelargeintestinewheretheyarebetterabsorbedthaninthesmallintestine;abeneficial
activityinthepreventionofosteoporosis
haveasweettastesooftenaddedtofoodsassugarsubstitutes,fatreplacers,providing
texture,stabilizingfoam,orimprovingfeelinginthemouthinawidevarietyofmiscellaneous
foodstuffs,includingfermenteddairyproducts,desserts,bakeryproducts,spreads,andinfant
formulas
comprisedmainlyoffructoseunits
hastheabilitytoholdwater,replacefat,andcontributeminimalcalories

Isomaltooligosaccharides

amixtureofglucoseandothersaccharidemolecules
producedbyvariousenzymeprocesses
ultimatelyformseveralsugarmoleculesandotherhigherbranchedoligosaccharides
helpstimulatethegrowthofBifidobacteriumandLactobacillusspeciesinthelargeintestine

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Lactilol

adisaccharidealcoholanalogueoflactulose
usedinmanycountriesfortreatingconstipationandhepatic(liver)encephalopathy
inJapan,usedasaprebioticbecauseitisresistanttodigestionintheuppergastrointestinal
tractandfermentedbyalimitednumberofcolonizingfriendlybacteria.However,itisnot
approvedasaprebioticintheUnitedStates
Shouldbeavoidedbythosewhoarelactoseintolerant

Lactosucrose

atrisaccharidecomprisedofgalactose,glucose,andfructosemolecules
producedthroughenzymeaction,resultinginsucrose
resistanttodigestioninthestomachandsmallintestine

actsontheintestinalmicrofloratoincreasethegrowthoftheBifidobacteriumspecies
widelyusedinJapanasadietarysupplementandinfunctionalfoods,includingyogurt

Lactulose

asemisyntheticdisaccharideoflactoseandfructose
resistanttohumandigestiveenzymes
fermentedbyalimitednumberofbacteriainthecolon

currently,aprescribeddrugintheUSforthetreatmentofconstipationandhepatic
encephalopathy
hassomeabilityinreducinginfectiousinflammatoryboweldisordersandsomecolontumors
showntoimproveglucosetoleranceandcarbohydratemetabolism
significantlystimulatescalciumabsorptioninpostmenopausalwomen

NOTE:containsgalactose,therefore,contraindicatedinthosewhorequirealowgalactosediet
NOTE:Shouldbeavoidedbythosewhoarelactoseintolerant

Oligofructose

derivedfromnativeinulin
about3060%assweetassugar
foundcommerciallyasanoligosaccharidebecauseitconsistsmainlyoffructoseunitswith
someglucoseterminatedchains(unboundfructosechainshaveprebioticproperties)
alsoavailableasamixturewithinulintoreducetheamountofnonglucoseterminatedchains
hasadifferentfermentationprofilethaninulinorFOS
fermentedbyawidervarietyofprobioticbacteriathaninulin
hastheabilitytobrown,makingitavaluableadditiontobakedproducts

Pyrodextrins

amixtureofglucosecontainingoligosaccharidesderivedfromstarch
resistanttodigestionintheuppergastrointestinaltract

promotesthegrowthofBifidobacteriuminthelargeintestine

Soyoligosaccharides

derivedmainlyfromsoybeans,butcanalsobefoundinotherlegumes
therearetwomainsoyoligosaccharides

trisaccharideraffinose(comprisedofonemoleculeeachofgalactose,glucoseand
fructose)

tetrasaccharidestachyose(comprisedoftwomoleculesofgalactose,onemoleculeof
glucoseandonemoleculeoffructose)

actstostimulatethegrowthofBifidobacteriuminthelargeintestine

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TOS(transgalactooligosaccharides)

amixtureofglucoseandgalactoseoligosaccharides
producedfromlactoseviaenzymeactionobtainedfromAspergillusoryzae(whichcanalsobe
apathogen)
resistanttodigestionintheuppergastrointestinaltract
abletostimulatethegrowthofBifidobacteriuminthelargeintestine
hasapositiveeffectoncalciumabsorption
hassomeabilitytolowertriglycerides
shouldbeavoidedbythosewhoarelactoseintolerant

Xylooligosaccharides

comprisedofoligosaccharidescontainingbetalinkedxyloseresidues
obtainedfromenzymaticaction
resistsdigestionintheuppergastrointestinaltract
abletofunctioninthelargeintestinetoincreasethegrowthofBifidobacteriumspecies,thus
improvinggastricfunction
helpsimprovebloodsugarlevelsandfatmetabolism
restoresnormalintestinalflorafollowingantibiotic,chemo,orradiationtherapies
increasesmineralabsorptionandvitaminBproduction
reducesintestinalputrification

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AllergyreductionwithPROandPREbiotics,duringthefirsttwoyearsoflife,significantlyreduces
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Angelisetal:Probioticpreparationhasthecapacitytohydrolyzeproteinsresponsibleforwheatallergy.
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Antibacterialeffectsagainstnumerouspathogenicbacteria.

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Antifungaleffectsofprobiotics.

Czaczyketal:AntifungalactivityofBacilluscoagulansagainstFusariumsp.ActaMicrobiolPol
2002;51(3):27583
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Antiviralprotectionagainstcolds,flusandHIV.

Baronetal:ApatentedstrainofBacilluscoagulansincreasedimmuneresponsetoviralchallenge.
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Aspirininducedinjurytreatmentandprotectionusingprobiotics.

Endoetal:EfficacyofLactobacilluscaseitreatmentonsmallbowelinjuryinchroniclowdoseaspirin
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Athleticperformanceimproveswithprobiotics.

Clancyetal:Reversalinfatiguedathletesofadefectininterferongammasecretionafteradministration
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Behaviourimprovement,especiallydepressionandinfantileseparationsyndrome.

Bravoetal:IngestionofLactobacillusstrainregulatesemotionalbehaviorandcentralGABAreceptor
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BPA(bisphenolA)isfoundinmanyproductsbutprobioticsprotectsagainsteffectsfromexposure.

Oishietal:Effectofprobiotics,BifidobacteriumbreveandLactobacilluscasei,onbisphenolAexposure
inrats.BiosciBiotechnolBiochem2008Jun;72(6):140915

Cancerpreventionandtreatment.

Chenetal:SaccharomycesboulardiiinhibitsEGFreceptorsignalingandintestinaltumorgrowthin
Apc(min)mice.Gastroenterol2009Sep;137(3):91423
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growth.JNutr1999Jul;129(7Suppl):1478S1482S
Yazdietal:OraladministrationofLactobacillusacidophilusinducesIL12productioninspleencell
cultureofBALB/cmicebearingtransplantedbreasttumour.BrJNutr2010Jul;104(2):22732

Cancersurgeryinfectionprevention.

Naitoetal:Preventionofrecurrencewithepirubicinandlactobacilluscaseiaftertransurethralresection
ofbladdercancer.JUrol2008Feb;179(2):48590
Sugawaraetal:Perioperativesynbiotictreatmenttopreventpostoperativeinfectiouscomplicationsin
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Chemoinducedbowelinjuryordiarrhea.

Sezeretal:TheeffectofSaccharomycesboulardiionreducingirinotecaninducedintestinalmucositis
anddiarrhea.MedOncol2008Dec9
Southcottetal:Yoghurtscontainingprobioticsreducedisruptionofthesmallintestinalbarrierin
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Cholesterolloweringandarterialprotection.

AtaieJafarietal:Cholesterolloweringeffectofprobioticyogurtincomparisonwithordinaryyogurtin
mildlytomoderatelyhypercholesterolemicsubjects.AnnNutrMetab2009;54(1):227
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Chronicfatiguesyndromeimproveswithprobiotics.

Sullivanetal:Effectofsupplementwithlacticacidproducingbacteriaonfatigueandphysicalactivityin
patientswithchronicfatiguesyndrome.NutrJ2009Jan26;8:4

ConjunctivitisandotherEyeinfectionsimprove.

Iovienoetal:Preliminaryevidenceoftheefficacyofprobioticeyedroptreatmentinpatientswithvernal
keratoconjunctivitis.GraefesArchClinExpOphthalmol2008Mar;246(3):43541

CysticfibrosisandDigestiveproblemsimprove.

Pinaetal:Improvementofintestinalfunctionincysticfibrosispatientsusingprobiotics.AnPediatr
(Barc)2008Dec;69(6):5015

Digestivesystem:treatingandpreventingadultandchildhoodConstipation,Diarrhea,Diverticulitis,
Gastroenteritis,H.pylori,Inflammatorybowelconditions[IBS,Crohn's,Celiac].

Amentaetal:Dietandchronicconstipation.Benefitsoforalsupplementationwithsymbioticzirfos
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Koniecznaetal:Bifidobacteriuminfantis35624administrationinducesFoxp3Tregulatorycellsin
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Sheehanetal:Improvinggastrictransit,gastrointestinalpersistenceandtherapeuticefficacyofthe
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Sheehanetal:HeterologousexpressionofBetL,abetaineuptakesystem,enhancesthestresstolerance
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Szajewskaetal:Metaanalysis:Saccharomycesboulardiifortreatingacutediarrhoeainchildren.Aliment
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Tabbersetal:EffectoftheconsumptionofafermenteddairyproductcontainingBifidobacteriumlactis
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Tursietal:Mesalazineand/orLactobacilluscaseiinmaintaininglongtermremissionofsymptomatic
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Uchidaetal:YogurtcontainingLactobacillusgasseriOLL2716(LG21yogurt)acceleratedthehealingof
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EczemaandDermatitispreventionandtreatmentusingprobiotics.

Abrahamssonetal:ProbioticsinpreventionofIgEassociatedeczema:adoubleblind,randomized,
placebocontrolledtrial.JAllergyClinImmunol2007May;119(5):117480
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Kalliomki&Isolauri:Pandemicofatopicdiseasesalackofmicrobialexposureinearlyinfancy?Curr
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Parketal:NewfunctionalprobioticLactobacillussakeiprobio65alleviatesatopicsymptomsinthe
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Rosenfeldtetal:Effectofprobioticsongastrointestinalsymptomsandsmallintestinalpermeabilityin
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Immunesystemnecessityespeciallyinsocalledautoimmunedisorderswhichareoftentheresultof
immunesystemdeficiencies.

Anuradha&Rajeshwari:Probioticsinhealthanddisease.JIndianAcadClinMed2005;6(1):6772
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expressedbyprobioticbacteriatomucosaldendriticcells.CurrHIVRes2010Jun;8(4):3239
Mohamadzadeh&Klaenhammer:SpecificLactobacillusspeciesdifferentiallyactivateTolllikereceptors
anddownstreamsignalsindendriticcells.ExpertRevVaccines2008Oct;7(8):115564
Mohamadzadehetal:Targetingmucosaldendriticcellswithmicrobialantigensfromprobioticlacticacid
bacteria.ExpertRevVaccines.2008Mar;7(2):16374
Mohamadzadehetal:LactobacilliactivatehumandendriticcellsthatskewTcellstowardThelper1
polarization.ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005Feb22;102(8):28805
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polarization.ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005;102(8):288085
Orrhage&Nord:Bifidobacteriaandlactobacilliinhumanhealth.DrugsExpClinRes2000;26(3):95111
Paineauetal:Effectsofsevenpotentialprobioticstrainsonspecificimmuneresponsesinhealthyadults:
adoubleblind,randomized,controlledtrial.FEMSImmunolMedMicrobiol2008;53(1):10713

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Patonetal:Designerprobioticsforpreventionofentericinfections.NatRevMicrobiol2006;4:193200
Perezetal:Effectofprobioticsupplementationonimmunoglobulins,isoagglutininsandantibody
responseinchildrenoflowsocioeconomicstatus.EurJNutr2009;49(3):1739
Reidetal:Probioticsforthedevelopingworld.JClinGastroenterol2005;39:4858
Schiffrinetal:Howcanweimpacttheimmunesystemwithpreandprobiotics?NestleNutrWorkshop
SerClinPerformProgramme2005;10:20313,disc2137
Tournier&Mohamadzadeh:Microenvironmentalimpactonlungcellhomeostasisandimmunityduring
infection.ExpertRevVaccines.2008May;7(4):45766
Yasuietal:Immunomodulatoryfunctionoflacticacidbacteria.AntVanLeeuwenhoek1999Jul
Nov;76(14):38389

Infantcolic,bacterialandviralinfections,andvaccinationresponsesignificantlyimprovewith
probiotics.

Kukkonenetal:Longtermsafetyandimpactoninfectionratesofpostnatalprobioticandprebiotic
(synbiotic)treatment:randomized,doubleblind,placebocontrolledtrial.Pediatrics2008;122(1):812
Savinoetal:Lactobacillusreuteri(AmericanTypeCultureCollectionStrain55730)versussimethiconein
thetreatmentofinfantilecolic:aprospectiverandomizedstudy.Pediatrics2007Jan;119(1):e124
Kukkonenetal:Effectofprobioticsonvaccineantibodyresponsesininfancyarandomizedplacebo
controlleddoubleblindtrial.PediatrAllergyImmunol2006Sep;17(6):41621
Ogawaetal:ProtectiveeffectofLactobacilluscaseistrainShirotaonShigatoxinproducingEscherichia
coliO157:H7infectionininfantrabbits.InfectImmun2001;69:11018
Sohetal:Effectofprobioticsupplementationinthefirst6monthsoflifeonspecificantibodyresponses
toinfantHepatitisBvaccination.Vaccine2010;28(14):257779
Thomas&Greer:Probioticsandprebioticsinpediatrics.Pediatrics2010;126(6):121731
Westetal:Effectsoffeedingprobioticsduringweaningoninfectionsandantibodyresponsesto
diphtheria,tetanusandHibvaccines.PediatrAllergyImmunol2008;19(1):5360
Youngsteretal:Probioticsandtheimmunologicalresponsetoinfantvaccinations:aprospective,placebo
controlledpilotstudy.ArchDisChild2011;96:345349

Liverprotection,especiallyfromalcoholinduceddegeneration.

Forsythetal:LactobacillusGGtreatmentamelioratesalcoholinducedintestinaloxidativestress,gut
leakiness,andliverinjuryinaratmodelofalcoholicsteatohepatitis.Alcohol2009Mar;43(2):16372
Kirpichetal:Probioticsrestorebowelfloraandimproveliverenzymesinhumanalcoholinducedliver
injury:apilotstudy.Alcohol2008Dec;42(8):67582
Morencosetal:Smallbowelbacterialovergrowthinpatientswithalcoholiccirrhosis.DigDisSci1996
Mar;41(3):5526
Mutluetal:Intestinaldysbiosis:apossiblemechanismofalcoholinducedendotoxemiaandalcoholic
steatohepatitisinrats.AlcoholClinExpRes2009Oct;33(10):183646
Segawaetal:OraladministrationofheatkilledLactobacillusbrevisSBC8803amelioratesalcoholicliver
diseaseinethanolcontainingdietfedC57BL/6Nmice.PrepBiochemBiotechnol2005;35(1):2936

Livertransplantprotectionfrominfection.

Rayesetal:Supplyofpreandprobioticsreducesbacterialinfectionratesafterlivertransplantationa
randomized,doubleblindtrial.AmJTransplant2005Jan;5(1):12530

Pancreatitisimproveswithprobiotics.

Sahinetal:EffectsoftheprobioticagentSaccharomycesBoulardiiontheDNAdamageinacute
necrotizingpancreatitisinducedrats.HumExpToxicol2007Aug;26(8):65361

RheumatoidArthritisimproveswithprobiotics.

Mandeletal:Bacilluscoagulans:aviableadjuncttherapyforrelievingsymptomsofrheumatoidarthritis
accordingtoarandomized,controlledtrial.BMCComplementAlternMed2010Jan12;10(1):1

SIRS(SystemicInflammatoryResponseSyndrome)improveswithprobiotics.

Shimizuetal:SynbioticsdecreasetheincidenceofsepticcomplicationsinpatientswithsevereSIRS:a
preliminaryreport.DigDisSci.2009May;54(5):10718

Superbugsareprevented:especiallyC.difficile,E.coli,MRSA,andSalmonella.

Banerjeeetal:Lactobacillusdelbrueckiissp.bulgaricusB30892caninhibitcytotoxiceffectsand

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adhesionofpathogenicClostridiumdifficiletoCaco2cells.GutPathog2009;1(1):8
Choietal:ProductionofanisinlikebacteriocinbyLactococcuslactissubsp.lactisA164isolatedfrom
Kimchi.EurRevMedPharmacolSci2009NovDec;13(6):4614
Gaoetal:DoseresponseefficacyofaproprietaryprobioticformulaofLactobacillusacidophilusCL1285
andLactobacilluscaseiLBC80RforantibioticassociateddiarrheaandClostridiumdifficileassociated
diarrheaprophylaxisinadultpatients.AmJGastroenterol2010Jul;105(7):163641
Hickson:ProbioticsinthepreventionofantibioticassociateddiarrhoeaandClostridiumdifficile
infection.TherapAdvGastroenterol2011May;4(3):185197
KarskaWysockietal:AntibacterialactivityofLactobacillusacidophilusandLactobacilluscaseiagainst
methicillinresistantStaphylococcusaureus(MRSA).MicrobiolRes2010Oct20;165(8):67486
Leeetal:Probioticsprophylaxisinchildrenwithpersistentprimaryvesicoureteralreflux.PediatrNephrol
2007Sep;22(9):131520
Lkhagvadorjetal:Antiinfectiousactivityofsymbioticsinanovelmousemodelofmethicillinresistant
Staphylococcusaureusinfection.MicrobiolImmunol2010May;54(5):26575
Ogawaetal:ProtectiveeffectofLactobacilluscaseistrainShirotaonShigatoxinproducingEscherichia
coliO157:H7infectionininfantrabbits.InfectImmun2001;69:11018
Pascualetal:LactobacillussalivariusCTC2197preventsSalmonellaenteritidiscolonizationinchickens.
ApplEnvironMicrobiol1999;65:49816
Patonetal:RecombinantprobioticsfortreatmentandpreventionofenterotoxigenicEscherichiacoli
diarrhea.Gastroentero2005;128:121928
Rohdeetal:Theuseofprobioticsinthepreventionandtreatmentofantibioticassociateddiarrheawith
specialinterestinClostridiumdifficileassociateddiarrhea.NutrClinPract2009FebMar;24(1):3340
Wulltetal:Lactobacillusplantarum299venhancestheconcentrationsoffecalshortchainfattyacidsin
patientswithrecurrentclostridiumdifficileassociateddiarrhea.DigDisSci2007Sep;52(9):20826

Vaccinescanbesubstitutedusingprobioticsoreffectsareenhanced.

Amdekaretal:Probiotics:multifariousoralvaccineagainstinfectioustraumas.FEMSImmunolMed
Microbiol2010;58(3):299306
Bogeetal:Aprobioticfermenteddairydrinkimprovesantibodyresponsetoinfluenzavaccinationinthe
elderlyintworandomisedcontrolledtrials.Vaccine2009Jul15
Davidsonetal:LactobacillusGGasanimmuneadjuvantforliveattenuatedinfluenzavaccineinhealthy
adults:arandomizeddoubleblindplacebocontrolledtrial.EurJClinNutr2011;65(4):5017
DeVreseetal:Probioticbacteriastimulatevirusspecificneutralizingantibodiesfollowingaboosterpolio
vaccination.EurJNutr2005;44(7):40613
Evrardetal:DosedependentimmunomodulationofhumandendriticcellsbytheprobioticLactobacillus
rhamnosusLcr35.PLoSOne2011;6(4):e18735
Mohamadzadehetal:TargetedexpressionofanthraxprotectiveantigenbyLactobacillusgasseriasan
anthraxvaccine.FutureMicrobiol2010Aug;5(8):128996
Olivaresetal:OralintakeofLactobacillusfermentumCECT5716enhancestheeffectsofinfluenza
vaccination.Nutr2007;23(3):25460
Saputo:Canprobioticsreplacetheflushot?NaturalNews,Tuesday,November15,2011
UnderwoodJR,ChiversM,DangTT,LicciardiPV.Stimulationoftetanustoxoidspecificimmune
responsesbyatraditionalChineseherbalmedicine.Vaccine2009;27(47):663441

Vaginosis/Vaginitisissuccessfullytreatedusingprobiotics.

Ciancietal:EfficacyofLactobacillusRhamnosusGR1andofLactobacillusReuteriRC14inthe
treatmentandpreventionofvaginosesandbacterialvaginitisrelapses.MinervaGinecol2008
Oct;60(5):36976

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