Editions systèmes et information

CONCEPTION & REALISATION

DES BASES DE DONNEES :

De UML à SQL

Jacques Guyot
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"Les images ne sont pas faites pour la lumière. Tout rêve le

sait et chaque nuit le prouve" Vie secrète - Pascal
Quignard

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5 A <63:8 2 95 430479563:8 2 < 2:47= 86< 6 95 <H84N0:83<563:8 2 < 5463@361<
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9 38@ 0< 258< 78 A <63:8 2 2:47= 86< 9 < 2:881 < / 7@ 86 T60
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• 70 95 4:8?32 86359361 ' B73 / 76 54412 0 9 38?:0=563:8 B7 9< <:86 9 <
20:36< :?? 06< 4N5478 4:=>3 8 = 4:[6 <:8 21@:39 = 86
• 70 95 ?35>39361 ' 82586 4:=>3 8 2 6 =/< /73< S @3@0 <58< 4 66
38?:0=563:8 4:=>3 8 = 4:[6 <5 / 06
• 70 <:8 566 3A85>39361 ' 4:== 86 95 0 60:7@ 0 B7 9< <:86 9 < 382 C B73
95 01?10 84
• 70 <:8 76393<563:8 ' B73 9 76393< 258< B7 9 /0:4 <<7< <6 99 76393<1
• 70 <:8 4H49 2 @3 B7582 <6 99 401 <7//03=1 =:23?31 258< 9
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• 70 9 < :/10563:8< /:<<3>9 <,
8 C5=38586 4 < B7 <63:8< :8 / 76 4:8<656 0 B7 /97<3 70< /:386< 2 @7
<:86 /0 820 8 4:=/6 , 6 5</ 46 /:9H=:0/N 2 9 38?:0=563:8 < 16 82
57<<3 <5 0 /01< 86563:8, 58< 95 /0 =3 0 4:70< 5/0G< Y =3876 < S
2 =582 57C 16723586< 2 =:2193< 0 9 A0:7/ 2 16723586< B7 39<
0 /01< 86 86, 6 9 < 01<79656< < 01/5063<< 86 A181059 = 86 8 /97<3 70<
<6H9 <,
8 60:7@ 9 <6H9 495<<3?34563:8,
547961

43 84 < 760

34 84 38 70 34 84 063?3456 7236 70

16723586<

G0 VG= G= -G=

3A70 - ' 9 50>0 4:== 4N:3C 2 495<<3?34563:8

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: 6723586

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'
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881 8 :70<

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3A70 ' 95 >:]6 4:== 4N:3C 2 058A = 86

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• N:0530 27 4:70< • 8:=
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• >0 2 N 70 < 2 4:70< • \A
• B7 9< A 80 < 2 C5< (14036 • B7 99 934 84 <73@3
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• /01 0 B73<

70 95 >5< 2 < 01<79656< 2 4 / 636 C 0434 :8 / 76 4:8<656 0 B7 '

• 5/& 0:;,*'4<# 4N5478 5 <73@3 2 < :>S 463?< /0:/0 < 4N5478 5 <73@3 <5
/0:/0 38</30563:8 U
• , 90354/, /=,&' 65& *80& 65( )/, <(0/'4>(,% 9 5>< 84 2 :>S 463? 8
2193=36 /5< 9 </143?3 0 U
• 5 <0(3, ,&' 3088,% 4N5478 5 0 /01< 861 9 < 9:8 <:8 38</30563:8
<58< 2:88 0 78 < 8< /0143< 57C <H=>:9 < 76393<1< :7 57C <6074670 < U
• 033)/4*5:8,% 6:76 < 4 < ?:0= < <:86 ?5439 = 86 4:==78345>9 <
=53< <58< 03A7 70 258< 95 ?:0= 39 <6 23??3439 2 T60 /0143<,

,
:70 8:7< 78 =:2G9 <6 78 5><605463:8 2 95 0159361 <70 95B7 99 :8 / 76
:/10 0, <6 78 5><605463:8 450 8:7< 2 @:8< ?3960 0 <19 463:88 0 78
/5063 2 95 0159361 /:70 195>:0 0 9 =:2G9 , :70 4 B73 5 161 0 6 87 <
/:< 95 B7 <63:8 2 4:== 86 9 0 /01< 86 0 4N:3C 2 95 0 /01< 86563:8
<6 230 46 = 86 931 9 5</ 46 :/1056:30 2 95 =:2193<563:8, :== 86
=583/79 0 9 =:2G9 :== 86 386 00:A 0 9 =:2G9 :== 86 386 0/016 0
9 < 01/:8< < 258< 95 0159361 8 ?? 6 39 @5 H 5@:30 78 0 6:70 27 =:2G9 258<
95 0159361, :7< ?53<:8< 9 216:70 /50 9 =:2G9 /:70 8:7< 532 0 /0 820
78 2143<3:8 258< 95 0159361, :7< 9 < =:2G9 < 8 <:86 /5< 525/61< 6:76,
N5478 <6 </143593<1 258< 78 ?54 66 /50634793G0 2 95 0 /01< 86563:8 2
95 0159361, 8 2:36 2:84 @103?3 0 9 < NH/:6NG< < 2 76393<563:8 27 =:2G9 6
4:885]60 9 < 93=36 < 2 @5932361 27 =:2G9 ,
76393<563:8 2 78 =:2G9 4:00 </:82 6:7S:70< 78 21/954 = 86 27
B7 <63:88 = 86, C5=38:8< 9 C =/9 2 95 3A70 X ' 258< 9 01 9 39
C3<6 <56708 , 58< 95 0159361 4 B73 <6 / 0^7 /50 8:7< 6 B73 21/ 82 2
8:< < 8< 6 2 8:< =:H 8< 2 38@ <63A563:8 8:7< / 04 @:8< <56708 4:==
78 =5<< </N103B7 5@ 4 78 588 57, 3 8:60 B7 <63:88 = 86 <6 ' B7 9 <6
9 @:97= 2 <56708 :7< 4N 04N:8< 9 =:2G9 9 /97< 521B756 8:7<
?53<:8< 2 < NH/:6NG< < <3=/93?3456034 <, 50 C =/9 8:7< 21432:8< 2
4:8<3210 0 <56708 4:== 78 </NG0 /50?536 6 2 8 /5< 6 830 4:=/6 2
<:8 588 57, 5 B7 <63:8 2 @3 86 59:0< 78 B7 <63:8 27 2:=538 2 95
A1:=1603 ' B7 9 <6 9 @:97= 2 95 </NG0 :7< 76393<:8< 95 ?:0=79
521B756 5@ 4 78 <63=563:8 27 05H:8 2 <56708 , 8 0 6:70 8:7< :>6 8:8<
78 4N3??0 B7 8:7< 386 0/016:8< 258< 95 0159361,
?:0=79563:8 8 01/:8<
6 0= < 27 =:2G9 27 =:2G9

=:2G9 @:9_-W `
45/670 0 78 / 636 8:=>0 2 /505=G60 ; NH/:6NG< <3=/93?3456034

B7 <63:8< 4N:3C 27 =:2G9 386 0/016563:8

0159361 ; _<56708

/ 0^7 /50 9 N:==

01 9

3A70 X ' 2 95 0159361 57 =:2G9 ,

/0:4 <<7< 2 =:2193<563:8 / 76 T60 4503456701 /50 9 < 165/ < <73@586 < '
• 8 5 258< 78 /0 =3 0 6 =/< 2 < B7 <63:8< <70 95 0159361 =53< 4 99 43
8 < 953<< /5< 386 00:A 0 U
• 8 =:2193< 2:84 95 /5063 B73 2:36 T60 386 00:A1 U
• 8 38363593< 9 =:2G9 5@ 4 9 < @59 70< /0:@ 8586 2 95 0159361 U
• 8 0 ?:0=79 95 B7 <63:8 3836359 258< 9 < 6 0= < 27 =:2G9 U
• 8 1@597 95 B7 <63:8 258< 9 =:2G9 U
• 8 @5932 95 01/:8< 2:881 /50 9 =:2G9 U
• 8 386 0/0G6 95 01/:8< 258< 95 0159361 3836359 ,

- ( ! +
@586 2 6 0=38 0 4 66 3860:27463:8 95 =:2193<563:8 :8 / 76 < 2 =582 0
/:70B7:3 =:2193< 0 9 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8, :70 8:7< 95 =:2193<563:8 27
<H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 216 0=38 78 </54 /:<<3>9 /:70 9 5063479563:8 2
2 7C 23<4:70<, 78 <6 9 23<4:70< 27 A <63:88530 8 6 0= < 2
0 </:8<5>39361 2 0 <<:704 < N7=538 < 2 2:47= 86 2 N310504N3 < 2 78361
2 :0A583<563:8 2 =16N:2 < 2 =585A = 86 2 4:[6< 2 @59 70 5S:761
2 < 0@34 64,, 5760 23<4:70< <6 4 973 2 9 38?:0=56343 8 8 6 0= < 2
6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 >5< 2 2:881 < 2 <H<6G= C/9:36563:8 2 01< 57C 2
=1A5 N 06P A3A5 >H6 < 64,, 5 =:2193<563:8 / 0= 6 2 < 5><60530 2 < 2 7C
6H/ < 2 23<4:70< 6 2 < 4:8<540 0 /97< /05A=563B7 = 86 <70 9 < :>S 463?<
 V

6 9 < > <:38< 2 9 860 /03< 6 2 < < 546 70<, 4:84 /6 70 /0:27305 78
<H<6G= 8 /:70<73@586 9 < :>S 463?< <73@586<'
• 383=3< 0 95 4:=/9 C361 U
• 5C3=3< 0 9 1@:9763@361 U
• 76:03< 0 9 3=/91= 865>39361 U
• 7A= 86 0 95 :>7<6 << ,
< :>S 463?< < 0:86 258< 9 0 <6 2 9 :7@05A 78 93A8 2 4:82736 9:0<
2 < 4N:3C :>93A1< 2 95 4:84 /63:8,
:== 8:7< 9 5@:8< @7 /01412 == 86 /:70 =:2193< 0 39 <6 3=/:06586 2
?3C 0 95 8:6563:8 258< 95B7 99 8:7< 599:8< C/03= 0, :7< 5@:8< ?536 9 4N:3C
2 605@5399 0 5@ 4 95 8:6563:8 (# ! ( ), <6
2 <6381 95 =:2193<563:8 :>S 6 6 4:7@0 6:76 < 9 < /N5< < 2 78 /0:S 6, :70
8:7< 39 / 0= 6605 2 </143?3 0 9 < :>S 6< /03843/57C 2 < <H<6G= <
2 38?:0=563:8 <5@:30 9 < 2:881 < 9 < 60536 = 86< 6 9 < 0GA9 < 2 A <63:8,

&, " . /
<6 78 C =/9 2 017<<36 /50 9 5993584 , 7 21>76 2 < 5881 < +Y 95
0 4N 04N <6 :03 861 @ 0< 9 =:82 2 < :>S 6< 6 9 < 4N 04N 70< 8 A183
9:A343 9 /0:273< 86 2 < =16N:2 < /:70 9 /50523A= :>S 6, 7C 546 70<
#, "::4N 6 , 7=>57AN <:86 8 4:84700 84 5@ 4 9 70 =:2G9 "::4N+ 6
, 5 2 7C3G= @ 0<3:8 2 9 70 =:2G9 4:=/9G6 9 < =58B7 < 2 95
/0 =3G0 @ 0<3:8 6 5S:76 2 < ?:8463:8859361<, 53< 9 < =:2G9 < "::4N+ 6
V <:86 4:84 /67 99 = 86 /0563B7 = 86 32 863B7 <, #, "::4N 6
, 7=>57AN 21432 86 2 5993 0 9 70 4:=/16 84 /976L6 B7 2 < / 020 258<
78 B7 0 99 <61039 , 8 :46:>0 ++- , 7=>57AN 860 258< 95 <:43161
563:859 (M M M ,0563:859,4:=) 2 #, "::4N, 8 :46:>0 ++ 39 /7>93 78
/0 =3G0 @ 0<3:8 Y,Z ( 83?3 2 6N:2) 01783<<586 9 70< 605@57C, 8 S7399 6
++X <:7< 9 38?97 84 2 @50 54:><:8 6 2 <5 =16N:2:9:A3 95
/0 =3G0 @ 0<3:8 2 Y,+ /505]6, 8 S58@3 0 ++ 95 @ 0<3:8 ,Y <6
/0:/:<1 9 # ( >S 46 :2 9938A #0:7/ ---$ ),$ ,) 5?38 2 95
<65825023<1 , 66 <65825023<563:8 <6 /5005381 /50 3A3659 B73/= 86
M 9 66 54I502 340:<:?6 0549 C5< 8<607= 86< :?6M 50 83<H<
64, 8 8:@ =>0 ++ 95 @ 0<3:8 , <6 <65825023<1 /50 9 #, 70 9 <36
2 9 # :8 / 76 <73@0 9 < 21@ 9:// = 86< 6 9 < 01@3<3:8< 27 <6582502,
< 546 70< /03843/57C 2 <:86'
• #052H "::4N ' =16N:2:9:A3 "::4N+ "::4N+ U
• 3= 7=>57AN' =16N:2:9:A3 VU
• @50 54:><:8' =16N:2:9:A3 ,
53< :8 H 60:7@ 57<<3 9 < 605@57C 2 '
• 50 9' 656 4N506 (576:=56 ?:0= 9) U
• H 0' /01 6 /:<6 4:82363:8 U
• N95 0 6 99:0' 4H49 2 @3 2 :>S 6< ,
 #

8 2 7C 58< 95 /97/506 2 < A0582 < <:43161< 2 9:A343 9 :86 52:/61 258<
9 70< :7639<, :== :8 9 @ 005 8 3=/:< 78 =16N:2 =53< 78
8:6563:8,
< /03843/57C :>S 463?< 2 <:86'
• =:2193< 0 2 < <H<6G= < 4:=/9 6< 6 4:=/9 C < 8 < 93=36
/5< < 79 = 86 57 958A5A 2 /0:A05==563:8 :>S 6 U
• 4:7/9 0 9 < 4:84 /6< 5@ 4 9 < 506 ?546< C14765>9 <, 9 5<<3<6 2:84
9 21@ 9:// = 86 2 /73< 95 4:84 /63:8 S7<B7 57 21/9:3 = 86 U
• A10 0 95 4:=/9 C361 2 < <H<6G= <, 8 76393<586 95 /:<<3>39361 2
05??38 = 86 <744 <<3? 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 76393< 0 57<<3 >3 8 /:70
4:84 @:30 78 23<603>76 70 2 >:3<<:8 :7 B7 78 85@ 66 </56359 U
• T60 78 =:2G9 525/61 57C N7=538< 6 57C =54N38 <, N5B7
4:84 /6 /:<<G2 6:7S:70< 9 < 2 7C 0 /01< 86563:8< 9 78 C6 08
A05/N3B7 6 93<3>9 /50 78 / 0<:88 9 5760 ?:0= 99 6 =583/795>9
/50 78 /0:A05== :7 78 :7639 U
• T60 78 <H<6G= :7@ 06, 8 <6 B7 78 8:6563:8 39 8 21?3836 /5<
95 =16N:2 83 9 < :7639<, 9 0 <6 C6 8<3>9 2 5760 < 4:84 /6<,
@:30 78 78361 2 8:6563:8 270586 6:76 9 4H49 2 @3 27 21@ 9:// = 86
4:8<6367 78 56:76 =5S 70 8 ?5@ 70 2 , 8 ?? 6 / 7 2 =16N:2 <
4:7@0 86 4:=/9G6 = 86 9 4H49 2 @3 27 21@ 9:// = 86, 6 95 07/670 :7
9 4N58A = 86 2 =:2G9 401 78 03<B7 2 / 06 <1=5863B7 258< 95
4:86387361 27 21@ 9:// = 86,
4 <6 <3C =:2G9 <'
• :2G9 2 < *85&&,& ' C/03= 0 95 <6074670 <6563B7 2 < :>S 6< U
• :2G9 2 < *5& 9 )'484&5'40/ ' C/03= 0 9 < > <:38< 2 < 76393<56 70< U
• :2G9 2 < +'5'& ' C/03= 0 95 <6074670 2H85=3B7 2 < :>S 6< U
• :2G9 2 < 4/',(5*'40/& ' 860 9 < 546 70< 6 9 <H<6G= 860 9 <
:>S 6< U
• :2G9 2 (+584&5'40/ ' C/03= 0 9 0 A0:7/ = 86 6 9 < 78361<
9:A3B7 < 2 01593<563:8 U
• :2G9 2 9+6804,3,/' ' C/03= 0 95 01/506363:8 /NH<3B7 2 <
191= 86< 27 <H<6G= ,
58< 9 < 2 7C 4N5/360 < <73@586< 8:7< 599:8< C5=38 0 9 < 2 7C /0 =3 0<
=:2G9 <,

%!0 1
N 04N 0 2 < =:2G9 < 6 @103?3 0 B7 39< <:86 >3 8 2 < 5><605463:8< =783 <
2 :/10563:8< '
• 8 /NH<3B7
• 8 14:8:=3
• 8 <:43:9:A3
• 8 /<H4N:9:A3
 V

• 64,
1/:820 57C /:386< <73@586<'
• B7 99 < 386 00:A563:8< 01/:82 86 39<
• 7 99 < <:86 9 < NH/:6NG< < 2 76393<563:8
• :== 86 0 ?:0=79 0 <5 B7 <63:8
• :== 86 /505=160 0 95 =:2193<563:8
• :== 86 386 0/016 0 95 01/:8<
 V+

2 0

« Tous les systèmes y passaient, adoucis d'une certitude

de triomphe facile, d'un baiser universel qui terminerait le
malentendu des classes » Germinal – E. Zola

58< 4 4N5/360 8:7< /01< 86:8< 9 < 4:84 /6< 2 :>S 6 6 2 495<< 538<3 B7
9 < 8:6563:8< B73 9 70 <:86 5<<:431<,

# ( 0
<6 78 86361 4:86 8586 2 <'
:881 < ' 9 < 2:881 < 8:7< 38?:0= 86 <70 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6,
0:41270 < ' 9 < /0:41270 < 8:7< 38?:0= 86 <70 9 4:=/:06 = 86 2 9 :>S 6,
1656 2 9 :>S 6 <6 A181059 = 86 4:8< 0@1 258< 2 < @5035>9 < 6 9
4:=/:06 = 86 2 9 :>S 6 <6 </143?31 258< 2 < =16N:2 < 2 < / 636<
/0:A05== < 5<<:431< 9 :>S 6,
variables

mˇ thodes

3A70 V ' 8 :>S 6,

0 8:8< /50 C =/9 9 :>S 6 <:8 1656 <6 21?383 /50 9 < 2 7C
@5035>9 < 950A 70 6 N576 70 @59586 0 </ 463@ = 86 6 Z, 9 <6 /:<<3>9 2
9 =583/79 0 /:70 973 2 =582 0 <5 <70?54 <:8 /103=G60 :7 >3 8 2
=:23?3 0 <:8 1656 8 973 2 =582586 2 < 5A058230,
N5B7 :>S 6 5 78 32 86361 ( 32) B73 / 0= 6 2 9 0 /10 0, < :>S 6<
4:==783B7 86 860 7C 8 14N58A 586 2 < = <<5A <, 5 014 /63:8 2 78
= <<5A /50 78 :>S 6 2149 84N 9 C14763:8 2 95 =16N:2 38@:B71 5@ 4
9 < /505=G60 < 2:881<,
50 C =/9 '
+- 0 6:708 05 95 @59 70 -Y
+?- =:23?3 05 9 1656 2 0 (950A 70_V 6 N576 70_-Y)
< :>S 6< 8 0 <6 86 /5< 9:8A6 =/< 3<:91< ' 39< < 05<< =>9 86 8 4:99 463:8
2 4 < 4:99 463:8< < 21A5A 86 78 <6074670 4:==78 2 9 5063<58856 :8
/5<< 57 <652 3827<603 9,
'

périmètre
Largeur=5 agrandir
Largeur=5
surface Hauteur=8

3A70 V V ' 0 78 0 4658A9 <:8 1656 6 <:8 4:=/:06 = 86,

8 495<< <6 78 =:79 /:70 ?5>03B7 0 2 < :>S 6<

• =T= <6074670 U
• =T= 4:=/:06 = 86 U
• 1A36 /50 9 < =T= < 0GA9 <,

pˇ rim¸ tre
Largeur=5
Largeur= agrandir
surface Hauteur=

NEW

new Rectangle(5,8) new Rectangle(4,4)

pˇ rim¸ tre pˇ rim¸ tre

Largeur=5 agrandir Largeur=5 agrandir
Largeur=5 Largeur=4
surface Hauteur=8 surface Hauteur=4

3A70 V ' 5 495<< 4658A9 6 2 7C 38<6584 <,

5 495<< 4658A9 <6 9 =:79 / 0= 66586 2 ?5>03B7 0 2 < :>S 6<
0 4658A9 < 5H586 6:7< 78 950A 70 78 N576 70 6 015A3<<586 2 95 =T=
=583G0 57C = <<5A < /103=G60 <70?54 6 5A058230, 5 401563:8 2 78 :>S 6
0 4658A9 /50 95 495<< 4658A9 < :>63 86 8 38@:B7586 95 =16N:2 8 M <70
95 495<< 99 =T= , 8 /509 59:0< 2 38<65843563:8 2 :>S 6 /50630 2 95
495<< , 8 :>S 6 <6 78 38<6584 2 78 495<<

- ( 0 +
5 /0:A05==563:8 :>S 6 5 0 84:8601 78 950A <744G< 57/0G< 2 <
21@ 9:// 70< 270586 4 < 2 083G0 < 5881 < 2 5>:02 5@ 4 =599659I 8<736
5@ 4 ;; 6 2 083G0 = 86 5@ 4 5@5, 5 /0:A05==563:8 :>S 6 /:<<G2 2 <
>:88 < /0:/03161< OA183 9:A343 9O,
5 /0 =3G0 <6 2 017830 9 < 2:881 < 6 60536 = 86<, 4:=/:06 = 86 <6
21?383 258< 95 495<< , < 4N58A = 86< 2 1656< 2 78 :>S 6 2 @053 86 T60
783B7 = 86 9 ?536 2 < =16N:2 < 2 4 6 :>S 6, 5 4:=/01N 8<3:8 2 78 :>S 6
/ 76 2:84 < ?? 467 0 258< 9 4:86 C6 2 95 495<< , 58< 95 /0:A05==563:8
495<<3B7 95 <1/50563:8 2 < 2:881 < 6 2 < 60536 = 86< 8 / 0= 6 /5<
2 5@:30 4 66 4 063672 <70 95 =:23?34563:8 2 < @5035>9 <,
< :>S 6< 14N58A 86 2 < = <<5A < 860 7C 6 4 95 2 @0536 T60 9 < 79
=:2 2 4:==7834563:8 ( 39 8 2:36 /5< H 5@:30 2 386 05463:8 230 46 <70 78
@5035>9 2 1656 2 78 :>S 6 2 /73< 78 =16N:2 C6103 70 4 6 :>S 6), 3 6 9
<6 9 45< 59:0< 9 4:=/:06 = 86 2 78 <H<6G= < 214036 4:== 95
4:995>:0563:8 2 78 8< =>9 2 :>S 6< :03 861 @ 0< 78 :>S 463?,
845/<79563:8 <6 9 =14583<= B73 / 0= 6 2 454N 0 4:== 86 <:86
01593<1 < 9 < =16N:2 < 6 2 0 820 /03@1 9 544G< 57C @5035>9 < 2 1656< 2
9 :>S 6, =14583<= / 0= 6 2 2193=36 0 49530 = 86 95 </143?34563:8 2 78
< 0@34 6 2 <:8 3=/91= 86563:8, 95 / 0= 6 2 0 820 /97< 1@:9763? 9
<H<6G= 95 =:23?34563:8 2 9 3=/91= 86563:8 2 78 =16N:2 8 5H586 /5<
2 ?? 6 < 4:82530 <3 95 </143?34563:8 <6 0 </ 461 ,
N10365A <6 9 5760 =14583<= =5S 70 2 95 /0:A05==563:8 :>S 6, 9
/ 0= 6 2 5??38 0 9 4:=/:06 = 86 2 78 495<< 2 ?546:03< 0 9 4:2 6
2 T60 78 @ 46 70 2 0176393<563:8, 97< A181059 = 86 9 /:9H=:0/N3<=
/ 0= 6 78 :>S 6 2 < N5>399 0 5@ 4 /97<3 70< 6H/ < 2 4:=/:06 = 86<
23??10 86<,
8< =>9 2 4 < 450546103<63B7 < 5 5<<701 9 <744G< 27 /50523A= :>S 6,
58< 95 <736 2 4 6 :7@05A 8:7< 5>:02 0:86 9 < /0:/03161< 4:84 /67 99 <
<6074670586 < <73@586 <'
• < 495<< < U
• < 56603>76< U
• < =16N:2 < U
• < 5<<:43563:8< U
• < 0 9563:8< 2 N10365A ,
:7< 8 4:== 86 0:8< /5< 9 < 450546103<63B7 < /0:/0 < 95 /0:A05==563:8
:>S 6 4:== 95 @3<3>39361 2 < 56603>76< 2 < =16N:2 < 9 < 6H/ < 2 495<<
(386 0?54 5><60536 $),

% &, "
5 8:6563:8 ( 3A70 V -) 2 <<38 9 4:84 /6 2 495<< 258< 78 0 4658A9
9 8:= 2 95 495<< 5//505]<< 86 258< 95 /5063 <7/103 70 , 4:=/5063= 86
<73@586 4:863 86 95 93<6 2 < 56603>76< 2 95 495<< 6 9 2 083 0 4:=/5063= 86
95 93<6 2 < =16N:2 <,
'

45 6
4 7 89

3A70 V - ' 21<3A8563:8 2 < 495<< < 8 ,

5 3A70 V =:860 9 < 495<< < ) 6

#$ !" %& !"

4 , 4 )(
47 4 )( 89
4 )( 89 4 / 89
4 / 89 4 , 89
4 , 89
4 , 89

3A70 V ' C =/9 < 2 495<< < 8 ,

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00 11 00 11
2.3' ()

3A70 V X ' 9 < <6101:6H/ <,

< 495<< < 5//5063 88 86 9 8< =>9 2 < 495<<3?3456 70< 2 95 2 <403/63:8
<6563B7 , 9 C3<6 2 5760 < 6H/ < 2 495<<3?3456 70< /50 C =/9 '
• @@ 3 AA ' 78 2 <403/6 70 5<<:431 78 8< =>9 2
@59 70< 78 2:=538 U
• @@ AA ' 9 8:= 2 78 8< =>9 2 :/10563:8< B73 21?383<< 86 78
4:=/:06 = 86 U
• @@ , 3 4 AA ' 78 /54I5A B73 <6 605361 2 78 =583G0 7836530
5@ 4 78 </143?34563:8 6 78 3=/91= 86563:8 U
• @@ AA ' 78 495<< 8 4:=/:06586 B7 2 < :/10563:8< (/5<
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« Faire la différence entre connaissance et opinions

constitue déjà un degré d’évolution avancé » Le quatrième
royaume-Luis Ansa

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d’objets

Script achat:
13/11/2003

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78 6058<5463:8 4 <6 230 B7 <:8 <418503: 2:36 T60 210:791 863G0 = 86
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besoins
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aux besoins version

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cas 1

version -1
version -2

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, < 0@ 70 2:88 95 4506 57 493 86,
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, < 0@ 70 6058<= 6 95 4:==582 57 473<383 0,
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+, 493 86 =58A 6 >:36,
Y, 493 86 2 =582 9 522363:8 9 4N ? 2 058A 95 /01/50 ,
, < 0@ 70 5//:06 9 522363:8 6 8453<< 9 =:86586,
 V, 4N50A1 27 @ <63530 0 2:88 <:8 =586 57 57 493 86,
, 493 86 B7366 9 0 <6570586,
8 C5=38586 9 235A05== 2 95 3A70 - :8 / 0^:36 9 5>< 84 2 93 8<
860 9 < 5463@361< 2 < ?:7083<< 70< 6 4 99 < 2 < 493 86<, 58< 95 ?3A70
<73@586 8:7< 5@:8< 4:003A1 4 43 8 5S:76586 2 7C 45< '
• <6 9 45< J 01/50 0 9 < = 87< K B73 /0:27305 95 4506 2 < = 87< 6
B73 2149 84N 05 95 4:==582 < 2 38A0123 86< U
• 01/50 0 9 < 0 /5< B73 <6 2149 84N 0 4N5B7 :44700 84 2 0 /5<,
8 4:8<656 B7 95 /01/50563:8 2 < = 87< 01A79 9 ?:8463:88 = 86 27
<H<6G= , 8 ?? 6 95 4506 2 < = 87< 2:36 4:00 </:820 57C 38A0123 86<
54N 61<, 66 4506 <6 4 99 B73 < 05 /0:/:<1 57C 493 86<, 5 /01/50563:8
2 78 /956< 4:84 08 05 2:84 78 /956 2 95 4506 6 39 < ? 05 5@ 4 9 <
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:7 5><60536<, < 4:860L9 70< <:86 /0:4 <<7< B73 6058<?:0= 86 9 < 86361<, 8
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4 <6 <3C =:2G9 <'
• :2G9 2 < *5& 9 )'484&5'40/ ' C/03= 0 9 < > <:38< 2 < 76393<56 70< U
• :2G9 2 < *85&&,& ' C/03= 0 95 <6074670 <6563B7 2 < :>S 6< U
• :2G9 2 < +'5'& ' C/03= 0 95 <6074670 2H85=3B7 2 < :>S 6< U
• :2G9 2 < 4/',(5*'40/& ' C/03= 0 9 < 386 05463:8< 860 9 < 546 70<
6 9 <H<6G= 860 9 < :>S 6< U
• :2G9 2 (+584&5'40/ ' C/03= 0 9 0 A0:7/ = 86 6 9 < 78361<
9:A3B7 < 2 01593<563:8 U
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35A, 5< :995 <1B7 95< 1656 463@ :=/: 21/9:3

:2G9 < 2 76393< :>S 6 >:05 84 < < 6058< 361< <586< = 86
563:8 < 63:8 < 363:8
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• 9, *85&&,& ' <6074670 <6563B7 495<< 5<<:43563:8 =16N:2
N10365A U
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• 9, &+E),/*,& ' :02:88 0 = <<5A < 860 546 70< W :>S 6< U
• 9, *0885:0(5'40/ ' 14N58A 0 = <<5A < 860 546 70< W :>S 6< U
• 9 +'5'&1'(5/&4'40/& ' =:23?34563:8 2 < 1656< (495<< W:>S 6) /50 9 <
= <<5A < U
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• 9, *0360&5/'& ' 0 A0:7/ = 86 =:279 /54I5A U
• 9, 9+6804,3,/' ' 214030 9 < :>S 6< /NH<3B7 < ,
8 =:2G9 / 76 T60 /0:S 61 <70 /97<3 70< 235A05== <, 50 C =/9 9
=:2G9 2 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 < C/03= 5@ 4 78 235A05== /50634793 0 B73 973
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2 50>:0 <4 84 2 /5B7 65A , 8 191= 86 5 2 7C 0 /01< 86563:8< 9 78
2 <6381 <5 =:2193<563:8 6 9 5760 <5 @3<7593<563:8,

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4N5B7 191= 86 78 8:= (/50 C =/9 06349 ) 4N5B7 191= 86 <6 5<<:431
78 <6101:6H/ (/50 C =/9 495<< ) 4N5B7 191= 86 / 76 5@:30 78 93<6
2 56603>76< (/50 C =/9 8:=>0 2 :>S 6< _ YYY) 4N5B7 191= 86 / 76 T60
5<<:431 5@ 4 2 5760 < 191= 86< (/50 C =/9 06349 / 76 T60 8 0 9563:8
5@ 4 95 495<< 3A8 :==582 ), N5B7 191= 86 / 76 5@:30 78 8:6 (78
4:== 86530 <70 9 :>S 6) 6 ?3859 = 86 78 C/0 <<3:8 8 ( >S 46
:8<605386 58A75A ) / 76 T60 5<<:431 9 191= 86,
66 4:8<607463:8 <H<61=563B7 2 < 191= 86< 258< 8 ?536 78 <H<6G=
:7@ 06, 9 <6 2:84 /:<<3>9 2 401 0 2 8:7@ 57C <6101:6H/ <,

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<6 5@586 6:76 78 8:6563:8 6 8:8 78 =16N:2 , 9 8 2346 2:84 /5< 9
/0:4 <<7< 2 195>:0563:8 2 95 =:2193<563:8, 9 <6 2:84 :7@ 06 57C <:43161< 2
< 0@34 1236 70< 2 9:A343 9 =16N:2:9:A7 < B73 / 7@ 86 H 5S:76 0 78
@59 70 /0:/0 , 97< A181059 = 86 :8 / 76 5S:76 0 <3=/9 = 86 2 <
<6101:6H/ < =53< 39 <6 57<<3 8@3<5A 5>9 2 5S:76 0 2 < 8:7@ 57C 6H/ < 2
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5 2 <403/63:8 27 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 2 78 860 /03< / 76 T60
=1=:03<1 258< 78 23463:88530 <60746701 5@ 4 , 6 576:70 2 4
23463:88530 :8 60:7@ 05 9 < 23??10 86< :7639< ' 2 =:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7
2 4:82736 2 /0:S 6< 2 A1810563:8 576:=563B7 2 4:2 64,

1
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• 95 45?161035 2 9 783@ 0<361 U
• 78 54 :8592< U
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<418503: 495<<3B7 27 0 <6570586, ( 58< 4 < 1672 < 2 45< 78 /39 2
/956 57 78 /:7> 99 / 7@ 86 T60 2 < 386 0?54 < 57 <H<6G= b)
 > ;
:2193< 0 4 <6 544 /6 0 2 /0 820 9 03<B7 2 =:860 0 8 6586 B7
21>76586 78 4 06538 4:8?7<3:8, 9 8 <6 /5< 57<<3 1@32 86 B7 39 8 H /505]6 2
21432 0 <3 B7 9B7 4N:< <6 78 495<< 78 56603>76 78 =16N:2 :7 78
5<<:43563:8, 30 258< 78 4:86 C6 :8 4N:3<305 78 56603>76 6 258< 9 5760
78 495<< , /03:03 39 8 H 5 /5< 2 =:2193<563:8 ?57<< 39 H 5 < 79 = 86 2 <
=:2193<563:8< B73 8 0 ?9G6 86 /5< 95 0159361, 5 < 79 ?5^:8 2 J <:0630 2 95
4:8?7<3:8 K 4 <6 2 =:2193< 0 2 /0 820 78 405H:8 78 ? 7399 6
2 544 /6 0 9 < 0GA9 < 2 78 S 7 B73 4:8<3<6 0 /01< 86 0 95 0159361 258< 2 <
>:]6 < 0 931 < /50 2 < 93A8 <,

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2 5//934563:8 2:86 4 06538< 5@ 4 2 < 4:003A1<,
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/5063 38403=385>9 < 9 :><:9 <4 84 2 <:8 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8, 5
2143<3:8 2 38?:0=563< 0 5 161 /03< , # 2 95 4:=/5A83 <70 9 < 4:8< 39<
2 78 5=3 5 214321 2 /0:412 0 78 =:2193<563:8 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8
5@586 2 54N 6 0 9 < :023856 70< / 0<:88 9< B7 973 01495= 86 9 <
A <63:88530 < 2 95 4:=/5A83 (/0:@ 0> 27 0:763 0' O /5< = 660 95
4N5007 5@586 9 < >R 7?<O),
4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 4:7@ 06 /50 9 < 3=/10563?< 2 95 A <63:8 2 4 66
4:=/5A83 2 6058</:06 4:84 08 9 /504 2 < @1N3479 < <:8 860 63 8
9 52=383<60563:8 2 < 4N57?? 70< 6 2 9 70 =/9:3 27 6 =/< 95 A <63:8 2 <
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6 C6 B73 <736 <6 78 2 <403/63:8 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 9 B7 39
5//505]6 95 <736 2 78 01783:8 5@ 4 9 < 23??10 86< 4520 < 2 95 230 463:8
(9 < =:6< 8 <6H9 A05< <:86 9 < 4:8<6367586< B73 <:86 0 6 87< 258< 95
=:2193<563:8),
:=/6 0 827 2 95 01783:8'
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/0 D5&&4&, N5B7 @1N3479 /:<<G2 78 87=10: 2 /95B7 /0!85E), 538<3
B7 78 256 2 =3< 8 < 0@34 34&, / ,(B4*,, /504 2 @1N3479 < <6
23@3<1 8 /97<3 70< 6H/ <, 8 6H/ <6 4:887 /50 9 =:2G9 309>8, /50
C =/9 ' 04 2 < YY, 8 @1N3479 8 / 76 >3 8 86 827 5//506 830 B7
78 < 79 =:2G9 , 5 2 <403/63:8 2 78 =:2G9 / 0= 6 2 4:885]60 9 8:=>0
2 / 0<:88 < /:7@586 /0 820 /954 258< 9 < @1N3479 < /:!85*,& 2 4
=:2G9 U 9 6H/ 2 450>70586 '@6, 5(:)(5/' 4:8<:==1U 95 4561A:03 2
/ 0=3< *5'+A0(4, B7 2:36 /:<<12 0 9 4N57?? 70U 9 6H/ 2 >:]6 @36 << <
5)'035'4E), 6 9 /:32< 27 =:2G9 6049&,
8 2 < :>S 463?< 2 4 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 <6 2 <70@ 399 0 95
4:8<:==563:8 S:708593G0 8 450>70586 2 < @1N3479 <, 38<3 78
57A= 86563:8 2 4 66 4:8<:==563:8 < 05 9 <3A8 B7 9 =:6 70 814 <<36
78 01A95A , 4N5B7 ?:3< B7 9 4N57?? 70 ?536 9 /9 38 39 0 =/936 78 ?34N
3823B7586 9 87=10: 2 /95B7 95 256 /0 0)( 9 8:=>0 2 I39:=G60 <
0:791< 2 /73< 9 2 083 0 /9 38 G4803,'(5A, 95 B7586361 84'(,& 6 9 6H/ 2
450>70586 =3< 258< 9 01< 0@:30,
1B73/ 2 < =1458343 8< < :447/ 2 9 860 63 8, B73 <6 =1=:03<1 <70
9 860 63 8 2 < @1N3479 < <6 2:881 /50 78 2 <403/63:8 9,&*(46'40/ 5<<:431
78 256 6 78 87=10: 2 4N5<<3<,
0 </:8<5>9 2 95 /9583?34563:8 5 > <:38 2 < 38?:0=563:8< <73@586 < /:70
165>930 9 =/9:3 27 6 =/< 2 4 < 4N57?? 70<, 9 23</:< S7<B7 =5386 8586
2 ?34N < <70 9 < 4N57?? 70< :a 9 :8 60:7@ 9 87=10: 27 4N57?? 70
/0 D5)<<,)( <:8 8:= /03 <:8 /018:= 6(+/03 <:8 520 << 59(,&&,, 5
?34N 4:863 86 57<<3 78 =/954 = 86 :a <:86 8:61 < 9 < 4561A:03 < 2 / 0=3<
B7 /:<<G2 9 4N57?? 70,
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2 < @1N3479 < < 60:7@ 86 <70 9 < 86T6 < 2 93A8 , < 86T6 < 2 4:9:88
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87=10: 2 4N57?? 70 <6 38<4036 258< 78 45< 27 65>9 57,
0 </:8<5>9 2 /9583?34563:8 2:36 ?530 566 863:8 4 B7 9 < =:2G9 <
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/:<<G2 86,
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<H<6G= B73 / 0= 6 57C 4N57?? 70< 2 2:88 0 9 70 /:<363:8 8 3823B7586 95
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/03< 8 4N50A , 3 57478 65C3 8 < 60:7@ 258< 95 P:8 39 ?576 60:7@ 0 9
/97< /0:4N @1N3479 , ?38 2 ?? 467 0 4 66 0 4N 04N 2 78 =583G0
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60:7@ 258< 78 P:8 , 8 @1N3479 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 <6563:8, 8
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"le pluralisme des théories et des conceptions

métaphysiques n'est pas seulement important pour la
méthodologie, c'est aussi un élément essentiel dans une
perspective humaniste." (Paul Feyerabend - Contre la
méthode)

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0 <60 3A8:8< 343 57 45< :a 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 2 @053 86 T60 =1=:03<1 < 258<
78 >5< 2 2:881 <, < >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < <:86 57 4 860 2 <
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6 95 =3< 8 01< 57C 2 < /:<6 < 2 605@539 = 66 86 23</:<363:8 2 6:7< 9 <
2:881 < 2 9 860 /03< /:70 T60 5859H<1 < =3< < 8 /5A =123563<1 <,
< 65>9 70< 6 2 < :7639< A05/N3B7 < :??0 86 2 < ?5439361< 2 4:88 C3:8< 57C
>5< < 2 2:881 < 605@ 0< " ( / 8 565 "5< :88 463@6H), < <36 <
Q > <70 86 08 6 <:86 A181059 = 86 4:8<60736< 576:70 2 >5< < 2 2:881 <,
:70 ?? 467 0 4 /5<<5A 27 ?34N3 0 95 0 9563:8 27 /0:A05== 95
0 B7T6 2 7C 191= 86< <:86 3823</ 8<5>9 <' 9 < 4:84 /6< 2 >5< 27 =:2G9
0 9563:88 9 6 <5 =3< 8 5//934563:8 5@ 4 9 958A5A ,
8 =:2193<563:8 0 9563:88 99 <6 95 4:840163<563:8 2 78 =:2193<563:8 2
495<< , =:2G9 2 < 495<< < <6 78 :7639 /:70 95 4:84 /63:8, =:2G9
0 9563:88 9 <6 78 :7639 /:70 95 01593<563:8 27 <H<6G= , 5 6N1:03 /01< 861
<6 95 491 2 9 4670 2 4 66 =:2193<563:8 99 / 0= 6 2 8 1@597 0 9 <
521B7563:8< 6 9 < 93=36 <,
<6 9 958A5A 2 A <63:8 2 >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < 39 / 0= 6
9 386 00:A563:8 6 95 =583/79563:8 2 4 < 2:881 <, :8 783@ 0<59361 / 0= 6
2 54412 0 57C <H<6G= < 2 A <63:8 2 >5< < 2 2:881 < ( #" ) 2 95 /97/506
2 < 4:8<60746 70< 2 9 :023856 70 4 86059 2 78 =79638563:859 57 /:065>9
2 78 0 /01< 86586,
79 95 4:=/01N 8<3:8 27 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 <6 A50586 2 78
386 0/016563:8 <1=5863B7 4:00 46 2 < 2:881 < =1=:03<1 < 258< 78 #" ,
59A01 B7 95 /97/506 2 < #" /0:/:< 2 < 386 0?54 < A05/N3B7 < /:70
9 386 00:A563:8 95 4:8853<<584 <H865C3B7 2 <6 814 <<530 /:70 78
C/9:36563:8 ??3454 27 #" , 43 6:76 < 9 < 0GA9 < 27 958A5A <:86
0 /01< 861 < /50 2 < 235A05== < <H865C3B7 < 78 ?:0= A05/N3B7 2
</143?34563:8 2 < 958A5A <,
66 /5063 2 9 :7@05A <6 195>:01 576:70 2 < 60:3< /0:>91=563B7 <
/03843/59 < 27 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9' 9 386 00:A563:8 4:== 86 386 00:A 0 78
&

=:2193<563:8 /:70 5@:30 78 01/:8< ?32G9 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8U 9 <

=:23?34563:8< 4:== 86 =:23?3 0 9 4:86 87 2 95 >5< /:70 4:86387 0
0 ?916 0 95 0159361 =:2193<1 U 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 4:== 86 3861A0 0 258<
95 =:2193<563:8 9 < 4:8605386 < 2 A <63:8 / 0^7 < 258< 95 0159361, <
/0:>91=563B7 < <:86 5>:021 < <1/501= 86 /73< <3=796581= 86 258< 9
4520 2 < ?:0= < 8:0=59 <,
3859 = 86 8:7< 5>:02:8< 9 6NG= 4:84 08586 9 :/63=3<563:8 2 < 0 B7T6 <
95 <1470361 2 < 2:881 < 6 78 C =/9 38?:0=563B7 2 0 /01< 86563:8
/NH<3B7 2 < 0 9563:8<,
< C =/9 < 23@ 0< 3997<60 86 95 6N1:03 6 95 /0563B7 2 , 8 1672 2
45< 4:003A1 /01< 861 4:== C 0434 544:=/5A8 9 9 46 70 95 ?38 2 <
4N5/360 <,

% 1
5 /0 =3G0 5//934563:8 2 78 60536 = 86 576:=563<1 2 9 38?:0=563:8 <6 4 99
27 0 4 8< = 86 5=1034538 2 Z+Y c# Vd 0=58 :99 036N = 6 57 /:386
78 =54N38 19 460:=14583B7 45/5>9 2 603 0 6 2 4:=/6 0 2 < 4506 < 8
?:8463:8 2 < 60:7< B73 H <:86 /01< 86<, 1S 95 <65825023<563:8 <6 /01< 86
95 4506 <6 57 ?:0=56 27 >399 6 2 78 2:9950 (95 ?5>034563:8 2 < 4506 < <6 2:84
5<<701 ), VZZ 60:7< / 7@ 86 T60 ?? 4671<, :0< 27 0 4 8< = 86 9 < 4036G0 <
0 6 87< <:86 6052736< 5@ 4 2 < 60:7< <70 95 P:8 01< 0@1 2 95 4506
4:00 </:82586 4 4036G0 /:70 78 3823@327, N5B7 4036G0 2 =582 05 78
=3993502 2 60:7< /:70 214030 9 < X YYY YYY 2 N5>36586<, 53< /:70 95
/0 =3G0 ?:3< 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 01/:820 2 < B7 <63:8< 6 99 < B7 '
• 8:=>0 2 8?586< 81< U
• 8:=>0 2 8?586< @3@586< U
• 8:=>0 2 ?5=399 < /509586 9 58A953<,
5 =16N:2 6 9 < =54N38 < 2 :99 036N ?70 86 78 <744G<, 8 H 0 60:7@ 9 <
38A0123 86< 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < 5467 99 9 < 86361< 9 < /0:/03161<
/ 0638 86 < 0 6 830 9 < =:2G9 < /NH<3B7 < 9 < 0 B7T6 <,
82586 78 2 =3 <3G49 95 6 4N83B7 27 60536 = 86 2 < 4506 < / 0?:01 < (95
=1458:A05/N3 ) < 05 9 38<607= 86 2:=38586 27 60536 = 86 2 9 38?:0=563:8,
70586 4 66 /103:2 9 :023856 70 < 05 C497<3@ = 86 78 :7639 2 459479, 8
+ Y 258< O N ? 2 059 4:=/7638A =54N38 /0:A05=O c Yd 3=5 <
/509 2 78 76393<563:8 /:<<3>9 2 78 :023856 70 5H586 /:70 </143?34361
2 544 /6 0 78 A0582 8:=>0 2 2:881 < 8 8601 2 ?? 467 0 / 7
2 :/10563:8< 6 2 /0:2730 78 A0582 B7586361 2 01<79656<, <6 9 21>76
2 78 G0 :a 9 :023856 70 8 <6 /97< 78 :7639 2 <6381 57C <43 863?3B7 < 6 57C
=3936530 < =53< 4:== 78 :7639 /:7@586 T60 76393<1 258< 95 A <63:8 2
9 38?:0=563:8, ( + ) < 05 95 =54N38 43@39 6H/ 2 A <63:8
1B73/1 2 3=/03=586 < N576 21>36 6 <7//:06586 S7<B7 23C 9 46 70< 2
>582 < =5A8163B7 <, 70586 95 =T= 214 883 :8 60:7@ 95 " F 4:8^7
/50 1B73/1 2 VYY 9 46 70< 2 >582 < B73 /01?3A70 4 B7 < 05 78
 Z

A0582 >5< 2 2:881 < (/:70 78 C/:<1 4:=/9 6 930 O78 N3<6:30 2
9 38?:0=563B7 O 2 , "0 6:8 c" +Yd),
50599G9 = 86 57 21@ 9:// = 86 2 < =54N38 < 8:7< 5@:8< 4 973 2 <
958A5A < 38?:0=563B7 <, @ 4 9 958A5A Q ( + ) 2 95 4:=/5A83
83@54 85]6 9 /0 =3 0 958A5A 2 <6381 9 38?:0=563B7 2 A <63:8,
958A5A 2 =582536 21S 78 2 <403/63:8 <1/501 2 < 2:881 < 6 2 <
38<607463:8<, 4:84 /6 ?76 8<736 0 /03< 9:0< 2 95 21?38363:8 27 958A5A
" ( +XY),
5 401563:8 2 5//934563:8< /0:A05==1 < 8 " 76393<586 2 < ?34N3 0< 2
2:881 < = 6605 8 1@32 84 2 7C 23??347961< 27 < 95 <6074670 /NH<3B7 2 <
2:881 < B73 2:36 T60 814 <<530 = 86 4:887 /50 9 /0:A05== 70 9:0< 2
9 1403670 27 /0:A05== , 5 /0 =3G0 23??347961 01<32536 258< 9 05//:06 2
21/ 82584 860 95 0 /01< 86563:8 2 9 38?:0=563:8 6 9 <7//:06 /NH<3B7
2 < 38?:0=563:8< (9 < >582 < 9 < 65=>:70< 6 8<736 9 < 23<B7 <), 99 43
0 82536 23??3439 9 6058</:06 2 < 2:881 < 2 78 38<6599563:8 78 5760 , 5
2 7C3G= 23??347961 16536 27 95 0 2:82584 2 < ?34N3 0< 5H586 2 <
<6074670 < 23??10 86 < =53< 2 < 38?:0=563:8< 4:==78 < 4 B73 =/T4N536
6:76 4 860593<563:8 6 /5065A 2 < 38?:0=563:8<, N5B7 5//934563:8
/:<<12536 < < /0:/0 < ?34N3 0< 6 < < /0:/0 < /0:A05== <, <
384:=/563>39361< 2 <6074670 93=3653 86 95 4:84 06563:8 9 /5065A 2 <
2:881 < 6 9 605@539 8 1B73/ B73 <:86 814 <<530 < /:70 01593< 0 9 <
23??10 86 < 5//934563:8< 605@5399586 <70 9 < 2:881 < 4:==78 < 78
860 /03< ,
< ?536< ?70 86 216 0=38586< 258< 95 0 4N 04N 2 4:84 /6< ?5@:03<586
9 3821/ 82584 2 < 60536 = 86< /50 05//:06 57C 2:881 <, < >5< < 2
2:881 < 5//:06 86 78 <:9763:8 4 < /0:>9G= < 8 /0:/:<586 78 958A5A 2
2 <403/63:8 2 < 2:881 < 6 78 958A5A 2 =583/79563:8 2 < 2:881 <U 9 <
/0:A05== < / 7@ 86 T60 59:0< 14036< 3821/ 825== 86 2 95 <6074670
/NH<3B7 2 < 2:881 <, 0:3< =:2G9 < ?70 86 950A = 86 76393<1<'
• =:2G9 N310504N3B7 U
• =:2G9 01< 57 U
• =:2G9 0 9563:88 9,
58< 78 ?34N3 0 ( + Y ,,) 9 < 2:881 < 2 78 =T= :>S 6 <:86 21?383 < /50 78
80 A3<60 = 86 /NH<3B7 9 8< =>9 2 < 80 A3<60 = 86< /NH<3B7 <
4:8<6367 9 ?34N3 0, 5 2 <403/63:8 2 9 80 A3<60 = 86 <6 3=/93436 6 99
<6 4:21 258< 9 < /0:A05== < B73 76393< 86 9 ?34N3 0, 3 9 :8 =:23?3 95
<6074670 27 ?34N3 0 :8 <6 2:84 :>93A1 2 =:23?3 0 9 < /0:A05== <, <
<H<6G= < 2 >5< 2 2:881 < 4:86:708 86 4 6 384:8@183 86 =5S 70 8
(,/95/' ,?684*4', 85 &'()*')(, 9,& 90//+,& 0 82586 538<3 3821/ 82586< 9 <
/0:A05== < 2 95 0 /01< 86563:8 /NH<3B7 , < #" /:<<G2 86 2:84 6:7<
78 2 <403/63:8 C/93436 2 95 <6074670 2 2:881 =53< 39 C3<6 /97<3 70<
?5^:8< 2 214030 9 < 93 8< C3<6586 860 9 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8U
:8 /509 59:0< 2 =:2G9 2 2:881 <,
&

DEPARTEMENT
NODPT, NOMDPT

EMPLOYE
NOEMP, NOMEMP, DATE-EMB

PROJET SALAIRE
NOPJ, NOMPJ,RESP-PJ ANNEE, SAL

3A70 ' C =/9 5@ 4 9 =:2G9 N310504N3B7

58< 9 =:2G9 N310504N3B7 ( +X ,,,) 9 < 93 8< C3<6586 860 9 < :>S 6< <:86
<60346 = 86 50>:0 <4 86<, 8 21/506 = 86 4:863 86 2 < =/9:H1<U 78
=/9:H1 605@5399 258< 2 < /0:S 6<U 78 N3<6:03B7 2 < <59530 < 4:00 </:82
78 =/9:H1,
58< 9 C =/9 :8 0 =50B7 05 B7 <3 78 ? 7399 2 9 50>0 2:36 T60 76393<1
258< 78 5760 50>:0 <4 84 39 ?57205 95 27/93B7 0, 50 C =/9 /:70
60:7@ 0 6:7< 9 < =/9:H1< 2 78 /0:S 6 39 ?576 <:36 /504:7030 6:76 < 9 < ? 7399 <
2 9 50>0 :7 >3 8 401 0 78 5760 50>:0 <4 84 2:86 95 05438 <6 ,
58< 9 /0 =3 0 45< 95 0 4N 04N <6 9:8A 450 CN57<63@ 6 <1B7 863 99 ,
58< 9 < 4:82 95 < 4:82 50>:0 <4 84 401 2 < 0 2:82584 < 2 38?:0=563:8
B73 < 0:86 4:[6 7< < 8 /0:A05==563:8, <6 9 C =/9 6H/3B7 2 #"
N310504N3B7 ,
=:2G9 01< 57 ( +X ,,) <6 78 C6 8<3:8 27 =:2G9 /01412 86 9 < 93 8<
860 :>S 6< / 7@ 86 C3<6 0 <58< 0 <603463:8,
:70 0 60:7@ 0 78 2:881 258< 78 6 99 =:2193<563:8 39 ?576 4:885]60 9
4N =38 2 544G< (9 < 93 8<) 4 43 0 82 84:0 9 < /0:A05== < 21/ 82586< 2
95 <6074670 2 2:881 <, 8: 72 / 0= 6 2 60:7@ 0 9 < /0:S 6<
2 78 =/9:H1 6 9 < =/9:H1< 2 78 /0:S 6, 43 0 /01< 86 78 5=193:0563:8
450 4 95 <7//03= 95 0 2:82584 ,
DEPARTEMENT
NODPT, NOMDPT

EMPLOYE PROJET
NOEMP, NOMEMP, DATE-EMB NOPJ, NOMPJ,RESP-PJ

SALAIRE EMP-PROJET

ANNEE, SAL NOPJ, NOEMP, DUREE

3A70 V ' C =/9 5@ 4 9 =:2G9 01< 57

/ 82586 < 39 8 C3<6 /5< 9 4N =38 (93 8) 860 2 7C 8: 72< 8:7<
0 6:=>:8< 258< 9 /504:70< <1B7 863 9 CN57<63?, 50 C =/9 /:70 95
B7 <63:8 OB7 9 <6 9 <59530 =:H 8 2 < 4N ?< 2 /0:S 6<O 39 =58B7 9 93 8
860 9 < 4N ?< 2 /0:S 6< 6 9 < =/9:H1< < 9:A343 9< "
1653 86 2 < #" 2 4 6H/ ,
 Z

=:2G9 0 9563:88 9 ( + Y ,,) <6 >5<1 <70 95 8:63:8 2 0 9563:8, 8

0 9563:8 <6 78 8< =>9 2 8 7/9 6< (8 <6 ?3C ) B73 4:00 </:82 86 4N5478
78 /0:/03161 2 9 :>S 6 214030 ,

DEPARTEMENT PROJET
NODPT NOMDPT NOPJ NOMPJ RESP-PJ NODEPT

EMPLOYE EMP-PROJET
NOEMP NOMEMP DATE-EMB NODPT NOPJ NOEMP DUREE
N

3A70 ' C =/9 5@ 4 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9

& <:86 2 < 0 9563:8<, < 93A8 <
2 <<381 < 8 /:3863991 <:86 9 < 93 8< <1=5863B7 < 860 9 < 0 9563:8< =53< 343
39 8 <6 /97< 814 <<530 2 214030 C/93436 = 86 9 < 93 8< 9 < 4N =38< 2 544G<
<:86 3821/ 82586< 2 95 =:2193<563:8,
8 60:7@ 05 78 N3<6:03B7 4:=/9 6 2 < =:2G9 < N310504N3B7 < 6 01< 57C
258< c & Xd 6 258< 9 93@0 2 , 9:> 9 6 , 23>5 c ZVd 78 C =/9
<6 605361 258< 9 < 60:3< =:2G9 <,
N3<6:30 2 < >5< < 2 2:881 < <6 << 863 99 = 86 78 N3<6:30 2
9 3821/ 82584 2 < 2:881 < 6 2 < 60536 = 86< 99 < /:70<736
5467 99 = 86 5@ 4 4 99 2 < >5< < 23<603>71 < :a 9 2 =582 70 2 38?:0=563:8
< 60:7@ 2 @586 78 >5< 2 2:881 < @3067 99 2:86 95 9:4593<563:8 /NH<3B7
(/0:4 << 70<) <6 23<603>71 <70 78 01< 57,

- ! ( !
O 8 >5< 2 2:881 < <6 78 8< =>9 <60746701 2 2:881 < 80 A3<601 < <70
2 < <7//:06< 544 <<3>9 < /50 9 :023856 70 /:70 <563<?530 <3=796581= 86
/97<3 70< 76393<56 70< 2 ?5^:8 <19 463@ 6 8 78 6 =/< ://:0678O c ZVd
66 21?38363:8 5063479 9 < 23??10 86< 191= 86< B7 8:7< 599:8< 60536 0'
< 90//+,& 2 95 " 0 /01< 86 86 2 < ?536< 2 < 5463@361< :7 2 <
1@18 = 86< 2 9 860 /03< , 5 " 2:36 T60 4:8<32101 4:== 95 =1=:30
2 9 860 /03< , 4 ?536 9 4:86 87 2 95 " 2:36 T60 '
• / 0638 86 (2:881 < 7639 <) U
• ?35>9 (2:881 < 4:N10 86 < 6 S7<6 < 258< 9 < 8< 2 @053 /50 05//:06
57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8) U
• 76393<5>9 (544 <<3>9 57C 60536 = 86<),
&#

< :>S 6< =1=:03<1< 258< 95 " /:<<G2 86 2 < /0:/03161< 4:==78 <
/ 0= 66586 538<3 2 9 < 0 A0:7/ 0 /50 6H/ 2 :>S 6, 5 <6074670 2 95 " <6
9 B73 / 0= 6605 2 386 0/016 0 9 < 2:881 < <6:4I1 <, 5 A <63:8 2 95
>5< 2 2:881 < < ?536 /50 05//:06 4 66 &'()*')(,,
5 >5< 2 2:881 < / 76 4:=/:06 0 B7 9B7 < =3993 0< 2 450546G0 < /:70 78
/ 636 >5< <70 =340: :023856 70 2:84 99 / 76 T60 <6:4I1 <70 23<B7 66
:7 >3 8 99 <6 4:8<63671 2 /97<3 70< =3993502< 2 450546G0 < 6 99 2:36
T60 <6:4I1 <70 2 < 78361< 2 23<B7 < 2 78 :023856 70, 59A01 9 < 23??10 84 <
2 65399 < 9 < 6 4N83B7 < 6 9 < 4:84 /6< 76393<1< <:86 <3=39530 <, 5 >5< 2
2:881 < <6 3821/ 82586 2 <:8 &)660(',
< 2:881 < =1=:03<1 < <:86 5// 91 < T60 76393<1 < /50 23??10 86<
< 0@34 < 2 9 860 /03< 5@ 4 2 < )'484&5',)(& 5//506 8586 /03843/59 = 86
60:3< 4561A:03 <'
• < 38?:0=56343 8<U A10586 95 " 4:84 @586 9 < 8:7@ 99 < 5//934563:8< U
• < 76393<56 70< $ U <54N586 ?530 2 < 0 B7T6 < 2 386 00:A563:8 /:70
9 70< /0:/0 < > <:38< B73 8 <:86 /5< </143?35>9 < (9 < A <63:88530 <) U
• < 76393<56 70< E U 2:86 95 6\4N <6 863G0 = 86 </143?35>9
(01/16363@ ) <53<3 2 9 38?:0=563:8 ,
5 " <6 <706:76 76393<1 8 386 00:A563:8 9 958A5A 2 386 00:A563:8 <6
2:84 78 191= 86 << 863 9 27 <H<6G= 39 2:36 T60 '
• ?5439 5//0 820 (/:70 9 < 76393<56 70< 5@ 063<) U
• =5<B7 0 95 <6074670 /NH<3B7 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < ( 82 C
/505=G60 < ,,,) U
• 5@:30 78 <1=5863B7 49530 (4:=/0 820 9 < 8< 2 95 B7 <63:8 6 2
95 01/:8< ),
50 6 =/< ://:0678 :8 86 82 B7 <3 9 38?:0=563:8 C3<6 258< 95 " 59:0<
:8 / 76 9 :>6 830 258< 78 21953 053<:885>9 (4:706 <3 9 :8 605@5399 2 =583G0
386 05463@ (A734N 6 2 >58B7 ) :7 6 =/< (/:70 /0 820 78 2143<3:8),
,& 0:;,*'4<& 9, 8=0(A5/4&5'40/
76393<563:8 2 < >5< < 2 2:881 < / 76 57<<3 < 4:8<3210 0 <:7< 9 58A9
:0A583<563:88 9, 5 4:84 /63:8 2 78 5//934563:8 " <6 78 :/10563:8
2 =582586 2 < 0 <<:704 < ?385843G0 < (54N56 2 < :023856 70< 9:A343 9 2
A <63:8 2 " ,,,) 538<3 B7 2 < 0 <<:704 < N7=538 < (4:84 /6 70
/0:A05== 70 :/1056034 < 2 <53<3 ,,,) 39 <6 2:84 3=/:06586 B7
9 :0A583<563:8 C5=38 9 < 5@5865A < B7 99 2:36 8 0 630 0, < 50A7= 86<
<73@586< / 7@ 86 =:63@ 0 9 :0A583<563:8'
• <3=/93?3 0 78 6\4N 2 9 860 /03< U
• 57A= 86 0 95 B759361 2 78 < 0@34 U
• / 0= 660 78 = 399 70 /03< 2 2143<3:8 U
• 0 865>393< 0 9 < 0 <<:704 < =56103 99 < 6 N7=538 <,
8 01<7=1 95 " 2:36 4:8< 0@ 0 9 < 2:881 < <60561A3B7 < 2 9 860 /03< /:70
B7 9 :8 /73<< 9 < 76393< 0 2 78 =583G0 :/63=59 , < :>S 463?< 2
9 860 /03< / 7@ 86 < 14N 9:88 0 8 /97<3 70< 165/ < :7 >3 8 1@:97 0 258< 9
 Z

6 =/< 2 :a 9 3=/:06584 2 78 4:84 /63:8 6 2 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2

>5< 2 2:881 < ( #" ) 576:03<586 9 < 1@:9763:8< 6 9 < =:23?34563:8<,
< :>S 463?< 2 9 :0A583<563:8 2193=36 86 78 *D536 9=56684*5'40/ 258< 95
0159361 2:86 95 " <6 9 0 ?9 6, 165>93<< = 86 2 78 <4N1=5 230 46 70
c ZZd :7 9 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 c +-d / 0= 66 86 2 4 08 0 9 < :>S 463?<
6 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, < 191= 86< ?3857C <:86'
• 9 < 60536 = 86< ?? 467 0 U
• 9 < 0 B7T6 < 2 386 00:A563:8 C1476 0 U
• 9 < 2:881 < 814 <<530 < =1=:03< 0 U
• 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 0 </ 46 0,
58< 9 C =/9 B73 8:7< 544:=/5A8 05 258< 4 6 :7@05A /97<3 70<
2:=538 < 2 5//934563:8 <:86 /:<<3>9 < 6 386 021/ 82586<, 5 216 0=38563:8
2 9 5//506 8584 2 78 :>S 6 78 2:=538 < ?536 8 C5=38586 9 < :>S 463?<
?3C1< /50 9 :0A583<563:8,
;+E @; @N D 5
; 5?; I ;

+; ;+E5 N.

@= .; D;+ N..;I

;.= S=5. ; $$$

3A70 - ' :=538 < 2 8:60 C =/9 L6 9

< '(54',3,/'& 2 9 5//934563:8 <:86 21?383< /50 6:76 < 9 < =:23?34563:8<
8@3<5A1 < <70 9 < 2:881 < 2 95 " , 0:3< 6H/ < 2 5463:8< /03=363@ < <:86
/:<<3>9 <'
• 5 *(+5'40/U 78 O:>S 6O 8:7@ 57 5//505]6 258< 95 0159361 6 4 973 43 <6
258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 2:84 39 2:36 T60 80 A3<601 258< 95 >5<
2 2:881 < (78 8:7@ 57 493 86) U
• 5 34&, 7 ;0)(U 78 O:>S 6O 21S 80 A3<601 258< 95 " < =:23?3 6 4 43
2:36 T60 0 /:061 258< 95 " (4N58A = 86 258< 95 B7586361 <6:4I1 2 78
506349 ) U
• 5 9,&'()*'40/U 78 O:>S 6O 80 A3<601 258< 95 " <:06 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8 6 2:36 2:84 T60 193=381 2 95 " (4N58A = 86 2 5881
4:=/65>9 78 <595031 B7366 9 860 /03< ),
< 60536 = 86< / 0= 66 86 2 =:23?3 0 95 " /:70 6 830 4:=/6 2 <
4N58A = 86< 386 0@ 8586 258< 95 0159361 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8,
:70 9 < 4/',((0A5'40/& 39 < 5A36 2 32 863?3 0 9 < > <:38< 2 4N5B7 76393<56 70
2 @586 54412 0 95 " 8 < /:<586 9 < B7 <63:8< <73@586 <'
• 7 99 < <:86 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 2 95 " 814 <<530 < 9 544:=/93<< = 86
2 95 6\4N 2 4 6 76393<56 70 (9 =5A5<383 0 95 014 /63:883<6 2
9 NL6 9)
&&

• 7 99 <6 95 ?01B7 84 2 4 < B7 <63:8< 9 6 =/< 2 01/:8< C3A1

4:7/9 ( YY 0 BWS:70 < 4:82 <) < 05 C5=381 23??10 == 86 2
4 973 ( 0 BW=:3< 258< 95 =56381 ),
• 73 / 76 C5=38 0 6 =:23?3 0 9 < 38?:0=563:8< /:386 4:84 08 9
2 A01 2 4:8?32 86359361 6 2 <1470361 2 4N5B7 38?:0=563:8,

"réalité"
destruction

mise à jour

champ
création d'application

3A70 ' :23?34563:8 /50 05//:06 95 ?0:863G0 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8

< 90//+,& =1=:03< 0 258< 95 " <:86 4 99 < 21?383 < /50 9 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8, < 60536 = 86< 9 < 401 86 9 < = 66 86 S:70 6 9 <
216073< 86, < 0 B7T6 < 2 386 00:A563:8 9 < 76393< 86 8 9 4670 /:70
01/:820 57C 76393<56 70<, :7< 5@:8< @7 B7 4 <6 258< 9 4520 2 95
21?38363:8 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 B7 95 <19 463:8 2 < 2:881 < < ?? 467 ,
4N:3C 2 < /0:/03161< 80 A3<60 0 258< 95 " 2:36 T60 814 <<530 6
<7??3<586 /:70 C1476 0 9 < 60536 = 86< 6 01/:820 57C 0 B7T6 <
2 386 00:A563:8'
• /+*,&&54(,' 4:706 6 0= /:70 T60 57<<3 ??3454 B7 9 <H<6G=
0 =/9541 6 =:H 8 6 0= /:70 01/:820 2 8:7@ 99 < B7 <63:8<
(B7 9 :8 1@36 2 < /:< 0 450 258< 78 <H<6G= =587 9 99 < <:86 60:/
:810 7< <),
• &)<<4&5/'' /:70 1@36 0 2 =1=:03< 0 2 < 38?:0=563:8< B73 < 0:86 / 7 :7
/5< 76393<1 <,
:70 78 / 0<:88 8:7< /:7@:8< 95 21?3830 /50 C =/9 ' O8:= /018:=
65399 /0:? <<3:8 520 << 87=10: 2 6191/N:8 0 @ 87 /:32<
5//506 8584 /:9363B7 </:06< /0563B71< 1656 43@39 8:=>0 2 8?586< ,,,,O,
N5478 2 4 < /0:/03161< 5 78 < 8< 258< 78 4:86 C6 >3 8 21?383 /50 4:860
99 < <:86 387639 < 258< 78 5760 ,
N5B7 38?:0=563:8 (4:=/61 8 450546G0 <) 5 78 /03C 4594791 5@ 4 9 < 4:[6<
<73@586<'
• 4:[6 2 <53<3 (:/1056034 /:<6 2 <53<3 )
• 4:[6 2 <6:4I5A (23<B7 < >582 < 2 504N3@5A )
• 4:[6 2 =583/79563:8 (65399 :023856 70 ,,,)
 Z+

< (>A8,& 9=4/'+A(4'+ 0 ?9G6 86 9 < 0GA9 = 86< 2 9 :0A583<563:8 9 O>:8 < 8<O
2 95 0159361, 8 / 76 9 < C/03= 0'
• &)( 8,& 90//+,&U 9 ?536 B7 95 " 0 </ 46 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361
/ 0= 6 2 5<<70 0 78 4 06538 4:N10 84 2 < 2:881 < 2:84 5<<70 57C
76393<56 70< 2 < 38?:0=563:8< 2 B759361 ( 8 4N5=>0 8 <6 01< 0@1
B7 78 ?:3< 9 < B7586361< 27 <6:4I <:86 /:<363@ < 9 < 493 86< :86 /97<
2 Z 58< ,,,),
• &)( 8,& '(54',3,/'&U 343 39 < 5A36 2 C/03= 0 9 :020 258< 9 B7 9 2:3@ 86
< ?? 467 0 9 < =:23?34563:8< 2 95 " ,
:7< /:7@:8< 4:8<656 0 B7 9 < /03843/57C 191= 86< 4361< <:86
386 021/ 82586<, /97< 258< 78 5//0:4N 495<<3B7 c" Xd 4N5B7
191= 86 2:36 605@ 0< 0 /97<3 70< 165/ < 258< 9 /0:4 <<7< 2 4:84 /63:8'
• 859H< 2 < > <:38<' /50 05//:06 57C :>S 463?< 2 9 :0A583<563:8
• /143?34563:8' 78 2 <403/63:8 /0143< 2 4N5B7 191= 86
• :84 /63:8 8?:0=563B7 ' 78 2 <403/63:8 2 9 8< =>9 27 <H<6G= 8
6 0= < 38?:0=563B7 <
• :25A ' 4N5B7 191= 86 <6 O4:21O 258< 9 958A5A <7//:06586 95
A <63:8 2 95 "
• <6
• 5386 8584
:70 5<<3<6 0 9 1B73/ 2 4:84 /63:8 39 C3<6 2 < =16N:2:9:A3 < 6 2 < :7639<
38?:0=563B7 <, 7C 43 / 0= 66 86 2 A732 0 95 4:84 /63:8 2 4:8<60730
2 < /0:6:6H/ < 6 =T= 2 A1810 0 9 4:2 , 70 76393<563:8 <6 2193456 6
99 < 2 =582 86 B7 9 4:84 /6 70 <:36 4:8<43 86 2 < 3=/5<< < 6 2 9 70<
93=36 <, / 82586 99 < / 7@ 86 5<<70 0 78 0L9 2 4:==7834563:8 57 < 38
2 78 1B73/ ,

;)" . " !
<6 9 540:8H= 2 O 6074670 2 7 0H 58A5A O, 9 :03A38 39 8 16536
2 <6381 B7 9 386 00:A563:8 2 < >5< < 2 2:881 < =53< 39 ?76 16 827 95
</143?34563:8 2 < 2:881 < 2 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 6 95 </143?34563:8
2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 <,
3<6:03B7 = 86 4 <6 9 506349 2 , , :22 c Yd 27 95>:056:30 2 "
58 :< B73 ?:825 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 8 H C/:<586 95 <3=/934361 2 95
0 /01< 86563:8 2 95 0 9563:8 78 ?:0= 8:0=59 /:70 214:=/:< 0 78
0 9563:8 5?38 2 1@36 0 2 < 0 2:82584 < 6 9 < /03843/57C :/1056 70< 2
9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 ,
97<3 70< 495<< < 2 958A5A < ?70 86 C/9:01 < 258< 9 < 5881 < B73 <73@30 86
258< 9 < 783@ 0<361< 6 9 < 95>:056:30 < /03@1<, 8 + - , , N5=> 0938
/0:/:<5 78 21?38363:8 2 78 958A5A 8:==1 B73 ?76 3=/95861 4N P
" 258< 78 /0:S 6 8:==1 ! , 9 ?76 16 827 258< 78 /0:S 6 /97<
@5<6 6:74N586 9 8< =>9 2 9 504N36 4670 2 78 #" 9 H<6 = ( + ),
<H<6G= ?76 S7<B7 95 ?38 2 < 5881 < Y 78 /956 ?:0=
2 C/103= 86563:8 /:70 " , 82586 95 =T= /103:2 /:70 2 < 053<:8<
91A59 < WV ?76 0 8:==1 ,
21>76 2 < 5881 < ZY @ 005 9 5//50363:8 2 /97<3 70< #" 0 9563:88 9<
21?383< 576:70 2 ( 2 0549 84, W 6 "V 2 " #
2 9563:859 4N8:9:AH 84, &" 2 H>5< 84, ,,,) 6 538<3
2 @3 86 78 8:0= 2 ?536 =53< 4N5B7 #" /:<<G2 78 2359 46 2
5@ 4 < < /0:/0 < /506347950361<,
/50630 2 +ZV 9 38<63676 8563:859 5=1034538 2 8:0=593<563:8 ( ) < 05 8
4N50A 2 21?3830 78 8:0= B73 < 05 ?38593<1 8 +ZX 95 =T= @ 0<3:8 <6
544 /61 /50 9 :0A583<563:8 386 08563:859 2 < <6582502< ( +Y ) 8 +Z ,
8 C6 8<3:8 /:06586 <70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 <6 12361 /50 9 8 +Z+,
8 ++V 78 8:7@ 99 @ 0<3:8 27 <6582502 <6 12361 /50 9 V, 8
+++ 78 @ 0<3:8 ++ 4:00 </:82 95 @ 0<3:8 95 /97< /97< 014 86 ,
< C =/9 < 2 4 6 :7@05A <:86 14036< 5@ 4 9 27 #" , 58<
<5 2 083G0 @ 0<3:8 0549 <6 4:8?:0= 95 8:0= 2 +Z+, :7< 5@:8<
050 = 86 76393<1 9 < C6 8<3:8< 95 8:0= ,

< >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < /0 88 86 05438 258< 60:3< 783@ 0<
23<63846<, 5 8:63:8 2 0 9563:8 <6 165>93 ?:0= 99 = 86 258< 9 <
=56N1=563B7 <, =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 <6 78 :7639 / 0= 66586 95
0 /01< 86563:8 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 6 9 < <H<6G= < 2 A <63:8
2 >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < <:86 2 < 9:A343 9< 76393<586 9 <
6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 9 38?:0=563B7 , :7< 5@:8< 60:3< =:82 < 6 /50 4:8<1B7 86
60:3< 23<4:70<, 9 4:8@3 86 2:84 2 T60 /50634793G0 = 86 566 863? /:70 1@36 0 95
4:8?7<3:8 860 9 ?:0= 9 9 =:2G9 6 95 6 4N83B7 ,
N5B7 =:82 < 21@ 9:// <:8 /0:/0 0H6N= U 9 < 8:63:8<
=56N1=563B7 < /:7@586 T60 4:8<32101 < 4:== <65>9 < 9 < /0:/03161<
?:825= 8659 < 2 95 =:2193<563:8 0 9563:88 99 1@:97 86 9 86 = 86 6 9 <
6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 9 38?:0=563B7 < <744G2 86 9 < 78 < 57C 5760 < 05/32 = 86
576:70 27 958A5A <65825023<1, 5 =5]603< 2 4 < 23<4:70< <6 9 /5<<5A
:>93A1 /:70 4:=/0 820 9 1@:9763:8 2 < <H<6G= < 2 A <63:8 2 >5< < 2
2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < 4 < 2 083 0< 6 82 86 258< 9 70< @ 0<3:8< <744 <<3@ <
2 384:0/:0 0 9 < 54B73< 27 ?:0= 9 6 9 < /0:/03161< 2 95 =:2193<563:8
0 9563:88 99 , <:743 2 93 0 4 < 60:3< 23<4:70< < ? 05 258< 9 < 8< 27
4:840 6 6 0 <6 05 230 46 = 86 931 57C 6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 9 38?:0=563B7 ,
:7< 599:8< 3997<60 0 4 < /0:/:< /50 78 C =/9 (8 ?536 < /5< 566 863:8 57C
8:6563:8< 99 < < 0:86 4:=/9G6 = 86 21?383 < 796103 70 = 86), 58< 9
4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 4:8<32101 39 < 5A36 2 21?3830 95 23<6584 @:9 2 :3< 57
860 2 7C @399 <,
5 0 9563:8 =56N1=563B7 < 012736 57 /0123456 <73@586'
.. 3<6584 (C H P).._OP <6 95 23<6584 860 C 6 HO
:a P ∈ C H ∈ 399
 +

5 =:2193<563:8 0 9563:88 99 8034N36 95 0 /01< 86563:8 /50 05//:06 57

4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8 93=36586 95 <:704 2 < 38?:0=563:8< 9 5695< 6 8
/0143<586 9 78361 2 = <70 , 8 4N 04N 57<<3 C/93436 0 9 < 93 8< C3<6586<
860 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 191= 86530 <, 8 / 76 230 /50 C =/9 B7
3<6j 8j%= 21/ 82 ?:8463:88 99 = 86 2 1/506 6 2 003@1 ,
3<6584 ( 1/506 003@1 3<6j 8j%=)
:=538 ( 1/506)_ :=j2 j 399 j2 j=:8j 695<
:=538 ( 003@1 )_ :=j2 j 399 j2 j=:8j 695<
:=538 ( 3<6j 8j%=)_ 7=103B7 863 0 cY,,VY YYYd
.. 3<6584 ( 1/506 003@1 3<6j 8j%=).._O 3<6j 8j%= <6 95 23<6584
8 %= 860 95 @399 2 1/506 6 95 @399 2 003@1 O
:020 2 401563:8 2 95 65>9 258< 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2
2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < 8 < /01:447/ B7 2 < B7 <63:8< 2 0 /01< 86563:8
38?:0=563B7 6 2 95 @5932563:8 <70 9 386 0@599 2 95 23<6584 , <
21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < 21?383<< 86 59:0< 95 491 2 95 0 9563:8,
CREATE TABLE Distance(
Depart char(12) not null,
Arrivee char(12) not null,
Dist_en_Km number(5)
Check (Dist_en_Km between 0 AND 20000),
primary key (Depart, Arrivee))
:70 0 /01< 86 0 B7 9B7 < 2:881 < 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 76393< 0 95 8:63:8 2
65>9 ' 3<6584

+65(' ((4B+, 4&' JG3K

# 8G@ 503< -VY

503< 1I38 ZVVY

1I38 584:7@ 0 Z Y

,,, ,,, ,,,

8 =56N1=563B7 :8 /509 2 8< =>9 < 6 2 /0123456<U 258< 95

=:2193<563:8 :8 < C/03= 5@ 4 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 <
2:=538 < 6 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <, 58< 95 6 4N8:9:A3
38?:0=563B7 9 < 6 0= < <:86 4 7C 2 65>9 < 4:9:88 < 450546G0 <
8:=>0 < 491< 2 65>9 , 66 45<452 2 6058<?:0=563:8< 8:7< ?536 /5<< 0
2 < 5><605463:8< /70 < 2 < =56N1=563B7 < 78 4:840163<563:8 <:7< ?:0=
2 78 <H<6G= 38?:0=563B7 , :70<73@:8< 8:60 C =/9 5@ 4 78 /0:/03161'
5 23<6584 /504:7030 860 9 5003@1 6 9 21/506 <6 32 863B7 4 99 27
21/506 9 5003@1 ,
 8 =56N1=563B7 :8 /509 05 2 4:==76563@361 B7 9 :8 8:6 05'
∀C ∀H 3<6584 (C H P) ↔ 3<6584 (H C P)
58< 95 =:2193<563:8 4 66 4:==76563@361 < 05 / 0^7 4:== 78 0GA9
2 3861A0361 B7 2 @0:86 @5932 0 9 < 2:881 <'
03 ) ∀0 ∈ 3<6584 ∀ 0 ∈ 3<6584
<3 (0, 003@1 _0 , 1/506)∧(0, 1/506_0 , 003@1 )
59:0< 0, 3<6j 8j%=_0 , 3<6j 8j%=
3=/9586563:8 38?:0=563B7 2 4 66 0GA9 / 76 T60 8@3<5A1 2
23??10 86 < =583G0 <U 39 ?57205 =5386 830 576:=563B7 = 86 95 23<6584 2 <
4:7/9 < O599 0 6 0 6:70O 4N5B7 =:23?34563:8 2 95 23<6584 :7 >3 8
8 80 A3<60 0 B7 95 =:3631 2 95 65>9 6 / 0= 660 9 76393<56 70 78
386 00:A563:8 <70 95 6:659361,
:60 /504:70< <73@05 78 363810530 860 95 6N1:03 9 < 4:84 /6< 6 95 =3<
8 : 7@0 C/93436586 9 < 93 8< 576586 B7 /:<<3>9 , 43 / 0= 6605 57
9 46 70 2 < 0 820 0 9563@ = 86 3821/ 82586 2 < ?7670 < 1@:9763:8< 2 <
6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 9 38?:0=563:8 B73 8 6:74N 0:86 /5< <:8 45/3659 2
4:8853<<584 < 4:84 /67 99 <,
 +

@ A

"2.18 Ce que chaque tableau, de quelque forme que ce soit

doit avoir de commun avec la réalité, pour absolument
pouvoir la représenter - justement ou faussement - c'est la
forme logique, c'est à dire la forme de la réalité" (Ludwig
Wittegenstein - Tractatus logico-philosophicus)

:>S 463? 2 4 4N5/360 <6 2 197432 0 95 21?38363:8 2 95 0 9563:8 (2:881 8

6 0= < =56N1=563B7 <), :7< 8 3860:2730:8< B7 9 < 8:63:8< =56N1=563B7 <
814 <<530 < 95 4:=/01N 8<3:8 4 66 2 083G0 ,
1?38363:8'
8 , <6 21?383 <70 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 < 2:=538 <
2 8 4:8<6367586< ?:0=586 9 8< =>9 ; 6 2 78 /0123456 8:61 .. ..
2:86 9 < @5035>9 < 93>0 < 4:00 </:82 86 57C 4:8<6367586< 2 ; 6
/0 88 86 9 70< @59 70 258< 9 < 2:=538 < 2 4 < 4:8<6367586<,
66 21?38363:8 <6 931 57C 8< =>9 < 57C /0:/:<363:8< 9:A3B7 < 6 57C
/0123456< 9:A3B7 < 2:86 8:7< 599:8< 0 @:30 9 < 21?38363:8< ?:825= 8659 <,
8<736 57 ?70 6 = <70 8:7< 23<<1B7 0:8< 95 21?38363:8 2 95 0 9563:8,
< :7@05A < 2 01?10 84 /:70 4 4N5/360 <:86 c -d 6 c Z+d,

%
8 2:=538 21<3A8 78 8< =>9 2 @59 70<, 9 <6 <3=39530 95 8:63:8 2
6H/ B7 9 :8 60:7@ 258< 9 < 958A5A < 2 /0:A05==563:8, < @59 70< < 0:86
/03< < /50 9 < 2:881 < 2 8:60 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8,
1?38363:8'
8 <6 78 8< =>9 8:8 @32 ?383 :7 218:=>05>9
8 2305 B7 5 <6 78 $ 2 <3 5 ∈
C =/9 < 2 2:=538 '
:=538 j2 <j4:79 70< _ D@ 06 S578 >9 7 0:7A E
:=538 j2 <j8:=>0 <j 863 0< _ D V ,,,, 8 ,,,E
:=538 j2 <j1656<j2 <j/:06 < _D:7@ 06 < ? 0=1 <E
:=538 j2 <j/5H< _D 73<< 0584 585=5 ,,,E
:=538 j2 <j1656<j9:A3B7 < _ D@053 ?57CE

8 8< =>9 <6 218:=>05>0 <3 9 :8 / 76 4:=/6 0 9 532 2 < 863 0< 85670 9< , :6:8<
B7 9 < 8:=>0 < 01 9< 8 <:86 /5< 218:=>05>9 < =53< 9 70 0 /01< 86563:8 258< 9 <
:023856 70< 16586 ?383 39< 2 @3 88 86 218:=>05>9 <, 8 /:7005 2:84 9 < 76393< 0 4:==
2:=538 b
 :=538 j2 <j6360 <j2 j93@0 _ DO4:=/0 820 95 9:A3B7 =:2 08 O OM N56
3< 6N 85= :? 6N3< >::IO O /50?7=O ,,,E
:=538 j2 <j6H/ <j2 j/9586 _ D50>0 ?9 70 45461 ,,,E
:=538 j2 <j?9 70< _ D0:< 45=1935 =50A7 036 ,,,E
:=538 j2 <j/0:2736< _ D/50?7= =5B73995A 40G= <:9530 ,,,E
:=538 j2 <j256 < _ D 5@039 ++V V- 2 4 VYYY ,,,,)
< 2:=538 < <:86 863G0 = 86 21/ 82586< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 258<
9 B7 9 :8 605@5399 , ??:06 2 =:2193<563:8 4:== 84 /50 78 195>:0563:8
4:=/9G6 2 < 2:=538 <, 58< c ZZd :8 60:7@ 78 6H/:9:A3 2 <
2:=538 <, 4N5B7 6H/ 2 2:=538 <6 5<<:431 9 < :/10563:8< B73 <:86
576:03<1 <, :7< 2:88:8< 4 66 6H/:9:A3 258< 95 3A70 X <:7< ?:0= 2 78
50>0 :a 4N5B7 8: 72 N1036 2 < :/10563:8< 27 8: 72 /01412586,
6H/ 21?3836 9 < 2:=538 < :a 57478 :/10563:8 8 <6 /:<<3>9 39
< 5A36 2:84 2 78 2:=538 /70 = 86 38?:0=563?, 2:=538 2 < 520 << < / 76
T60 4:8<32101 4:== 5//506 8586 57 6H/ 6 C6 , 9 < 05 23??3439 2
01/:820 <[0 = 86 95 B7 <63:8 O4:=>3 8 2 / 0<:88 < N5>36 86 78
5@ 87 O, 8 ?? 6 9 6 C6 16586 6:659 = 86 93>0 95 <53<3 5705 / 0=3< 2 <
5>01@3563:8< 6 57<<3 2 < 00 70<, 93> 991 2 78 1403670 4:=/65>9 <6
57<<3 27 6H/ 6 C6 <5 @59 70 8:7< / 0= 6 2 4:=/0 820 9 :>S 6 2
9 1403670 =53< 8 / 76 /5< T60 76393<1 /:70 4:885]60 95 <:== 2 <
?54670 < /5H1 < 57C ?:7083<< 70<, N5B7 ?:3< B7 9 :8 5<<:43 4 6H/ 78
2:=538 :8 0 8:84 76393< 0 4 2:=538 /:70 2 < :/10563:8< 2 <19 463:8,
6H/ 21?3836 9 < 2:=538 < :a 9 < :/10563:8< 2 1A59361 :7 2 381A59361
<:86 /:<<3>9 <, < 2:=538 < 2 < 8:=< 2 < /018:=< 2 < / 0<:88 < <:86
5<<:431< 4 6H/ , 9 < 5A36 2:84 2 2:=538 < :a 39 C3<6 78 4036G0 B73
/ 0= 6 2 165>930 <3 78 @59 70 5//5063 86 :7 8:8 4 2:=538 , :70
01/:820 95 B7 <63:8 <70 9 < O/53 = 86< 2 78 ?:7083<< 70O :8 / 76 5<<:43 0
4N5B7 1403670 4:=/65>9 78 A 80 2 1403670 B73 /0 8205 < < @59 70< 258<
:=538 j2 <jA 80 < _D 5H = 86j :7083<< 70 053<jA181057C ,,,E, :70
/5<< 0 27 6H/ 6 C6 57 6H/ =:6 39 ?576 2:84 C/93436 0 9 38?:0=563:8
4:86 87 3=/93436 = 86 258< 9 6H/ 6 C6 ,
6H/ <6 78 6H/ =:6 <70 9 B7 9 78 0 9563:8 2 :020 <6
21?383 , 3 9 < @59 70< <:86 0 /01< 861 < 5@ 4 2 < 450546G0 < 39 C3<6 /50
21?576 78 :020 9 C34:A05/N3B7 B73 / 0= 6605 78 603 2 9 38?:0=563:8 (:7 2
4N 04N 0 9 < @59 70< /97< / 636 < /97< A0582 < 5@586 5/0G< ,,,), :70
4 06538< 6H/ < =:6 4 6 :020 2:36 T60 2:881 C/93436 = 86U /50 C =/9
/:70 :02:88 0 9 :=538 j2 <j4:79 70< :8 /:7005 4N:3<30 95 9:8A7 70 2 :82
5<<:431 4N5478 ,
 +

texte

≠)
mot(=,≠

booléen (et,ou,non, ...) mot ordonné (<,>)

date horaire numérique (+,-,*,/)

entier(div,mod,..) flottant(sqrt,...)

3A70 X ' 10365A 2 < :/10563:8< 258< 95 6H/:9:A3 2 < 2:=538 <,
6H/ ) 576:03< 9 < :/10563:8< 5036N=163B7 < 2 9 522363:8 2 95
<:7<605463:8 2 95 23@3<3:8 6 2 95 =7963/934563:8, 9 < 23@3< 8 2 7C <:7<
6H/ <' 9 < 863 0< 6 9 < 01 9< 4N5478 /:<<12586 < < :/10563:8< /0:/0 <,
6H/ 6% <:86 2 < 2:=538 < /0:/0 < 95 A <63:8, 6H/ "
<6 78 6H/ <70 9 B7 9 <:86 21?383< 9 < :/10563:8< 9:A3B7 < ( 6 :7 8:8 ,,,),
4N:3C 27 6H/ 2 2:=538 <6 << 863 9 450 39 216 0=38 9 < :/10563:8< 2
4:=/5053<:8 6 2 =583/79563:8 2 < 2:881 < B73 < 0:86 5<<:431 < 4 6H/ ,
4N:3C < ?536 57 =:= 86 2 95 =:2193<563:8 450 57 =:= 86 2 95 =3< 8
: 7@0 38?:0=563B7 9 < #" 5<<:43 86 6:7< 4 < 6H/ < 2 7C 4561A:03 <'
9 < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 < 6 9 < 8:=>0 <, 8 5705 2:84 0 4:70< 2 5760 <
=14583<= < /:70 5<<70 0 95 @5932361 2 < 2:881 < /50 05//:06 9 70<
2:=538 <,

8 <6 78 8< =>9 2 2:881 < 5H586 78 /0:/03161 6 78

4:=/:06 = 86 N:=:AG8 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 5 <3A83?34563:8 2 <
2:881 < 01<32 258< 9 5//506 8584 4 66 495<< , 5 2:881 O O < 05
386 0/0161 4:== 78 /018:= <3 99 <6 78 @59 70 27 4:8<6367586
4:== 78 </G4 2 ?9 70 <3 99 <6 78 @59 70 27 4:8<6367586
4:== 78 4:79 70 <3 99 <6 78 @59 70 27 4:8<6367586 ,
4:8<6367586 <6 5<<:431 78 32 863?3456 70 (
j j ),
4:8<6367586 <6 5<<:431 78 6 78 < 79 2:=538 B73 21?3836 9 < @59 70< B7
/ 76 /0 820 4 66 /0:/03161,
5 ?:8463:8 5<<:43 78 4:8<6367586 <:8 2:=538
' 8< =>9 2 < 4:8<6367586<
' 8< =>9 2 < 2:=538 <
 #

2:= ' →
2:=( )_
8 5 /50 C =/9 '
2:=( j ) _ :=538 j27j459 8203 0,
:70 386 0/016 0 78 @59 70 39 <6 3823</ 8<5>9 2 4:885]60 <:8
4:8<6367586 <5 @59 70 < 79 8 <7??36 /5<, O - 8:@ =>0 +ZYO <6 4 78
256 2 853<<584 :7 78 256 2 1403670 4:=/65>9 4:8<6367586 2:88
<:8 < 8< 95 @59 70 9 2:=538 165>936 9 < @59 70< 576:03<1 <, 9 < 0536
/:<<3>9 2 =:23?3 0 6:7< 9 < 2:=538 < 2 78 =:2193<563:8 /50 C =/9 8
9 < 605273<586 258< 78 5760 958A7 <58< 5?? 46 0 9 386 0/016563:8 2:881
/50 9 < 4:8<6367586<, < /0:/03161< 2 78 =:2193<563:8 < 0:86 165>93 <
796103 70 = 86 /50 9 < 93 8< <1=5863B7 < C3<6586 860 9 < 4:8<6367586<,

< (
58< c Z+d :8 / 76 930 ' O95 9:A3B7 8 4:8<32G0 4:== /0:/:<363:8< B7
2 < /N05< < <7<4 /63>9 < 2 T60 B(54,& 0) <5)&&,&U 4 43 14506 2 =>91
6:76 < 9 < ?:0= < (=:259 <) 2 95 /03G0 2 9 386 00:A563:8 27
4:==582 = 86 27 <:7N536 ,,, 79 < 8 /03843/ <:86 0 4 @5>9 9 <
/0:/:<363:8< 9+*85(5'4B,&# 9,&*(46'4B,&# ,364(4E),& 4 <6 230 2 78
?5^:8 A181059 9 < /0:/:<363:8< B73 94&,/' E),8E), *D0&, 5) &);,' 9, 85
(+584'+ 6 2:86 9 5??30=563:8 <6 57 =:38< 6N1:03B7 = 86 @103?35>9 V,O
(/) O 8 2:=538 <6 78 8< =>9 O <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053
(B) O < 576074N < @:9 86O <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 ?57<<
(0) O :7< 93< P 4 66 /N05< O <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053
(<) O 503< <6 258< 9 N1=3</NG0 <72O <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 ?57<<
5 N5>367 99 = 86 8:61 /50 9 < 9 660 < / B 0 < ,,, 8
< /01:447/ /5< 2 9 5859H< 27 4:86 87 2 95 /N05< <5 6:659361 <6
1@5971 @053 :7 ?57C,
5 <6 ?:0=1 2 /0:/:<363:8< <3=/9 < 4:88 461 < /50
2 < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 < ( 6 1@ 867 99 = 86 2 < /50 86NG< < /:70 L6 0 9 <
5=>3A7i61<), < :/1056 70< 4:705== 86 76393<1< <:86'
5 ' ( 6 9:A3B7 8:61 ∧)' / ∧ B < 05 1@5971 @053 <3 / <6 @053 6
<3 B <6 @053,
5 ' (:7 9:A3B7 38497<3? 8:61 ∨) / ∨ B < 05 1@5971 @053 258<
60:3< 45<' / @053 6 B ?57C / @053 6 B @053 / ?57C 6 B @053,
(O 3 / 59:0< BO 8:61 →) / → B < 05 1@5971 @053 258< 60:3<
45<' / @053 6 B @053 / ?57C 6 B @053 / ?57C 6 B ?57C,
" (O 3 6 < 79 = 86 <3O 8:61 ↔) / ↔ B < 05 1@5971 @053
258< 2 7C 45<' / @053 6 B @053 / ?57C 6 B ?57C,
5 (8:61 ¬) ¬/ < 05 1@5971 @053 <3 / <6 ?57C,

V 3< 8 1@32 84 /50 9 576 70

 +

3 / 6 B 4:00 </:82 86 57C /0:/:<363:8< 21?383 < /01412 == 86 8:7<

570:8< 9 C/0 <<3:8 / ∧ B 1@5971 ?57C (O 8 2:=538 <6 78 8< =>9 O 6
O < 576074N < @:9 86O),
1@597563:8 2 < /0:/:<363:8< 4:=/:<1 < / 76 T60 :>6 87 8 4:8<6073<586
78 65>9 2 @10361 /:70 9 < :/1056 70< ∧,∨,→,↔,¬ 8:7< :>6 8:8< 95 65>9
2 @10361 2 95 3A70 X V,
< ∧< ∨< →< ↔< ¬
E E E E E E 2
E 2 2 E 2 2 2
2 E 2 E E 2 E
2 2 2 2 E E E
3A70 X V' 65>9 2 @10361 2 < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 < 4:70586<
8 6576:9:A3 <6 78 C/0 <<3:8 B73 <6 6:7S:70< 1@5971 @053, 50
C =/9 ' / ∨ ¬/ 9 /03843/ 27 63 0< C497 <6 78 6576:9:A3 , 8
6576:9:A3 <6 78 C/0 <<3:8 B73 4:=/:06 B7 2 < @053< 258< <5 65>9 2
@10361,
/ ¬/ /∨¬/

3A70 X ' 65>9 2 @10361 / ∨ ¬/

< 9:A343 8< 0 4N 04N 86 4 < C/0 <<3:8< 450 99 < <:86 2 < 6N1:0G= < :7
2 < 5C3:= <,

< ( !
5 9:A3B7 2 < /0123456< < /0:/:< 2 5859H< 0 9 < /0:/:<363:8< / B 0
4:8<32101 < 4:== 385859H<1 < 2:86 :8 <5@536 /01412 == 86 < 79 = 86 <3
99 < <:86 @053 < :7 ?57<< <, :>S 463? /03843/59 2 < /0123456< <6 2:84
9 5859H< 2 < /0:/:<363:8<,
8 9:A3B7 2 < /0:/:<363:8< :8 5 9 8< =>9 <73@586 2 /0:/:<363:8<
9 < 576074N < @:9 86 ' ?57C
9 < =:38 57C @:9 86 ' @053
9 < /3 < @:9 86 ' @053
9 < /38A:738< @:9 86 ' ?57C
64
/0123456 @:9 (C) B73 5<<:43 /:70 4N5B7 C /03< 258< 9 8< =>9 3< 57C 95
@59 70 @053 :7 ?57C / 0= 6 2 5859H< 0 9 < /0:/:<363:8< /01412 86 <,
@:9 ' 3< 57C → D@053 ?57CE
8 /0123456 :7 ?:0=79 :7@ 06 <6 78 C/0 <<3:8 2:86 95 @59 70 2 @10361
0 <6 38216 0=381 450 99 4:863 86 2 < @5035>9 <, G< B7 6:76 < 4 <
@5035>9 < <:86 0 =/9541 < /50 78 @59 70 59:0< 99 2 @3 86 @053 :7 ?57<< ,
8 ?? 6 4 6 38<6586 9 /0123456 < <6 6058<?:0=1 8 /0:/:<363:8,
 &

C =/9 '
3 (C) <3A83?3 J C 863 0 8:8 879 <6 3=/530 K
( ) 6 ( ) <:86 @053<,
(V) 6 (-YYV) <:86 ?57C,
3 (C) <3A83?3 J C 863 0 8:8 879 <6 /530 K
( ) 6 ( ) <:86 ?57C,
(V) 6 (-YYV) <:86 @053<,
5760 /:<<3>39361 2 6058<?:0= 0 78 /0123456 8 /0:/:<363:8 <6 2
B75863?3 0 < < @5035>9 <, 9 C3<6 2 7C /:<<3>39361<,
50 95 ) $ B73 <7><6367 95 @5035>9 6:7< 9 <
191= 86< 2 9 783@ 0< 4:8<32101 :7 2:=538 2 386 0/016563:8 4 /0123456,
:36'
∀C ?(C) B73 < 936' /:70 6:76 C :8 5 ?(C)
8 5 /50 C =/9 ∀C (C) <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 ?57<< 450 6:7< 9 < 8:=>0 <
8 <:86 /5< 3=/530<, 2:=538 2 386 0/016563:8 <6 343 9 8< =>9 2 <
863 0 /:<363?< (/:70 <3=/93 0 95 8:6563:8 8:7< 4:8<3210 0:8< 9 2:=538
2 386 0/016563:8 4:== 3=/93436 = 86 21?383) B75863?3456 70 783@ 0< 9 <6
1B73@59 86 14030 95 4:8S:8463:8 2 6:76 < 9 < /0:/:<363:8< :>6 87 < 5@ 4
78 /0123456 <:36 258< 8:60 C =/9 '
∀C (C) ≡ ( ) ∧ (V) ∧ ( ) ∧ (-) ∧ ,,,,
50 95 ) B73 <7><6367 95 @5035>9 57 =:38< 78
2 < 191= 86< 2 9 783@ 0< 5<<:431 4 /0123456, :36'
∃C ?(C) B73 < 936' 39 H 5 78 C 6 9 B7 ?(C)
8 5 /50 C =/9 ∃C (C) <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053 450 VV- <6 78 8:=>0
/530, B75863?3456 70 C3<6 863 9 <6 1B73@59 86 14030 95 23<S:8463:8 2
6:76 < 9 < /0:/:<363:8< :>6 87 < 5@ 4 78 /0123456 <:36 258< 8:60 C =/9 '
∃C (C) ≡ ( ) ∨ (V) ∨ ( ) ∨ (-) ∨ ,,,,
459479 2 < /0123456< / 0= 6 2:84 2 =583/79 0 2 < C/0 <<3:8<
/0:/:<363:88 99 < 2 9:8A7 70 38?383 (218:=>05>9 ),
8 / 76 16 820 9 < /0123456< 8 76393<586 9 < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 < @7<
/01412 == 86, 8 5705 /50 C =/9 9 < C/0 <<3:8<'
∀C ( (C) ∨ (C)) B73 <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053 (6:76 C <6 /530 :7 3=/530)
¬∃C ( (C) ∧ (C)) B73 <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053 (39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 C
3=/530 6 /530)
8 / 76 16 820 9 < /0123456< 8 76393<586 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 5@ 4 /97<3 70<
@5035>9 <, 50 C =/9 '
3<6584 (C H P) :a OP <6 95 23<6584 860 C 6 HO
5 6058<?:0=563:8 2 78 /0123456 8 ?:8463:8 <6 21?383 2 95 ?5^:8 <73@586 '
8 /0123456 8 5H586 /97< 57478 $ " " 2 @3 86 78 /0:/:<363:8,
8 @5035>9 <6 " <3 99 8 <6 /5< 931 , 99 <6 /50'
78 <7><636763:8 5@ 4 78 @59 70
/50 78 B75863?34563:8,
 ++

* !
:7< 5@:8< 21S @7 B7 9 < /0123456< 2:86 6:76 < 9 < @5035>9 < <:86 931 <
2 @3 88 86 2 < /0:/:<363:8<
860 9 < 8< =>9 < 6 95 9:A3B7 2 < /0:/:<363:8< 39 C3<6 78 3<:=:0/N3<=
(93=361) B73 =14583B7 = 86 / 0= 6 2 6058<?:0= 0 78 /0:/03161 27 459479
2 < 495<< < 8 78 6N1:0G= 27 459479 2 < /0:/:<363:8< 6 @34 @ 0<5, 8
5//93B7 9 < <7><636763:8< <73@586 < <70 9 < @5035>9 < 6 9 < :/1056 70<'
↔/ ∪↔∨
"↔B ∩↔∧
↔0 −↔¬
∅ ↔ 57C
↔ 053
6 3<:=:0/N3<= <3A83?3 ' 4 <6 @053 /:70 9 < 8< =>9 < <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3
4 <6 @053 /:70 9 < /0:/:<363:8<,
8 5 /50 C =/9 '
5 23<603>763@361 2 ∩ <70 ∪
:36' ∩ (" ∪ ) _ ( ∩ ") ∪ ( ∩ )
2 @3 86 95 23<603>763@361 2 ∧ <70 ∨, /:70 9 459479 2 < /0:/:<363:8< :36'
/ ∧ (B ∨ 0) _ (/ ∧ B) ∨ (/ ∧ B),
/03843/ 27 63 0< C497 / ∨ ¬/ _ @053 (450 78 6576:9:A3 ) 2 @3 86 95
?:0=79 <73@586 ∪( )_ ,
6 3<:=:0/N3<= <6 93=361U 9 459479 2 < /0:/:<363:8< <6 /97< /73<<586 B7
9 459479 <70 9 < 8< =>9 < /50 4:860 95 8:63:8 2 8< =>9 3860:2736 2 <
1656< 5760 < B7 @053 6 ?57C (6:76 :7 03 8),
< 8< =>9 < 6 9 < /0123456< <:86 931< /50 9 /03843/ 2 5><605463:8 B73
</143?3 B7 /:70 6:76 /0123456 <6 5<<:431 57 =:38< 78 8< =>9 ,
/0123456 2 @3 86 95 ?:8463:8 /0:/:<363:88 99 2 9 8< =>9 , 8 5 2:84'
3 <6 9 8< =>9 216 0=381 /50 9 /0123456 ?(C) 39 <6 1B73@59 86 /:70
6:76 C 2 230 B7 OC <563<?536 95 ?:8463:8 ?(C)O :7 B7 O C <6 191= 86 2
O, :36'
∀C (?(C) ≡ C ∈ )
43 <6 @053 /:70 9 < /0123456< 78 @5035>9 95 21?38363:8 27 /0:2736
45061<3 8 @5 8:7< / 0= 660 2 95 0 820 @053 /:70 78 /0123456 8
@5035>9 <,
1?38363:8'
:36 6 " 2 7C 8< =>9 < × " <6 9 2 /50 " 6
21?3836 9 8:7@ 9 8< =>9 <73@586'
× " _ D(5 >) . (5 ∈ ) ∧ (> ∈ ")E
 Logique des classes Logique des Propositions
⊆∩∪ ∧∨→↔¬

a ∈A f(a)=vrai

f(x)

∀∃
Logiques des Prédicats

3A70 X -' 8< =>9 < /0:/:<363:8< 6 /0123456<

8 ? 7399 2 5A 825 <6 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 :70 6 70 ,
A 825 _ :70 × 70
:a :70 _ D97823 =5023 ,,,, 23=584N )
6 70 _ D N ZN ,,,, +NE
8 14N3B73 0 <6 78 /0:2736 45061<3 8'
4N3B73 0 _ D5 > 4 ,,, NE × D V ,,, ZE
6 >3 8 <[0 9 < 4::02:881 < 45061<3 88 <'
_ ℜ×ℜ×ℜ
8 / 76 16 820 95 8:63:8 2 /0:2736 45061<3 8 8 8< =>9 <'
× V× × ,,, × 8
_ ∏ 3 3_ ,,8
_D(5 5V ,,, 58) . (∀ 53 53 ∈ 3) 3_ ,,8 E
38<3 78 /0123456 /:06586 <70 /97<3 70< @5035>9 < 2 @3 86 95 ?:8463:8
/0:/:<363:88 99 2 78 8< =>9 4:86 87 258< 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 9 783@ 0<
2 4N5B7 @5035>9 ,
5 3A70 X - 01<7= 9 < 93 8< C3<6586 860 9 < 60:3< ?:0=593<= <'

< !
:7< 5@:8< 2:84 =5386 8586 6:7< 9 < 191= 86< /:70 4:=/0 820 95 21?38363:8
2 95 0 9563:8,

8 0 9563:8 (:7 <4N1=5 2 0 9563:8) <6 4:=/:<1

• 2 78 8< =>9 ;
2 4:8<6367586< 6
• 2 78 ?:0=79 .. .. 5// 91 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8 2:86 9 <
@5035>9 < 93>0 < <:86 C546 = 86 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 ,
 Y

8 0 9563:8 <6 78 0 9563:8 /:06586 <70 8 @5035>9 <U 258< 9 =:2G9

0 9563:88 9 8:7< /01?10:8< /509 0 8 6 0= < 2 4:8<6367586< /976L6 B7 2
@5035>9 < ,
;
_D V ,,,, 8E 21?3836 9 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8
∏ 2:=( 3) 3 ∈
;
3_ ,,8 21?3836 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 < 2:=538 <, 9
21?3836 2:84 95 &'()*')(, 2 95 0 9563:8,
.. ( V ,,,, 8).. 21?3836 9 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8, 9 21?3836 95
&+35/'4E), 2 95 0 9563:8,
997<60:8< 4 95 5@ 4 9 < C =/9 < <73@586<'

5 (,85'40/

; _ D# E
.. .. _ (# ; _ )

85 (,85'40/

;
_D := 0 8:= C 03A38 56 j 53<<584 E
2:=( :=) _ =:6 D 7/:86 70586 ,,,E
2:=( 0 8:=) _ =:6 D 58 503 ,,,E
2:=( C ) _ =:6 D :== == E
2:=( 03A38 ) _ =:6 D 73<< 0584 7G2 ,,,E
2:=( 56 j 53<<584 ) _ 256
6 8:7< 5@:8< 9 /0123456 <73@586'
.. (8 / < : 2).. ' O 5 / 0<:88 /:06586 9 8:= / 6 9 /018:= 6
<6 2 < C & 2 :03A38 0 6 99 <6 81 95 256 9 6 99 <6 5467 99 = 86
78 16723586 2 9 83@ 0<361 2 # 8G@ O

58< 4 2 083 0 C =/9 9 /0123456 < 012736 78 C/0 <<3:8 56:=3B7

4 <6 230 8:8 214:=/:<5>9 4:=/0 8586 78 <H=>:9 2 /0123456 C/03=1
8 958A7 85670 99 O 5 / 0<:88 /:06586 9 8:= / 6 9 /018:= 6 <6 2
< C & $ O 6 2 < @5035>9 <, 66 ?:0=79 8 <6 /5< 1@5975>9 ?:0= 99 = 86
=53< 214036 >3 8 9 386 863:8 2 95 0 9563:8 99 ?:70836 95 <1=5863B7 2 4 66
0 9563:8, 3 9 :8 56603>7 2 < @59 70< 57C @5035>9 < 78 / 0<:88 4:8853<<586
9 2:=538 2 5//934563:8 /:7005 1@597 0 4 66 ?:07=79 @053 :7 ?57C, 5
?:0=79 21?383<<586 78 0 9563:8 < 012736 95 /97/506 27 6 =/< 4 66 ?:0=

5 0 9563:8 8 =56N1=563B7 <6 /:<363:88 99 (95 /0 =3G0 < 4:82 64 @5035>9 27

/0123456), 8 8:==586 9 < @5035>9 < 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 9 5??0584N30 2 95 /:<363:8 2 95
@5035>9 538<3 258< 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 95 /:<363:8 2 78 4:8<6367586 <6 <58< 3=/:06584 ,
< 2 7C 0 9563:8< <73@586 < <:86 1B73@59 86 <'
3<6584 ( 1/506 003@1 3<6j 8j%=) ≡ 3<6584 ( 3<6j 8j%= 003@1 1/506)
/01234563@ 2 >5< <57? /:70 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 99 < B73 <:86
O4594795>9 <O 4 <6 /:70B7:3 :8 5 4N:3<3 2 9 5// 9 0 /0123456, :7< @ 00:8<
B7 5@ 4 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 :8 / 76 :>6 830 2 < 0 9563:8< 2:86 9 /0123456
< 05 4:=/:<1 /50630 2 < /0123456< 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 21/506,
:70 78 0 9563:8 39 8 C3<6 B7 78 < 79 /0123456 2:84 B7 78 < 79
386 0/016563:8 /:<<3>9 2 < 2:881 < 78 38<6586 ?3C1, 2:=538
2 386 0/016563:8 <6 <:7@ 86 3=/93436 343 9 < 16723586< 2 9 783@ 0<361 2
# 8G@ ,
8 8:6 C (:7 6H/ ( )) 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 < 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586 2
; <:36 C _ ∏ 2:=( 3) 3 ∈ ; 3_ ,,8, 9 21?3836 2:84 95 &'()*')(, 2 95
0 9563:8,

1?38363:8'
8 , <6 78 191= 86 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8 <:36 '
0 ∈ ∏ 2:=( 3) 3 ∈ ;
8 <6 78 8 7/9 6 2 6 9 B7 .. ..(0) <6 @053
:36 78 0 9563:8 ! ⊆ ;
6 0 78 86361 2 59:0< :8 8:6 0,! 95
@59 70 B7 0 /0 82 /:70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 !
classes
∏ dom(Ci)

n-uplet
(C1,C2,....,Cn) proposition

vrai faux

entité

||R(C1,C2,....,Cn)||
interprétation du prédicat

3A70 X ' 386 0/016563:8 2 95 0 9563:8

8 7/9 6 <6 78 191= 86 2 78 0 9563:8 5H586 2 < @59 70< /03< < 258< 9 <
2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< =53< 2:86 :8 8 236 03 8 <70 9 /0123456, 9
5//5063 86 783B7 = 86 57 /0:2736 45061<3 8, 50 4:860 9 86361 @103?3 9
/0123456 2 95 0 9563:8, :7< 5@:8< /50 C =/9 '
8 7/9 6 (O 7/:86O O 579O O :== O O 0584 O X Z X ) /:70 95 0 9563:8
6 <3 O 5 / 0<:88 /:06586 9 8:= )60/' <6 9 /018:= !5)8
<6 2 < C $ 033, 2 :03A38 O (5/*,O 6 99 <6 81 95 256 1 1
6 99 <6 5467 99 = 86 78 16723586 2 9 83@ 0<361 2 # 8G@ O 59:0<
4 <6 78 86361 2 95 0 9563:8,
 Y

3 0 <6 9 86361 /01412 86 6 !_D 0 8:= :=) 59:0< 0,! _ (O 7/:82O

O 579O)
N5B7 8 7/9 6 <6 2:84 78 /0:/:<363:8 1@5971 @053 :7 ?57C, 79 < 9 <
86361< 8:7< 38610 << 86 99 < ?:0= 0:86 9 38<6584 2 95 0 9563:8,
1?38363:8'
8 <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 86361< 2 4 66 0 9563:8 (8:61
3 )' 3 _ D0 0V ,,, 08E
:7< 23<638A7:8< 2:84 95 0 9563:8 B73 <6 21?383 /50 <5 <6074670 6 <:8
/0123456 2 9 38<6584 B73 <6 78 386 0/016563:8 27 /0123456 /:70 9 < @59 70<
576:03<1 < /50 95 <6074670 , 66 23<638463:8 8:7< 4:82736 57C 21?38363:8<
<73@586 <'
8 =:2193<563:8 2 <6 78 8< =>9 2 0 9563:8< <:36'
2_D V ,,, 8E
8 >5< 2 2:881 < 3 2 4:00 </:82 78 38<6584 2 =:2193<563:8
2 <:36 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 4 66 =:2193<563:8 2
<:36'
3 2 _ D3 3 V ,,, 3 8E
3 2 4:00 </:82 78 386 0/016563:8 /:70 78 2:=538 2 386 0/016563:8
2:881 (9 < 16723586< 2 ":<6:8) 78 38<6586 ?3C1 (N3 0 VN -),
modélisation

||R(C1,C2,....,Cn)|| ∏ dom(Ci)

interprétation structure

sémantique syntaxe

base de données

3A70 X X ' 7 =:2G9 9 38<6584

5 =:2193<563:8 /:<<G2 2 7C 5</ 46<, 78 /506 8:7< 5@:8< 95 <6074670
214036 8 6 0= < 2 /0:2736< 45061<3 8< 2 4:8<6367586< 21?383< /50 9 70
2:=538 6 2 5760 /506 95 23= 8<3:8 <1=5863B7 21?383 /50 9 < /0123456<
2 < 0 9563:8<, 38<6584 2 78 =:2193<563:8 <6 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 4 <6
230 9 8< =>9 2 < 86361< 5//506 8586 95 <6074670 6 @103?3586 9 <
/0123456<, < <H<6G= < 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2:881 < <:86 << 863 99 = 86
<6074670 9<,
 58< 9 < 4N5/360 < <73@586< 8:7< @ 00:8< 4:== 86 8:7< /:7@:8< 165>930 2 <
=:2193<563:8< 5?38 B7 9 70 =3< 8 : 7@0 5@ 4 2 < <H<6G= < 38?:0=563B7 <
<:36 95 /97< ?32G9 /:<<3>9 ,

1
) :
0:7@ P 9 < 2:=538 < 6 9 6H/ 2 < 2:=538 < 2 4N5B7 4:8<6367586,
403@ P 78 /0123456 /:70 9 < 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 2:86 9 386 0/016563:8
4:00 </:82 9 18:841,
1N3479 (8: N5<<3< 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8)
H/ (=:2G9 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:32<)
N57?? 70(8: N57?? 70 8:= /018:= 520 << 8: 6563:8)

<! :
:=538 2 < 4:8<6367586<'
520 << 6 C6
576:=563B7 >::91 8
4561A:03 =:6 ( " "V ,,,)
2 <403/63:8 6 C6
N 70 863 0 cY,,V d
I39:= 605A 863 0 /:<363?
9360 < 01 9 cY,, YYd
=3< 8 0@34 256
=:2G9 =:6 (= 04 2 < YY 5723VYY 450ZY/9 ,,,)
8> 954 < 863 0 c-,,ZYd
8: N5<<3< 863 0 /:<363?
8: N57?? 70 863 0 /:<363?
8: :70 863 0 c ,, XXd
8:= =:6 ( 7/:86 70586 ,,,)
8: 95B7 863 0 c ,,++++d
8: 6563:8 863 0 c ,,Xd
8:F:8 863 0 c ,,++d
/:32< 863 0 c YY,, YYYd
/018:= =:6 ( 58 503 ,,,)
6 =/< 504:70< 863 0 /:<363? ( 8 =3876 <)
60584N :0530 =:6 ( " )
6H/ 50>70586 =:6 (<7/ 0 8:0=59 <58</9:=> 23 < 9)
P:8 863 0 c ,,++d
 Y

P:8 863 0 c ,,++d

0123456 2 < 0 9563:8<
1N3479 (8: N5<<3< 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8)
.. 1N3479 (84 8/ < = 8<).. ' O @1N3479 /:06586 9 87=10: 2 N5<<3<
/* 6 3==56034791 /6 5 161 =3< 8 < 0@34 9 & 39 <6 27 =:2G9 3 6
5//5063 86 95 <6563:8 /&O
H/ (=:2G9 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:3<)
.. H/ (= < 4 64 5 /).. ' O =:2G9 3 2 @1N3479 / 76 4:86 830 &
/ 0<:88 < /G< 6 cIAd 4:8<:== 27 450>70586 '* 95 >:]6 @36 <<
<6 5 9 / 0=3< * <6 814 <<530 /:70 9 4:82730 O
N57?? 70(8: N57?? 70 8:= /018:= 520 << 8: 6563:8)
.. N57?? 70(84N 8 / 5 8<).. ' O 4N57?? 70 /:06586 9 8:= / 6 9
/018:= 6 N5>36 5, 39 <6 32 863?31 /50 9 87=10: /*D 6 39 <6 5<<3A81
95 <6563:8 /&O
8 0 =50B7 B7 9 0 69 4 < 60:7@ 86 258< 2 7C 0 9563:8<
6 B7 9 70 < 8< 21/ 82 27 4:86 C6 4 <6 230 2 95 0 9563:8 258<
95B7 99 39< < <367 86,
 Y

B , ! !
!

"Il n'y a pas de pensée sans langage symbolique. Les

syntaxes et les grammaires nous imposent, certes, une
médiation qui est autant une traduction qu'une déformation.
Mais ce biais et cet éloignement du réel offrent des
contreparties. Il y a en effet une fécondité surprenante de
l'activité symbolique." (Philippe Quéau - Eloge de la
simulation)

:7< 21<30:8< C/03= 0 8:60 =:2193<563:8 3821/ 825== 86 27 <H<6G= 2

A <63:8 2 >5< 2 2:881 < B7 8:7< 599:8< 76393< 0, 4 66 ?38 8:7<
21?3830:8< 78 958A5A 2 2 <403/63:8 2 =:2193<563:8 ( ), 66
2 <403/63:8 <6 </143?31 9 532 2 235A05== < <H865C3B7 <, :7< 2:88 0:8<
2 7C C =/9 < 2 =:2193<563:8 2 78 =T= 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 8?38 8:7<
21?3830:8< 95 <H865C 27 958A5A 2 2 <403/63:8 2 < 2:881 < ( ) B73
<6 9 =:H 8 2 6052730 /:70 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2 2:881 < 95
=:2193<563:8,

% 1(
< 235A05== < <H865C3B7 < <:86 78 =:H 8 <3=/9 6 A05/N3B7 /:70
0 /01< 86 0 2 =583G0 ?:0= 99 95 A05==530 2 78 958A5A , 9< <:86 78
596 08563@ 2 <403/63:8 " "54I7< 570 :0=U 27 8:= 2 < 2 7C 576 70<
5H586 21?383 # XY c X d, 8< 8 %, 6 , Q306N :86 0 827 9 <
235A05== < <H865C3B7 < /:/79530 < 8 9 < 76393<586 /:70 95 21?38363:8 27
c d,
N5B7 0GA9 2 A05==530 <6 21?383 /50 78 235A05== , 8 235A05== <6
4:=/:<1 2 < <H=>:9 < 6 0=3857C 4:86 87< 258< 2 < >:]6 < 57C 4:38< 0:82< 6
2 <H=>:9 < 8:8 6 0=3857C 4:86 87< 258< 2 < >:]6 < 0 4658A79530 <, <
<H=>:9 < 6 0=3857C 216 0=38 86 2 < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 < B73 5//5053<< 86
258< 78 /N05< 27 958A5A 6 9 < <H=>:9 < 8:8 6 0=3857C 0 8@:3 86 78
5760 0GA9 , 06538< <H=>:9 < 9 C3457C 4:== 9 < 32 863?3456 70< 6 9 <
8:=>0 < <:86 4:8<32101< 4:== 2 < 8:8 6 0=3857C, 58< 4 45< 39<
0 8@:3 86 95 0GA9 9 C3459 ,

" !
958A5A / 0= 6 2 21?3830 78 =:2193<563:8 4 <6 230 78 8< =>9 2
0 9563:8<, 8 0 9563:8 <6 21?383 /50 <:8 8:= <5 93<6 2 4:8<6367586< <:8
 &

/0123456, 8 4:8<6367586 <6 21?383 /50 <:8 2:=538 , < 6H/ < 2 2:=538 <
<:86 4 7C @7< /01412 == 86,
=:2193<563:8

2 4950563:8 0 9563:8

2 4950563:8 2:=538

6H/

93<6 @59 70

93<6 386 0@599

:= 0 9563:8 8:= 4:8<6367586 <:86 2 < 32 863?3456 70<

86 0/016563:8 6 8:= @59 70 <:86 2 < 4N5]8 < 450546G0 <
>:08 38? 6 >:08 <7/ <:86 2 < 8:=>0 <,

7 )6
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D / T@ E
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3A70 ' 8 01< 0@563:8 258< 78 NL6 9

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258< 78 NL6 9, :60 NL6 9 <6 4:8<63671 2 4N5=>0 < 01< 0@1 < /50 2 <
 Y+

493 86< /:70 78 /103:2 2:881 , 5 ?3A70 5 =:860 9 < 23??10 86 <
450546103<63B7 < 2 78 01< 0@563:8,

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3A70 V' 35A05== 2 495<< < /:70 :6 9

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Hôtel(NumChambre, NumClient, Nom, Prenom, Adresse,
Prix, NbrLit, NbrPers, DateArr, DateDep, Confort,
Equipement)
predicat: "||Hôtel(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l)|| Le
client, portant le numéro b nommé d,c habitant e
arrivant le i et partant le j, a réservé la chambre
portant le numéro a qui contient g lits et peut loger
h personnes, ayant pour confort k et équipement l et
coûte f francs par nuit"
NumChambre dom numérique entier [1..50]
NumClient dom numérique entier [1..999999]
Nom dom mot (Dupont, Durand, ...)
Prenom dom mot (Jean, Marie, ...)
Adresse dom texte
Prix dom numérique réel [100..1000]
NbrLit dom numérique entier [1..3]
NbrPers dom numérique entier [1..3]
DateArr dom date
DateDep dom date
Confort dom mot ordonné (wc,douche,bain)
Equipement dom mot (sans,TV)
66 86361 ( V YY 7/:86 579 O 07 2 95 @:303 O VY V :@
+V X :@ +V Q ) <6 9 386 0/016563:8 27 ?536 'O 493 86 /:06586 9
87=10: 8:==1 )60/'# !5)8 N5>36586 L (), 9, 85 B04(4,L 5003@586 9
 :@ +V 6 /506586 9 X :@ +V 5 01< 0@1 95 4N5=>0 /:06586 9 87=10:
B73 4:863 86 936< 6 / 76 9:A 0 / 0<:88 < 5H586 /:70 4:8?:06 2 6
1B73/ = 86 " 6 4:[6 ?0584< /50 8736O,
:7< 599:8< @:30 78 2 7C3G= =:2193<563:8 27 =T= 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8
( 0<3:8 V)'
Chambres(NumChambre, Prix, NbrLit, NbrPers, Confort,
Equipement)
predicat:"||Chambres(a,b,c,d,e,f)|| La chambre portant
le numéro a qui contient c lits et peut loger d
personnes a pour confort e et équipement f et coûte b
francs par nuit"
Clients(NumClient, Nom, Prenom, Adresse)
predicat:"||Clients(a,b,c,d)|| Le client portant le
numéro a se nomme c,b et habite d"
Réservation(NumChambre, NumClient, DateArr, DateDep)
predicat:"||Réservation(a,b,c,d)|| Le client, portant
le numéro b arrivant le c et partant le d, a réservé
la chambre portant le numéro a"
NumChambre dom numérique entier [1..50]
NumClient dom numérique entier [1..999999]
Nom dom mot (Dupont, Durand, ...)
Prenom dom mot (Jean, Marie, ...)
Adresse dom texte
Prix dom numérique réel [100..1000]
NbrLit dom numérique entier [1..3]
NbrPers dom numérique entier [1..3]
DateArr dom date
DateDep dom date
Confort dom mot ordonné (wc,douche,bain)
Equipement dom mot (sans,TV)
?536 C/03=1 /01412 == 86 2 @3 86 343 9 < 60:3< 86361< <73@586 <' 8
86361 2 93 86< ( YY 7/:86 579 O 07 2 95 @:303 O) C/03=586 9 ?536'
O 493 86 /:06586 9 87=10: < 8:== )60/'# !5)8 6 N5>36 (),
9, 85 B04(4,O , 8 86361 2 N5=>0 < ( V VY V Q ) C/03=586 9
?536' O 5 4N5=>0 /:06586 9 87=10: B73 4:863 86 936< 6 / 76 9:A 0
/ 0<:88 < 5 /:70 4:8?:06 2 6 1B73/ = 86 " 6 4:[6 ?0584< /50
8736O, 6 78 86361 2 1< 0@563:8 ( V YY :@ +V X :@ +V)
C/03=586 9 ?536 'O 493 86 /:06586 9 87=10: 5003@586 9 1 0B1 6
/506586 9 1 0B1 5 01< 0@1 95 4N5=>0 /:06586 9 87=10: O,
< 2 7C =:2193<563:8< < =>9 86 230 95 =T= 4N:< ( 99 < <:86 >5<1 < <70
9 < =T= < 4:8<6367586<) 6 /:706586 99 < <:86 <6074670 99 = 86 23??10 86 <
9 78 214:=/:< 9 8< =>9 2 < 4:8<6367586< 8 78 0 9563:8 9 5760 8 60:3<,
< /0:>9G= < <:86 4 86057C 9:0< 27 /0:4 <<7< 2 =:2193<563:8, 58< 9
4N5/360 <73@586 8:7< @ 00:8< 4:== 86 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 6052730 9
235A05== 2 < 495<< < 8 78 <4N1=5 2 0 9563:8, :70 9 38<6586 C5=38:8<
4:== 86 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 6052730 78 =:2193<563:8 8 2 <403/63:8 2
2:881 < /:70 78 #" ,
+
@ @ $$$ @

$$$

)8@ 9 +
3A70 ' B73@59 84 860 78 65>9 6 78 38<6584 2 0 9563:8

" ! C;)"D
:70 23??10 843 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 2 4 99 < =583/791 < /50 78
#" 8:7< 5// 9:8< 4 < 2 083G0 < 65>9 <, 5 <6074670 2 65>9 <6
1B73@59 86 /:70 78 0 9563:8 57 /0:2736 45061<3 8 27 2:=538 2 < <
4:8<6367586<, N5B7 4:9:88 2 95 65>9 < 05 78 4:8<6367586, < @59 70<
/:<<3>9 < 258< 78 4:9:88 <:86 4 99 < 27 2:=538 2 4 4:8<6367586,
4:86 87 2 95 65>9 <6 1B73@59 86 78 38<6584 2 , 8 93A8 2 95 65>9
<6 1B73@59 86 78 86361 2 ,
:7< @:H:8< 343 9 < /0 =3 0< 235A05== < <H865C3B7 < 2 /:70 95 401563:8
2 < 65>9 <, :7< 3823B7:8< 9 < 23??10 84 < /03843/59 < 5@ 4 9 <6582502 258<
9 < 8:6 < 2 >5< 2 /5A ,
01563:8 2 <6074670 2 65>9 @32 -' :8 3823B7 9 8:= 2 95 65>9
(1@ 867 99 = 86 /014121 27 8:= 2 9 76393<56 70) 6 95 93<6 2 < 2 <403/63:8<
2 4:9:88 <, :7< 0 @3 820:8< <70 9 < 8:63:8< 2 4:8605386 < 258< 9 4N5/360
<70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361,

- < 4957< < (65>9 <6:05A 6 497<6 0) 4:84 08586 95 ?5^:8 2 =1=:03< 0 9 < 65>9 < 8 <:86
/5< <65825023<1 <,
 M 4:97=8 93<6 ' 78 4:9:88 <6 </143?31 /50 <:8 8:= 6 <:8 6H/ 6
1@ 867 99 = 86 /50 78 @59 70 /50 21?576 2:881 95 401563:8 2 78 86361

25656H/ X'9 < 6H/ < 2 2:881 < <:86 60G< 495<<3B7 = 86 4 7C B7 9 :8 60:7@
258< 9 < 958A5A < 2 /0:A05==563:8 5@ 4 78 0 2:82584 (<58< 2:76 27
95 8:0=593<563:8) B73 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 /97<3 70< =583G0 < 9 =T= 6H/ ,

4N50546 0 6H/ ' / 0= 6 2 21?3830 78 450546G0 (4N50546 0) 78 4N5]8 2

450546G0 < (93=361 V /:70 4N50)

256 6H/ ' 78 256 21?383 95 < 4:82 /0G<

?9:56 6H/ ' 2 < 8:=>0 < 8 @30A79 ?9:66586 (8:6563:8 <43 863?3B7 )

2 43=59 6H/ ' 2 < 8:=>0 < @30A79 ?3C ( 8 4:=/65>39361)

386 A 0 6H/ ' 2 < 8:=>0 < 863 0<

>3850H 6H/ ' 2 < 38?:0=563:8< >38530 < (<:8 3=5A ,,,)

<6582502 8 = 863:88 /5< 2 @59 70 /50 21?576

X # Q 8 <:86 /5< 2 < 6H/ < <65825023<1< 9 70 76393<563:8 93=36 9 <
/:<<3>39361< 2 =583/79563:8 2 < 0 9563:8< B73 9 < 4:863 88 86,
 8 < 0 <60 3A8586 95 4957< O87=> 0O 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 214950 0 6:7< 9 <
6H/ < 87=103B7 <'
87=> 0' 78 8:=>0 01 9
87=> 0(=)' 78 8:=>0 863 0 2 = 4N3??0 <
87=> 0(= 8)' 78 8:=>0 2143=59 2 = 4N3??0 < 5@ 4 8 2143=59 < :a
=k8
4N:3C 2 < 9:8A7 70< 2 < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 < 21/ 82 863G0 = 86 27
4N5=/< 2 5//934563:8 95 9:8A7 70 =5C3=7= 2 < <H=>:9 < 2 4N5B7
2:=538 <6 78 >:08 544 /65>9 ,
/0 8:8< 8:60 2 7C3G= =:2193<563:8 <6 605273<:8< 95'
CREATE TABLE CLIENTS (
NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6) not null ,
NOM CHAR (20),
PRENOM CHAR (20),
ADRESSE CHAR (40))
CREATE TABLE CHAMBRES (
NUM_CHAMBRE NUMBER (2),
PRIX NUMBER (8,2),
NBR_LITS NUMBER (1),
NBR_PERS NUMBER (1),
CONFORT CHAR(6),
EQUIPEMENT CHAR(3))
CREATE TABLE RESERVATIONS (
NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6),
NUM_CHAMBRE NUMBER (2),
DATE_ARR DATE,
DATE_DEP DATE )
8 <:7= 66586 4 < 60:3< 214950563:8< 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< < 2
2:881 < 60:3< <6074670 < 2 65>9 < @32 < < 0:86 4011 <, 58< 4N5478 39 < 05
/:<<3>9 2 38<10 0 2 < 86361< 4:00 </:82586 95 0159361 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8, 5 2 <403/63:8 2 2:881 < 8 4:84 08 B7 95 /5063
<607467059 2 95 =:2193<563:8, 8 65>9 <6 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 <
2:=538 < 2 4N5B7 4:8<6367586 03 8 8 <6 </143?31 <70 9 /0123456 2 <
0 9563:8<, 8 ?? 6 9 /0123456 4:84 08 783B7 = 86 95 <1=5863B7 27
4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 =:2193<1, 3 9 :8 60:7@ 258< 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2
>5< 2 2:881 < 95 65>9 <73@586 '
CREATE TABLE PERSONNES (
NUM_PERSONNE NUMBER (6) not null ,
NOM CHAR (20),
PRENOM CHAR (20),
ADRESSE CHAR (40))
5A36 39 2 < / 0<:88 < B7 S 4:8853< 2 4 99 < B73 <:86 =/9:H1 < /50 78
860 /03< 2 4 99 < B73 <:86 <70@ 3991 < /50 95 ,,, 79 95
=:2193<563:8 6 /97< /0143<1= 86 9 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8 / 76
8:7< 2:88 0 4 66 38234563:8, 8 60:7@ 05 /50 C =/9 '
 Personnes(Num_Personne, Nom, Prenom, Adresse)
predicat:"||Personnes(a,b,c,d)|| Le membre du club de
Football de Rouen portant le numéro a se nomme c,b et
habite d"
6 B7 230 2 95 65>9 <73@586 '
CREATE TABLE R1 (
C1 NUMBER (6) not null ,
C2 CHAR (20),
C3 CHAR (20),
C4 CHAR (40))
43 9 < 8:=< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 8 8:7< A732 86 8 03 8, 95 / 76 T60 78
65>9 2 / 0<:88 < 78 8:= 8495670 2 /3G4 < 21654N1 78 N 0>3 0 ,,, 9
<6 3823</ 8<5>9 2 4:885]60 95 =:2193<563:8 /:70 /:7@:30 386 0/016 0 78
65>9 , 50 78 =T= <6074670 2 65>9 / 76 4:00 </:820 78 =7963672
2 /0123456< /:<<3>9 <, /97< 39 <6 ?:06 = 86 0 4:==5821 2 2:88 0 2 <
8:=< 49530< 57C 4:8<6367586< 2 < 65>9 < 9 < 0 B7T6 < 57C #" 2 @3 88 86
/97< 9:8A7 < 14030 =53< 99 < A5A8 86 <706:76 8 93<3>39361,

6C

modélisation @$5$

interprétation

concrétisation +
$$$
+

3A70 -' 9 < 60:3< 165/ < /:70 78 >5< 2 2:881 <
:7< 5@:8< 01<7=1 258< 95 3A70 - 9 < 4:84 /6< =583/791< /50
9 195>:0563:8 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 <, /50630 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8 6 /50 9 /0:4 <<7< 2 =:2193<563:8 (45< 2 76393<563:8
235A05== 2 495<< < 60527463:8 8 0 9563:8<) 8:7< :>6 8:8< 9 =:2G9 2,
=:2G9 / 76 < 4:840163< 0 258< 78 8< =>9 2 38<6584 < (95 >5< 2
2:881 <), < 38<6584 < <:86 :>6 87 < 8 386 0/016586 9 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8 /50 05//:06 57 /0123456 2 95 =:2193<563:8,

1
:7< 0 /:06:8< 9 < C 0434 < 4:84 08586 4 4N5/360 57 4N5/360 <73@586 b
 E % 1

« Il joue de mieux en mieux car l’inquiétude est venue

nuancer son caractère trop ingénu et optimiste »
L’empreinte de l’ange – Nancy Huston

4N5/360 <6 9 /:386 2 S:8463:8 860 9 < 2 7C =:2G9 <, :70

4:84 /67593< 0 8:7< 76393<:8< 9 =:2G9 :>S 6 /:70 <6:4I 0 8:7< 76393<:8< 9
=:2G9 0 9563:88 9, 58< 4 4N5/360 8:7< 599:8< 2:88 0 78 8< =>9 2
0GA9 < <3=/9 < /:70 /5<< 0 2 78 =:2G9 9 5760 ,
/5<<5A 2 9 :>S 6 57 0 9563:88 9 <6 ?? 4671 9:0< 2 9 3=/91= 86563:8
2 78 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 4N =38 38@ 0< 27 0 9563:88 9 9 :>S 6
< ?? 467 <70 2 < <H<6G= < 2 38?:0=563:8 8 5H586 /5< 1653 86 4:8^7< 5@ 4
78 5//0:4N :>S 6, 9 < 5A305 258< 4 45< 2 0 60:7@ 0 78 386 0/016563:8 :7
2 2:47= 86 0 4 66 5//934563:8,
5// 9:8< 9 < 4:84 /6< 2 < =:2G9 < 76393<1<,
=:2G9 0 9563:88 9 8:60 43>9 76393< <6074670 99 = 86 60:3< 4:84 /6< '
• 5 0 9563:8 B73 0 A0:7/ 78 8< =>9 2 56603>76< U
• 56603>76 B73 <6 21?3836 <70 78 2:=538 U
• 2:=538 B73 <6 21?3836 <70 8< =>9 2 @59 70<,
:7< 953<<:8< 2 4:61 9 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8, 5 8:63:8 2 2:=538 <6
32 863B7 4 99 2 6H/ /:70 9 < 235A05== < 2 495<< <, :7< 76393< 0:8<
2:84 2 < 2:=538 < 32 863B7 <,
:60 60527463:8 27 =:2G9 :>S 6 @ 0< 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 2:36 2:84 6 830
B7 2 2 7C 4:84 /6< 95 0 9563:8 6 9 < 56603>76<,

( '
5 0GA9 <6 5<< P <3=/9 J 4N5B7 495<< 2 @3 86 78 0 9563:8 K, N5B7
56603>76 2 95 495<< 2 2 @3 86 78 56603>76 2 95 0 9563:8, 58< 9 C =/9
<73@586 /:70 95 495<< 8:7< 570:8< 78 0 9563:8 5@ 4
2 7C 56603>76< 950A 70 6 N576 70, 8 6 0= < 8:7< 5@:8< '
Create Table Rectangle (
largeur number,
hauteur number)
 #

#$ !"

4 ,
47
4 )( 89
4 / 89
4 , 89
4 , 89

:== 86 32 863?3 0 9 < :>S 6< 258< 78 0 9563:8 58< 9 =:82 2 < :>S 6<
39 C3<6 /50 21?38363:8 78 32 ( >S 46 32 863?3 0) /:70 6:76 :>S 6, 8 <6
/5< 9 45< /:70 9 < 0 9563:8<, :36 39 C3<6 78 491 85670 99 /50 C =/9 78
87=10: 2 =/9:H1 (:7 78 A0:7/ 2 56603>76<) 59:0< :8 4N:3<305 4 < 56603>76<
4:== 491 2 95 0 9563:8, 38:8 :8 5S:76 78 491 5063?343 9 95 0 9563:8,
58< 8:60 C =/9 2 95 495<< 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 491 (:8 / 76
>3 8 <[0 4N:3<30 950A 70 6 N576 70 4:== 491), 9 <6 2:84 814 <<530
2 5S:76 0 78 56603>76 <7//91= 86530 95 0 9563:8, 8 8 /0:?36 /:70
3823B7 0 A <63:88530 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < B7 4 6 56603>76 <6 95 491
/03=530 8 5S:76586 2 003G0 95 214950563:8 2 6H/ 9 < =:6< 3 F 3,
:7< :>6 8:8< 2:84 95 214950563:8 <73@586 '
Create Table Rectangle (
Id_rectangle integer primary key,
largeur number,
hauteur number)

) ' ! +
9 8 C3<6 /5< 2 <:9763:8 783B7 /:70 9 < =16N:2 <, 5@5865A 2 95
/0:A05==563:8 :>S 6 <6 2 05//0:4N 0 9 < 2:881 < 2 < 60536 = 86<, 58< 9
45< 2 < #" 0 9563:88 9< 9 < 60536 = 86< 2:3@ 86 T60 214036 258< 78
958A5A /0:4127059 6 9 B7 3<759 "5<34 W :7 5@5, < 60536 = 86<
/ 7@ 86 T60 C6103 70< 95 >5< 2 2:881 < :7 <6:4I1< 258< 9 < 0@ 70 2
95 >5< 2 2:881 <,
:7< 2:88:8< 343 60:3< /:<<3>39361< /:70 60536 0 2 < =16N:2 < <58< ?530 5// 9
2 < 60536 = 86< /0:4127057C,

,! !
:70 9 < =16N:2 < B73 8 =:23?3 86 /5< 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6 6 2:86 >76 <6 2
0 6:708 0 78 @59 70 <70 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 0 820 <6563B7
4 < =16N:2 < 8 9 70 <7><6367586 78 56603>76 B73 4:00 </:82 95 @59 70 2
9 :>S 6, :70 8:60 C =/9 8:7< :>6 8:8< 95 214950563:8 <73@586 '
Create Table Rectangle1 (
 Id_rectangle integer primary key,
largeur number,
hauteur number)
surface number,
perimetre number,
diagonal number)
384:8@183 86 2 4 4N:3C 01<32 258< 9 5</ 46 <6563B7 , :0< 2
=:23?34563:8 2 < 56603>76< 2:86 21/ 82 86 4 < =16N:2 < 39 ?576 = 660
S:70 9 < 56603>76< 4:00 </:82586< 57C =16N:2 <, 58< 8:60 45< <3 9 :8
=:23?3 95 950A 70 2 78 0 4658A9 39 ?576 = 660 S:70 9 < 56603>76<
,

& '
:7< 4:8<540:8< 78 4N5/360 4:=/9 6 57C @7 <, 53< 21< =5386 8586 8:7<
/:7@:8< <:793A8 0 B7 9 < @7 < / 7@ 86 T60 78 <:9763:8 2H85=3B7 57C
=16N:2 < B73 8 =:23?3 86 /5< 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6 6 2:86 >76 <6 2 0 6:708 0
78 @59 70 <70 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6, 8 / 76 230 B7 95 @7 @5 <3=79 0 78 65>9
< =>95>9 4 99 2 , 53< 9 < 56603>76<
< 0:86 4594791< 4N5B7 ?:3< B7 95 65>9 < 05 0 B73< 258< 78
<19 463:8,
Create vue Rectangle2 as
Select
Id_rectangle,
largeur,
hauteur
largeur*hauteur surface,
2*(largeur+hauteur) perimetre
sqrt(largeur*largeur+hauteur*hauteur) diagonal)
from Rectangle

& ! 0
:7< 4:8<540:8< 57<<3 78 4N5/360 95 =3< S:70 2 < 0 9563:8<, 6 4 66
6 4N83B7 / 76 T60 /50?:3< 76393< 0 /:70 14030 2 < <403/6< 2 =3< S:70
4:00 </:82586 78 =16N:2 =:23?3586 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6, 58< 860 0 258<
9 < 216539< 8:7< /:7@:8< 6058<4030 95 =16N:2 " 2 258< 95
0 B7T6 <73@586 '
Update Rectangle
Set largeur=2*largeur, hauteur=2*hauteur
Where num_rectangle= …
:7< @ 00:8< B7 39 C3<6 /0563B7 = 86 6:7S:70< 78 <:9763:8 95
6058<403/63:8 2 < =16N:2 < B7 9 76393<563:8 2 78 958A5A /0:4127059 / 0= 6
 &

2 60536 0 6:7< 9 < 45<, 53< 4 43 8 0 =/954 /5< 4:=/9G6 = 86 9 <

=16N:2 < <706:76 258< 9 < 5</ 46< 2 N10365A b

:>S 463? <6 2 =1=:03< 0 9 < 93 8< 860 9 < :>S 6< 2 6 2 ", 5
<:9763:8 4 66 =1=:03<563:8 21/ 82 2 95 45023859361 2 9 5<<:43563:8 B73
93 6 " /97< C546 = 86 2 < < =5C3=7=<,

, 5 5 -
) $$) "5 ) $$) "
4@ 5 4@

65>9 57 <73@586 C5=38 9 < 45< /:<<3>9 < 4:84 08586 9 =5C3=7= 2 <
45023859361< 2 6 2 ", 3 78 2 < 2 7C =5C3=7=< <6 1A59 59:0< 39 <6
/:<<3>9 2 <3=/9 = 86 5S:76 0 78 2 < 491< 258< 78 2 < 0 9563:8<, 3 9 <
2 7C =5C3=7=< <:86 /97< A0582< B7 59:0< 39 ?576 401 0 78 8:7@ 99
0 9563:8,
5C h h
5C" @
<3 95 2 _ 95 > 8 S:76 0 95 > 258< 95
03 8 ?530 0 9563:8 2 4:== 56603>76
S:76 0 95 > 258< 95
0 9563:8 2 4:== 56603>76
:7 S:76 0 95 2 258< 95
0 9563:8 2 " 4:== 56603>76
h S:76 0 95 2 258< 95 01 0 78 0 9563:8 " 5H586
0 9563:8 2 " 4:== 56603>76 4:== 56603>76 95 491 2 6
95 491 2 "
C5=38:8< 2 < C =/9 < 2 4 < 45<

& 1 !
58< 9 C =/9 <73@586 78 @399 <6 056654N1 78 4586:8 57 /97< /50
4:860 78 4586:8 / 76 /:<<12 0 /97<3 70< @399 <,

+ !$(!
7 *
4. )E , 4. )@ ,
B
4D , 4 / ,
 +

:7< 401:8< 2 5>:02 9 < 0 9563:8< 6. 230 46 = 86 /50630 2 <

495<< <, := 586:8 6 := 399 <:86 9 < 491< 2 < 495<< <, :== 95
45023859361 <6 2 57 =5C3=7= 8:7< 2 @:8< 5S:76 0 95 0 9563:8 .
9 56603>76 % , :7< /:7@:8< 5S:76 0 B7 9 56603>76 % 2:36
6:7S:70< ?530 01?10 84 78 @59 70 258< 95 0 9563:8 ( 6 5</ 46
< 05 /97< 5=/9 = 86 23<4761 258< 9 4N5/360 <70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361,

Create Table Cantons(

NomCanton varchar(20) primary key,
Surface number)

Create Table Villes(

NomVille varchar(20) primary key,
Population number
Rattache varchar(20)
references Cantons(NomCanton))

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2 95 =T= 495<< , 5 495<< 8 8 5 /5< 2 491 (< 6 8 8
?:0= 86 /5< 78 491 <70 450 39 C3<6 6:7S:70< 95 /:<<3>39361 2 2:7>9:8<),
:7< 5S:76:8< 2:84 9 56603>76 ; G <7//91= 86530 95 9563:8
8 ,

) (!!

4. ) ,
4D ) , $$
4 .
" ) *

$$

5<<:43563:8 =5031 < 05 6058<4036 /50 9 5S:76 2 78 56603>76 :8S:386

?53<586 01?10 84 78 / 0<:88 C3<6586 , :7< :>6 8:8< ?3859 = 86 9
<4N1=5 <73@586 '
Create Table Personne(
Id_personne number primary key,,
Nom varchar(20),
Prenom varchar(20),
DateNaiss date,
 Conjoint number references Personne(Id_personne))

< :>S 6< 6 9 < 93 8< 2 8:60 C =/9 < 0 /01< 86 0:86 258< 95 65>9
<:7< 95 ?:0= <73@586

D )

D >

D D

D 5

9M6,(&0//, 03 !(,/03 5', 54&& 0/;04/'

503
V 579
58
- 88
8 0 =50B7 05 B7 95 =5386 8584 2 < 38?:0=563:8< :8S:386< 2 =582 78
566 863:8 54407 450 4 66 5<<:43563:8 0 B73 06 95 =:23?34563:8 2 2 7C
93A8 < <3=796581= 86,

" 1 1 (
58< 9 C =/9 <73@586 78 93@0 / 76 T60 5<<:431 /97<3 70< 576 70< 6 78
576 70 / 76 5@:30 14036 /97<3 70< 93@0 <, 583? <6 = 86 /:70 60536 0 4 66
=7963/934361 2 93 8< 39 8 <6 /5< /:<<3>9 2 <3=/9 = 86 5S:76 0 78 56603>76
258< 78 0 9563:8 :7 9 5760 , 9 ?576 5S:76 0 78 0 9563:8 /:70 =1=:03< 0 4 <
93 8<,

,&$ & 67

4 G , 4 . ,
4. ) , B $$B 4 ,
4D ) ,

:7< 401:8< 2 5>:02 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 6($ 5@ 4 9 70 491 0 </ 463@ ,

Create Table Auteurs(
Id_auteur number primary key,
Nom varchar(20),
 V

Prenom varchar(20))

Create Table Livres(

ISBN number primary key,,
Titre varchar(20))

8<736 8:7< 401:8< 95 0 9563:8 8 /:70 6058<4030 9 5<<:43563:8,

=50B7:8< B7 95 491 /03=530 2 4 66 0 9563:8 <6 ?:0=1 /50 9 8< =>9
2 4 < 56603>76<,

Create Table EcritPar(

Id_auteur number references Auteurs,
ISBN number references Livres,
primary key(Id_auteur, ISBN))

/0 8:8< 9 C =/9 2 95 495<< 8 5S:76:8< 973 78 5<<:43563:8

, 43 57<<3 9 5S:76 2 78 56603>76 8 <7??36 /5< 39 ?576 78 8:7@ 99
0 9563:8 B7 8:7< 8:==:8< 2 G

) (!!

4. ) ,
4D ) , $$
B 4 .
B
$$
) " ) *

Create Table Ami_de(

Id_personne number references Personne,
Id_ami number references Personne(id_personne),
primary key(Id_personne, Id_ami))

6 82:8< 9 C =/9 2 :>S 6< 6 2 93 8<, :7< =:860:8< 258< 95 65>9

4:== 86 8:7< 2 @:8< 6 830 4:=/6 2 < 93 8< 2 5=3631<,
 D )

) D >
)
D D )

D 5

2j/ 0<:88 2j5=3

V
V
V
V
-
-
8:7@ 57 8:7< 56630:8< @:60 566 863:8 <70 95 23??347961 =5386 830 95
<H=1603 6 1@ 867 99 = 86 95 6058<363@361 (4 B7 8:7< 8 ?53<:8< /5<),

3 !
5<<:43563:8 56603>71 <6 605361 4:== 9 5<<:43563:8 95B7 99 99 <6
56654N1 , 58< 9 45< :a 39 5 <7??36 2 5S:76 0 78 56603>76 491 258< 78 2 <
2 7C 0 9563:8< 39 <7??36 57<<3 2 5S:76 0 9 < 56603>76< 2 9 5<<:43563:8 56603>71
258< 4 66 =T= 0 9563:8, 58< 9 45< :a 39 5 ?5997 401 0 78 8:7@ 99
0 9563:8 39 ?576 5S:76 0 9 < 56603>76< 2 9 5<<:43563:8 56603>71 258< 4 66
0 9563:8,
C5=38:8< 9 C =/9 <73@586 '

) (!! +

4. ) , B B 4. )E ,
4D ) , 4D ,
4 . 7 :

4
4C <

:7< 401:8< 9 < 0 9563:8< 0<:88 < 6 399 <, :70 6 830 4:=/6 2
9 5<<:43563:8 8:7< 401:8< 95 0 9563:8 $ G ,5@ 4 9 < 56603>76< 491< 2 <
 V

0 9563:8< 8 6. , 3859 = 86 8:7< 5S:76:8< 9 < 56603>76<

6/ ) ,

Create Table Personnes(

Id_personne number primary key,
Nom varchar(20),
Prenom varchar(20),
DateNaiss date)

Create Table Villes(

NomVille varchar(20) primary key,
Population number)

Create Table Travailler_a(

Id_personne number references Personnes,
NomVille varchar(20) references Villes,
Depuis date,
Jusqua date,
primary key(Id_personne, NomVille))

3 !
5A01A563:8 6 95 4:=/:<363:8 < 60536 86 4:== 9 < 5<<:43563:8<, ( 5
21/ 82584 860 9 < 495<< < <6 <:7@ 86 78 38234563:8 /:70 9 76393<563:8 27
/:70 /97< 2 216539 @:30 9 4N5/360 <70 9 < 0GA9 <
2 3861A0361),
58< 9 C =/9 <73@586 9 < /:9HA:8 < <:86 4:=/:<1< 2 /:386< 6 8 /97< 39
C3<6 78 4:8605386 2 :020 <70 9 < /:386< 9 /0 =3 0 < 4:82 64, /:386 27
/:9HA:8 <, 66 4:8605386 2 :020 <6 6052736 /50 78 56603>76 G
B73 / 0= 6 2 :02:88 0 9 < /:386<, 8 0 =50B7 05 57<<3 B7 95 0 9563:8 :386<
8 /:<<G2 /5< 2 491 /0:/0 95 491 <6 ?:0=1 /50 9 < 56603>76<, ; 8 3
6 G

)( 1"(! )( !$
J F
4 D , , 4"
4@ , '$$B 4
 Create Table Polygones(
IdPolygone number primary key,
Couleur varchar(20))

Create Table Points(

IdPolygone number references Polygones,
num_ordre number,
x number,
y number,
primary key (IdPolygone, num_ordre))

6! !
5 A1810593<563:8 :7 9 N10365A <6 78 4:84 /6 B73 8 5 /5< 2 1B73@59 86 258<
9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9, 9 ?576 2:84 ?530 78 4N:3C 860 0 A0:7/ 0 6:76 < 9 <
/506347950361 258< 78 < 79 0 9563:8 :7 4:8< 0@ 0 4N5B7 /506347950361 258<
78 0 9563:8 /0:/0 , C5=38:8< 4 < 2 7C <:9763:8<

66 <:9763:8 4:8<3<6 = 660 6:7< 9 < 56603>76< 258< 95 =T= 65>9

5S:76 0 78 4:8<6367586 2:88586 9 A 80 2 9 :>S 6,

.!.

4 G, ,
45 6 G,

) $ #& ) #&

45 6 G 45 6 G

create table Général(

Id_général number primary key,
genre varchar(20), -- valeurs possibles G, P1, P2
attributs_de_général …,
…
attributs_de_particulier1…,
 V

…
attributs_de_particulier2…,
…)

< 56603>76< 8:8 76393<1< <:86 953<<1< , 8 / 76 401 0 78 @7 /:70

4N5B7 495<< /:70 0 60:7@ 0 C546 = 86 95 2 <403/63:8 2 78 495<<
/50634793G0 ,
9 3=/:06586 2 @:30 B7 4 66 <:9763:8 4:00 </:82 4:84 /67 99 = 86 57 ?536
B7 9 :8 4:8<32G0 9 < 495<< < 7 8 6 8 = 4:==
78 < 79 495<< , 66 5A01A563:8 ?536 / 020 2 95 ?38 << 95
=:2193<563:8 <706:76 <3 9 < <:7< 495<< < 860 6 853 86 2 < 5<<:43563:8< B73
9 70< 1653 86 /0:/0 <,

58< 4 66 <:9763:8 4N5B7 495<< 2 @3 86 78 0 9563:8, 8 5S:76

1@ 867 99 = 86 78 56603>76 2 A 80 258< 95 0 9563:8 #181059,

create table Général(

id_général number primary key,
genre varchar(20), -- valeurs possibles G, P1, P2
attribut_de_général …)

create table Particulier1(

id_général number references Général,
attribut_de_particulier2 …)

create table Particulier2(

id_général number references Général,
attribut_de_particulier2 …)

43 9 /0:>9G= 2 @3 86 4 973 2 9 14956 = 86 2 9 38?:0=563:8, 8 / 76 57<<3

401 0 78 @7 /:70 4N5B7 495<< /:70 0 60:7@ 0 C546 = 86 95 2 <403/63:8
2 78 495<< /50634793G0 ,
9 3=/:06586 2 @:30 B7 4 66 <:9763:8 4:00 </:82 4:84 /67 99 = 86 57 ?536
B7 9 :8 4:8<32G0 9 < 495<< < 7 8 68 = 931 < /50
2 < 5<<3:43563:8<, 66 <7><636763:8 ?536 / 020 2 95 ?38 << 95
=:2193<563:8 =53< <3 9 < <:7< 495<< < 860 6 853 86 2 < 5<<:43563:8< B73 9 70<
1653 86 /0:/0 < 4 99 < 43 0 <6 86 23<63846 <,
C5=38:8< 9 C =/9 <73@586 5@ 4 9 < 2 7C <:9763:8<
 #

-( (!

4. ) ,
4@ )) ,
#(0*( $ (!

4<
2 !. &;
&; , #((
4. ) ,
42 ) , B B 4 , 4 , 5 ,

@ 4 95 <:9763:8 6:76 258< 78 8:7< 0 60:7@:8< 6:7< 9 < 56603>76< 258< 95

0 9563:8 > , 5<<:43563:8 <6 931 =5386 8586 230 46 = 86
":3<<:8 39 < 0536 2:84 /:<<3>9 2 2:88 0 95 4:=/:<363:8 2 78 594::9, :70
< /01< 0@ 0 2 4 43 39 ?57205 5S:76 0 2 < 4:8605386 <,
Create table Boissons(
Nom_boisson varchar(20) primary key,
Commentaire varchar(1000),
Genre char(7), -- Boisson, Eau, Alcool
Source varchar(20),
Teneur_en_alcool number)

Create table Sel_mineral(

Nom_sel varchar(20) primary key,
Formule varchar(100))

Create table Composition(

Nom_boisson varchar(20) references Boissons,
Nom_sel varchar(20) references Sel_mineral,
Quantite_mg number,
primary key (Nom_boisson, Nom_sel))

:7< 586343/:8< 78 / 7 <70 9 4N5/360 2 < @7 < 6 8:7< 2:88:8< 78 C =/9

2 @7 B73 / 0= 6 2 0 4:8<6367 0 9 4:84 /6 2 495<< '

Create view Eaux as

Select Nom_boisson, Commentaire, Source
From Boisson
Where genre =’Eau’
 V

5 <:9763:8 4N5478 <5 /954 8:7< 5//:06 78 0 9563:8 /:70 4N5B7 495<< ,
5<<:43563:8 <6 931 =5386 8586 230 46 = 86 57C 39 8 <6
2:84 /97< /:<<3>9 2 2:88 0 95 4:=/:<363:8 2 78 594::9, 50 4:860 78
>:3<<:8 2:36 < A10 0 258< /97<3 70< 0 9563:8< 4 B73 4:=/9 C3?3 95 A <63:8
2 < =:23?34563:8< 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <,

Create table Boisson(

Nom_boisson varchar(20) primary key,
Commentaire varchar(1000),
Genre char(7)) -- Boisson, Eau, Alcool

Create table Eaux(

Nom_boisson varchar(20) references Boisson,
Source varchar(20),
primary key Nom_boisson)

Create table Alcools (

Nom_boisson varchar(20) references Boisson,
Teneur_en_alcool number,
primary key Nom_boisson)

Create table Sel_mineral(

Nom_sel varchar(20) primary key,
Formule varchar(100))

Create table Composition(

Nom_boisson varchar(20) references Eaux,
Nom_sel varchar(20) references Sel_mineral,
Quantite_mg number
primary key (Nom_boisson, Nom_sel))

Exemple de vue:
Create view Mineral as
Select m.Nom_boisson, b.Commentaire, m.Source
From Boisson b, Mineral m
Where m.nom_boisson=b.nom_boisson
 &

5>9 57 01<7=586 9 < 60527463:8<

09>8, :;,' 09>8, ,85'40//,8

95<< 9563:8
6603>76 6603>76
16N:2 (@7 ?:8463:8 56603>76
/0:41270 )
&&0*45'40/
Y,, ,, 6603>76
Y,,8 8,,= 9563:8
&&0*45'40/ 5''(4:)+, (@:30 95 45023859361 2
9 5<<:43563:8)
A(+A5'40/
Y,, ,, 6603>76 (;@59 70 8799)
Y,,8 8,,= 9563:8
+/+(584&5'40/
:76 258< 78 6603>76 (;@59 70 8799)
N5478 <5 /954 9563:8

:7< <:== < =5386 8586 8 = <70 2 930 6 2 386 0/016 0 78 2 <403/63:8
2 >5< 2 2:881 < 544:=/5A81 2 <5 =:2193<563:8, 5 /0:4N538 165/ <6
9 386 00:A563:8 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 <,

1
) :
, 8 76393<586 9 < 0GA9 < 2 60527463:8< /5<< 0 27 235A05== 2 < 495<< <
4 973 2 < 0 9563:8<,
V, /50630 2 9 8< =>9 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 8 76393<586 9 958A5A 2
=:2193<563:8 :88 P 9 < /0123456< 2 < 0 9563:8<
, =/930 2 < 65>9 < 4:00 </:82586 57C 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< 5?38
2 C/03= 0 9 6 C6 B73 <736' O :76 < /5<< 9 /0 =3 0 2 9 58
( : :70_ ) 258< 95 60584N N:0530 , @1N3479 3==5634791 :
/:06586 9 87=10: 2 4N5<<3< V-+ <6 4:82736 /50 9 4N57?? 70 504 9
7/:86, 9 <6 9 4N57?? 70 87=10: 6 @5 4N 04N 0 <:8 65C3 95
<6563:8 : -, 9 /:<<G2 9 < / 0=3< " 6 , 9 ?536 9 /9 38 27 @1N3479
5@ 4 Y 9360 < 2 <7/ 0 /:70 VY %39:=G60 < 0:791<, 8 4:8<:==563:8
=:2101 /:70 78 =:2G9 " % 576:=563B7 2 /954 <O
-, C/03= 0 9 532 27 958A5A 2 2 <403/63:8 2 2:881 < 9 <
0 9563:8< /01412 86 <,
 V+

<! :

< :
1N3479 (8: N5<<3< 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8)
H/ (=:2G9 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:32<)
N57?? 70(8: N57?? 70 8:= /018:= 520 << 8: 6563:8)
50>70586(8: 95B7 8: :70 I39:= 605A 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586)
860 63 8(8: N5<<3< 8: :70 2 <403/63:8)
0=3<(8: N57?? 70 4561A:03 )
958838A(8: N57?? 70 8: N5<<3< 8: :70 60584N :0530 )
6563:8(8:F:8 8: 6563:8)
3<6584 (N 70 P:8 P:8 6 =/< 504:70<)
367563:8(8: N5<<3< 8:F:8 )

-! :
1N3479 (8: N5<<3< 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8)
/0 23456' O.. 1N3479 (84 8/ < = 8<).. @1N3479 /:06586 9 87=10: 2
N5<<3< /* 6 3==56034791 /6 5 161 =3< 8 < 0@34 9 & 39 <6 27 =:2G9
3 6 5//5063 86 95 <6563:8 /&O
H/ (=:2G9 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:32<)
/0 23456' O.. H/ (= < 4 64 5 /).. =:2G9 3 2 @1N3479 / 76
4:86 830 & / 0<:88 < /G< 6 cIAd 4:8<:== 27 450>70586 '* 95 >:]6
@36 << <6 5 9 / 0=3< * <6 814 <<530 /:70 9 4:82730 O
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CREATE TABLE Vehicule( noChassis number,

noPlaque number,
miseEnService date,
modele varchar(12),
noStation number(1))

CREATE TABLE Type( modele varchar(12),

nbPlaces number(2),
categorie char(2),
typeCarburant char(12),
automatique char(1),
poids number(5))
'

CREATE TABLE Carburant( noPlaque number,

noJour number(3),
kilometrage number,
litres number(3),
typeCarburant varchar(12))

CREATE TABLE Entretien( noChassis number,

noJour number(3),
description varchar(240))

CREATE TABLE Chauffeur( noChauffeur number,

nom varchar(24),
prenom varchar(24),
adresse varchar(80),
noStation number(1))

CREATE TABLE Permis( noChauffeur number,

categorie char(2))

CREATE TABLE Planning( noChauffeur number,

noChassis number,
noJour number(3),
trancheHoraire char(1))

CREATE TABLE Station( noZone number(2),

noStation number(1))

CREATE TABLE Distance( heure number(2),

zoneDe number(2),
zoneA number(2),
tempsParcours number(3))

CREATE TABLE Situation( noChassis number,

noZone number(2))
'

F 3

"Le processus de la pensée dans son ensemble nous est

encore relativement mystérieux, mais je crois que toutes
les tentatives de création de machines pensantes nous
seront d'une grande aide pour découvrir comment nous
pensons nous-mêmes" Alan Turing Cité par Andrew
Hodges dans Alan Turing ou l'énigme de l'intelligence

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) 95 ?:0= O( ?:0=79 θ9 ?:0=79 )O <6 78 ?:0=79
:a θ9 ∈ D∧, ∨E
-) 95 ?:0= O( ¬ ?:0=79 )O <6 78 ?:0=79
) 03 8 2 5760 8 <6 78 ?:0=79
;
21<3A8 9 8< =>9 2 < 4:8<6367586< 76393<1< 258< 78 ?:0=79
8 236 B7 78 C/0 <<3:8 (59A1>03B7 ) <6 >3 8 ?:0=1 ( >?) <3 99 <6
:>6 87 /50 9 < 0GA9 < <73@586 <'
3) 78 8:= 2 0 9563:8 <6 78 >?,
33) <3 6 V <:86 2 < >? 59:0<
) ( ∪ V) ( ∩ V) 6 ( ; ;
V) <:86 2 < >? <3 . ._. V .
V) ( × V) <6 78 >? <3 ;∩ V;= ∅
)( (` ) V) <6 78 >? <3 ;⊆ ;∪ V; 6 ;∩ V;=∅
-) ( c!d) <6 78 >? <3 ! ⊆ ;
) ((` ) ) <6 78 >? <3 ; ⊆ ;
333) 03 8 2 5760 8 <6 78 >?
=50B7 <'
8 / 76 <7//03= 0 9 6 <6 2 9 386 0< 463:8 @32 860 2 7C 0 9563:8< <3 9 :8
38234 9 8:= 2 6:7< 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 78 0 9563:8,
8 / 76 <7//03= 0 2 < /50 86NG< < <3 95 <1=5863B7 2 9 >? <6 <58<
5=>3A7i61

" ! ( * /
:7< 5@:8< <7AA101 B7 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < <:86 95 0 /01< 86563:8 2
B7 <63:8< B7 9 :8 / 76 ?:0=79 0 <70 78 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, C5=38:8< 9
/0:4 <<7< 2 386 00:A563:8, 58< 9 32159 8:7< 2303A 03:8< 230 46 = 86 @ 0< 9
4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8:60 386 00:A563:8 8 @7 2 :>6 830 78 01/:8< =53<
95 0159361 <6 0 9563@ = 86 O=7 66 O, :7< 5@:8< =:2193<1 9 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8 8 @7 2 H ?? 467 0 2 < 459479< <H=>:93B7 < 39 ?576 2:84
6058<?:0= 0 8:60 386 00:A563:8 /:06586 <70 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8 78
386 00:A563:8 /:06586 <70 95 =:2193<563:8, 66 386 00:A563:8 4:00 </:82
78 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 , 9 <7??36 59:0< 2 4:840163< 0 4 66 C/0 <<3:8 8
95 459479586 5@ 4 9 < @59 70< 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 9 01<79656
<6 78 38<6584 B73 2:36 T60 386 0/0161 4:== 95 01/:8< 2 95 B7 <63:8
3836359 <70 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8,
5 B759361 2 4 66 01/:8< 21/ 82 2 < 60:3< 165/ < <73@586 <'
• 95 =:2193<563:8 <6 ?32G9 258< 9 4:86 C6 2 95 B7 <63:8
 -

• 9 < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< <:86 2 < 386 0/016563:8< 4:00 46 < 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8
• 95 ?:0=79563:8 2 9 386 00:A563:8 <6 <1=5863B7 = 86 4:00 46 , 8
?? 6 78 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 >3 8 ?:0=1 4:00 </:82 78
386 00:A563:8 =53< /5< ?:041= 86 9 386 00:A563:8 3836359 ,
C =/9 2 386 00:A563:8
:70 ?543936 0 95 ?:0=79563:8 2 < 386 00:A563:8< 8:7< /:7@:8< 0 /01< 86 0
8:60 =:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7 = 86, 7C 6H/ < 2 8R 72< <:86 0 /01< 861<'
9 < 4:8<6367586< 6 9 < 0 9563:8<, < 50T6 < 8:8 :03 861 < 93 86 9 <
4:8<6367586< 95 0 9563:8 2:86 39< ?:86 /5063 , :70 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8
L6 9 8:7< :>6 8:8< 9 A05/N 2 95 3A70 + V,
réponse du CA
6C
interrogation
@$5$
Formulation

expr. algébrique interprétation

calcul avec
les instances
+
$$$ résultat
+

3A70 + ' 386 00:A563:8 5@ 4 78 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7

/0:4 <<7< 2 =:2193<563:8 2 9 386 00:A563:8 <736 9 <4N1=5 <73@586'
• </143?3 0 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 <19 463:8
• </143?3 0 9 < 4:8<6367586< 27 01<79656 (/0:S 463:8)
• 9 < 165/ < 5) 6 >) 21?383<< 86 9 < 0 9563:8< 3=/93B71 < 258< 9 C/0 <<3:8
59A1>03B7 ,
• 21?3830 9 < S:38670 < 860 9 < 0 9563:8<
) < 4N5=>0 < 5@ 4 >538 6
 D+ M . I
D+;.N . D;+

.N
@P5 +; @N.2N+
@I ;.
5 +; ;
;S= D; ;.

.= G@I ;. .= G@P5 +;

+; ;+E5 N.

5 ;G ;D 5 ;G5++

3A70 + V '=:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7 2

< 38?:0=563:8< >538 6 5//5063 88 86 0 </ 463@ = 86 57C 2:=538 < 2 <
4:8<6367586< :8?:06 6 B73/ = 86 9 01<79656 <6 21?3836 /50 9 <
4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8 N5=>0 <, 79 95 0 9563:8 4N5=>0 <6
3=/93B71 258< 4 66 386 00:A563:8 2:84 8:7< 8 </143?3:8< /5< 2 S:38670 ,
:7< :>6 8:8< 2:84 9 C/0 <<3:8 <73@586 '
(` (( :8?:06_>538)∧( B73/ = 86_ ))) N5=>0 <
V) < 87=10:< 2 < 4N5=>0 < 6 9 70 45/54361
79 < 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 7=4N5=>0 6 >0 0< 8:7<
38610 << 86, :7< :>6 8:8< 2:84 9 C/0 <<3:8 <73@586 '
( N5=>0 < c 7= N5=>0 >0 0<d)
) < 8:=< 2 < 493 86< 5H586 01< 0@1< 78 4N5=>0 /:70 9 V V Z+
5 <19 463:8 /:06 <70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 56 00 6 56 / 2 95 0 9563:8
1< 0@563:8, 4:8<6367586 27 01<79656 := 5//5063 86 95 0 9563:8 93 86<,
9 ?576 2:84 21?3830 9 93 8 860 9 < 0 9563:8< 93 86 6 1< 0@563:8 8:7<
76393<:8< 343 95 S:38670 85670 99 /:06586 <70 9 4:8<6367586 7= 93 86
4:==78 57C 2 7C 0 9563:8<,
(`(( 56 00 g_ V V Z+)∧( 56 / hV V Z+))( 93 86<` 1< 0@563:8))c :=d
 -

U.N V

@I ;.

B
.= G@I ;.

+; ;+E5 N.

5 ;G ;D03 ! & 5 ;G5++ 1 ! &

3A70 + '=:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7 2 95 B7 <63:8' < 8:=< 2 < 493 86<

5H586 01< 0@1< 78 4N5=>0 /:70 9 V V Z+
-) 8:= 2 < 493 86< 6 9 4:8?:06 2 < 4N5=>0 < B7 39< :86 01< 0@1<
U.N V
@P5 +; U@N.2N+ V
@I ;.

B
B .= G@P5 +;
.= G@I ;.

+; ;+E5 N.

3A70 + - '=:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7 2 95 B7 <63:8' 8:= 2 < 493 86< 6 9

4:8?:06 2 < 4N5=>0 < B7 39< :86 01< 0@1<
4:8<6367586 27 01<79656 := 5//5063 86 95 0 9563:8 93 86< 6 9
4:8<6367586 :8?:06 5//5063 86 N5=>0 <, 9 ?576 2:84 21?3830 9 93 8 860
9 < 0 9563:8< 93 86< 6 N5=>0 < /:70 4 95 39 ?576 57<<3 3=/93B7 0 95 0 9563:8
1< 0@563:8, :7< 76393<:8< 343 95 S:38670 85670 99 /:06586 <70 9 4:8<6367586
7= 93 86 4:==78 57C 0 9563:8< 93 86< 6 1< 0@563:8 8<736 ,8:7<
76393<:8< 343 95 S:38670 85670 99 /:06586 <70 9 4:8<6367586 7= N5=>0
4:==78 9 C/0 <<3:8 /01412 == 86 4594791 6 95 0 9563:8 N5=>0 <,
(( 93 86< ` 1< 0@563:8) ` N5=>0 <)c := :8?:06d
) 5 45/54361 6N1:03B7 2 5447 39 2 9 NL6 9
:70 01/:820 4 66 B7 <63:8 39 <6 814 <<530 2 ?? 467 0 95 <:==
2 6:76 < 9 < @59 70< 2 >0 0< 21?383 /:70 4N5B7 4N5=>0 , :60
958A5A 59A1>03B7 8 / 76 /5< C/03= 0 78 6 99 C/0 <<3:8,
C/0 <<3:8 2 4 66 386 00:A563:8 <6 2:84 0 =3< 57 4N5/360 <73@586,
 #

1
) :

) 65>930 9 A05/N 2 0 9563:8< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 2

V) C/03= 0 9 < 386 00:A563:8< <73@586 < 5@ 4 78 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 8
<73@586 9 <4N1=5 21?3836 /97< N576,
• 5 P:8 :a <6 <3671 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V-,
• /958838A 27 4N57?? 70 8:==1 O 7/:86O,
• 5 93<6 2 < 860 63 8< ?? 4671< <70 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3<
V-,
• 5 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2:86 9 /9 38 5 161 ?? 4671 5@ 4 78 6H/ 2
450>70586 B73 8 16536 /5< 4 973 </143?31 /50 9 =:2G9 27 @1N3479 ,
• 5 93<6 2 < 4N57?? 70< /:7@586 4:82730 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2
4N5<<3< V-,
• 5 93<6 2 < 4N57?? 70< /:7@586 4:82730 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2
4N5<<3< V- 6 B73 5//5063 88 86 95 =T= <6563:8 B7 4 @1N3479 ,

<! :

A05/N 2 0 9563:8< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 2

:7< 5@:8< 0 A0:7/1 :F:8 F:8 F:8 450 39 < 5A36 2 <H8:8H= <
C/03=586 95 =T= 8:63:8, 50 4:860 8:7< 5@:8< 4:8<32101 B7 : :70 B73
5//5053<<536 258< /97<3 70< 0 9563:8< 0 4:7@0536 2 < 8:63:8< 23??10 86 <U
: :70j27j/9 38 : :70j2 j9j 860 63 8 64 6 B7 2 < S:38670 < 85670 99 <
<70 78 6 9 4:8<6367586 8 2:8853 86 B7 2 < 38?:0=563:8< ?53>9 = 86
5<<:431 <, 8 ?536 860 63 8 ` 50>70586 / 0=76 86 6:7< 9 < 860 63 8< 6
6:7< 9 < /9 38< ?? 4671< 9 =T= S:70,
C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7
5) 5 P:8 :a <6 <3671 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V-,
5 ) (((` :4N5<<3<_ V-) 1N3479 ) ` 367563:8)c :F:8 d
9 <6 38610 <<586 2 @:30 B7 /50 9 < /0:/03161< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 95
<19 463:8 / 76 T60 /9541 5@586 95 S:38670 :7 5/0G< (5V) <58< =:23?3 0 9
01<79656
5V) ((` :4N5<<3<_ V-)( 1N3479 ` 367563:8))c :F:8 d
8 5760 S:38670 (5 ) / 0= 6 57<<3 2 5<<:43 0 9 < :F:8 6 9 < : N5<<3<
=53< 9 :F:8 5 78 < 8< 4:=/9G6 = 86 23??10 86 39 < 5A36 2 95 P:8 27
@1N3479 B7582 39 <6 A501 <5 <6563:8,
5 ) ((` :4N5<<3<_ V-)( 1N3479 ` 6563:8))c :F:8 d
>) /958838A 27 4N57?? 70 8:==1 O 7/:86O,
> ) ((` :=_ 7/:86 )( N57?? 70 ` 958838A))c 958838A;d
 -

39 C3<6 /97<3 70< 7/:86 258< 95 4:=/5A83 8:7< 599:8< 60:7@ 0 9 <
/958838A 2 < 7/:86,
noJour noJour
Entretien kilometrage Carburant
description typeCarburant
litre
noPlaque
nbPlaces
noChassis Type automatique
Véhicule modèle
poids

miseEnService

Situation noZone Station noStation

zoneDe
zoneA

heure
Distance tempsParcours
catégorie
noJour
Planning
trancheHoraire
nom
Chauffeur
prénom
noChauffeur adresse

Permis

3A70 + '=:2193<563:8
4) 5 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2:86 9 /9 38 5 161 ?? 4671 5@ 4 78 6H/ 2
450>70586 B73 8 16536 /5< 4 973 </143?31 /50 9 =:2G9 27 @1N3479 ,
4 ) ((`6H/ 450>70586 50>70586o6H/ 450>70586 1N3479 )
(( 50>70586 ` 1N3479 ) ` H/ ))c 50>70586;d
2) 5 93<6 2 < 4N57?? 70< /:7@586 4:82730 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3<
V-
2 ) ((` :4N5<<3<_ V-)
((( 1N3479 ` H/ )` / 0=3<)` N57?? 70))c N57?? 70;d
) 5 93<6 2 < 4N57?? 70< /:7@586 4:82730 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3<
V- 6 B73 5//5063 88 86 95 =T= <6563:8 B7 4 @1N3479
:70 01/:820 4 66 B7 <63:8 39 ?576 </143?3 0 78 4:82363:8
<7//91= 86530 <70 2 )
2 ) ((` :4N5<<3<_ V-)∧( : 6563:8 1N3479 _ : 6563:8 N57?? 70)
((( 1N3479 ` H/ )` / 0=3<)` N57?? 70))c N57?? 70;d
 &

;)"

"Le jour l'aurore

les arbres tremblent
comme un délire
le langage le monde
ne nous appartiennent pas"
Patrick Laupin - Le jour l'aurore

:7< 599:8< 165>930 95 4:00 </:82584 860 9 958A5A 59A1>03B7 6 9 <

214950563:8< 2 <19 463:8 8 , 43 8:7< 2:88 05 78 /0 =3 0 =:2G9
2 78 =54N38 B73 459479 0536 9 01<79656 2 95 <19 463:8 /50630 2 <
65>9 <, 8<736 8:7< C5=38 0:8< 95 <H865C 4:=/9G6 2 95 <19 463:8 8
6 57 ?70 6 = <70 8:7< 16 820:8< 9 =:2G9 2 95 =54N38 57C
23??10 86 < 4957< <, 5 =54N38 <6 78 =:2G9 B73 8:7< / 0= 6 2
216 0=38 0 2 ?5^:8 <[0 9 01<79656 2 78 0 B7T6 2 386 00:A563:8,

% ! ( ;)"
5 4957< 2 95 0 B7T6 <6 ?:0=1 /03843/59 = 86 2 60:3< =:6< 491<
2$ /0 =3 0 216 0=38 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95
65>9 01<79656, < 4:82 216 0=38 9 < 65>9 < 3=/93B71 < 258< 95 0 B7T6 ,
2 083 0 3=/:< 78 4:82363:8 <70 9 < 86361<, :7< /:7@:8< 2:84 165>930
9 < 4:00 </:82584 < <73@586 < 860 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < 6 9 <
0 B7T6 < ,
5 0 9563:8
≡ `
5 /0:S 463:8 c!d :a !_D V ,,, 8E c!d ≡ V ,,, 8

5 <19 463:8 (` ) (` ) ≡ ` Q
/0:2736 ∗∗ ∗∗ ≡ ,` ,`
Θ ≡ ,` ,` Q
5 Θ S:38670 2 6
, Θ ,
783:8 (386 0< 463:8 23??10 84 ) ∪ ∪ _ ` 783:8
`
78 =583G0 A181059 95 0 B7T6 <73@586 '
SELECT C1, C2, ..., Cm
FROM R1, R2, ... , Rn
WHERE F
 -+

<6 1B73@59 86 9 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 <73@586 '(` ) × V × ,,, × 8 c

V ,,, =d
01<79656 8:7< 2:88 9 =:2G9 2 95 =54N38 ( 3A70 Y )'
• ?530 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 6:76 < 9 < 0 9563:8< 4361 < 5/0G< 9 5 C !
• <19 463:88 0 9 < 86361< <563<?53<586 95 4:82363:8 214036 5/0G< H :
• /0:S 6 0 <70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 4361< 5/0G< 9 0 (

R1 R2 ... Rn

From .... Produit catésien

n-uplet

Where .... prédicat

entité

select .... projection

relation

3A70 Y ' :2G9 =:2G9 <3=/93?31 2 95 =54N38

:70 8:< C =/9 < 8:7< 76393< 0:8< 9 C =/9 O L6 9O 5@ 4 9 < 38<6584
<73@586 < 2 < 0 9563:8< B7 8:7< :>6 8:8< 5@ 4 9 < 0 B7T6 < <73@586 <'
SELECT * FROM CHAMBRES
NUM_CHAMBRE PRIX NBR_LITS NBR_PERS CONFOR EQU
----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------ ---
10 80 1 2 WC NON
20 80 1 2 WC NON
30 80 1 2 WC NON
40 80 1 2 WC NON
11 90 2 2 WC NON
21 90 2 2 WC NON
31 90 2 2 WC NON
41 90 2 2 WC NON
12 100 2 2 DOUCHE NON
22 100 2 2 DOUCHE NON
32 100 2 2 DOUCHE NON
42 100 2 2 DOUCHE NON
13 120 1 2 BAIN NON
23 120 1 2 BAIN NON
33 120 1 2 BAIN NON
43 120 1 2 BAIN NON
14 140 2 2 BAIN TV
24 140 2 2 BAIN TV
 !

34 140 2 2 BAIN TV
44 140 2 2 BAIN TV
15 180 3 4 BAIN TV
25 180 3 4 BAIN TV
35 180 3 4 BAIN TV
45 180 3 4 BAIN TV
SELECT * FROM CLIENTS
NUM_CLIENT NOM PRENOM ADRESSE
---------- ---------- ---------- --------------------------------
1000 GASCON GASTON 12 av. du Général 1239 ICI
1001 DUPONT PIERRE 12 ch. des hirondelles 1238 LABAS
1002 DUFOUR JEAN 10 av. de la gar 1300 AILLEURS
1003 ZORO DIEGO 10 ch des voleurs Los Angeles
1004 EINSTEIN ALBERT 10 rt la relativité 1004 PLUS-LOIN
1005 DUMAS ALEXANDRE 10 route du moulins LE-SUD
1007 NOBODY FRANCOISE 403 route de l inconnu 75000 Paris
1006 ROMULUS BERNADETTE 241 route de rome 1409 Lion
1009 AGDA BRUNO 10 route de l impossible 1508 TEXAS
1008 CHADOK AMELIE 25 rue de la rame 1456 Tombouctou
SELECT * FROM RESERVATIONS
NUM_CLIENT NUM_CHAMBRE DATE_ARR DATE_DEP
---------- ----------- --------- ---------
1000 11 11-JAN-90 15-JAN-90
1001 21 10-JAN-90
1002 34 20-DEC-89 27-DEC-89
1003 44 24-DEC-89 27-DEC-89
1005 45 23-DEC-89 28-DEC-89
1006 14 01-DEC-89 28-DEC-89
1007 23 01-DEC-89 02-DEC-89
1007 23 08-DEC-89 09-DEC-89
1007 23 15-DEC-89 16-DEC-89
1007 23 22-DEC-89 23-DEC-89
1007 23 29-DEC-89 30-DEC-89
/0 8:8< 9 < C =/9 < 27 4N5/360 /01412 86'
) < 4N5=>0 < 5@ 4 >538 6
(` (( :8?:06_>538)∧( B73/ = 86_ )) N5=>0 <
2 @3 86 8
SELECT *
FROM CHAMBRES
WHERE confort='BAIN' AND equipement='TV'
NUM_CHAMBRE PRIX NBR_LITS NBR_PERS CONFOR EQU
----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------ ---
14 140 2 2 BAIN TV
24 140 2 2 BAIN TV
34 140 2 2 BAIN TV
44 140 2 2 BAIN TV
15 180 3 4 BAIN TV
25 180 3 4 BAIN TV
35 180 3 4 BAIN TV
45 180 3 4 BAIN TV
V) < 87=10:< 2 < 4N5=>0 < 6 9 70 45/54361 ( N5=>0 < c 7= N5=>0
 >0 0<d)
2 @3 86 8
SELECT Num_chambre, nbr_pers
FROM CHAMBRES
NUM_CHAMBRE NBR_PERS
----------- ----------
10 2
20 2
30 2
40 2
11 2
21 2
31 2
41 2
12 2
22 2
32 2
42 2
13 2
23 2
33 2
43 2
14 2
24 2
34 2
44 2
15 4
25 4
35 4
45 4
) < 8:=< 2 < 493 86< 5H586 01< 0@1< 78 4N5=>0 /:70 9 V V Z+
(`(( 56 00 g_ V V Z+)∧( 56 / hV V Z+))( 93 86<` 1< 0@563:8))c :=d
2 @3 86 8
SELECT Nom
FROM CLIENTS,RESERVATIONS
WHERE Date_Arr<=to_date('25-dec-89')
AND Date_Dep> to_date('25-dec-89')
AND Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client
NOM
--------------------
DUFOUR
ZORO
DUMAS
ROMULUS
8 0 =50B7 B7 95 S:38670 85670 99 2 9 C/0 <<3:8 <6 C/934361 258< 95
0 B7T6 ,
-) 8:= 2 < 493 86< 6 9 4:8?:06 2 < 4N5=>0 < B7 39< :86 01< 0@1 <
(( 93 86< ` 1< 0@563:8) ` N5=>0 <)c := :8?:06d
2 @3 86 8
 !

SELECT Nom, Confort

FROM CHAMBRES, CLIENTS, RESERVATIONS
WHERE Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client
AND Chambres.num_chambre=Reservations.num_chambre
NOM CONFOR
-------------------- ------
GASCON WC
ROMULUS BAIN
DUPONT WC
NOBODY BAIN
NOBODY BAIN
NOBODY BAIN
NOBODY BAIN
NOBODY BAIN
DUFOUR BAIN
ZORO BAIN
DUMAS BAIN
) 5 45/54361 6N1:03B7 2 5447 39 2 9 NL6 9
66 B7 <63:8 8:8 ?:0=795>9 5@ 4 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < 60:7@ 95
</143?34563:8 <73@586 '
SELECT sum(nbr_pers)
FROM CHAMBRES
SUM(NBR_PERS)
-------------
56

; 1 (I ;)"
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599:8< C5=38 0 =5386 8586 <H<61=563B7 = 86 6:76 < 9 < 0GA9 < 2
9 C/0 <<3:8 2 <19 463:8 ,
66 /0 =3G0 0GA9 <6 78 / 7 4:== 78 65>9 2 < =563G0 < 27 O O
8 8:7< H 60:7@:8< 9 < /5063 < <73@586 <'
• 94&685@,9 *08)3/ ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 95 85670 27 01<79656 (95
/0:S 463:8 6 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 4594791 <)
• &,8,*',91'5:8, ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 3=/93B71 < 258< 95
0 B7T6 (9 /0:2736 45061<3 8)
• 0/94'40/ ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 95 4:82363:8 2 <19 463:8
• 0//,*'1 85)&, ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 78 /504:70< 6 78 4:82363:8
50>:0 <4 86<
• (0)61 85)&, ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 0 A0:7/ = 86< /:70 9 459479<
2 < ?:8463:8< 5A01A563@ <
• ,'1 85)&,' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < :/10563:8< 8< =>93<6 <
• (9,(1 85)&, ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 4036G0 < 2 603 <70 9 01<79656
• 695',1 85)&,' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 4036G0 < 2 @ 00:73995A /:70 95
4:84700 84
4:==582
 8 2 < 23??10 84 < 860 95 0 9563:8 6 95 65>9 (9 3=/9586563:8 38?:0=563B7
2 95 0 9563:8) <6 B7 258< 78 0 9563:8 78 86361 8 / 76 T60 /01< 86
B7 78 ?:3< (/50 21?38363:8) 59:0< B7 258< 95 65>9 78 058A1 / 76
5//505]60 /97<3 70< ?:3<, 8 /509 59:0< 2 2:7>9:8<, :70 193=38 0 4 <
2:7>9:8< 27 01<79656 2 78 0 B7T6 :8 2:36 9 </143?3 0 5@ 4 9 =:6 01< 0@1
94&'4/*' 66 193=38563:8 2 =582 78 4:=/5053<:8 2 7C 2 7C 2 <
058A1 < 27 01<79656 :8 / 76 5441910 0 4 66 4:=/5053<:8 8 603586 9 <
058A1 <, 4:[6 2 9 193=38563:8 2 < 2:7>9:8< 4:00 </:82 2:84 4 973 27 603
2 95 65>9 27 01<79656, 58< 9 C =/9 B73 <736 :8 @ 76 6:7< 9 < 6H/ < 2
4N5=>0 < 4 <6 230 9 < 23??10 86 < 5<<:43563:8< B73 C3<6 86 860 9
4:8?:06 6 9 < 1B73/ = 86< 8 76393<586 23<63846 :8 193=38 9 < 2:7>9:8<,
SELECT confort, equipement
FROM CHAMBRES
CONFOR EQU
------ ---
WC NON
WC NON
WC NON
WC NON
WC NON
WC NON
WC NON
WC NON
DOUCHE NON
DOUCHE NON
DOUCHE NON
DOUCHE NON
BAIN NON
BAIN NON
BAIN NON
BAIN NON
BAIN TV
BAIN TV
BAIN TV
BAIN TV
BAIN TV
BAIN TV
BAIN TV
BAIN TV
 !

SELECT distinct confort, equipement

FROM CHAMBRES
CONFOR EQU
------ ---
BAIN NON
BAIN TV
DOUCHE NON
WC NON
=:6 01< 0@1 588 </143?3 B7 9 :8 21<30 6:76 < 9 < 058A1 < 27 01<79656 /50
21?576 :8 :>63 86 6:76 < 9 < 86361<
8 </143?3586 N :8 :>63 86 6:76 < 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 6:76 < 9 < 65>9 < 2 95
4957<

" 0
58< 4 66 4957< 8:7< </143?3:8< 95 85670 2 < 4:9:88 < 27 01<79656,
01<79656 / 76 T60 95 6:659361 2 < 4:9:88 < 2 78 65>9 78 4:8<6367586
/50634793 0 9 01<79656 2 78 C/0 <<3:8 5036N=163B7 :7 9 01<79656 2 78
?:8463:8 2 5A01A563:8 (0 A0:7/ = 86)
23</95H 2 4:97=8

:7< /:7@:8< :>6 830 6:76 < 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 78 65>9 8 </143?3586 '5:8,1
/53, N, :0< 2 95 401563:8 2 78 65>9 9 #" =1=:03< 5@ 4 95 65>9
9 32 863?34563:8 27 /0:/0316530 2 95 65>9 , :7< @ 00:8< 796103 70 = 86
4:== 86 4 < 38?:0=563:8< <:86 76393<1 < 258< 9 < =14583<= < 2 <1470361, 8
/01?3C586 78 65>9 2 9 32 863?3456 70 27 /0:/0316530 :8 3823B7 57 #"
B7 9 :8 21<30 95 65>9 4011 /50 4 /0:/0316530 , 9 <6 538<3 /:<<3>9 B7
/97<3 70< 76393<56 70< /:<<G2 86 2 < 65>9 < 5H586 2 < 8:=< 32 863B7 <, 58<
8:60 C =/9 9 /0:/0316530 <6 5<<:431 57 8:= 27 /0:S 6 O O, <
60:3< 0 B7T6 < <73@586 < <:86 2:84 1B73@59 86 <
SELECT * FROM CHAMBRES
SELECT CHAMBRES.* FROM CHAMBRES
SELECT HOTEL.CHAMBRES.* FROM CHAMBRES
alias / 0= 6 2 2:88 0 78 6360 78 4:9:88 258< 9 45< 2 <
C/0 <<3:8< :7 <3=/9 = 86 2 0 8:== 0 78 4:9:88 ,
C =/9 '
/03C /50 / 0<:88 2 < 4N5=>0 < 5H586 78
SELECT num_chambre "Numéro de Chambre", prix/nbr_pers "prix
par pers"
FROM Chambres
WHERE equipement='TV'
Numéro de Chambre prix par pers
----------------- -------------
14 70
24 70
34 70
44 70
15 45
25 45
35 45
45 45

1
C/0 <<3:8

8 C/0 <<3:8 <6 78 6 0= :7 78 <736 2 6 0= < 4:88 461< /50 9 <

:/1056 70< 5036N=163B7 < ; :7 ,
8 6 0= <6 78 ?546 70 :7 78 <736 2 ?546 70< 4:88 461< /50 9 <
:/1056 70< 5036N=163B7 < ` :7 W,
0=

8 ?546 70 5//5063 86 57C 4561A:03 < <73@586 <'

• 95 4:8<6586 8:8 <3A81 B73 <6 78 8:=>0 (12.43, 324, 1.56E-23)
:7 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < ('bain'), < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 <
/ 7@ 86 T60 4:8456181 < 5@ 4 9 :/1056 70 O||O ('bain'||' et
WC')
• 95 @5035>9 B73 <6 78 8:= 2 4:9:88 , @ 867 99 = 86 /01?3C1 /50 9
8:= 2 95 65>9 258< 9 45< :a 4 8:= 5//5063 86 /97<3 70< 65>9 <
=583/791 < 258< 78 =T= 0 B7T6 (numchambre,
Chambres.numchambre),
• 78 ?:8463:8 5@ 4 < < /505=G60 < 2 5// 9' power(taux_annuel,
nombre_annees), < ?:8463:8< 23</:83>9 < 21/ 82 86 27 #"
76393<1, :7< 2:88:8< 8 588 C 78 5// 0^7 2 9 16 827 2 4 99 < 43,
• 78 ?:8463:8 2 0 A0:7/ = 86 5@ 4 < < /505=G60 < 2 5// 9'
count(*), avg(prix/nbpers), :7< 2:88:8< 78 C/934563:8
21653991 258< 95 4957< 2 0 A0:7/ = 86,
• 78 C/0 <<3:8 860 /50 86NG< < 5?38 2 L6 0 9 < 5=>3A7i61<'
(a+b)*(c+d)
546:0
!#

5 <H865C / 0= 6 2 4:8<60730 2 < C/0 <<3:8< <58< 93=36563:8 2

4:=/9 C361' (-a*sum(power(a,b)+c)*d)), 97< 9:38 258< 95 <H865C 8:7<
76393<:8< 8:7@ 57 95 8:63:8 2 C/0 <<3:8, :7< ?53<:8< 01?10 84 59:0<
C/0 <<3:8 6 99 B7 8:7< @ 8:8< 2 95 21?3830,

" !
< 0 9563:8< 8:==1 < 258< 95 4957< FROM <:86 4 99 < B73 < 0:86 3=/93B71 <
258< 9 459479 2 95 0 B7T6 , < 8:=< 2 < 4:9:88 < 5//5053<<586 258< 9 <
C/0 <<3:8< 2:3@ 86 5//506 830 4 < 65>9 <,
< 9 46 2 65>9

5 65>9 <6 <3=/9 = 86 8:==1 99 <6 1@ 867 99 = 86 /01?3C1 /50 9

8:= 2 <:8 /0:/0316530 , 5935< / 0= 6 2 0 8:== 0 78 65>9 5?38 2 973
2:88 0 78 8:= /97< 4:706 :7 >3 8 78 5760 8:= 258< 9 45< :a 78 65>9 <6
76393<1 /97<3 70< ?:3< 258< 78 =T= 0 B7T6 , 43 / 0= 6 9 576:S:38670
/50 C =/9 O9 < 4N5=>0 < 5H586 9 =T= 4:8?:06 6 9 =T= 1B73/ = 86
B7 78 5760 4N5=>0 =53< 5H586 78 /03C 38?103 70 2 Ye 4 99 43O
SELECT distinct c1.num_chambre
FROM CHAMBRES c1, CHAMBRES c2
WHERE c1.confort=c2.confort
AND c1.equipement=c2.equipement
AND c1.prix*1.1<c2.prix
NUM_CHAMBRE
-----------
10
14
20
24
30
34
40
44
 58< 4 45< 9 #" 5A36 4:== < 39 C3<6536 2 7C 38<6584 < 32 863B7 < 2
" ,

5 4957< WHERE <6 5<<:431 78 4:82363:8 B73 C/03= 78 /0123456 <70 9 <
058A1 < 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8, N5B7 191= 86 2 4 66 4:82363:8 <6 1@5971
@053 :7 ?57C, 8 6 0= / 76 T60 831 /50 /50 9 =:6 491 not, < 6 0= <
/ 7@ 86 T60 4:88 461< /50 9 O:7 9:A3B7 38497<3?O 9 532 27 =:6 491 OR,
:82363:8

8 6 0= 9:A3B7 <6 78 ?546 70 :7 2 < ?546 70< 4:88 461< /50 9 O 6 9:A3B7 O
9 532 27 =:6 491 AND, < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 < <:86 32 863B7 < 4 7C
214036< 258< 9 4N5/360 2 < 05// 9< <70 95 9:A3B7 ,

C =/9 '
< 4N5=>0 < 4:[6586< 57 =5C, ZY ?0584< :7 5H586 78 >538 6 @59586 57 =5C,
VY
SELECT num_chambre, prix, confort
FROM CHAMBRES
WHERE (prix<=80)
OR ((confort='BAIN') AND (prix<=120))
NUM_CHAMBRE PRIX CONFOR
----------- ---------- ------
10 80 WC
20 80 WC
30 80 WC
40 80 WC
13 120 BAIN
23 120 BAIN
33 120 BAIN
43 120 BAIN
8 ?546 70 9:A3B7 5//5063 86 57C 4561A:03 < <73@586 <'
• 78 4:=/5053<:8 860 2 7C C/0 <<3:8< (=,>,<, ...)
• 78 6 <6 2 5//506 8584 78 8< =>9 (in)
• 78 6 <6 2 5//506 8584 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < (like)
• 78 6 <6 2 5//506 8584 78 386 0@599 (between),
• 78 4:=/5053<:8 5@ 4 95 @59 70 null
• 78 /0123456 B75863?31 (exists, all, any)
• 78 4:82363:8 860 /50 86NG< < 5?38 2 L6 0 9 < 5=>3A7i61<,
9:A3459 ?546:0
 !&

1 1
< :/1056 70< 2 4:=/5053<:8 <:86'
• exp1 = exp2 U 9 1A59361 27 01<79656 C/ 6 C/V
• exp1 < exp2 ; C/ <6 <60346 = 86 38?103 70 C/V
• exp1 <= exp2 ; C/ <6 38?103 70 :7 1A59 C/V
• exp1 > exp2 ; C/ <6 <60346 = 86 <7/103 70 C/V
• exp1 >= exp2 ; C/ <6 <7/103 70 :7 1A59 C/V
• exp1 <> exp2 ; C/ <6 23??10 86 2 C/V (57<<3 8:61 != :7 ^=)
< C/0 <<3:8< <:86 27 6H/ 2 4 99 < @7 < /01412 == 86 9 C497<3:8 2 <
?:8463:8< 2 5A01A563:8 (B73 ?:86 9 :>S 6 2 78 4957< </14359 having),
01<79656 2 78 C/0 <<3:8 <6 78 8:=>0 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < :7 78
256 , 5 0 9563:8 2 :020 76393<1 <6 21?383 8 ?:8463:8 27 01<79656, 58< 9
45< :7 9 < 01<79656< 5//5063 88 86 2 < 6H/ < 23??10 86< 39 ?576 76393< 0 9 <
?:8463:8< 2 4:8@ 0<3:8 2 6H/ ,
3 78 2 < 2 7C C/0 <<3:8< <6 1@5971 95 @59 70 8799 59:0< 9 01<79656 2
95 4:=/5053<:8 <6 6:7S:70< ?57C, (8799_8799 <6 57<<3 1@5971 ?57C), :70
9 1A59361 8:7< 5@:8< 9 65>9 57 <73@586'
" W " X 3
X / " / "
3 / " / "

3
9 C3<6 2 7C /:<<3>39361< /:70 21?3830 9 8< =>9 5@ 4 9 B7 9 :8 2:36 6 <6 0
9 5//506 8584 2 78 191= 86, 78 4:8<3<6 187=1= 0 C/93436 = 86 9 <
191= 86< 2 9 8< =>9 U :8 4:8<6367 538<3 78 93<6 2 4 < 191= 86<, 5760
4:8<3<6 21?3830 9 < 191= 86< /50 78 <:7< 0 B7T6 , 3 9 8< =>9 <6
{c1,c2,c3, ... cn} 59:0< 9 < 4:82363:8< <73@586 < <:86 1B73@59 86 <'
Exp1 in (c1,c2,c3, ... cn)
(Exp1 = c1) AND (Exp1 = c2) AND ...(Exp1 = cn)
 +

C/ < 6

C =/9 <'
N5=>0 < 5@ 4 78 =:H 8 2 < 95@ 0
SELECT num_chambre FROM CHAMBRES
WHERE confort in ('BAIN','DOUCHE')
NUM_CHAMBRE
-----------
12
22
32
42
13
23
33
43
14
24
34
44
15
25
35
45
4 66 27 V 214 =>0 +Z+

SELECT sum(prix)
FROM CHAMBRES Ch
WHERE num_chambre in
SELECT num_chambre
FROM Reservations R
WHERE date_arr<='25-dec-89'
AND date_dep>'25-dec-89'
SUM(PRIX)
----------
600

3 J
8 6 <6 343 <3 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < 0 << =>9 78 , 43 <6
/50634793G0 = 86 7639 <3 9 :8 2:36 ?? 467 0 2 < 0 4N 04N < <70 78 4:8<6367586
2:86 9 2:=538 2 =:2193<563:8 <6 27 6H/ 6 C6 , 8 ?? 6 39 / 0= 6
2 ?? 467 0 78 <19 463:8 9 386103 70 =T= 2 < 4N5]8 <, 7C /560:8< <:86
23</:83>9 <, e B73 <6 <7><63675>9 8 3=/:06 B7 99 4N5]8 2 450546G0 <
H 4:=/03< 95 4N5]8 @32 , j (<:793A81) B73 <6 <7><63675>9 78 < 79
450546G0 ,
#

=564N <6038A

C =/9 <'
:= 27 493 86 4:== 8^586 /50 O O
SELECT nom
FROM CLIENTS
WHERE Nom like 'DU%'
NOM
--------------------
DUPONT
DUFOUR
DUMAS
:= 27 493 86 5H586 78 OYO /:70 B75603G= 9 660

SELECT nom
FROM CLIENTS
WHERE Nom like '___O%'
NOM
--------------------
DUPONT
DUFOUR
ZORO
NOBODY

3 '
5 4957< between <6 78 ?5439361 2 1403670 , < 2 7C 4:82363:8< <73@586 <
<:86 1B73@59 86 <'
exp1 between exp2 AND exp3
(exp2 <= exp1) AND (exp1 <= exp3)
C =/9 '
8:=>0 2 4N5=>0 < 2:86 9 /03C <6 860 Z 6 VY ?0584<
SELECT count(num_chambre)
FROM CHAMBRES
WHERE prix between 85 AND 120
COUNT(NUM_CHAMBRE)
------------------
12
 X

' ' null

5 4957< 3< 8799 / 0= 6 2 6 <6 0 <3 78 C/0 <<3:8 <6 3821?383 , 8 5@536 @7
/01412 == 86 B7 9 :/1056 70 2 1A59361 05= 8536 6:7S:70< 95 @59 70 ?57<< ,
01<79656 2 9 1@597563:8 <6 2:881 258< 9 65>9 57 <73@586'
" "
X / "
3
< 2 7C 4:82363:8< <73@586 < <:86 1B73@59 86 <'
not (exp1 is null)
exp1 is not null
C =/9 '
93 86< 8 5H586 /5< ?3C1 9 70 256 2 21/506
SELECT Nom
FROM ClIENTS, RESERVATIONS
WHERE ClIENTS.num_client=RESERVATIONS.num_client
AND date_dep is null
NOM
--------------------
DUPONT

-! ( !
5 4957< exists / 0= 6 2 6 <6 0 < 39 C3<6 57 =:38< 78 058A1
4:00 </:82586 57 /0123456 2 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 , :== 39 < 5A36 2 6 <6 0
783B7 = 86 9 C3<6 84 2 4 06538 < 058A1 < 9 < @59 70< 2 < 4:9:88 < 2 4 <
2 083G0 < <:86 <58< 3=/:06584 :8 / 76 2:84 </143?3 0 78 4:8<6586 4:==
01<79656 <:36'
Exists (SELECT 'Vrai' FROM .... WHERE ...)
5 4957< all / 0= 6 2 6 <6 0 <3 6:76 < 9 < 058A1 < 4:00 </:82586 57
/0123456 2 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 @103?3 86 78 4 06538 4:82363:8, 50 C =/9
<3 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...) 2:88 /:70
01<79656 {c1,c2,c3, ... cn} 59:0< 9 < 4:82363:8< <73@586 < <:86
1B73@59 86 < (:a Θ <6 78 :/1056 70 2 4:=/5053<:8 _ g h ,,,)'
Exp1 Θ all (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...)
(Exp1 Θ c1) AND (Exp1 Θ c2) AND ...(Exp1 Θ cn)
5 4957< any / 0= 6 2 6 <6 0 <3 57 =:38< 78 058A1 4:00 </:82586 57
/0123456 2 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 @103?3 78 4 06538 4:82363:8, 50 C =/9 <3
95 <:7< 0 B7T6 (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...) 2:88 /:70
01<79656 {c1,c2,c3, ... cn} 59:0< 9 < 4:82363:8< <73@586 < <:86
1B73@59 86 < (:a Θ <6 78 :/1056 70 2 4:=/5053<:8 _ g h ,,,)'
Exp1 Θ any (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...)
(Exp1 Θ c1) OR (Exp1 Θ c2) OR ...(Exp1 Θ cn)
 #

5 4957< 38 6 58H <:86 1B73@59 86 < /:70 9 :/1056 70 2 4:=/5053<:8 _,

:7< 5@:8< 9 1B73@59 84 <73@586 '
Exp1 in (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...)
Exp1 = any (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...)
5// 9:8< B7 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 /5<< 0 27 B75863?3456 70 783@ 0< 9
9 C3<6 863 9 /50 78 2:7>9 81A563:8'
∀C ( (C)) ≡ ¬∃C (¬ (C))
66 1B73@59 84 <6 57<<3 5//9345>9 57C 4:82363:8< 2 , :36'
Exp1 Θ all (SELECT col1 FROM ...
WHERE ...)
not Exists (SELECT 'Vrai' FROM ....
WHERE ... AND not(exp1 Θ col1))
B75863?3 2 ?546:0

G 1
8 /:<6?3C586 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 78 65>9 /50 (;) :8 </143?3 78 S:38670
C6 08 5@ 4 4 66 65>9 , 3 57478 058A1 2 95 65>9 8 <563<?536 9 <
4:82363:8< 2 <19 463:8 59:0< 9 #" = 6 2 < @59 70< 8799 /:70 9 < 4:9:88 <
2 4 66 65>9 ,
C =/9 ' 5??34N 0 6:7< 9 < 87=10:< 2 4N5=>0 6 9 87=10: 27 493 86 5H586
01< 0@1 95 4N5=>0 /:70 9 V 214 =>0 +Z+,
SELECT Ch.num_chambre, num_client
FROM Chambres Ch,Reservations R
WHERE Ch.num_chambre=R.num_chambre
AND date_arr<='25-dec-89'
AND date_dep>'25-dec-89'
NUM_CHAMBRE NUM_CLIENT
----------- ----------
14 1006
34 1002
44 1003
45 1005
SELECT Ch.num_chambre, num_client
FROM Chambres Ch,Reservations R
WHERE Ch.num_chambre=R.num_chambre(+)
AND date_arr(+)<='25-dec-89'
AND date_dep(+)>'25-dec-89'
NUM_CHAMBRE NUM_CLIENT
 X

----------- ----------
10
11
12
13
14 1006
15
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
31
32
33
34 1002
35
40
41
42
43
44 1003
45 1005
39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 01< 0@563:8 /:70 78 4N5=>0 99 < 05 4:=/:<1 5@ 4
78 86361 O?3463@ O 2 1< 0@563:8 8 5H586 B7 2 < @59 70< 8799 <,

; . (I
8 <:7< 0 B7T6 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 78 8< =>9 2 86361<, 99 / 0= 6
2 C/03= 0 78 4:82363:8 :7 78 C/0 <<3:8 /50 05//:06 57 4:86 87 2 <
65>9 <, 99 < 05 57<<3 76393<1 /97< 9:38 /:70 38<10 0 2 < 058A1 < 258< 78
65>9 /:70 38363593< 0 78 65>9 (Insert, CREATE) 6 /:70 21?3830 9 16 827
2 78 =:23?34563:8 (Update, Delete)
7>B7 0H

C =/9 ' /03C =:H 8 2 < 4N5=>0 < 5H586 9 =T= 4:8?:06 B7 4 99 27
493 86 : YYX
SELECT avg(prix) FROM Chambres
WHERE Confort =
(SELECT Confort FROM Chambres, Reservations
WHERE Chambres.num_chambre
=Reservations.num_chambre
AND num_client=1006)
AVG(PRIX)
----------
146.666667
#

R1 R2 ... Rn

From .... Produit catésien

n-uplet

Where .... prédicat

T1 T2 ... Tm

From .... Produit catésien

n-uplet
Where .... prédicat

entité
select .... projection

relation

entité

select .... projection

relation

3A70 Y V ' :2G9 =:2G9 5@ 4 9 < <:7< 0 B7T6 < 2 95 =54N38

5 <:7< 0 B7T6 <6 3=>03B71 258< 78 5760 0 B7T6 , 58< 78 <:7<
0 B7T6 :8 / 76 ?530 01?10 84 2 < @5035>9 < 21?383 < 78 83@ 57
<7/103 70, 9 ?576 59:0< 9 < 4:8<3210 0 4:== 2 < /505=G60 < B73 <:86
=:23?31< /:70 4N5B7 058A1 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8 27 83@ 57 <7/103 70,
C =/9 ' 4N5=>0 5H586 78 /03C Ye 38?103 70 95 =:H 88 /:70 78 =T=
4561A:03 2 4:8?:06
SELECT Num_chambre,confort FROM Chambres a
WHERE prix < (SELECT avg(prix)*0.90 FROM Chambres b
WHERE b.confort=a.confort)
NUM_CHAMBRE CONFOR
----------- ------
13 BAIN
23 BAIN
33 BAIN
43 BAIN
5 <:7< 0 B7T6 459479 9 /03C =:H 8 2 78 4N5=>0 5H586 9 4:8?:06 ?3C1
/50 95 @59 70 a.confort /03< /50 95 058A1 2 95 0 B7T6 27 83@ 57
<7/103 70,
 X

:7< 2 @:8< 2:84 =:23?3 0 8:60 =:2G9 2 =54N38 /:70 6 830 4:=/6
2 < <:7< 0 B7T6 <, 99 < 43 < 38<G0 86 258< 9 =:279 2 95 4957< Q ,
99 < H 3860:273< 86 95 01470<3@361 450 4N5B7 4957< Q / 76 4:86 830 2 <
<:7< 0 B7T6 < ( 3A70 Y V)

<
66 4957< / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 0 A0:7/ = 86 2 78 4 06538 8:=>0
2 86361< < 9:8 78 4036G0 2 /5063:88 = 86 5?38 2 1@597 0 78 ?:8463:8
5A01A563@ , 01<79656 8 2:88 2:84 B7 78 < 79 86361 /:70 4N5B7
0 A0:7/ = 86, < /03843/59 < ?:8463:8< 2 5A01A563:8 <:86'
• avg ' 459479 0 95 =:H 88 2 78 93<6
• count ' 218:=>0 0 9 < 191= 86< 2 78 93<6
• min ' 216 0=38 0 9 191= 86 =383=7= 2 78 93<6
• max ' 216 0=38 0 9 191= 86 =5C3=7= 2 78 93<6
• sum ' 459479 0 95 <:== 2 78 93<6
< /505=G60 < 2 95 ?:8463:8 <:86 78 C/0 <<3:8 B73 / 76 T60 /01?3C1 /50
9 < =:6< 491 all 6 distinct, 50 21?576 all <6 76393<1; 258< 4 45<
6:76 < 9 < @59 70< 2 95 93<6 <:86 /03< < 8 4:8<3210563:8, @ 4 distinct
< 79 < 9 < @59 70< 23??10 86 < <:86 4:8<32101 <, < @59 70< 8799 8 <:86 /5<
<19 463:881 <, / 82586 Count(`) / 0= 6 2 218:=>0 0 78 93<6 8
6 8586 4:=/6 2 4 < 2 083G0 <,
C/0 <<3:8 2 95 4957< GROUP BY 216 0=38 9 /5063:88 = 86, 973 43
<6 ?? 4671 <70 9 < 058A1 < B73 <:86 <19 463:881 < /50 95 4957< WHERE, <
058A1 < 193=381 < /50 95 4:82363:8 2 <19 463:8 8 /506343/ 86 2:84 /5<
9 5A01A563:8, C/0 <<3:8 2 0 A0:7/ = 86 2:36 T60 1B73@59 86 6:76 < 9 <
C/0 <<3:8< 4:=/:06586 2 < @5035>9 < 5//5053<<586 258< 9 01<79656,
/0:4 <<7< 2 0 A0:7/ = 86 386 0@ 8586 5/0G< 95 <19 463:8 2 < 058A1 < 39
<6 /:<<3>9 2 C/03= 0 78 4:82363:8 2 <19 463:8 <70 9 < @59 70< 5A01A1 <
258< 95 4:82363:8 2 95 4957< having, 5 4957< having / 0= 6 2
</143?3 0 9 4036G0 <70 9 < 86361< 0 A0:7/1 < 5 4957< WHERE / 0= 6 2
</143?3 0 9 4036G0 <70 9 < 86361< 386 0@ 8586 258< 9 0 A0:7/ = 86
#0:7/ 957<

C =/9 <'
03C =:H 8 2 < 4N5=>0 < /50 6H/ 2 4:8?:06'
SELECT Confort,AVG(Prix) "prix moyen"
FROM Chambres
GROUP BY Confort
CONFOR prix moyen
------ ----------
BAIN 146.666667
DOUCHE 100
##

WC 85
03C =383=7= 6 =5C3=7= 2 < 4N5=>0 < /50 6H/ 2 4:8?:06'
SELECT Confort,Min(Prix),Max(Prix)
FROM Chambres
GROUP BY Confort
CONFOR MIN(PRIX) MAX(PRIX)
------ ---------- ----------
BAIN 120 180
DOUCHE 100 100
WC 80 90

R1 R2 ... Rn

From .... Produit catésien

n-uplet

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select .... projection

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et calcul

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relation

3A70 Y ' :2G9 =:2G9 5@ 4 9 < 0 A0:7/ = 86< 2 95 =54N38

03C =383=7= 6 =5C3=7= 2 < 4N5=>0 < /50 6H/ 2 4:8?:06 =53< 2:86 9
/03C 38 <6 /97< / 636 B7 YY'
SELECT Confort,Min(Prix),Max(Prix)
FROM Chambres
GROUP BY Confort Having Min(Prix)<100
CONFOR MIN(PRIX) MAX(PRIX)
------ ---------- ----------
WC 80 90
 X

:7< 2 @:8< 2:84 =:23?3 0 8:60 =:2G9 2 =54N38 /:70 6 830 4:=/6
2 < 0 A0:7/ = 86<, 7C 43 < /954 86 5/0G< 9 6 <6 27 /0123456' 78 /0 =3 0
=:279 / 0= 6 9 < 0 A0:7/ = 86< 6 9 459479 2 < ?:8463:8< 5A01A563@ <
8<736 :8 ?? 467 78 <19 463:8 <70 9 < @59 70< /03< < /50 9 < ?:8463:8<
5A01A563@ <,

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 ?? 467 0 2 < 0 B7T6 < 8 76393<586 9 < :/1056 70<

8< =>93<6 <' union Y intersect minus ( 3??10 84 ) :86 9 < 8<
N5>367 9, < :/10582 < 9 01<79656 2 <19 463:8 2 4 < :/1056 70< 2:3@ 86
5@:30 95 =T= 50361 (8:=>0 2 4:8<6367586<) 6 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2:3@ 86 T60
1A57C 8 6H/ /5< ?:041= 86 8 65399 , 76393<563:8 2 4 < :/1056 70<
3=/93B7 3=/93436 = 86 95 4957< 2:84 9 193=38563:8 2 < O2:7>9:8<O,
3 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 < 23??10 86 < <19 463:8< <:86 32 863B7 < 59:0< 39 <6 /:<<3>9
2 ?? 467 0 78 < 79 <19 463:8 8 76393<586 9 < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 <,
6 957<

C =/9 '
< 6 0= < =/9:H1< /:70 78 4N5=>0
SELECT confort "Termes"
FROM CHAMBRES
union
SELECT equipement
FROM CHAMBRES
Termes
------
BAIN
DOUCHE
NON
TV
WC

3
:88 46 957<

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 /504:7030 78 0 9563:8 8 ?3C586 78 :020

N310504N3B7 , 5 4957< prior 2:36 T60 76393<1 /:70 ?3C 0 95 0 9563:8

Y / 0= 6 2 ?530 9 783:8 /50 4:845618563:8 2 < 01<79656<,

#&

/50 86 8?586 /:70 9 /504:70< 2 9 50>0 (95 /0:?:82 70 =5C3=7= 2 9 50>0

<6 93=361 V X), 4L61 A574N 21?3836 9 /50 86 6 9 4L61 20:36 9 8?586
<3 95 4957< /03:0 /014G2 9 C/0 <<3:8 6 9 38@ 0< <3 99 95 <744G2 , 5
4957< start with 21?3836 95 05438 2 9 50>0 (:7 9 < 05438 <)
C =/9 ' :36 95 0 9563:8
=/( := 7=j =/ 7=j 585A 0 59530 )'
O.. (5 > 4 2).. 5 / 0<:88 /:06586 9 87=10: : 6 < 8:==586 5 5
78 =585A 0 /:06586 9 87=10: * 6 / 0^:36 9 <59530 9O
5@ 4 9 38<6584 <73@586 '
NOM NUM_EMP NUM_MANAGER SALAIRE
------------ ---------- ----------- ----------
DOMINIQUE 1 10000
MARIE 2 1 6000
JEAN 3 1 5000
PAUL 4 2 5000
MARTINE 5 2 5000
VINCENT 6 4 5500
HENRI 7 4 4000
MADELEINE 8 3 4000
ANNE 9 3 3000
65>930 78 93<6 2 < 8:=< 2 / 0<:88 /50 :020 N310504N3B7 ,
SELECT lpad('-',3*level)||Nom "Hiérarchie"
FROM EMP
Connect by prior Num_Emp=Num_Manager
Start with Num_Manager is NULL
Hiérarchie
---------------------------
-DOMINIQUE
-MARIE
-PAUL
-VINCENT
-HENRI
-MARTINE
-JEAN
-MADELEINE
-ANNE
5 ?:8463:8 9 @ 9 3823B7 9 83@ 57 2 78 8: 72 258< 9 50>:0 <4 84 , 5
?:8463:8 9/52 / 0= 6 2 38<10 0 2 < >9584< A574N (4520 0 20:36 )
5760 < C =/9 < 5@ 4 9 < ?:8463:8< /01234563@ <'
73 <6 0 </:8<5>9 2 =/9:H1<
SELECT Nom
FROM EMP E1
WHERE exists (SELECT * FROM EMP E2
WHERE E1.num_emp=E2.num_manager)
NOM
------------
DOMINIQUE
MARIE
 X+

JEAN
PAUL
73 <6 4N ? 2 78 =/9:H1 =3 7C /5H1 B7 973 =T=

SELECT Nom
FROM EMP E1
WHERE E1.salaire< any (SELECT salaire FROM EMP E2
WHERE E1.num_emp=E2.num_manager)
NOM
------------
PAUL
73 <6 N ? O5><:97O 57478 =/9:H1 =3 7C /5H1 B7 973 =T=
SELECT Nom FROM EMP E1
WHERE exists (SELECT * FROM EMP E2
WHERE E1.num_emp=E2.num_manager)
AND E1.salaire> all (SELECT salaire FROM EMP E2
WHERE E1.num_emp=E2.num_manager)
NOM
------------
DOMINIQUE
MARIE
JEAN

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 603 0 78 0 9563:8 5?38 2 9 5??34N 0 258< 78 :020

2:881, 79 95 0 /01< 86563:8 C6 08 <6 5?? 461 /50 4 603, 603 <6
</143?31 /50 78 93<6 2:86 9 < 191= 86< 9 < /97< A574N <:86 9 < /97<
<3A83?34563?< 258< 9 603, :70 4N5B7 191= 86 9 603 / 76 T60 40:3<<586 (asc)
:7 2140:3<<586 (desc), 50 21?576 39 <6 40:3<<586, 8 191= 86 <6 78
C/0 <<3:8 2 95 4957< SELECT, 9 / 76 57<<3 T60 78 8:=>0 3823B7586 9
87=10: 2 95 4:9:88 603 0, 6H/ 2 </143?34563:8 27 4036G0 2 603 <6
:>93A56:30 258< 9 45< :a 9 01<79656 <6 :>6 87 /50 76393<563:8 2 78 :/1056 70
8< =>93<6 ( 8 ?? 6 9 < 4:9:88 < /0:@3 88 86 2 0 B7T6 < 23??10 86 <)
02 0 957<

:06 2 2 ?

C =/9 '
SELECT nom, adresse
FROM Clients
ORDER BY nom asc
NOM ADRESSE
-------------------- ----------------------------------------
AGDA 10 route de l impossible 1508 TEXAS
 %

CHADOK 25 rue de la rame 1456 Tombouctou

DUFOUR 10 av. de la gar 1300 AILLEURS
DUMAS 10 route du moulins LE-SUD
DUPONT 12 ch. des hirondelles 1238 LABAS
EINSTEIN 10 route de la relativité 1004 PLUS-LOIN
GASCON 12 av. du Général 1239 ICI
NOBODY 403 route de l inconnu 75000 Paris
ROMULUS 241 route de rome 1409 Lion
ZORO 10 ch des voleurs Los Angeles

, ;)"
3859 = 86 8:7< :>6 8:8< 9 =:2G9 2 95 3A70 Y -/:70 95 =54N38 ,
< 0 9563:8< 2 78 :/10563:8 8< =>93<6 <:86 4594791 < 3821/ 825= 86,
603 <6 ?? 4671 8 2 083 0 <70 9 01<79656 ?3859,
R1 R2 ... Rn

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n-uplet

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...
select .... projection

Group by .... regroupement

et calcul

Having ... prédicat

relation
Union, intersect, minus ....
Opérations ensemblistes

Order by ..... Tri du résultat

3A70 Y - '=:2G9 4:=/9 6 2 95 =54N38

=:2G9 8 5 2 7639361 B7 2 216 0=38 0 9 01<79656 2 78 0 B7T6 , :0<
2 9 C14763:8 01 99 2 78 0 B7T6 9 #" @5 :/63=3< 0 95 0 B7T6 5?38
2 1@36 0 2 605@5399 0 <70 9 < 8 7/9 6< 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8, 66 :/63=3<563:8
(605361 /97< 9:38) 76393< 2 78 /506 9 < /0:/03161< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99
6 2 5760 /506 9 < <6074670 < 2 2:881 < 544:=/5A8586 9 < 65>9 <
=1=:03<1 <,
 1 ( # (I
< #" <:86 /0563B7 = 86 6:7< =783< 2 78 386 0?54 A05/N3B7 /:70
9 386 00:A563:8 2 < 2:881 <, :70 9 76393<56 70 :445<3:88 9 4 66 <:9763:8 <6
60G< ??3454 450 3867363@ = 86 39 / 76 </143?3 0 78 0 B7T6 <58< <
/01:447/ 0 2 95 <H865C , / 82586 /:70 2 < 0 B7T6 < 4:=/9 C <
4 66 5//0:4N A05/N3B7 / 76 2 @ 830 /97< 4:=/9 C B7 95 </143?34563:8
6 C67 99 2 95 0 B7T6 ,

3A70 Y '=:2G9 4:=/9 6 2 95 =54N38

58< 95 3A70 Y 8:7< =:860:8< 78 0 B7T6 A05/N3B7 ?? 4671 5@ 4
44 << 2 340:<:?6, :7< @:79:8< 78 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < J 23 < 9 K 5@ 4 95
4561A:03 2 / 0=3<, :84 /67 99 = 86 39 ?576 /0:412 0 2 95 =T=
=583G0 4 <6 230 216 0=38 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 27 4:86 C6 2 95 0 B7T6 ,
58< 8:60 45< 39 < 5A36 2 . % 62 3 5/0G< 9 < 5@:30 <19 463:881 <
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/0143< 0 9 < 4036G0 < 2 <19 463:8 2 /0:S 463:8 2 603 6 1@ 867 99 = 86 2
<19 463:8

3A70 Y X '=:2G9 4:=/9 6 2 95 =54N38

%

6:76 =:= 86 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 :>6 830 2 5760 < @7 < 2 95 0 B7T6 ,
99 2 9 C14763:8 ( 3A70 Y X) 6 4 99 2 <5 60527463:8 8 ( 3A70
Y ),

3A70 Y '=:2G9 4:=/9 6 2 95 =54N38

1
) :
:7< 5@:8< 9 < 38<6584 < <73@586 < 2 < 0 9563:8<'
SELECT * FROM Vehicule
NOCHASSIS NOPLAQUE MISEENSER MODELE NOSTATION
---------- ---------- --------- ------------ ----------
100001 121 11-DEC-91 TAXI1 1
100002 122 24-JAN-92 TAXI2 1
100003 123 14-DEC-91 TAXI1 2
100005 125 20-DEC-91 TAXI2 2
100004 124 13-OCT-91 BUS 2
SELECT * FROM Type
MODELE NBPLACES CA TYPECARBURAN A POIDS
------------ ---------- -- ------------ - ----------
TAXI1 5 V ESSENCE N 850
TAXI2 7 V DIESEL Y 1200
BUS 35 PL DIESEL N 6500
SELECT * FROM Carburant
NOPLAQUE NOJOUR KILOMETRAGE LITRES TYPECARBURAN
---------- ---------- ----------- ---------- ------------
121 1 300 30 ESSENCE
122 1 300 20 DIESEL
123 1 300 30 ESSENCE
124 1 300 60 DIESEL
125 1 300 20 DIESEL
121 2 310 30 ESSENCE
122 2 320 20 DIESEL
123 2 300 31 ESSENCE
124 2 300 62 DIESEL
125 2 300 21 DIESEL
121 3 310 31 ESSENCE
 122 3 320 21 DIESEL
123 3 300 32 ESSENCE
124 3 300 58 DIESEL
125 3 300 22 DIESEL
125 4 10 1 ESSENCE
SELECT * FROM Entretien
NOCHASSIS NOJOUR DESCRIPTION
---------- ---------- ------------------
100001 1 VIDANGE
100001 1 BOITE A VITESSE
100002 2 VIDANGE
100003 3 VIDANGE
100004 1 VIDANGE
SELECT * FROM Chauffeur
NOCHAUFFEUR NOM PRENOM ADRESSE NOSTATION
----------- ---------- ----------- --------- ----------
1 DUPONT JEAN ici 1
2 MAX MAXIM ici1 1
3 BOL PAUL labas 2
4 PASBOL PAUL labas2 2
SELECT * FROM Permis
NOCHAUFFEUR CA
----------- --
1 V
2 V
3 V
4 V
1 PL
3 PL
SELECT * FROM Planning
NOCHAUFFEUR NOCHASSIS NOJOUR T
----------- ---------- ---------- -
1 100001 1 A
2 100002 1 A
3 100003 2 A
4 100005 1 A
1 100001 1 B
4 100003 2 A
1 100004 3 A
SELECT * FROM Station
NOZONE NOSTATION
---------- ----------
10 1
12 2
SELECT * FROM Distance
HEURE ZONEDE ZONEA TEMPSPARCOURS
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------
10 10 20 5
11 10 20 6
12 10 20 10
13 10 20 5
%

10 20 10 5
11 20 10 6
12 20 10 10
13 20 10 5
10 10 10 0
11 10 10 0
12 10 10 0
13 10 10 0
10 20 20 0
11 20 20 0
12 20 20 0
13 20 20 0
13 20 20 0
SELECT * FROM Situation
NOCHASSIS NOZONE
---------- ----------
1000001 10
1000002 20
1000003 20
1000005 20
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0 9563:8 /:70 ?? 467 0 9 < S:38670 <'
 ) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < /50 87=10: 2 4N5<<3< 40:3<<586
V) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 6 9 70 4561A:03 2 / 0=3<
) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2 /97< 2 VY /954 <
-) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 860 6 Z /954 <
) 93<6 27 /:32< 6:659 2 < @1N3479 < (/:32< 27 @1N3479 ; X IA /50 / 0<:88 )
X) 93<6 59/N5>163B7 2 < 4N57?? 70< 6 2 9 70 / 0=3<
) 93<6 2 < /018:=< /5065A1< /50 /97<3 70< 4N57?? 70< 8 76393<586 4:786()
Z) 93<6 2 < /018:=< /5065A1< /50 /97<3 70< 4N57?? 70< 8 76393<586 !
+) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 78 87=10: 2 /95B7 4:== 8^586 /50 78 6 78
8 60:3<3G= /:<363:8
Y) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 78 860 63 8 2:86 9 93> 991 4:=/:06
<744 <<3@ = 86 9 < =:6< " 6
) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < B7 / 76 4:82730 9 4N57?? 70 : - (5@ 4 9 )
V) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < B7 / 76 4:82730 9 4N57?? 70 : - (5@ 4 2 <
S:38670 < < 79 = 86)
) 216 0=38 0 <3 78 @1N3479 5 161 0 =/93 5@ 4 78 450>70586 8
4:00 </:82586 /5< <:8 =:2G9
-) 4:8<:==563:8 6:659 2 4N5B7 @1N3479 6031 /50 6H/ 2 450>70586
) 4:8<:==563:8 6:659 /50 S:70 /50 <6563:8 /50 6H/ 2 450>70586
X) 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 2 4N5B7 @ N3479 /:70 YY I=
) 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 S:708593G0 2 4N5B7 @1N3479 /:70 YY I=
Z) 93<6 2 < /9 38< 58:0=57C (VY e 2 /97< B7 95 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 27
@1N3479 )
+) 9 /958838A 27 4N57?? 70 : 6031 /50 S:70 6 60584N N:0530
VY) /:70 78 493 86 5// 9586 2 /73< 95 P:8 Y N 70 2:88 P 95 93<6 2 <
@1N3479 < 38:447/1< /50 :020 2 /0:C3=361,

<! :
) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < /50 87=10: 2 4N5<<3< 40:3<<586
SELECT *
FROM VEHICULE
ORDER BY nochassis
NOCHASSIS NOPLAQUE MISEENSER MODELE NOSTATION
---------- ---------- --------- ------------ ----------
100001 121 11-DEC-91 TAXI1 1
100002 122 24-JAN-92 TAXI2 1
100003 123 14-DEC-91 TAXI1 2
100004 124 13-OCT-91 BUS 2
100005 125 20-DEC-91 TAXI2 2
V) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 6 9 70 4561A:03 2 / 0=3<
%#

SELECT nochassis,v.modele
FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t
WHERE v.modele=t.modele
NOCHASSIS MODELE
---------- ------------
100004 BUS
100001 TAXI1
100003 TAXI1
100002 TAXI2
100005 TAXI2
) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2 /97< 2 VY /954 <

SELECT nochassis,nbplaces
FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t
WHERE v.modele=t.modele
AND nbplaces>20
NOCHASSIS NBPLACES
---------- ----------
100004 35
-) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 860 6 Z /954 <

SELECT nochassis,nbplaces
FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t
WHERE v.modele=t.modele
AND nbplaces between 5 AND 8
NOCHASSIS NBPLACES
---------- ----------
100001 5
100003 5
100002 7
100005 7
) 93<6 27 /:32< 2 < @1N3479 < (X IA /50 / 0<:88 )

SELECT nochassis,poids+65*nbplaces "Poids total"

FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t
WHERE v.modele=t.modele
NOCHASSIS Poids total
---------- -----------
100004 8775
100001 1175
100003 1175
100002 1655
100005 1655
X) 93<6 59/N5>163B7 2 < 4N57?? 70< 6 2 9 70 / 0=3<

SELECT ch.nochauffeur,nom,prenom,categorie
FROM CHAUFFEUR ch, Permis pe
WHERE ch.nochauffeur=pe.nochauffeur
ORDER BY nom,prenom
NOCHAUFFEUR NOM PRENOM CA
----------- -------------- ----------------- --
3 BOL PAUL V
3 BOL PAUL PL
1 DUPONT JEAN V
1 DUPONT JEAN PL
2 MAX MAXIM V
4 PASBOL PAUL V
) 93<6 2 < /018:=< /5065A1< /50 /97<3 70< 4N57?? 70< 8 76393<586 4:786()
SELECT distinct prenom
FROM CHAUFFEUR
GROUP BY prenom having count(prenom)>=2
PRENOM
------------------------
PAUL
Z) 93<6 2 < /018:=< /5065A1< /50 /97<3 70< 4N57?? 70< 8 76393<586 !
SELECT distinct prenom
FROM CHAUFFEUR ch1
WHERE exists(SELECT 'vrai'
FROM CHAUFFEUR ch2
WHERE ch1.nochauffeur<>ch2.nochauffeur
AND ch1.prenom=ch2.prenom)
PRENOM
------------------------
PAUL
+) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 78 87=10: 2 /95B7 4:== 8^586 /50 78 6 78
8 60:3<3G= /:<363:8
SELECT nochassis,noplaque
FROM VEHICULE
WHERE noplaque like '1_3%'
NOCHASSIS NOPLAQUE
---------- ----------
100003 123
Y) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 78 860 63 8 2:86 9 93> 991 4:=/:06
<744 <<3@ = 86 9 < =:6< " 6
SELECT nochassis,description
FROM ENTRETIEN
WHERE description like '%BOITE%VITESSE%'
NOCHASSIS DESCRIPTION
---------- ---------------
100001 BOITE A VITESSE
) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < B7 / 76 4:82730 9 4N57?? 70 : - (5@ 4 9 )
%&

SELECT nochassis,v.modele
FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t
WHERE v.modele=t.modele
AND categorie in (SELECT pe.categorie
FROM CHAUFFEUR ch, Permis pe
WHERE ch.nochauffeur=pe.nochauffeur
AND ch.nochauffeur=4)
NOCHASSIS MODELE
---------- ------------
100001 TAXI1
100005 TAXI2
100002 TAXI2
100003 TAXI1
V) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < B7 / 76 4:82730 9 4N57?? 70 : - (5@ 4 2 <
S:38670 < < 79 = 86)
SELECT nochassis,v.modele
FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t,CHAUFFEUR ch, Permis pe
WHERE v.modele=t.modele
AND ch.nochauffeur=pe.nochauffeur
AND pe.categorie=t.categorie
AND ch.nochauffeur=4
NOCHASSIS MODELE
---------- ------------
100001 TAXI1
100003 TAXI1
100002 TAXI2
100005 TAXI2
) 216 0=38 0 <3 78 @1N3479 5 161 0 =/93 5@ 4 78 450>70586 8
4:00 </:82586 /5< <:8 =:2 9
SELECT nochassis,v.modele
FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t
WHERE v.modele=t.modele
AND typecarburant <> any (SELECT typecarburant
FROM carburant tc
WHERE v.noplaque=tc.noplaque)

NOCHASSIS MODELE
---------- ------------
100005 TAXI2
-) 4:8<:==563:8 6:659 2 4N5B7 @1N3479 6031 /50 6H/ 2 450>70586
SELECT typecarburant,noplaque,sum(litres)
FROM CARBURANT
GROUP BY typecarburant,noplaque
ORDER BY typecarburant
TYPECARBURAN NOPLAQUE SUM(LITRES)
------------ ---------- -----------
DIESEL 122 61
DIESEL 124 180
DIESEL 125 63
 +

ESSENCE 121 91
ESSENCE 123 93
ESSENCE 125 1
) 4:8<:==563:8 6:659 /50 S:70 /50 <6563:8 /50 6H/ 2 450>70586
SELECT nojour, nostation ,typecarburant ,sum(litres)
FROM CARBURANT c, VEHICULE v
WHERE c.noplaque=v.noplaque
GROUP BY nojour, nostation ,typecarburant
NOJOUR NOSTATION TYPECARBURAN SUM(LITRES)
---------- ---------- ------------ -----------
1 1 DIESEL 20
1 1 ESSENCE 30
1 2 DIESEL 80
1 2 ESSENCE 30
2 1 DIESEL 20
2 1 ESSENCE 30
2 2 DIESEL 83
2 2 ESSENCE 31
3 1 DIESEL 21
3 1 ESSENCE 31
3 2 DIESEL 80
3 2 ESSENCE 32
4 2 ESSENCE 1
X) 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 2 4N5B7 @ N3479 /:70 YY I=

SELECT noplaque ,
(sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100 "consommation moyenne
globale"
FROM CARBURANT c
GROUP BY noplaque
NOPLAQUE consommation moyenne globale
---------- ----------------------------
121 9.89130435
122 6.4893617
123 10.3333333
124 20
125 7.03296703
) 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 S:708593G0 2 4N5B7 @1N3479 /:70 YY I=
SELECT noplaque,nojour ,
(sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100 "moyenne journaliere"
FROM CARBURANT c
GROUP BY noplaque,nojour
NOPLAQUE NOJOUR moyenne journaliere
---------- ---------- -------------------
121 1 10
121 2 9.67741935
121 3 10
122 1 6.66666667
122 2 6.25
122 3 6.5625
123 1 10
&

123 2 10.3333333
123 3 10.6666667
124 1 20
124 2 20.6666667
124 3 19.3333333
125 1 6.66666667
125 2 7
125 3 7.33333333
125 4 10
Z) 93<6 2 < /9 38< 58:0=57C (VY e 2 /97< B7 95 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 27
@1N3479 )
SELECT noplaque,nojour,litres*100/kilometrage
FROM CARBURANT c1
WHERE litres*100/kilometrage
> (SELECT
1.2*(sum(litres)*100/sum(kilometrage))
FROM CARBURANT c2
WHERE c2.noplaque=c1.noplaque)
NOPLAQUE NOJOUR LITRES*100/KILOMETRAGE
---------- ---------- ----------------------
125 4 10
+) 9 /958838A 27 4N57?? 70 : 6031 /50 S:70 6 60584N N:0530

SELECT nochauffeur,nojour,tranchehoraire,nochassis
FROM PLANNING c1
WHERE nochauffeur=1
ORDER BY nojour,tranchehoraire
NOCHAUFFEUR NOJOUR T NOCHASSIS
----------- ---------- - ----------
1 1 A 100001
1 1 B 100001
1 3 A 100004
VY) /:70 78 493 86 5// 9586 2 /73< 95 P:8 Y N 70 2:88 P 95 93<6 2 <
@1N3479 < 38:447/1< /50 :020 2 /0:C3=361,
SELECT s.nochassis,s.nozone,tempsparcours
FROM SITUATION S,DISTANCE D
WHERE s.nozone=d.zonede
AND d.zonea=10
AND d.heure=13
ORDER BY tempsparcours
NOCHASSIS NOZONE TEMPSPARCOURS
---------- ---------- -------------
1000001 10 0
1000002 20 5
1000003 20 5
1000005 20 5
 Z

, !

"Un matin, au sortir d'un rêve agité, Grégoire Samsa

s'éveilla transformé dans son lit en une véritable vermine"
(Franz Kafka - La métamorphose)

< 4N5=/< 2 5//934563:8 B73 8 < 6058<?:0= 86 /5< 57 4:70< 27 6 =/< <:86
C60T= = 86 / 7 ?01B7 86 (258< 9 2:=538 2 9 5859H< <6563<63B7
2 8B7T6 ), 5 =:23?34563:8 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 <6 814 <<530
258< 95 =5S:0361 2 < 45<, < =:23?34563:8< 6:74N 86 9 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2
2:881 <, 8 /:70<73@586 9 321 B7 9 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2:881 < <6 78
386 0/016563:8 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 9 38<6586 6 /:70 :>6 830 9 38<6584 2
95 >5< 9 38<6586 6 39 <7??36 8 6N1:03 2 01386 0/016 0 9 4:86 87 27
4N5=/ 4 =:= 86 9 ( 3A70 ), 5 =:2193<563:8 6 <5 4:840163<563:8
?3C1 < 9:0< 2 95 4:84 /63:8 3836359 <:86 4:8<32101 < 4:== 2 < 38@503586<
/50 05//:06 57C =:23?34563:8< 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/< 2 5//934563:8,

transfor- transfor-
6C mation mation
@$5L$ @$5LL$
modélisation @$5$

interprétation

concrétisation + + L + LL
$$$ $$$ $$$
+ + L + LL

conception Exploitation TEMPS

initiale
t t' t''

3A70 ' 3<3:8 2 95 =:23?34563:8 605@ 0< 9 < /0123456<,

C/9:36563:8 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < /50 78 01386 0/016563:8 4:86387 27
4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8 <6 /5< /:<<3>9 , 38363593<563:8 2 95 /0 =3G0
38<6584 / 76 21S T60 9:8A7 258< 95 2701 , /97< 39 < 0536 23??3439 2
?3C 0 9 386 0@599 2 6 =/< 860 2 7C 01386 0/016563:8<, 66 @3<3:8 2 95
=:23?34563:8 605@ 0< 9 < /0123456< 8 2:36 T60 2:84 4:8< 0@1 B7 4:==
&

01?10 84 /:70 @5932 0 2 5760 < =3< < 8 : 7@0 2 < =:23?34563:8<,
/ 82586 78 6 99 @3<3:8 8:7< 570536 / 0=3< 2 ?530 9 14:8:=3 2
9 5859H< 2 < 6058<?:0=563:8< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8,
:60 =:2G9 2 < =:23?34563:8< 2 =582 9 3860:27463:8 2 78 8:7@ 57
4:84 /6 4 973 2 $ , :4470 84 2 78 1@18 = 86 5//93B71 57 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8 =:23?3 4 2 083 0, 50 C =/9 8:7< 5@:8< 9 1@18 = 86' O 8
493 86 01< 0@ 78 4N5=>0 O 6 <:8 :4470 84 ' O9 493 86 : YY- 01< 0@ 95
4N5=>0 V- 27 S58 +Y 57 - S58 +YO, :4470 84 2 78 1@18 = 86 =:23?3
9 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 8 ?? 6 78 1@18 = 86 <58< 4:8<1B7 84
<70 9 < 2:881 < 8 /:700536 /5< 953<< 0 2 6054 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8,
5 0 4N 04N 2 < 1@18 = 86< < <367 57 83@ 57 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 9 <
1@18 = 86< <:86 2:84 <3A83?34563?< /:70 9 < 76393<56 70<,

occurence
d'événements 6C

@$5$
modélisation

@$5L$
Séquence
de primitives @$5LL$
de modication interprétation
initiale

exécution
+ t
$$$
+
t'
t''

3A70 V ' 3<3:8 2 95 =:23?34563:8 605@ 0< 9 < 1@18 = 86<,

1@18 = 86 <6 6052736 /50 78 <1B7 84 2 /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 258<
9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9U :8 5// 99 4 66 <1B7 84 6058<5463:8, 3859 = 86
9 C14763:8 2 4 < /03=363@ < <70 95 >5< 2 2:881 < =:23?3 9 < 38<6584 < 2 <
0 9563:8<, :70 9 C =/9 /01412586 9 1@18 = 86 2 95 01< 0@563:8
4:00 </:82 95 401563:8 2 78 8:7@ 99 86361 2 95 0 9563:8 1< 0@563:8,
:4470 84 2 9 1@18 = 86 4:00 </:82 9 38< 063:8 2 95 058A1 ( YY- V-
S58 +Y - S58 +Y) 258< 95 65>9 1< 0@563:8,
=:2G9 <6 2:84 >5<1 <70 9 ?536 B7 2 O/ 636 <O =:23?34563:8< 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8 <:86 0 /:061 < 4:== 2 O/ 636 <O =:23?34563:8< 2 95 >5< 2
2:881 < ( 3A70 V), < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 <:86 386 0/0161<
3836359 = 86 57 6 =/< 6 4:== 9 38<6584 " 6, < :4470 84 < 2 <
 Z

1@18 = 86< 2 6 6 <:86 0 /:061< 8 C1476586 9 < /03=363@ <

4:00 </:82586 < 2:88586 9 38<6584 " 6 , 6 538<3 2 <736 $
=:2G9 5=G8 9 < 0 =50B7 < <73@586 <, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < 4:863 86 9
0 ?9 6 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 /:70 78 38<6586 216 0=381 258< 9 6 =/<, 5
>5< 2 2:881 < 8 =1=:03< /5< 9 N3<6:30 2 < < =:23?34563:8< 450
9 :4470 84 2 < 1@18 = 86< 8605]8 86 3==12356 = 86 <:8 5467593<563:8, 3
9 :8 @ 76 4:8< 0@ 0 4 66 N3<6:30 39 ?576 95 =:2193< 0 C/93436 = 86 (:7
605@5399 0 5@ 4 78 #" N3<6:03B7 ), 5 >5< 2 2:881 < 57 6 =/< 6 <6 9
0 ?9 6 2 9 8< =>9 2 < 1@18 = 86< 2 /73< 9 38363593<563:8 6 2 @0536 T60
1A59 78 38<6584 38363593<1 57 6 =/< 6, 5 @5932361 2 4 66 1A59361 <6
<:7=3< 2 < NH/:6NG< < 6 2 < 4:8605386 < B7 9 :8 2:36 @5932 0 <70 9
=:2G9 , :7< 01<7=:8< 9 =:2G9 2 < =:23?34563:8< /50 9 < 1B7563:8< 2 95
3A70 ,
, 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 5467 9 <6 1A59 95 <1B7 84 2 < :4470 84 <
2 < 1@18 = 86< 5//93B71< 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 3836359,
V, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < 5467 99 <6 1A59 95 <1B7 84 2 < /03=363@ < 2
=:23?34563:8 C14761 < <70 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 3836359 ,
, 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 3836359 <6 78 386 0/016563:8
4:00 46 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 3836359,
-, 5 <1B7 84 2 :4470 84 2 < 1@18 = 86< <6 1B73@59 86 95
<1B7 84 2 C14763:8 2 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8
, 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 5467 99 <6 78 386 0/016563:8
4:00 46 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 5467 9,
< 1B7563:8< <:86 2 < NH/:6NG< < ?:06 < C5=38:8< 9 < /:<<3>9 < ?53>9 << <
2 4 <H<6G= ,
1B7563:8 <6 @053 <3 95 6:659361 2 < 1@18 = 86< / 7@ 86 T60 80 A3<601<
(:7 / 0^7<), 9 <6 2:84 << 863 9 B7 6:7< 9 < 1@18 = 86< <:3 86 =3< 8
1@32 84 6 B7 9 70< <:704 < 2 :4470 84 <:3 86 32 863?31 <, 38:8 9 <
6058<?:0=563:8< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 5//5053<< 86 4:== </:86581 <
<58< 457< , 6 4 43 0 82 3=/:<<3>9 95 =3< S:70 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < /50
9 C14763:8 2 < /03=363@ <, 58< 9 45< :a 2 6 9< 1@18 = 86< <:86 38N10 86<
57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 39 <6 3823</ 8<5>9 2 0138363593< 0 /103:23B7 = 86
95 >5< 2 2:881 < 5?38 2 012730 9 14506 860 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 <:8
38<65843563:8, 50 C =/9 258< 78 =5A5<38 /50 05//:06 95 A <63:8 2 <:8
<6:4I 9 < @:9< 2 =504N5823< < <:86 381@365>9 < 6 8 / 7@ 86 T60 /03< 8
4:=/6 /50 9 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 (/50 21?38363:8 9 @:9 2:36 /5<< 0
385// 0^7), 8 38@ 86530 /103:23B7 / 0= 6 95 0138363593<563:8 2 95 >5< 2
2:881 <,
 &

9 0* 9 0*
'> ** # $ (! @ .7.! 0 !$ A '> ** # $ (!
!$ ,#$&

A A A

- -
!$ @ * 0$7 A ,#$&

3A70 ' B7563:8< <:7< S54 86 < 27 =:2G9 2 =:23?34563:8,

1B7563:8 V <6 @053 /50 21?38363:8 99 4:8<6367 95 </143?34563:8 =T=
2 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 2 78 #" , / 82586 <5 @5932361 21/ 82 2
=14583<= < 6 9< B7 95 A <63:8 2 < 6058<5463:8< 258< 9 #" 2 78 A <63:8
4:00 46 2 95 4:84700 84 2 9 C14763:8 2 < 6058<5463:8< 2 95 <1470361 2 <
2:881 < /50 05//:06 57C 21?5399584 < 27 =56103 9,
1B7563:8 <6 @053 <3 2 78 /506 95 =:2193<563:8 <6 ?32G9 6 2 5760 /506
<3 9 38<6584 3836359 <6 78 386 0/016563:8 4:00 46 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8,
5 ?3219361 2 9 386 0/016563:8 21/ 82 2 95 S7<6 << 2 9 5859H< 2 < :>S 6<
27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 2 9 70 =:2193<563:8, 5 B759361 2 9 38<6584
3836359 2:36 T60 4:860L91 =38763 7< = 86 /50 C =/9 /50 2 < 0 B7T6 <
2:86 9 < 01<79656< <:86 21S 4:887< 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8,
1B7563:8 - <6 @053 <3 9 :8 0 <60 386 95 4:8<1B7 84 2 < 1@18 = 86< 57C
:>S 6< 38497< 258< 95 =:2193<563:8, 66 0 <603463:8 <6 3=/:06586 450 99
5=/76 9 1@18 = 86 2 78 /5063 2 <:8 38?:0=563:8 4:84 08586 <:8
521B7563:8 95 =:2193<563:8 57 =:2G9 57 /50523A= 2 A <63:8 76393<1,
:70 8:7< 9 1@18 = 86 <6 /:06 70 2 =:23?34563:8 <70 4 < 5760 < 83@ 57C 6
9 :0A583<563:8 2:36 T60 566 863@ 4 99 < 43, 50 C =/9 95 6058<?:0=563:8
2 < N5>3672 < 2 /5H = 86 2 < 493 86< /50 9 76393<563:8 2 4506 2 401236
2:36 T60 /03< 8 4:=/6 258< 95 =:2193<563:8 8 5S:76586 9 < 4:8<6367586<
814 <<530 <, 43 <6 84:0 /97< =583? <6 <3 95 <6074670 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8 8 <6 /5< >3 8 165>93 , 50 C =/9 258< 9 2:=538 2 95
4:A8363:8 95 4:=/01N 8<3:8 2 4 93@0 8 <6 /50 0127463>9 9 38< 063:8 2 <
=:6< 258< 78 NH/:6N163B7 65>9 4:86 87 258< 95 6T6 27 9 46 70, 7 ?70
6 = <70 2 <5 /0:A <<3:8 258< 95 9 4670 =53< 4N5B7 1@18 = 86
=:23?3 / 7 / 7 <:8 =:2G9 6 ?3859 = 86 165>936 78 /50523A= 386103:03<1
2 < <H<6G= < 2 38?:0=563:8, < 1@18 = 86< 2 < 4N5=/< 2 5//934563:8< >3 8
<60746701< 8605]8 86 /03843/59 = 86 2 < =:23?34563:8< <70 9 < :>S 6< 6 /97<
050 = 86 2 < =:23?34563:8< <70 95 <6074670 C/93B7586 9 <7441< 2 < #"
258< 4 < 2:=538 <,
 Z

* ' "0 7.! 0 !$

0('3
* 0$7
$ &#$&
!$ * .$ $ (!

3A70 - ' / 460 2 < =:23?34563:8< 2:86 9 1@18 = 86 <6 /:06 70,
1B7563:8 <6 @053 /:70 576586 B7 9 < 1B7563:8< /01412 86 < <:3 86
@103?31 <, 6 0= 78 14506 381@365>9 < 401 860 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8
6 95 >5< 2 2:881 < :>93A 586 9 4:84 /6 70 6 9 :0A583<563:8 (/50 :020
2140:3<<586 2 ?01B7 84 )'
• 0138363593< 0 95 >5< 2 2:881 <
• 0 <6074670 0 95 =:2193<563:8 2 < 2:881 < 6 2 < 1@18 = 86<
• 4N58A 0 2 =:2G9 (38?:0=563B7 )
• 4N58A 0 2 /50523A= 2 A <63:8
21?3 5467 9 2 < <H<6G= < 2 38?:0=563:8 01<32 258< 9 5<<70584 2 78
4:86387361 /50 05//:06 4 < 23??10 86< 4N58A = 86< (B73 <:86 3=/01@3<3>9 <)

- '
< /03=363@ < <:86 9 0 ?9 6 2 60:3< 1@18 = 86< 191= 86530 < 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8'
• 5 *(+5'40/U 78 :>S 6 8:7@ 57 5//505]6 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8
2:84 39 2:36 T60 80 A3<601 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 < (78 8:7@ 57 493 86
2 9 NL6 9)
• 5 34&, 7 ;0)(U 78 :>S 6 21S /01< 86 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 <
=:23?3 6 4 43 2:36 T60 0 /:061 258< 95 " (78 493 86 =:23?3 <5 256
2 21/506)
• 5 &)66(,&&40/U 78 :>S 6 80 A3<601 258< 95 " <:06 27 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8 6 2:36 2:84 T60 193=381 2 95 " ( 8 4N5=>0 <6
5=185A1 8 <59:8)
8 /03=363@ 8 =:23?3 B7 78 < 79 0 9563:8 6 78 < 79 86361, :70
< C1476 0 99 2:36 @103?3 0 4 06538 < /01 4:82363:8< 6 5/0G< <:8 C14763:8
:8 / 76 6:7S:70< @103?3 0 4 06538 < /:<6 4:82363:8<, 8 8:6 05 /50' D/01
4:82363:8<E /03=363@ D/:<6 4:82363:8<E 9 ?? 6 2 95 /03=363@ ,

!
:36 ( V ,,,, 8) 6 3 78 38<6584 2 0 78 67/9 2

8 :>S 6 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 / 76 T60 =:2193<1 /50 /97<3 70< 0 9563:8<,

&#

9:0< 95 401563:8 2 0 258< 8:61 4( 0) <6 9 :/10563:8 B73 =:23?3

9 38<6584 3 2 95 =583G0 <73@586 '
D0 ∉ 3 E 4( 0) D0 ∈ 3 E
8 2149 84N 4 66 /03=363@ /:70 9 67/9 0 9:0<B7 9 /0123456 2 2 @3 86
@5932 /:70 9 < @59 70< 2 0,
C =/9 ' 78 8:7@ 57 493 86
4( 93 86< ( 7=5< 9 C5820 O9 @3 7C =:7938,,,O))
champ
d'application

sort du C.A.

se transforme

entre dans le C.A.

suppression création
d'entités maj de d'entités
constituants

3A70 ' <<:43563:8 2 < 1@18 = 86< 19 = 86530 < 57C /03=363@ <,

;
:36 ( V ,,,, 8) 6 3 78 38<6584 2 0 78 67/9 2
9:0< 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 0 258< 8:61 <( 0) <6 9 :/10563:8 B73 =:23?3
9 38<6584 3 2 95 =583G0 <73@586 '
D0 ∈ 3 E <( 0) D0 ∉ 3 E
 Z

8 2149 84N 4 66 /03=363@ /:70 9 67/9 0 9:0<B7 9 /0123456 2

2 @3 86 38@5932 /:70 9 < @59 70< 2 0 6 B7 0 8 <6 /5< 0 =/9541 /50 78
5760 5H586 2 5760 < @59 70<,
C =/9 ' 6058<?:0=563:8 2 78 4N5=>0 8 <59:8
<( N5=>0 < (V VY V " ))

, 0
:36 ( V ,,,, 8) 6 3 78 38<6584 2 0 78 67/9 2
9:0< 95 =3< S:70 2 0 258< /:70 9 4:8<6367586 /50 95 @59 70 @ <6
9 :/10563:8 8:61 =( 0 @) <6 9 :/10563:8 B73 =:23?3 9 38<6584 3 2 95
=583G0 <73@586 '
D0 ∈ 3 E =( 0 @) D0c d_@ E
8 2149 84N 4 66 /03=363@ /:70 9 67/9 0 9:0<B7 9 /0123456 2 2 @3 86
38@5932 /:70 0 =53< 0 <6 @5932 <3 0 /0 82 95 @59 70 @ /:70 9
4:8<6367586 ,
C =/9 ' =:23?34563:8 2 95 256 2 21/506 2 78 01< 0@563:8
=( 1< 0@563:8 ( YYX - Y Z+ VZ Z+) 56 2 / Y Z+),

8 6058<5463:8 <6 21?383 /50 78 <1B7 84 2 /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8,

_ g / /V ,,, /8h
/97< 9 C14763:8 2 95 6058<5463:8 2:36 @103?3 0 9 < /0:/03161< <73@586 <
c# Z d'
• 5 *0/&4&'5/*,U 95 6058<5463:8 2:36 :>130 57C /0:6:4:9 < 91A57C, <
/0:6:4:9 < 91A57C 5//5053<< 86 4:== 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 <
0 </ 46 0 /:70 B7 95 4:84700 84 2 < 544G< <:36 4:N10 86 <, 6
8< =>9 21/ 82 2 95 6 4N83B7 4N:3<3 258< 9 504N36 4670 27 #" ,
158=:38< 6:7< 9 < /0:6:4:9 < C3A 86 B7 95 6058<5463:8 54412586
78 1656 4:8<3<6 86 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 6058<?:0= 4 973 43 8 78
1656 4:8<3<6 86 <3 :8 9 C1476 3<:91= 86 (4 43 05//:06 95 21?38363:8
2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 B7 9 :8 @ 005 796103 70 = 86)
• 5'034*4'+U C14763:8 2 < 6058<5463:8< 2:36 T60 @7 4:== 78 6:76
39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 6058<5463:8 3854N @1 , < 6058<?:0=563:8< 2 95 >5<
<:86 4:8< 0@1 < <3 95 6058<5463:8 < 54NG@ 2:84 <3 6:76 < 9 < /03=363@ <
2 =:23?34563:8< < <:86 C14761 < 8:0=59 = 86, 3 95 6058<5463:8 <6
3854N @1 9 < 6058<?:0=563:8< <:86 ??541 < 6 9 :8 0 <6367 9 1656
/01412 86,
• 5 9)(5:484'+U 78 ?:3< B7 78 6058<5463:8 <6 4:8?30=1 :8 8 / 76
/97< 9 58879 0 (<57? /50 78 8:7@ 99 6058<5463:8)
5 6058<5463:8 =783 2 4 < 4:84 /6< <6 9 78361 2 6058<?:0=563:8 2 95 >5<
2 2:881 < 6 57<<3 9 78361 2 0147/10563:8 2 < 00 70<, 8 8< =>9 2
6 4N83B7 < :86 161 21@ 9://1 < /:70 5<<70 0 4 < /0:/03161<, 99 <
 &&

/ 0= 66 86 95 =:23?34563:8 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < /50 /97<3 70< 76393<56 70<

8 6:76 <1470361, 6 57<<3 99 < <7//91 86 57C 1@ 867 99 < 21?5399584 < 27
=56103 9,
< /0:6:4:9 < 2 A <63:8 2 95 4:84700 84 <:86 01A3< /50 9 /03843/
2 1B73@59 84 2 < :02:88584 = 86< 2 < 6058<5463:8< c +d, =5A38:8< B7
8:7< 5H:8< 9 8< =>9 D V ,,, 8E 2 6058<5463:8< C1476 0 2 =583G0
4:84700 86 , 3 8:7< 5@3:8< 78 =54N38 38?383= 86 05/32 95 2701
2 C14763:8 2 < 6058<5463:8< < 0536 05= 81 P10: 6 9 01<79656 2 95
=:23?34563:8 4:00 </:820536 9 C14763:8 <1B7 863 99 2 78 2 <
/ 0=76563:8< /:<<3>9 < 2 9 8< =>9 2 21/506, :7< 8 /:<<12:8< /5< 78
6 99 =54N38 /50 4:860 B73 ?3C 9 8< =>9 2 < / 0=76563:8< C14761 <
<1B7 863 99 = 86 4:== 01?10 84 52=3<<3>9 , < /0:6:4:9 < 2 A <63:8 ( 8
76393<586 2 < @ 00:7< <70 9 < 2:881 <) 2 95 4:84700 84 @:86 / 0= 660 78
860 954 = 86 860 9 < /03=363@ < 2 < 6058<5463:8< =53< 5<<70 0 B7 9
01<79656 ?3859 <:36 1B73@59 86 78 2 < / 0=76563:8<, 760 = 86 236 4 <
/0:6:4:9 < 8 / 0= 66 86 /5< 57C 6058<5463:8< 2 4:==783B7 0 860 99 <,
8 6058<5463:8 / 76 =:23?3 0 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 6 4 66 =:23?34563:8 8
2:36 /5< T60 / 0^7 /50 2 5760 < 6058<5463:8< 6586 B7 99 8 <6 /5< 4:8?30=1
(54N @1 ),
58< 9 < #" 39 8 @5 2 =T= 78 6058<5463:8 / 76 =:23?3 0 9 4:86 87
4:=/9 6 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 4 < =:23?34563:8< 8 < 0:86 / 0^7 < B7 57
=:= 86 2 95 4:8?30=563:8,
56:=34361 2 95 6058<5463:8 2:36 /01@ 830 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 2
=:23?34563:8< 384:=/9G6 <, 99 < 43 / 7@ 86 T60 27 < 78 6058<5463:8 8
/:7@586 < 54N @ 0 (=57@53< /505=G60 < 93=36 2 < 0 <<:704 <) 78
6058<5463:8 00:81 (9 < 4:82363:8< 00:81 < <:86 /01@7 < 6 95 6058<5463:8
/0:@:B7 99 =T= 9 5>582:8) :7 /97< <3=/9 = 86 78 21?5399584
=56103 99 270586 9 C14763:8, 66 2 083G0 / 76 /0:@:B7 0 78 / 06 27
4:86 87 2 95 =1=:30 @3@ :7 2 78 =1235 2 95 =1=:30 < 4:82530 ,
7 9B7 8 <:36 95 053<:8 9 56:=34361 C3A B7 9 < ?? 6< 2 < 6058<5463:8< 8
4:70< <:3 86 193=381< 6 B7 4 7C 2 < 6058<5463:8< 4:8?30=1 < <:3 86
0 <63671< (<3 2160736<), 5 6 87 2 78 S:70859 (<6:4I1 3821/ 825== 86 2 95
>5< 2 2:881 <) 2 < =:23?34563:8< 860 /03< < /50 9 < 6058<5463:8< 4:8<6367
A181059 = 86 95 6 4N83B7 =/9:H1 /:70 5<<70 0 9 56:=34361, 8 45<
2 386 007/63:8 39 <7??36 2 /504:7030 9 S:70859 /:70 0 ?530 9 < 6058<5463:8<
4:8?30=1 < 6 /:70 21?530 4 99 < B73 8 9 <:86 /5<, 66 0 /03< 99 =T=
<7S 66 2 < 21?5399584 < 2:36 /:7@:30 T60 01 C1476 0 576586 2 ?:3< B7 39 9
?576,
8 /506 3=/:06586 27 4:2 2 78 #" <6 4:8<5401 95 01<:9763:8 2 4 <
/0:>9G= < 6 9 :8 / 76 4:8<3210 0 B7 78 9:A343 9 B73 81A93A 0536 4 < 4:84 /6<
8 / 76 /5< T60 C/9:361 053<:85>9 = 86 /50 78 860 /03< ,
 Z+

" ! ;)"
958A5A :??0 2 < /03=363@ < < =>95>9 <, 99 < 21?383<< 86 78 <:7<
8< =>9 B73 / 0= 6 2 =583/79 0 9 < 2:881 < 2 < 65>9 < 27 #" , 7C 60:3<
/03=363@ < 2 >5< <:86 5S:761 < 9 < 4:==582 < / 0= 66586 2 </143?3 0 2 <
6058<5463:8< 6 4 99 < / 0= 66586 21?3830 9 < @ 00:7< /:70 95 A <63:8 2 95
4:84700 84 ,

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 38<10 0 <:36 78 8:7@ 99 058A1 21?383 C/93436 = 86

:7 >3 8 2 38<10 0 78 8< =>9 2 058A1 < 21?383 < /50 9 01<79656 2 78
0 B7T6 , < 4:9:88 < 8:8 21?383 < 9:0< 2 9 38< 063:8 /0 88 86 95 @59 70 8799
/:70 4 66 058A1 , 5 93<6 2 < 4:9:88 < / 76 T60 1@361 258< 4 45< 9 <
@59 70< < <:86 5<<:431 < 57C 4:9:88 < 258< 9 :020 2 95 214950563:8 2 95
65>9 ( ,,,)
38< 06 4:==582

C =/9 '
401563:8 2 78 8:7@ 99 01< 0@563:8 /:70 78 8:7@ 57 493 86
insert into clients
(num_client, nom, prenom, adresse)
values(2000,'New','Man','12 rue de la découverte')
insert into reservations
(num_client, num_chambre, date_arr, date_dep)
values(2000,12,'12-jan-91','14-jan-91')
5 /0 =3G0 =:23?34563:8 <6 1B73@59 86 '
insert into clients
values(2000,'New','Man','12 rue de la découverte')
=5A38:8< B7 8:7< 5H:8< 4011 78 65>9 j B73 2:36 4:86 830
9 < 493 86< 5H586 01< 0@1 /50630 2 9 5881 ++Y, :7< 5@:8< 9 :020 2
401563:8 <73@586 6 9 38363593<563:8 2 95 65>9 / 76 < ?? 467 0 5@ 4 78
38< 063:8 544:=/5A81 2 78 <:7< 0 B7T6 ,
CREATE TABLE CLIENTS_RECENTS (
NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6) not null ,
NOM CHAR (20),
PRENOM CHAR (20),
ADRESSE CHAR (40))
insert into CLIENTS_RECENTS
(num_client, nom, prenom, adresse)
SELECT c.num_client, nom, prenom, adresse
FROM CLIENTS c, RESERVATIONS r
WHERE c.num_client=r.num_client
AND date_arr>='1-jan-90'
9 <6 38610 <<586 2 8:6 0 B7 4 6H/ 2 38< 063:8 4:82736 401 0 2 <
38?:0=563:8< 0 2:82586 <, 8 ?? 6 9 < 38?:0=563:8< B73 <:86 38<101 < <:86
21S /50 21?38363:8 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 <,
/256 4:==582

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 = 660 S:70 78 4:9:88 :7 78 A0:7/ 2 4:9:88 ,

C/0 <<3:8 2 =3< S:70 <6 <:36 78 C/0 <<3:8 <3=/9 :7 >3 8 78 <:7<
0 B7T6 , 5 4:82363:8 2 95 4957< WHERE / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 058A1 < B73
2:3@ 86 T60 =3< S:70,
C =/9 '
=:23?34563:8 2 95 256 2 21/506 27 493 86 YYX
update reservations
set date_dep='30-DEC-89'
WHERE num_client=2000 AND date_dep='28-DEC-89';
57A= 86563:8 2 6:7< 9 < /03C 2 Ye
<3=/9 7/256

update chambres
set prix=prix*1.10
57A= 86563:8 2 < /03C 2 Ye /:70 9 < 4N5=>0 < 5@ 4 >538
update chambres
set prix=prix*1.10
WHERE confort='BAIN';
57A= 86563:8 2 < /03C 2 Ye ; 0584< /50 / 0<:88 /:7@586 :447/ 0 95
4N5=>0 U
update chambres
set prix=prix*1.10 + 5*nbr_pers
 +

57A= 86563:8 2 < /03C 57 /03C =:H 8 8 ?:8463:8 27 4:8?:06 (343 9 < 058A1 <
2 95 65>9 =:23?3 0 <:86 76393<1 < 4:== @5035>9 258< 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 U
update chambres c1
set (prix)=(SELECT avg(prix)
FROM chambres c2
WHERE c1.confort=c2.confort)
<7>B7 0H 7/256

2 9 6 4:==582

C =/9 '
7//0 <<3:8 2 95 4N5=>0 V
delete FROM chambres
WHERE num_chambre=23
7//0 <<3:8 2 6:76 < 9 < 4N5=>0 <
delete FROM chambres
6058<5463:8 4:==582

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 6058<5463:8<, 21>76 2 95 6058<5463:8

<6 3=/93436 39 <6 <3671 230 46 = 86 5/0G< 9 2 083 0 /:386 2 4:8?30=563:8
:7 57 21>76 2 95 < <<3:8 2 605@539,
5 4:==582 commit 21?3836 95 ?38 2 95 6058<5463:8, < 4:==582 < 2
=583/79563:8 2 95 =:2193<563:8 (CREATE, drop ,,,) /0:@:B7 86
3==12356 = 86 5/0G< 9 70 C14763:8 78 commit 3=/93436 ,
5 4:==582 set transaction / 0= 6 2 21?3830 C/93436 = 86 9 21>76
2 78 6058<5463:8 258< 9 45< :a 9 :8 @ 76 C1476 0 /97<3 70< 0 B7T6 <
4:8<3<6 86 < /50 05//:06 95 9 4670 , :/63:8 read only 21?3836 B7 4 66
6058<5463:8 8 ? 05 /5< 2 =:23?34563:8,
5 4:==582 savepoint ,,, / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 < /:386< 2 0 6:70
9 386103 70 =T= 2 95 6058<5463:8, 9 < 05 /:<<3>9 2 0 @ 830 C/93436 = 86
9 1656 21?383 8 4 < /:386<,
 5 4:==582 rollback ,,, / 0= 6 2 0 6:708 0 9 1656 21?383 57 21>76 2
95 6058<5463:8, 8 </143?3586 78 <5@ /:386 :8 0 @3 86 9 1656 21?383 4
/:386,
C =/9 '
8 6058<5463:8 4:8?30=1
update chambres
set prix=prix*1.10
commit
/0G< 014 /63:8 2 4 = <<5A 9 < ?? 6< 2 95 6058<5463:8< <:86 @3<3>9 <
/:70 2 5760 < /0:4 <<7< 386 00:A 586 95 >5< 2 2:881 <
8 6058<5463:8 588791
update chambres
set prix=prix*1.10
rollback
< ?? 6< 2 95 6058<5463:8 <:86 588791<
9:4I 4:==582

5 A <63:8 2 < @ 00:7< <6 /50 21?576 5<<701 /50 9 #" , / 82586 39
<6 /:<<3>9 2 </143?3 0 /:70 78 6058<5463:8 9 < @ 00:7< 2 =5821<, 43
<:86 /:<1< 57 83@ 57 2 95 65>9 :7 57 83@ 57 2 95 058A1 , 58< 9 45< :a 78
@ 00:7 <6 21S /:<1 /50 78 5760 /0:4 <<7< 9 :/63:8 nowait </143?3 B7 95
6058<5463:8 8 2:36 /5< 566 820 =53< 0 6:708 9 4:860L9 9 76393<56 70,
:4I =:2

< 23??10 86< =:2 2 @ 0:73995A <:86 9 < <73@586<'

• shareU 57 83@ 57 2 95 65>9 =:2 /5065A1 8 9 4670 <58< =3<
S:70 /:<<3>9
• exclusiveU 57 83@ 57 2 95 65>9 =:2 C497<3? 8 9 4670 8
/ 0= 66586 57478 =:23?34563:8
• row share (ou row update)U 57 83@ 57 2 < 058A1 < =:2
/5065A1 8 9 4670 386 0236 78 544G< C497<3? 2 95 65>9 ,
• row exclusiveU 57 83@ 57 2 < 058A1 < =:2 /5065A1 8 9 4670
386 0236 78 544G< /5061A1 2 95 65>9 ,
 +

• share row exclusiveU 57 83@ 57 2 < 058A1 < =:2 /5065A1 8

9 4670 386 0236 78 544G< /5061A1 2 95 65>9 6 95 =:23?34563:8 2 <
058A1 <,
<7>B7 0H

:7< 5S:76:8< 4 66 4957< 343 450 99 47=79 2 7C ?? 6< 95 401563:8 2 78

65>9 6 9 38< 063:8 3==12356 2 2:881 <, :7< /:7@:8< 2:84 C/03= 0 9 <
2 7C 0 B7T6 < /01412 86 < /:70 j 8 78 < 79 '
CREATE TABLE CLIENTS_RECENTS AS
SELECT c.num_client, nom, prenom, adresse
FROM CLIENTS c, RESERVATIONS r
WHERE c.num_client=r.num_client
AND date_arr>='1-jan-90'
50 21?576 9 < 8:=< 6 9 < 6H/ < 2 < 4:9:88 < <:86 /03< 258< 9 01<79656 2 95
0 B7T6 ,

3A70 X' 5<B7 2 =:23?34563:8 /:70 9 < 493 86<,

9 <6 1@32 86 B7 9 < 4:==582 < @7 < /97< N576 8 / 7@ 86 /5< T60
76393<1 < 230 46 = 86 /50 9 76393<56 70, < 2 083G0 < 2:3@ 86 T60 38<101 <
258< 78 386 0?54 / 0= 66586 9 2359:A7 860 9 76393<56 70 6 9 #" ,
66 386 0?54 / 76 T60 01593<1 5@ 4 78 A181056 70 2 14058 :7 5@ 4 78
958A5A 2 /0:A05==563:8 ( ;; 5@5 $) 66 386 0?54 /01< 86 05
9 76393<56 70 78 =5<B7 2 <53<3 495<<3B7 U 258< 4N5B7 4N5=/ 39 /:7005
860 0 < < 2:881 <, 386 0?54 ? 05 99 9 5// 9 57 #" 5@ 4 95 4:==582
, 58< 78 =T= =5<B7 ( 3A70 X) 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 401 0
<19 463:88 0 = 660 S:70 6 <7//03= 0 2 < 2:881 <,
8 / 76 ?? 467 0 4 06538 < @103?34563:8< 95 <53<3 =53< 8:7< 599:8< @:30
258< 9 4N5/360 <73@586 B7 39 <6 57<<3 814 <<530 2 4:=/916 0 95
=:2193<563:8 5@ 4 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 /:06586 <70 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 <,

1
) :
:88 P 78 0 B7T6 /:70 4N5B7 /:386 43 2 <<:7<'
, 38<10 0 9 860 63 8 O/ 38670 450:<< 03 O 27 @1N3479 YYYY- 57 S:70 :
V-
V, = 660 S:70 9 520 << 27 4N57?? 0 : B73 <6 5467 99 = 86 OV
4N =38 2 9 5@ 830O
, <7//03= 0 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <70 9 /958838A 4:84 08586 9 < S:70<
38?103 70< YY

<! :

)insert into Entretien (Nochassis, nojour, description)

values(100004, 24, 'peinture carosserie')
V) 8 0 =50B7 9 < 2 7C 5/:<60:/N < /:70 8 38<10 0 78 b
update Chauffeur
set adresse='23 chemin de l''avenir'
WHERE nochauffeur=1
)
delete FROM planning
WHERE nojour<100;
8 <7//03= 9 ?? 6 2 4 < 6058<5463:8< 5@ 4 9 :99>54I
Rollback
 +

" < # ! !

"Chaque pièce occupe une case et chaque case ne peut

contenir qu'une seule pièce." (Camil Seneca - Les échecs)

:7< 5@:8< @7 4:== 86 38<10 0 =:23?3 0 6 <7//03= 0 2 < 86361< 258< 78

38<6584 , < =:23?34563:8< 2:3@ 86 T60 9 0 ?9 6 2 1@18 = 86< 5//506 8586
57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 9 <6 1@32 86 B7 39 <6 60G< <3=/9 2 4:== 660 2 <
00 70< A0:<<3G0 < 9:0< 2 4 < :/10563:8<, / 82586 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8
<6 <:7=3< 2 < 38@503586< 5// 91< 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 B73 / 0= 66 86 2
012730 9 < 03<B7 < 2 /0:2730 2 < 38<6584 < 384:8<3<6586 <, 50 C =/9 :8
8 / 76 /5< 01< 0@ 0 78 4N5=>0 B73 8 C3<6 /5< 78 493 86 384:887,

6C
modélisation
@$5$
& invariants

interprétation
+

concrétisation +
$$$
+

validation
des RI

3A70 V ' 861A0563:8 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 258< 9 /0:4 <<7< 2
=:2193<563:8
< 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 <:86 2 < /0123456< B73 <:86 6:7S:70< 1@5971< @053,
18:84 0 99 < < =>9 86 T60 2 < 95/593<<52 < ' O 95 256 2 5003@1 /014G2 95
256 2 21/506O, 53< 99 < 4:8<6367 86 78 /73<<586 =:H 8 2 @103?34563:8 6
2 193=38563:8 2 < 38<6584 < B73 8 / 7@ 86 /5< C3<6 0 258< 78 4N5=/
2 5//934563:8, 5 =:2193<563:8 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 < 544:=/5A8 2:84
2 78 /N5< 2 0 4N 04N 2 < 38@503586< B7 9 :8 C/03= <:7< ?:0= 2
0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, :0< 2 9 165/ 2 4:840163<563:8 99 < <:86 6058<?:0=1 <
8 78 8< =>9 2 =14583<= < B73 @5932 86 4 < 0GA9 <,
< =14583<= < <:86 @5031< 39< / 7@ 86 T60 3861A01< 57C =5<B7 < 2 <53<3
:7 ?530 /5063 27 8:H57 27 #" 6 T60 </143?31< 9:0< 2 95 401563:8 2 78
65>9 :7 /97< <3=/9 = 86 T60 2 < 0 B7T6 < B73 216 46 86 95 /01< 84
2 58:=593 < 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 <,
 #

%! !!
; <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2
_D3 . 3 <6 78 38<6584 2 E
;> <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <
" _ D3" . 3" ∈ ∏ S S_ ,,8E
8 0GA9 2 3861A0361 <6 78 /0123456 5H586 " /:70 2:=538
03 ' " → {@053 ?57CE
8 2305 B73 3" ∈ " $ 95 0GA9 2 3861A0361 03 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3
03(3" )_ @053
;> I <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < @5932586 03
; 21<3A8 9 8< =>9 2 < 03 2 78 =:2193<563:8
_ D03 $ 038E
8 2305 B73 3" ∈ " B5849, 9 8< =>9 (:7 <6 4:8<3<6 86 /50 05//:06
) <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 3" @5932 4N5B7 03S 2 ,
' " → {@053 ?57CE
(3" ) _ ∏ 03S (3" ) S_ ,,8
_ 03 (3" ) ∧ 03V(3" ) ∧ ,,, ∧ 038(3" )
;> I ; <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < @5932586
" W _ D3" . (3" )E
80 =50B7 B7
" W _ " W03 ∩ " W03V ∩ ,,, ∩ " W038
" 21?3836 78 </54 2:86 4N5B7 23= 8<3:8 4:00 </:82 78 0 9563:8,
N5B7 /:386 2 4 6 </54 <6 5<<:431 78 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2
2:881 <, " W03 21?3836 9 <:7< 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <
@5932586 95 0GA9 03, " W <6 9 386 0< 463:8 2 6:7< 4 < <:7< 8< =>9 <,
9 < 5A36 2:84 2 165>930 2 < 0GA9 < B7 @5932 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8
3821/ 825== 86 2 < @59 70< 2 < :>S 6< 2 4 2 083 0,
58< 9 605@539 2 , , N5= c +Yd <70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 :8 60:7@
9 < /0:/03161< <73@586 <'
8 8< =>9 <6 $ <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 <
@5932 86 <:36'
<6 603@359 ⇔ " W _ "
50 C =/9 03' ( 56 j 00p 56 j /) ∨ ( 56 j 00k 56 j /) <6 78 03
603@359 8 3=/:06 B7 9 4:7/9 2 256 < <563<?536 4 66 0GA9 ,
8 8< =>9 <6 " <3 6 < 79 = 86 < 39 C3<6 78 38<6584
@5932586 <:36'
<6 <563<?53<5>9 ⇔ " W o ∅
58< 9 45< 4:860530 :8 236 B7 <6 " <:36
 +

<6 <563<?53<5>9 ⇔ " W _ ∅

50 C =/9 03' ( 56 j 00g 56 j /) ∧ ( 56 j 00h 56 j /) <6 78 03
38<563<?53<5>9 57478 4:7/9 2 256 < <563<?536 4 66 0GA9 ,
5 8:63:8 2 <563<?53<5>39361 <6 05//0:4N 0 2 4 99 2 4:8<3<6584 8
9:A3B7 , :7< 8:7< 38610 <<:8< 2:84 B7 57C 8< =>9 < 2 0GA9 <
<563<?53<5>9 <,
5 0GA9 03 <6 ) /50 (8:61 03 :7 <6 95 4:8<1B7 84
9:A3B7 2 ) <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < @5932586 @5932 86
57<<3 03 <:36
( 03) ⇔ ( " W ⊆ " W03)
50 C =/9 03V' ( 56 j 00p 56 j / ; 8 S:70<) :a 8 <6 /:<363? <6
3=/93B71 /50 95 03 ' ( 56 j 00p 56 j /),
8< =>9 <6 ) $ <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 <
@5932586 @5932 86 57<<3 6 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < @5932586 @5932 86
57<<3 <:36
( ≡ )⇔(" W = " W )
50 C =/9 03 ' ( 56 j 00p 56 j /) ∧ ( 56 j 00k 56 j /) <6
1B73@59 86 03V' ( 56 j 00_ 56 j /),
8< =>9 <6 B7 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6:76 < 9 <
38<6584 < @5932586 @5932 86 57<<3 <:36
( p )⇔(" W ⊆ " W )
50 C =/9 03 ' ( 56 j 00h S58 +Y) <6 /97< 4:86053A8586 B7 03V'
( 56 j 00h S58 Z+),
5 2 <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 4:8605386 < 3=/93B71 < /50 ,
;;_D03 . 03E
<6 <3 6 < 79 = 86 < 39 8 C3<6 57478 0GA9 03 ∈ 6 99
B7 ( D03E) 03, 7478 03 8 / 76 2:84 < 212730 2 < 5760 <,
< 8:63:8< 2 ? 0= 670 6 2 300 2:82584 < 0:86 /50634793G0 = 86 7639 <
9:0<B7 8:7< 5>:02 0:8< 9 1672 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < 78 A0:7/
/50634793 0 2 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, 99 < / 0= 660:86 2 0 4N 04N 0 9 8< =>9
=383=59 2 03,

" /
:7< <:== < =5386 8586 8 = <70 2 4:=/0 820 95 /0:/03161 2 95
4:8<3<6584 2 78 6058<5463:8, 8 6058<5463:8 < C1476 <70 78 38<6584
4:8<3<6586 3" 6 6058<?:0= 4 99 43 8 78 5760 38<6584 4:8<3<6586 3"
/50 05//:06 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 /01@59586 <70 95 >5< 2
2:881 <, 8 6 0= < 2 /01 6 /:<6 4:82363:8< 8:7< /:7@:8< 8:6 0'
D3" ∈ " W E D3" ∈ " W E
82586 95 2701 2 95 6058<5463:8 9 1656 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < / 76 T60
384:8<3<6586, 53< 4 < 1656< 8 <:86 / 0^7< B7 /50 95 6058<5463:8 ,
 &

56:=34361 6 9 < /0:6:4:9 < 2 A <63:8 2 95 4:84700 84 5<<70 86 B7 < 79

9 1656 3" < 05 @3<3>9 (:7 3" <3 :8 58879 95 6058<5463:8),
58< 95 ?3A70 V 9 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 21?383<< 86 9 < <576<
=383=57C 2 78 1656 9 5760 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 5 6058<5463:8 21?3836 78
/504:70< 4:== 8^586 6 < 6 0=38586 /50 78 1656 4:8<3<6586,
< 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 <:86 ) 50 9 1656 3836359 6 ?3859 8 <:86 /5< 931<
/50 ://:<363:8 57C 0GA9 < 3 ) :a 4 < 1656< <:86 931<, 95<<3B7 = 86
9 1656 43@39 2 78 / 0<:88 <6 78 C =/9 2 78 0GA9 2H85=3B7 8 ?? 6
9 1656 =5031 8 / 76 <74412 0 B7 9 1656 @ 7? :7 23@:041 (<3 9 :8 C4976 9 <
58879563:8< 2 =5035A 60G< 050 < b)
Modélisation
données
IBD

iBDI' Transaction T
IBD/RI
Règles iBDI
d'intégrité

Primitives
modification

3A70 VV' GA9 < 2 3861A0361 6 6058<5463:8<

- ! / ! !
C5=38:8< 9 < 60:3< 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 <73@586 <'
03 ' 8:=>0 2 < = =>0 < 2 9 793/: <6 78 8:=>0 /0 =3 0 6 78 8:=>0
2 7 8 57, V
03V' O 5 256 2 21/506 2 78 01< 0@563:8 2:36 T60 /:<6103 70 95 256
2 5003@1 O <:36
03V' ∀ 0 ∈ 1< 0@563:8< (0,256 2 / h 0,256 500)
03 ' O 8 =T= 4N5=>0 8 / 76 T60 01< 0@1 /50 2 7C 493 86< 23??10 86< 9
=T= S:70O
03 ' ∀ 0 ∈ 1< 0@563:8< ¬∃ 0 ∈ 1< 0@563:8< 6 9 B7 '
0, 7=493 86 o 0 , 7=493 86
6 0, 7=4N5=>0 _ 0 , 7=4N5=>0
6 0, 56 500 p 0 , 56 2 /
6 0, 56 2 / h 0 , 56 500
03-'O < 87=10:< 2 493 86< 258< 1< 0@563:8 <:86 21?383< 258< 93 86<O
03-' 1< 0@563:8c 7=j493 86d ⊆ 93 86<c 7=j493 86d

V :386 Z 2 < O 8234563:8< 93=38530 <O 2 54B7 < :7>572 38 5 >3>93:6NGB7 793/3 88
2363:8< 5=<5H +Z
 ++

03 'O < 87=10:< 2 493 86< <:86 783B7 <O

03 ' ∀ 0 ∈ 93 86< ¬∃ 0 ∈ 93 86< 6 9 B7 '
0c := 0 8:= 20 << d o 0 c := 0 8:= 20 << d
6 0, 7= 93 86 _ 0 , 7= 93 86

8 / 76 0 =50B7 0 B7 95 @5932563:8 2 < 03 /01412 86 < 2 =582 2 <

4:8853<<584 < 23@ 0< < <70 9 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <,
03 / 76 T60 @59321 230 46 = 86 <70 9 4:8<6367586 8:=>0 j2 j= =>0 < (<3
9 :8 4:8<6367536 78 >5< 2 2:881 < N3<6:03B7 /:70 9 793/:), 66 0GA9 <6
2 6H/ 39 <7??36 2 4:885]60 95 @59 70 /03< /50 9 4:8<6367586 /:70
@5932 0 95 0GA9 , :0=59 = 86 4 < 0GA9 < <:86 21?383 < 57 83@ 57 27 2:=538
27 4:8<6367586 4 / 82586 95 4:=/9 C361 2 4 06538 < 21/5<< 9 < 45/54361<
2 =:2193<563:8 2 < 2:=538 < (6H/ 386 0@599 ,,,)
03V / 76 T60 @59321 230 46 = 86 <70 9 86361 2 1< 0@563:8 , 66 0GA9 <6
2 6H/ , 39 <7??36 2 4:885]60 95 @59 70 /03< /50 9 86361 /:70
@5932 0 95 0GA9 ,
03 / 76 T60 @59321 230 46 = 86 <70 9 38<6584 2 95 0 9563:8 1< 0@563:8,
66 0GA9 <6 2 6H/ , 39 <7??36 2 4:885]60 95 @59 70 /03<
/50 /97<3 70< 2 < 86361< 2 78 38<6584 /:70 @5932 0 95 0GA9 ,
03- 2 =582 /:70 T60 @59321 9 < 38<6584 < 2 /97<3 70< 0 9563:8<
23??10 86 <, 66 0GA9 <6 2 6H/ , ,
03 / 76 T60 @59321 230 46 = 86 <70 9 38<6584 2 95 0 9563:8 93 86<, 66
0GA9 <6 2 6H/ , , 8 236 57<<3 B7 7=493 86 <6 78 491 2 95
0 9563:8 93 86<, 8 491 <6 78 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< (=383=7=) B73
216 0=38 2 =583G0 783B7 6:7< 9 < 5760 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8 ( 8
0 @3 8205 <70 4 66 8:63:8 258< 9 4N5/360 <70 9 < 21/ 82584 <
?:8463:88 99 <),
5 ?3A70 01<7= 4 < 23??10 86< 6H/ <, 5 4:=/9 C361 2 95 @5932563:8 27
6H/ 21/ 82 230 46 = 86 2 9 16 827 2 95 0GA9 , 8 2 < :>S 463?< 9:0< 2 95
4:84 /63:8 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < <6 2 =383=3< 0 9 < 4:[6< 2 @5932563:8 2
4 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361,
30 46 = 86 931 95 @5932563:8 2 78 0GA9 2 3861A0361 8:7< 5@:8< 95 8:63:8
2 /:061 2 78 0GA9 2 3861A0361, 8 /03=363@ 2 =:23?34563:8 5//5063 86
95 /:061 2 78 0GA9 03 <3 99 / 76 0 820 38@5932 9 38<6584 2 95 " , <6
230 B7 99 / 76 38?97 84 0 95 4:8<3<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < /50
05//:06 03
 +
@ @ $$$ @

3A70 V ' *6 827 2 < 23??10 86< 6H/ < 2 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361
1?38363:8
:36 9 8< =>9 2 < /03=363@ < 5//9345>9 < 57 <4N1=5 _D V ,,,
8E 95 * 4 <6 9 8< =>9 2 < /03=363@ < 2
=:23?34563:8 B73 / 7@ 86 0 820 38@5932 78 38<6584 3" <:36'
/(03) _D/ ∈ . D3" ∈ " W03E / D3" ∉ " W03EE
:70 9 < 03 /01412 86 < 8:7< 5@:8< ( _401563:8 _=3< S:70
_<7//0 <<3:8 9 < j 4:00 </:82 86 57C /505=G60 < 8:8 </143?31< 2 <
/03=363@ <)'
/(03 )_D ( 793/: j)
( 793/: j 8:=>0 j2 j= =>0 < j)E
/(03V)_D ( 1< 0@563:8< j)
( 1< 0@563:8< j 256 j 00 j)
( 1< 0@563:8< j 256 j / j)E
/(03 )_D ( 1< 0@563:8< j)
( 1< 0@563:8< j 87=j493 86 j)
( 1< 0@563:8< j 87=j4N5=>0 j)
( 1< 0@563:8< j 256 j 00 j)
( 1< 0@563:8< j 256 j / j)E
/(03-)_D ( 1< 0@563:8< j)
( 1< 0@563:8< j 87=j493 86 j)
( 93 86< j)
( 93 86< j 87=j493 86 j)E
/(03 )_D ( 93 86< j)
( 93 86< j 87=j493 86 j)E
8 / 76 4:8<656 0 B7 95 /:061 <6 8 05//:06 5@ 4 9 < 6H/ < 2 0GA9 , 5
/:061 <6 7639 /:70 216 0=38 0 9 < 4:860L9 < <7??3<586< 6 814 <<530 < /:70
95 " /50 05//:06 57C 6058<5463:8< 6 57C 386 0?54 < 76393<56 70<,
 VY

78 =583G0 38@ 0< :8 / 76 21?3830 95 " 2 78 /03=363@ /50

9 8< =>9 2 < 03 2:86 99 <6 191= 86 2 95 /:061 ,
/(/)_D03 ∈ . / ∈ /(03)E
@ 4 9 < 03 43 2 <<7< 8:7< 5@:8<'
/( ( 1< 0@563:8< j))_D03V 03 03-E
/( ( 93 86< j))_D03-E
8 / 76 16 820 9 < 8:63:8< 2 /:061 6 2 < 8<3>39361 57 83@ 57 2 95
6058<5463:8,
:36 78 5//934563:8 21?383 4:== 9 8< =>9 2 < 6058<5463:8< D V ,,,
8E :a 4N5B7 3 <6 21?383 /50 78 8< =>9 2 /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8
3 _ D /3 /3V ,,, /3=E,
5 /:061 2 95 0GA9 03 /50 05//:06 9 5//934563:8 <6 59:0< 21?383 4:==
9 8< =>9 2 < 6058<5463:8< 2:86 78 2 < /03=363@ < 5//5063 86 95 /:061 2
95 03,
(03)_D ∈ . ∃/ ∈ :a / ∈ /(03)E
8 / 76 57<<3 21?3830 95 " 2 78 6058<5463:8 /50 9 8< =>9 2 < 03
2:86 99 <6 191= 86 2 95 /:061 ,
( )_D03 ∈ . ∈ (03)E
467 99 = 86 9 < #" / 0= 66 86 2 @5932 0 4 06538 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361
C/03=1 < 9:0< 2 95 4:84 /63:8 27 <4N1=5, < 0GA9 < <:86 0 <60 386 < 2 <
4561A:03 < >3 8 21?383 < 2:86 95 /:061 8 6 0= 2 /03=363@ < <6
3=/93436 = 86 5<<:431 57C /505=G60 < 2 95 4561A:03 , 95 <3A83?3 B7 9
#" 216 0=38 576:=563B7 = 86 95 /:061 2 4 < 0GA9 < 6 @5932 4 <
2 083G0 < 2G< B7 78 2 4 < /03=363@ < <6 C14761 , < 4561A:03 < <:86'
• 78 0GA9 , C/03=1 /50 78 /0123456 <70 9 < 4:8<6367586<
2 78 0 9563:8 , < /03=363@ < 2 95 /:061 <:86 95 401563:8 2 78
86361 6 95 =3< S:70 2 78 2 < 4:8<6367586< 27 /0123456 2 95 0GA9
• C =/9 03' /03C g Y ` 8>0j/ 0<
/(03)_D ( N5=>0 < j )
( N5=>0 < j /03C j)
( N5=>0 < j 8>0j/ 0< j)E
• 78 0GA9 /:06586 <70 9 2 < @59 70< /03< < /50 78 8< =>9 2
4:8<6367586< ! 2 78 0 9563:8 (:8 @ 005 /97< 9:38 B7 4 43 <6 78 491),
:36 ∀0∈3 ∀0 ∈3 0c!do0 c!d, 9 8 C3<6 2:84 /5< 2 7C 86361< 5H586
=T= @59 70 /:70 !, < /03=363@ < 2 95 /:061 <:86 95 401563:8 2 78
86361 6 95 =3< S:70 2 78 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 !,
• C =/9 03' 834361 <70 7=j4N5=>0 258< N5=>0 <
/(03)_D ( N5=>0 < j )
( N5=>0 < j 87=j4N5=>0 j)E
• 78 0GA9 /:06586 <70 9 38497<3:8 860 2 7C 8< =>9 < 2 86361<
C/03=1 /50 c!d ⊆ c&d (21/ 82584 2 38497<3:8), < /03=363@ < 2 95
 /:061 <:86 95 401563:8 2 78 86361 2 95 =3< S:70 2 78 2 <
4:8<6367586< 2 ! 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 78 86361 2 6 95 =3< S:70
2 78 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 &
• C =/9 21S 4361
03-' 1< 0@563:8c 7=j493 86d ⊆ 93 86<c 7=j493 86d
/(03-)_D ( 1< 0@563:8< j)
( 1< 0@563:8< j 87=j493 86 j)
( 93 86< j)
( 93 86< j 87=j493 86 j)E
8 21?383<<586 78 2 4 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 230 46 = 86 258< 9 #" 9
4:84 /6 70 8 2:36 /97< < /01:447/ 0 2 <5 @5932563:8 9:0< 2 78
6058<5463:8, #" 95 @5932 576:=563B7 = 86 4 / 82586 39 2:36 0147/10 0
9 < = <<5A < 2 00 70 5?38 2 9 < 01386 0/016 0 /:70 9 76393<56 70,
:70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 8 860586 /5< 258< 4 < 4561A:03 < 9 4:84 /6 70
/ 76 8@3<5A 0 60:3< 6H/ < 2 <:9763:8<,
• 5 $ 2 95 03 / 82586 9 C14763:8 2 95 6058<5463:8U
258< 9 4:2 2 95 6058<5463:8 9 C14763:8 2 95 /03=363@ O258A 0 7< O
/:70 9 3861A0361 2 95 03 <6 <:7=3< 2 < /01 4:82363:8< @5932586 95 03,
66 <:9763:8 / 0= 6 2 =383=3< 0 9 < 4:[6< 2 95 @5932563:8, 8
?? 6 :8 4:885]6 57 =:= 86 2 9 C14763:8 2 95 /03=363@ 6:7< < <
/505=G60 < 6 :8 / 76 2:84 9 < 76393< 0 /:70 4304:8<4030 9 4:86 C6
2 95 @5932563:8, 50 C =/9 /:70 5<<70 0 B7 78 4N5=>0 8 <6 /5<
9:71 2 7C ?:3< 9 =T= S:70 9:0< 2 95 6058<5463:8 2 01< 0@563:8 95
@5932563:8 8 /:06 05 B7 <70 95 4N5=>0 6 95 /103:2 4:84 081 /50
9 < /505=G60 < 2 95 6058<5463:8, 66 <:9763:8 5 9 21<5@5865A 2
4:2 0 258< 9 < 6058<5463:8< 9 < 0GA9 <, 8 45< 2 =:23?34563:8< 2 4 <
0GA9 < 39 ?576 0 @:30 6:76 < 9 < 6058<5463:8< 5//506 8586 9 70 /:061 ,
• 5 $ " 2 95 03 5/0G< 9 C14763:8 2 95 6058<5463:8U
5@586 95 4:8?30=563:8 2 95 6058<5463:8 :8 @5932 6:76 < 9 < 0GA9 <
2 3861A0361 5//506 8586 95 < 8<3>39361 2 95 6058<5463:8, 58< 4 66
<:9763:8 :8 / 02 9 ??3454361 2 95 <:9763:8 /01412 86 /50 4:860 :8
A5A8 8 <:7/9 << 8 45< 2 =:23?34563:8 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361,
• U 57478 @5932563:8 8 <6 ?? 4671 / 82586 9 C14763:8
2 < 6058<5463:8<, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < / 76 2 @ 830 384:8<3<6586 , 9
C3<6 4 / 82586 /:70 4N5B7 0GA9 78 /:<<3>39361 2 235A8:<63B7 0
9 < 58:=593 <, < 235A8:<634< <:86 C14761< 5@586 2 860 /0 820
4 06538 < 6058<5463:8< :a 39 <6 3823</ 8<5>9 B7 95 >5< <:36
4:8<3<6586 , 5 <60561A3 <6 2:84 2 / 0= 660 95 =1=:03<563:8 2 <
2:881 < 6 2 ?? 467 0 /103:23B7 = 86 2 < 4:00 463:8< <70 9 <
58:=593 <,
8 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 4:=/9 C 814 <<36 A181059 = 86 9 76393<563:8 2 <
60:3< 6H/ < 2 <:9763:8<, 5 @5932563:8 9:459 /:70 <:8 ??3454361 6 /:70
/01< 0@ 0 2 < 6 =/< 2 01/:8< 544 /65>9 <, 5 @5932563:8 A9:>59 9:0<B7
9 < 0GA9 < <:86 01A793G0 = 86 =:23?31 < (/97< @36 B7 9 6 =/< 2
 VY

0 /0:A05==563:8 2 < 6058<5463:8<), 235A8:<634 B7582 39 <6 3=/:06586 2

<53<30 57 /97< @36 9 38?:0=563:8 8 5<<7=586 78 /103:2 2 4:8<:932563:8
2 < 2:881 < /:70 193=38 0 9 < 58:=593 <,

B> " / ! ! ;)"

C5=38:8< 95 <H865C 27 958A5A /:70 21?3830 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, <
2 083G0 < <:86 </143?31 < <:36 95 401563:8 2 95 65>9 :7 >3 8 9:0< 2 78
=:23?34563:8 2 95 <6074670 2 95 65>9 , 7C 6H/ < 2 0GA9 < <:86 52=3<
9 78 /:06586 <70 78 < 79 4:9:88 6 9 5760 /:06586 <70 78 A0:7/ 2
4:9:88 <, 8 32 863?3586 (8:=) / 76 T60 5<<:431 4N5B7 0GA9 ,
"

8 M 4:97=8 93<6

< 0GA9 < /:06586 <70 78 4:9:88 < 79 = 86 <:86 2149501 < 3==12356 = 86
5/0G< 9 6H/ 2 95 4:9:88 , 8 60:7@ 9 < 4957< < <73@586 <'
• Null/ Not Null ' 386 0236 B7 95 4:9:88 /73<< /0 820 2 < @59 70<
8799 < (8:8 21?383 <),
• Unique ' 95 4:9:88 <6 78 491 2 95 65>9 , < @59 70< 2 4 66
4:9:88 <:86 6:76 < 23<63846 < 9 < 78 < 2 < 5760 <, ( 5 4:9:88 2:36
57<<3 T60 </143?31 4:== not null)
• Primary Key ' 32 863B7 783B7 , 5 491 /03=530 <6 95 491 B7 9
4:84 /6 70 /03@391A3 258< 9 < 544G< 6 9 < S:38670 < 5@ 4 4 66 65>9
99 <6 382 C1 ,
• References ... ' 9 < @59 70< 2 4 66 4:9:88 2:3@ 86 T60 2 <
191= 86< 2 95 65>9 /0:S 61 <70 95 4:9:88 2 01?10 84 , 5 4:9:88
2 01?10 84 2:36 T60 </143?31 4:== 783B7 (:7 491 /03=530 )
• Check(...) ' 78 /0123456 <6 5<<:431 95 4:9:88 39 76393<
< 79 = 86 9 < 8:=< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 65>9 6 < @103?3
9:459 = 86 <70 95 058A1 (4 43 C4976 9 < <:7< 0 B7T6 <)
4:97=8 4:8<605386
 9 <6 /:<<3>9 2 214950 0 2 < 0GA9 < /:06586 <70 /97<3 70< 4:9:88 <, 8
60:7@ 9 < 4957< < <73@586 <'
• Unique(...) ' 9 A0:7/ 2 4:9:88 < <6 78 491 2 95 65>9 , <
@59 70< 2 4 < 4:9:88 < <:86 6:76 < 23<63846 < 9 < 78 < 2 < 5760 <, ( <
4:9:88 2:3@ 86 57<<3 T60 </143?31 < 4:== not null)
• Primary Key(...) ' 32 863B7 95 4957< 783B7 , 8 < 79 491
/03=530 <6 576:03<1 /50 65>9 ,
• Foreign Key () References ... ' 9 < @59 70< 2 4 A0:7/ 2
4:9:88 < 2:3@ 86 T60 2 < 191= 86< 2 95 65>9 /0:S 61 <70 9 A0:7/
2 01?10 84 , < 4:9:88 < 2 01?10 84 2:3@ 86 T60 </143?31 <
4:== 783B7 (:7 491 /03=530 )
• Check(...) ' 21S @7 /97< N576
8 M 4:8<605386 93<6

65>9 4:8<605386

2 ? 65>9 4:8<605386

C =/9 '
/0 8:8< 8:60 =:2193<563:8 L6 9 6 5S:76:8< 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361< 9:0< 2
95 401563:8 2 < 65>9 <, :7< :>6 8:8<'
CREATE TABLE CLIENTS (
NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6) not null ,
NOM CHAR (20) not null
check (NOM=upper(NOM)) constraint CLIENTS_RI1,
PRENOM CHAR (20),
ADRESSE CHAR (40),
primary key (NUM_CLIENT) constraint CLIENTS_RI2)
 VY

7=j493 86 <6 95 491, :7< 9 < 8:=< <:86 8 =5S7<479 ,

CREATE TABLE CHAMBRES (
NUM_CHAMBRE NUMBER (2) not null,
PRIX NUMBER (8,2) not null,
NBR_LITS NUMBER (1) not null
check (NBR_LITS between 1 AND 4) constraint CHAMBRES_RI1,
NBR_PERS NUMBER (1) not null
check (NBR_PERS>NBR_LITS)
constraint CHAMBRES_RI2,
CONFORT CHAR(6) not null
check (CONFORT in ('bain','WC','douche'))
constraint CHAMBRES_RI3,
EQUIPEMENT CHAR(3) not null
check (EQUIPEMENT in ('TV','NON'))
constraint CHAMBRES_RI4,
primary key (NUM_CHAMBRE)
constraint CHAMBRES_RI5)
7=j4N5=>0 <6 95 491, 8:=>0 2 936< <6 4:=/03< 860 6 -,
8:=>0 2 / 0<:88 < <6 <7/103 70 57 8:=>0 2 936<, 4:8?:06 6 9 <
1B73/ = 86< <:86 0 <60 386< 4 06538 < @59 70<,
CREATE TABLE RESERVATIONS (
NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6) not null,
NUM_CHAMBRE NUMBER (2) not null,
DATE_ARR DATE not null
check (DATE_ARR<DATE_DEP)
constraint RESERVATIONS_RI1,
DATE_DEP DATE,
primary key (NUM_CHAMBRE,DATE_ARR)
constraint RESERVATIONS_RI2,
foreign key (NUM_CLIENT)
references CLIENTS(NUM_CLIENT)
constraint RESERVATIONS_RI4,
foreign key (NUM_CHAMBRE)
references CHAMBRES(NUM_CHAMBRE)
constraint RESERVATIONS_RI5)
5 491 /03=530 <6 9 A0:7/ 87=j4N5=>0 6 256 j500, < 4N5=>0 < 6 9 <
493 86< 2 01< 0@563:8< <:86 4:887< 258< 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 01?10 84 , 5 256
2 21/506 <6 /:<6103 70 95 256 2 5003@1 ,
=/:< 0 78 8< =>9 2 @59 70< /:70 78 4:9:88 <6 2193456 27 /:386 2 @7
2 95 4:84 /63:8 450 9 S:70 :a < A0:7/ 1@:97 39 ?576 =:23?3 0 95 0GA9 6
39 < =>9 B7 9 < #" 53 86 84:0 B7 9B7 < 23??347961< 9:0< 2 6 99 <
=:23?34563:8<, 50 C =/9 258< 9 ?7670 39 ?57205 / 76 T60 5S:76 0 <5785
57C @59 70< 2 4:8?:06, 43 <6 2:84 01< 0@ 0 2 < A0:7/ < 60G< <65>9 <
(:73W8:8 /50 C =/9 ) 5760 = 86 39 ?576 21?3830 2 < 65>9 < /:70 9 < 4:2 <,
< 0GA9 < 21?383 < 5@ 4 2 < 01?10 84 < 216 0=38 86 78 :020 2 401563:8 6
2 <7//0 <<3:8 2 < 65>9 <, 8 ?? 6 95 65>9 2 01?10 84 2:36 T60 4011
5@586 4 99 B73 H ?536 01?10 84 6 <7//03=1 5/0G< 4 66 2 083G0 , 38<3 39
?57205 <7//03= 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 NL6 9 258< 9 :020 <73@586,
 #

CREATE TABLE T2
(A char(8) not null unique,
B char(8) not null references T1(B))
alter TABLE T1 add ( foreign key (A) references T2(A))
Rappelons que certaines ri ne sont pas exprimables directement
dans le SGBD. Par exemple: pas deux réservations le même jour
pour la même chambre. On peut alors écrire, des requêtes pour
déterminer les anomalies. Dans notre cas, après insertion
d'une réservation erronée, on obtient:
insert into reservations values(1004,14,'27-DEC-89','30-DEC-
89');
rem: ne tient pas compte des valeurs nulles de date_dep
SELECT *
FROM Reservations r1, Reservations r2
WHERE r1.num_chambre=r2.num_chambre
AND r1.num_client<>r2.num_client
AND r2.date_arr between r1.date_arr AND r1.date_dep
AND r2.date_arr<>r1.date_dep;
Rem: on défait notre requête pour éliminer les données du test
rollback;
Dans le chapitre suivant, nous allons examiner les dépendances
fonctionnelles qui sont un type de règles d'intégrité qui
permettent de trouver les clés d'une relation, les dépendances
d'inclusion et surtout d'étudier les propriétés d'une
décomposition.
Exercice
Questions sur TT3
1) Redéfinir le schéma de TT3 pour tenir compte des règles
d'intégrité
2) Déterminer l'ordre de suppression des tables (inverse de
l'ordre de création)
3) Définir des ri ne pouvant être directement validées par le
SGBD pour TT3 et donner l'ordre SQL pour détecter les
anomalies.
Réponses sur TT3
Création du schéma
 VY

CREATE TABLE Station(

noZone number(2),
noStation number(1) not null
primary key constraint station_RI1);CREATE TABLE
Type(
modele char(12) not null
primary key
constraint Type_RI1,
nbPlaces number(2) not null
check (nbPlaces>0)
Constraint Type_RI2,
categorie char(2) not null
check (categorie in ('V','PL'))
Constraint Type_RI3,
typeCarburant char(12) not null
check (typeCarburant in ('ESSENCE','DIESEL'))
Constraint Type_RI4,
automatique char(1) not null
check (automatique in ('Y','N'))
Constraint Type_RI5,
poids number(5) not null
check (poids>0)
Constraint Type_RI6);
CREATE TABLE Distance( heure number(2),
zoneDe number(2) not null,
zoneA number(2) not null,
tempsParcours number(3) not null
check (tempsParcours>0)
Constraint Distance_RI1,
primary key (zoneDe,zoneA)
constraint Distance_RI2);
CREATE TABLE Vehicule(
noChassis number
primary key
constraint Vehicule_RI1,
noPlaque number not null
unique
constraint Vehicule_RI2,
miseEnService date not null,
modele char(12) not null
references Type(modele)
constraint Vehicule_RI3,
noStation number(1) not null
references Station(noStation)
constraint Vehicule_RI4);
 &

CREATE TABLE Chauffeur(

noChauffeur number not null
primary key constraint Chauffeur_RI1,
nom char(24) not null,
prenom char(24) not null,
adresse char(80) not null,
noStation number(1) not null
references Station(noStation)
constraint Chauffeur_RI2);
CREATE TABLE Situation(
noChassis number not null
primary key
constraint Situation_RI1
references Vehicule(noChassis)
constraint Situation_RI2,
noZone number(2) not null);
CREATE TABLE Carburant(
noPlaque number not null,
noJour number(3) not null,
kilometrage number not null
check (kilometrage>0)
Constraint Carburant_RI1,
litres number(3) not null
check (litres>0)
Constraint Carburant_RI2,
typeCarburant char(12) not null
check (typeCarburant in ('ESSENCE','DIESEL'))
Constraint Carburant_RI3,
primary key (noPlaque,noJour,kilometrage)
constraint Carburant_RI4);
CREATE TABLE Entretien(
noChassis number not null
references Vehicule(noChassis)
constraint Entretien_RI1,
noJour number(3) not null,
description char(240) not null,
primary key (noChassis,noJour)
constraint Entretien_RI2);
CREATE TABLE Permis(
noChauffeur number not null
references Chauffeur(noChauffeur)
constraint Permis_RI1,
categorie char(2) not null
check (categorie in ('V','PL'))
Constraint Permis_RI2,
primary key (noChauffeur,categorie)
constraint Permis_RI3);
CREATE TABLE Planning(
noChauffeur number not null
references Chauffeur(noChauffeur)
 VY+

constraint Planning_RI1,
noChassis number not null
references Vehicule(noChassis)
constraint Planning_RI2,
noJour number(3) not null,
trancheHoraire char(1) not null
check (trancheHoraire in ('A','B','C'))
Constraint Planning_RI3,
primary key (noChauffeur,noChassis,noJour)
constraint Planning_RI4);
)66(,&&40/ 9) *D+35
drop TABLE Carburant;
drop TABLE Entretien;
drop TABLE Planning;
drop TABLE Permis;
drop TABLE Situation;
drop TABLE Vehicule;
drop TABLE Chauffeur;
drop TABLE Distance;
drop TABLE Type;
drop TABLE Station;
)'(,& (>A8,& 9=4/'+A(4'+
0 4N 04N 0 2 5760 < 0GA9 < / 0638 86 <
 V

: %!

"Dès que l'on pose une question quelle qu'elle soit, on

introduit le doute, on cesse de réciter, on va voir. Et des tas
de surprises nous attendent, y compris dans ce qui a
l'apparence du banal" (Boris Cyrulnik - De la parole comme
une molécule)

/73< <:8 3860:27463:8 /50 :22 8 + Y 9 4:84 /6 2 21/ 82584

?:8463:88 99 0 <6 78 2 < :7639< /03843/57C 27 4:84 /6 70 2 >5< 2
2:881 <, 9 / 0= 6 '
• 2 C/03= 0 2 < 38@503586< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 U
• 2 21?3830 2 < =:2193<563:8< 1B73@59 86 < (4:8273<586 2 <
3=/9586563:8< 23??10 86 <) U
• 2 5<<70 0 9 76393<563:8 4:00 46 2 < 4N5083G0 < 9:0< 2 95 4:=/:<363:8 U
• 2 T60 78 :7639 2 5859H< 9:0< 27 /0:4 <<7< 2 4:84 /63:8 (:7 2
0 <6074670563:8) 2 95 " ,
< 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < <:86 78 :7639 2 5859H< 2 < 0 9563:8< 450 99 <
<:86 ?:821 < <70 9 < /0:/03161< C3<6586 860 9 < 4:8<6367586< 7C =T= <
<58< 6 830 4:=/6 2 < 0 A0:7/ = 86< 2 4 < 2 083 0< 8 0 9563:8, <
0 9563:8< <:86 2:84 <7>:02:881 < 57C 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <,
1?38363:8' 95 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 (2?)
:36 78 0 9563:8 :a ! ⊆ ; 6 & ⊆ ;
9:0< J 6 (8:61' ! → &) <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3
∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,!_0 ,! → 0,&_0 ,&)
8 236 57<<3 B7 ! &, 43 <3A83?3 B7 <3 :8 5 2 7C 86361< 2
5H586 2 < @59 70 32 863B7 < /:70 ! 59:0< 99 < :86 57<<3 2 < @59 70<
32 863B7 < /:70 &,
58< 8:60 C =/9 L6 9 8:7< 5@:8< 7=j 93 86 → :=, :7< 5@:8< 2:84
/:70 78 87=10: 493 86 B7 78 < 79 8:=, 5 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 </143?3
2:84 9 7834361 860 2 7C A0:7/ < 2 4:8<6367586<, :7< 8 /:7@:8< /5< 230
9 38@ 0< := → 7=j 93 86 450 39 / 76 C3<6 0 2 7C / 0<:88 < < 5// 9586
7/:86 5<<:431 < 2 < 87=10:< 493 86< 23??10 86<,
9 8 ?576 /5< 4:8?:820 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < 5@ 4 9 < 491< 2 <
0 9563:8< (>3 8 B7 78 491 216 0=38 6:7S:70< 78 2?), < 21/ 82584 <
?:8463:88 99 < / 0= 66 86 2 216 0=38 0 9 < 491< 6 8:8 9 38@ 0< ,
< 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < <:86 4:8<3210 0 4:== 2 < 0GA9 <
2 3861A0361, :70 9 C =/9 L6 9 8:7< 5@:8< 9 8< =>9 2 2? <73@586'
 7=j4N5=>0 → 03C
7=j4N5=>0 → :8?:06
7=j4N5=>0 → >0j936
7=j4N5=>0 → >0j/ 0<
7=j4N5=>0 → B73/ = 86
7=j493 86 → :=
7=j493 86 → 018:=
7=j493 86 → 20 <<
7=j4N5=>0 56 00 → 56 j /
7=j4N5=>0 56 00 → 7=j493 86
9 C3<6 57<<3 78 0 /01< 86563:8 A05/N3B7 2 < 2? (7639 /:70 95 0 4N 04N
2 < 491<), < 8: 72< <:86 4:8<6367586< 6 9 < 16:39 < 0 /01< 86 86 9 < 2?, <
504< :03 861< 27 A05/N 216 0=38 9 < A0:7/ < 2 4:8<6367586< 386 0@ 8586
258< 9 < 2?,
,
'4

-
3A70 ' 0 /01< 86563:8 A05/N3B7 2 95 2? " →

(!4( $
) ;
5 B*
&0#9 05 5 B $
%& * 0 !$
$ *

$ , (0
&0# !$ ) .!(0
,'

3A70 V ' 0 /01< 86563:8 A05/N3B7 2 < 2? 2 L6 9

8 0 A502586 95 3A70 V :8 5 8@3 2 230 3867363@ = 86' O 3
7=j4N5=>0 6 56 j 00 216 0=38 86 7=j493 86 6 <3 7=j493 86
216 0=38 := 59:0< 7=j4N5=>0 6 56 j 00 216 0=38 :=O :36'
7=j4N5=>0 56 00 → 7=j493 86
7=j493 86 → :=
7=j4N5=>0 56 00 → :=
 V

/50630 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < :8 / 76 2103@ 0 2 8:7@ 99 < 2?,
:0=593<:8< 8:60 3867363:8,

8 !( ( 8
1?38363:8<
% <6 9 4:7/9 _( ) :a <6 95 =:2193<563:8
2 78 0 9563:8 6 <6 78 8< =>9 2 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <
C/03=1 < <70
:36 _( ) 6 ? 78 2? <70 :8 2305 B7 ? <6 95 ) )
2 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < 2 @5932 86 ?, ( 8 8:6 05 ?)
;;
:36 _( ) 95 2 8:61 <6 9 8< =>9 2 <
21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < B73 <:86 95 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 , :36'
;;
_D! → &. ! → &E
5 ? 0= 670 2 01/:82 8:60 B7 <63:88 = 86 /01412586, :7< 5@:8< 9
20:36 2 212730 78 8:7@ 99 2? <3 99 5//5063 86 95 ? 0= 670 2 2:84
<3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < 2 @5932 86 ?, 58< 95 ?3A70 8:7< C/93436:8<
4 66 8:63:8 2 ? 0= 670 B73 5//505]6 2G< B7 8:7< 5@:8< 78 8< =>9
3836359 2 2? 6 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 < 2 =583/79563:8 2 9 8< =>9 3836359,
9 <6 59:0< 3=/:06586 2 216 0=38 0 4 B7 8:7< /:7@:8< /0:2730 /50630
2 9 , 58< 9 < S 7C 6191@3<1< :a 9 < 4:84700 86< 2:3@ 86 216 0=38 0 78
8:=>0 2:881 /50630 2 78 8< =>9 93=361 2 8:=>0 < 2 21/506 8
76393<586 9 < :/10563:8< 5036N=163B7 < 39 < 5A36 2 216 0=38 0 <3 9 8:=>0
2:881 <6 258< 95 ? 0= 670 2 9 8< =>9 2 < 8:=>0 < 3836357C, < 93@0 <
<:86 258< 95 ? 0= 670 2 < =:6< 27 23463:88530 <60746701< /50 9 < 0GA9 < 2
A05==530 ,
5 ? 0= 670 2 78 8< =>9 2 2? 2:36 T60 216 0=381 /50 9 < 38<6584 <
2 < 0 9563:8< @5932586 ,
C =/9 ' <:36 9 <4N1=5 ( UD " E D → " E
65>9 57 <73@586 C/03= 6:76 < 9 < 2? /:<<3>9 < /:70 9 <4N1=5 , :70 9
0 =/930 8:7< 5@:8< 76393<1 9 < 053<:88 = 86< <73@586'
:73 32 86361' /50 21?38363:8 !→!
:73 4:86 87' /50 21?38363:8 !→& <6 @053 <3 & <6 4:86 87 258< !
8:8 4:860 C =/9 ' 9 38<6584 27 4:860 C =/9 @103?3 95 2? 27
<4N1=5 =53< 8 @103?3 /5< 95 2? 27 65>9 57 /50 C =/9
6
L 6L
LL 6 LL
:73 2?' 5 2? 27 65>9 57 / 76 T60 21?383 /50630 2 95 2? 27 <4N1=5
/50 C =/9 → " 450 :8 5 21S →"
n " " " "

! ! ! ! ! !
"
 ! ! ! ! ! !
"
! ! ! !

"

"

8 4:8<656 B7 9 459479 2 95 ? 0= 670 <6 78 605@539 ?5<6323 7C <3 9 :8 2:36

/5<< 0 /50 9 < 38<6584 <, :== 86 459479 0 95 ? 0= 670 <58< 2 @:30 /5<< 0
C/93436 = 86 /50 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 <:7=3< < :7< 599:8<
@:30 B7 39 C3<6 78 <H<6G= 2 2127463:8 B73 /50630 27 <4N1=5 8:7<
/ 0= 6 2 605@5399 0 <70 9 < 2? <58< 2 @:30 C5=38 0 9 < 38<6584 <,

& !
< 5C3:= < 2 0=<60:8A c -d 4:8<6367 86 78 <H<6G= 2 2127463:8, 8
?? 6 8 9 < 5//93B7586 <70 78 <4N1=5 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 212730 2
8:7@ 99 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <,
1?38363:8' GA9 < 2 2127463:8
:36 78 <4N1=5 <_( )
-(+<8,?4B4'+.%
3 ! ⊆ & ⊆ ; 59:0< & → ! <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2
-5)A3,/'5'40/.%
3 ! → & <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 6 F ⊆ ; 59:0< !F → &F <6
78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2
-'(5/&4'4B4'+.%
3 ! → & 6 & → F <:86 2 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 < 2 59:0< ! → F
<6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2
C =/9 '
:36 9 <4N1=5 _( ( " ) D → Β, Β → E)
8 76393<586 :8 212736'
" → 450 ⊆ "
"→ 450 ⊆ "
→ 450 ⊆
" → " 450 " ⊆ ""
...
8 76393<586 V :8 212736'
V 5//93B71 →" 6" ⊆ ; " →"
V 5//93B71 →" 6 ⊆ ;
→"
 V

8 76393<586 :8 212736'
5//93B71 →" 6Β→ →
< 2? :>6 87 < /50 2103@563:8 / 7@ 86 9 70 6:70 T60 76393<1 < 258< 78
/0:4 <<7< 2 2103@563:8
V 5//93B71 → "⊆ ; "→"
<H<6G= 2 2103@563:8 8:7< / 0= 6 2:84 2 2103@ 0 =14583B7 = 86 2
8:7@ 99 < 2?, @586 2 9 76393< 0 8:7< 2 @:8< 8:7< 5<<70 0 B7 39 <6 @5932 6
4:=/9 6,
<H<6G= <6 39 B5849, <6 230 ' 6:76 < 9 < 2? 212736 < <:86 99 < 2 <
4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 < 2 2:84 B73 <:86 @59321 < /50 9 < 38<6584 < 2 ,
<H<6G= <6 39 *0368,' <6 230 ' 6:76 < 9 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 < 2
<:86 99 < 2 < 2? 2127463>9 < 27 <H<6G= ,
#(! .%& !#
(" %& @@ *
#(! .%& !#
(" %&

C AD #(0* $

(&0 :

C AD 7 '
@@ * 1 $30
' '.'&#$ (!

3A70 ' 5932361 6 4:=/91672 27 <H<6G= 2 2127463:8

8 / 76 459479 0 95 ? 0= 670 2 /50 2 7C =14583<= <, 5 @5932361 6 95
4:=/91672 27 <H<6G= 2 2127463:8 < /01:447/ 86 2 9 1A59361 2 4 < 2 7C
? 0= 670 <,

H ! !
0:/:<363:8
V <:86 @5932 <
0 7@ '
' 5//93B7 0 95 21?38363:8 2 2?
! → & <<3 ∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,!_0 ,! → 0,&_0 ,&)
=53< & ⊆ ! 2:84 <3 0,!_0 ,! :8 5 57<<3 0,&_0 ,&
V' /50 4:860523463:8 2 !F → &F
50 21?38363:8 :8 5 ∃ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 6 9 B7
) 0,!F_0 ,!F 6 ) 0,&Fo0 ,&F
=53< ! → & V) 0,!_0 ,! 6 V) 0,&_0 ,&
) 6 V) 3=/93B7 86 0,F_0 ,F
 #

) 6 V ) 3=/93B7 86 0,Fo0 ,F
:8 5 78 4:860523463:8 2:84 5 >3 8 !F → &F @053
' /50 9 < 21?38363:8<
)!→& ∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,!_0 ,! → 0,&_0 ,&)
V) & → F ∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,&_0 ,& → 0,F_0 ,F)
=53< ) 6 V) ∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,!_0 ,! → 0,F_0 ,F) <:36 95 21?38363:8 2 ! → F

1 !
@ 4 9 < 0GA9 < V 6 :8 / 76 4:8<60730 2 8:7@ 99 < 0GA9 < 7639 <
258< 95 =583/79563:8 2 < 2?,
0:/:<363:8 V
:36 _( U )
-!&,)90 '(5/&4'4B4'+. %
<3 ! → & 6 &Q→ F <:86 2 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 <
59:0< !Q→F <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7
- /40/. %
<3 ! → & 6 ! → F <:86 2 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 <
59:0< ! → &F <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7
- +*0360&4'40/. %
<3 ! → & <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 6 F ⊆ &
59:0< ! → F <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7
0 7@ '
-'
V <70 ! → & 5@ 4 Q !Q → &Q
<70 !Q → &Q 6 &Q→ F !Q → F
,
V <70 ! → & 5@ 4 ! 1) ! → !&
V <70 ! → F 5@ 4 & 2) !& → &F
<70 ) 6 V) ! → &F
X
F⊆& &→F
<70 ! → & 6 &→ F !→F
< 0GA9 < 6 X 8:7< 2:88 86 78 1B73@59 84 860
! → & &V,,,&8
6
!→&
! → &V
,,,
! → &8
 V

8 ( 8 K
8 2305 B7 <6 8 ) <3 6:76 < 9 < 2? 2 :86 78 < 79
4:8<6367586 258< 95 /5063 20:36
1?38363:8
:36 9 <4N1=5 _( ) 6 ! ⊆ ; 59:0< :8 236 B7 !;; <6 95
6
:a !;;_D ∈ ;. ! → ∈ ;;E
< 4:8<6367586< 2 !;; <:86 216 0=381< /50 /50630 2 !, < 4:8<6367586<
;;
2 ! < 386 0/0G6 86 4:== 9 < 38?:0=563:8< B7 9 :8 / 76 216 0=38 0 8
4:8853<<586 < 79 = 86 ! 258< 78 <4N1=5 4:8605386 /50 ,
70 78 A05/N 2 2? 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 216 0=38 0 <3=/9 = 86 !;; 8
/0:412586 538<3'
• ) = 660 6:7< 9 < 8: 72< 2 ;
• V) 2 <<38 0 9 A05/N 2
• ) =50B7 0 9 < 8: 72< 2 !
• -) <3 6:7< 9 < 8: 72< 2 95 /5063 A574N 2 78 2? <:86 =50B71< 59:0<
=50B7 0 6:7< 9 < 8: 72< 2 95 /5063 20:36
• ) <3 :8 8 5 /5< 60:7@1 2 2? /:70 5//93B7 0 9 /:386 -) 59:0< 4:86387 0
8 X) <38:8 4:86387 0 8 -)
•
X) 9 < 8: 72< =50B71< 4:00 </:82 86 !;;
50 5859:A3 :8 / 76 @:30 9 < 2? 4:== 2 < @588 < 6 9 < 4:8<6367586<
4:== 2 < 0:>38 6< B73 2:3@ 86 T60 :7@ 06< /:70 953<< 0 /5<< 0 9 ?97C,
?97C < /0:/5A 2 /0:4N 8 /0:4N , 5 <5670563:8 4:00 </:82 59:0< 6:7<
9 < 0:>38 6< B73 <:86 :7@ 06<,
C =/9 ' :36 ( ( " )U D → Β, Β → " → E
;;
D E _D " E
, -

D E;;_D E
, -

D E;;_D " E
, -

0:/:<363:8
:36 _( U ) 59:0< ! → & <6 2127463>9 ⇔ & ⊆ !;;
0 7@
 &

)!→& 6 X (214:=/:<363:8)
∀ &3∈ & ! → &3
/50 21?38363:8 2 95 <5670563:8 ∀ &3 ∈ & &3 ∈ !;;
⇐)& ⊆ !;;
∀ &3 ∈ & &3 ∈ !;; /50 21?38363:8 2 95 <5670563:8 ! → &3
∀ &3∈ & ! → &3 6 (783:8) :8 5 ! → &

! !
:7< <:== < =5386 8586 8 = <70 2 21=:860 0 B7 8:60 <H<6G= 2
2127463:8 <6 4:=/9 6
0:/:<363:8-
V ?:0= 86 78 <H<6G= 4:=/9 6
0 7@ '
5 4:=/91672 <3A83?3 ∀ ? ∈ ;;
39 C3<6 78 2127463:8 2 2:88586 ?,
321 2 95 /0 7@ '
/50 95 4:8605/:<1 ' :8 @5 =:860 0 B7 <3 ! → & 8 <6 /5< 2103@5>9 2 59:0< 39
C3<6 3 6 99 B7 6:76 < 9 < 2? 2 <:86 @103?31 < 258< 3 ( ) =53< ! → & 8 9 <6 /5<
4 B73 3=/93B7 B7 ! → & 8 <6 /5< 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 (V)
8 4:8<60736 3 5@ 4 V 86361< 2 95 ?5^:8 <73@586 /:70 95 21=:8<60563:8'
++ + ++
X R -X
iR
111...111 111...111

111...111 000...000

30/'(0/& - .
:36 → Q ∈ <7//:<:8< Q_DQ ,, Q8E
:60 38<6584 3 @5932 → Q <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 → Q3 <6 @103?31 /:70 4N5B7
3_ ,,8
!;; ;
!;; 4:==78 !;; 6 ;
!;;

Q3
!;; @053 @053 @053
;
!;; 8:8 =53< @053 @053
3=/:<<3>9
65>9 57 /01412 86 5859H< 6:7< 9 < 45< /:<<3>9 < 2 6 Q /50 05//:06 !;; 6 ;
;;
! , < 79 45< B73 <6 81A563? /:70 3 <6 3=/:<<3>9 450'
⊆ ! 6 95 /0:/:<363:8 <70 95 <5670563:8 3=/93B7 ! →
;;
:8 5 57<<3 → Q3 6
3=/93B7 ! → Q3 8 5//93B7586 8:7@ 57 95 /0:/:<363:8 <70 95 <5670563:8 :8 5 Q3 ∈
!;; (:8 8 <6 /97< 258< 95 45< B7 9 :8 5859H<536), 43 0 82 2:84 3=/:<<3>9 9 45<
81A563?,
8 @103?3 >3 8 → Q 258< 6:7< 9 < 45<,
30/'(0/& - .
 V +

! → & 8 <6 /5< 2127463>9 3=/93B7 ! → & 8 <6 /5< 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2
)
95 /0:/:<363:8 <70 95 <5670563:8 2:88 ¬(! → &) ¬(& ⊆ !;; 39 C3<6 0 6 0 258< 3
6 9< B7 0,!_0 ,! 6 0,&o0 ,&, ?? 463@ = 86 !⊆!;; 6 &⊆ ; !;; 2:84 0 6 0 <:86 9 < V
86361< 8:60 38<6584 3 8:7< 5@:8< 2:84 B7 ! → & 8 <6 /5< 78 4:8<1B7 84
9:A3B7 2
N1:0G= '
< 0GA9 < V 6 4:8<6367 86 78 <H<6G= @5932 6 4:=/9 6
0 7@ '
/0:/:<363:8 <70 95 @5932361 6 /0:/:<363:8 - <70 95 4:=/91672
( ' *
' 8
/50630 2 =5386 8586 95 B7 <63:8 2 <5@:30 <3 78 2? 5 161 :>6 87 /50 9
4:84 /6 2 2103@563:8 :7 /50 9 4:84 /6 2 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 / 02 2 <:8
3=/:06584 450 4 6N1:0G= 8:7< 5<<70 2 9 1B73@59 84 2 < 4:84 /6<
#(! .%& !#
(" %&

@@ *
#(! .%& !#
(" %&

(&0 : A

@@ * 1 $30
' '.'&#$ (!

3A70 - ' *B73@59 84 860 9 < 2 7C 4:84 /6< / 0= 66586 2 :>6 830 95
? 0= 670 2
5 ? 0= 670 2 <6 78 8< =>9 60G< O@:97=38 7CO B73 4:=/:06 6:76 < 9 <
2? /:<<3>9 <, 06538 < 2 4 < 2? / 7@ 86 T60 193=381 < 450 99 < <:86
0 2:82586 <, 5 0 2:82584 258< 95 /5063 20:36 <6 193=381 /50 95 8:63:8
2 ?:0= 458:83B7 B73 5<<70 B7 39 8 H 5 B7 78 < 79 4:8<6367586 258< 95 /5063
20:36 , 5 0 2:82584 258< 95 /5063 A574N <6 193=381 /50 95 8:63:8 2
,
1?38363:8'
8 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 ! → & <6 191= 86530 < 39 8 C3<6 /5<
! ⊃ ! 6 9 B7 ! → &
C =/9 '
:36 _( ( " )UD → Β, Β → E)
;;
_D → Β, 2? 191= 86530
" → Β, 2? 8:8 191= 86530
" → Β, 2? 8:8 191= 86530
,,, E
 9 C3<6 84:0 78 5760 ?5^:8 2 401 0 2 95 0 2:82584 ' 2 < 2?
191= 86530 < / 7@ 86 T60 4:=>381 < 860 99 < 5@ 4 95 0GA9 2 2127463:8
6058<363@ 6 /0:2730 2 8:7@ 99 < 21/ 82584 < B73 <:86 57<<3 191= 86530 <,
5 8:63:8 2 8< =>9 2 2? 193=38 4 < 2 083G0 <
C =/9 '
:36 _( ( " )UD → Β, Β → E)
;;
_D → ", 2? 191= 86530
"→ 2? 191= 86530
→ , 2? 191= 86530 (21/ 82584 6058<363@ )
,,, E
8 193=38586 2 < 2? 39 ?576 ?530 566 863:8 4:8< 0@ 0 78 1B73@59 86 4 973
2 21/506, 5 8:63:8 2 $ 2 78 8< =>9 2 2? 21?3836 4 66
1B73@59 84 ,
&! ! ' '4

4( 0 # !(! %&

#(&7 $& '

5 ' #(&7 $& '(!' !$ '

5 '(!' !$ '

@5 #(0* 3$ '

@@ 4 0 $& '

3A70 ' 3 8< 860 9 < 23??10 86 < 21?38363:8< <70 9 < 8< =>9 < 2 2?
1?38363:8 c ZZd
# (78 8< =>9 2 2?) <6 78 4:7@ 0670 2 <3 ;;_#;;
5 >5< 4:=/9G6 2 (8:61 ;) <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 21/ 82584 <
191= 86530 < 2 ;;
# <6 78 >5< <3 # ⊆ ;
# (78 8< =>9 2 2?) <6 78 4:7@ 0670 300 2:82586 2 < 39 8 C3<6
/5< ? ∈ # 6 9 B7 (# D?E) _
;; ;;
 VV

# <6 78 >5< 300 2:82586 2 <3 # <6 78 >5< 2 6 <3 # <6 78

4:7@ 0670 300 2:82586 2 ,
58< 95 3A70 :8 @:36 4:== 86 <:86 0 931< 9 < 23??10 86< 4:84 /6<
/:06586 <70 2 7C 8< =>9 < 2 2?, 50 05//:06 78 8< =>9 95 0 4N 04N
6 9 5859H< 2 < < >5< < 300 2:82586 < <:86 << 863 99 < 9:0< 2 95 4:84 /63:8
2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 5 >5< 4:=/9G6 2 < 05 7639 9:0<B7 9 :8 605@5399
<70 78 <:7< 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< 27 <4N1=5 39 < 05 59:0< /:<<3>9 2
/0:S 6 0 230 46 = 86 9 < 2? 2 95 >5< 4:=/9G6 <70 4 <:7< 8< =>9 6
538<3 4:885]60 6:76 < 9 < 2? B73 4:84 08 86 4 2 083 0,
< B7 <63:8< /05A=563B7 < 6 / 0638 86 < =5386 8586 <:86 2 <5@:30
4:== 86'
• 6 <6 0 9 1B73@59 84 2 6 # <58< 459479 0 9 < ? 0= 670 <
• 459479 0 95 >5< 4:=/9G6 2
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3 !
/!( ' 8 6
21 ' /:70 4N5B7 2? 2 @103?3 0 <3 99 / 76 T60 212736 2 # 6 /:70
4N5B7 2? 2 # @103?3 0 <3 99 / 76 T60 212736 2
Equivalence(F,G)
pour chaque g ∈ G faire
si non (droite(g) ⊆ satX(gauche(g),F)
alors Equivalence ← faux
quitter
finsi
refaire
pour chaque f ∈ F faire
si non (droite(f) ⊆ satX(gauche(f),G)
alors Equivalence ← faux
quitter
finsi
refaire
Equivalence ← vrai
fin Equivalence
satX(X,F) -- saturation de X
satX ← X
nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé un cst
tant que nouveau faire
nouveau ← faux
pour chaque f ∈ F faire
si (gauche(f) ⊆ satX) ∧ ¬(droite(f) ⊆ satX)
alors satX ← satX ∪ droite(f)
 nouveau ← vrai
finsi
refaire
refaire
X++ ← satX
fin X++

8
21 '
/:70 4N5B7 2? 2 @103?3 0 <3 99 <6 191= 86530 (193=38 0 95 0 2:82584
258< 95 /5063 A574N 2 95 2?), 8<736 A1810 0 6:76 < 9 < 21/ 82584 <
:>6 87 < /50 6058<363@361,
base_complete(F)
base_complete ← Transitive_de(Elémentaire_de(F))
fin base_complete
Elémentaire_de(F)
Elémentaire ← F
pour chaque f ∈ Elémentaire faire
si cardinalité(gauche(f)>1
alors pour chaque C ∈ gauche(f) faire
-- tester si l'élimination du cst détermine
-- toujours la même partie droite
f' ← (gauche(f)-C)→ droite(f)
si droite(f) ⊆ satX(gauche(g),Elémentaire-f∪f'
alors Elémentaire ← Elémentaire-f∪f'
finsi
refaire
finsi
refaire
Elémentaire(F) ← Elémentaire
fin Elémentaire_de
Transitive_de(F)
Transitive_de ← ∅
nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé un cst
tant que nouveau faire
nouveau ← faux
pour chaque f ∈ F faire
alors Transitive_de ← Transitive_de ∪
{(gauche(f)) → satX(gauche(f),F)}
nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé un cst
finsi
refaire
refaire
 VV

Transitive_de(F) ← Transitive_de
fin Transitive_de

8
321 ' /:70 4N5B7 2? 2 @103?3 0 <3 99 <6 191= 86530 (193=38 0 95
0 2:82584 258< 95 /5063 A574N 2 95 2?), 8<736 193=38 0 9 < 2? B73 <:86
0 2:82586 < (258< 9 45< :a <6 4H493B7 39 C3<6 /97<3 70< 4N:3C /:<<3>9 <
/:70 4 66 193=38563:8 2:84 /97<3 70< >5< < 300 2:82586 < 343 95 >5<
300 2:82586 21/ 82 2:84 2 9 :020 258< 9 B7 9 :8 6 <6 9 < 2?),
irredondant_de(F)
irredondant_de ← Elémentaire_de(F)
pour chaque f ∈ irredondant_de faire
-- tester si l'élimination de f détermine
-- toujours la même couverture
si equivalence(irredondant_de,irredondant_de-f)
alors irredondant_de ← irredondant_de-f
finsi
refaire
irredondant_de(F) ← irredondant_de
fin irredondant_de

1
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B7 3=/93B7 0536 99 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 27 /:386 2 @7
:0A583<563:88 9
• 8: 95B7 h 8: :70 I39:= 605A 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586

<! :
5) ?:0=79 0 8 ?058^53< 4 B7 <3A83?3 86 4 < 2?
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520 << 6 78 < 79 8: 6563:8
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2 5//934563:8,
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<70 95 =:2193<563:8 '
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B7 3=/93B7 0536 99 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 27 /:386 2 @7
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> !

"AIL - Mangez en beaucoup. Il rajeunit l'organisme et

éloigne les importuns" (Alexandre Vialatte - Almanach des
quatre saisons)

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216 0=38 2 =583G0 783B7 6:7< 9 < 5760 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8, 8
C/03=586 4 43 8 6 0= < 2 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < :8 / 76 230 B7
9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 78 0 9563:8 21/ 82 86 ?:8463:88 99 = 86 2 <5 491 (<3 99
<6 783B7 ),
7 /:386 2 @7 2 95 4:84 /63:8 95 4:8853<<584 2 < 491< <6 3=/:06586
450 39 <7??36 2 4:885]60 9 < @59 70< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 491 /:70
216 0=38 0 2 ?5^:8 783B7 78 67/9 258< 78 0 9563:8 6 538<3 216 0=38 0
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1?38363:8' 491 2
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<73@586 <'
)%⊆ ;
V) ; ⊆ %;;
) ¬∃ % <60346 = 86 4:86 87 258< % 6 9 B7 ; ⊆ % ;;
< 4:82363:8< 21?383<<586 95 491 < 386 0/0G6 86 2 95 ?5^:8 <73@586 '
• ) 78 491 <6 4:86 87 258< 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8
• V) 78 491 216 0=38 6:7< 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8 (9 <
4:8<6367586< 2 <:86 4:86 87< 258< 95 <5670563:8 2 95 491)
• ) 78 491 <6 =383=59 450 6:7< < < 191= 86< <:86 << 863 9<,
66 21?38363:8 / 0= 6 2 21/5<< 0 95 <3=/9 3867363:8 B73 8:7< ?536 230
/50 C =/9 B7 D E <6 78 491 /:70 78 0 9563:8, :7<
<:== < =5386 8586 8 = <70 2 6 <6 0 <3 ?? 463@ = 86 78 8< =>9
2 56603>76< <6 78 491, < 491< <:86 863G0 = 86 216 0=381 < /50 9 <
21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < @59321 < /50 9 <4N1=5, 3 9 <4N1=5 5 57478
21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 /:70 78 0 9563:8 59:0< 95 491 <6 4:8<63671 /50
;
973 =T= , 8 4:8<656 2:84 B7 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < 2:3@ 86
T60 566 863@ = 86 216 0=381 < /:70 B7 9 < 491< <:3 86 /0143< <,
;" ) " )
:36 (( " )U D → Β, Β → " → E
D E <6 491 2 450
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)D E⊆ ;
V) D E;;_D " E 4 B73 3=/93B7 ;
⊆ %;;
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3A70 - ' 59479 2 95 <5670563:8 2 D E

) ¬∃ % <60346 = 86 4:86 87 258< % 6 9 B7 ;
⊆ % ;; 8 ?? 6
D E;;_D " E 6 D E;;_D E 8 216 0=38 86 /50

3 !
;
8 / 76 <H<61=563B7 = 86 6 <6 0 6:7< 9 < <:7< 8< =>9 < /:<<3>9 < 2 ,
:7< :>6 8:8< 59:0< 9 59A:036N= <73@586 c ZZd'
Clés (R:relation,F:ensemble de df)
C ←∅
pour chaque X ∈ 2R+ faire
si X++=R+ alors C ← C ∪ {X} finsi
refaire
Clés ← min(C)
fin Clés
2R+ -- ensemble des parties de R+
P ←∅
P ← P ∪ {∅}
pour chaque A ∈ R+ faire
pour chaque E ∈ P faire
P ← P ∪ {Ε ∪ {Α}}
refaire
refaire
2R+ ← P
fin 2R+
X++ -- saturation de X
satX ← X
nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé un cst
tant que nouveau faire
nouveau ← faux
pour chaque f ∈ F faire
si (gauche(f) ⊆ satX) ∧ ¬(droite(f) ⊆ satX)
alors satX ← satX ∪ droite(f)
nouveau ← vrai
finsi
refaire
 VV+

refaire
X++ ← satX
fin X++
min(XYZ) -- chercher les éléments minimaux
min ← ∅
pour chaque X ∈ XYZ faire
minOK ← vrai
pour chaque Y ∈ XYZ-{X} faire
si Y ⊆ X alors minOK ← faux finsi
refaire
si minOK alors min ← min ∪ {X} finsi
refaire
min(XYZ) ← min
fin min
6 59A:036N= <6 165>93 230 46 = 86 /50630 2 95 21?38363:8 2 95 491, 8
4:8<60736 2 =583G0 C/93436 6:7< 9 < <:7< 8< =>9 < /:<<3>9 < 2 ;, :70
4N5478 :8 6 <6 <3 95 <5670563:8 4:863 86 ;, 6 ?3859 = 86 :8 8 4:8< 0@
B7 9 < <:7< 8< =>9 < B73 8 8 4:863 88 86 57478 5760 ,
8:=>0 2 191= 86< 6 <6 0 <6 2 V. ;. :a . ;. <6 95 45023859361 2 ,
VY 56603>76< 8:7< 5=G8 86 78 =3993:8 2 491< /:6 863 99 < 6 <6 0,

3
8 76393<586 95 8:63:8 2 <:704 6 2 /736< <70 78 <4N1=5 _( U ) :8
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1?38363:8'
8 <6 4:8<6367586 2 ; 6 99 B7
∀?∈ ∉ 20:36 (?)
8 <6 78 4:8<6367586 2 ; 6 9 B7
∀?∈ ∉ A574N (?)
6 8 <6 /5< 78 <:704 (4:8<6367586 3<:91)
#05/N3B7 = 86 9 < <:704 < <:86 9 < 8: 72< :a 57478 50T6 5>:7636 6 9 <
/736< <:86 9 < 8: 72< :a 57478 50T6 /506,
, -

3A70 - V ' 736< 6 :704 27 #05/N 2

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) <3 <6 78 /736< 59:0< ∀ I ∈ % ∉I

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8 <:704 5//5063 86 6:76 < 9 < 491<
0 7@ '
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2:881 B7 <6 191= 86 2 57478 /5063 A574N 2 2? 4:82363:8 /:70 5//:06 0 2 <
191= 86< 8:7@ 57C 258< 95 <5670563:8 2 78 8< =>9
V) 3 8 16536 191= 86 2 78 491 I I 8 < 0536 /5< 78 491 450 ∉ I;; 16586 2:881 B7
<6 191= 86 2 57478 /5063 20:36 2 2? 4:82363:8 /:70 B7 <:36 258< 95
<5670563:8 2 78 8< =>9
;
66 /0:/:<363:8 8:7< / 0= 6 2 ?? 467 0 95 /506363:8 2 8 60:3< /5063 <'
• < <:704 < B73 5//5063 88 86 6:7S:70< 78 491,
• < /736< B73 5//5063 88 86 57478 491,
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2) 20:36 (?8) ∩ A574N (? ) o ∅
,

3A70 - - ' C =/9 2 A05/N 4H493B7 ,

0:/:<363:8'
3 9 A05/N 2 21/ 82584 < <6 54H493B7 59:0< 39 C3<6 78 < 79 491
?:0=1 2 < <:704 <
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NH/:6NG< < 27 6N1:0G=
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78 491 (@:30 /0:/:<363:8 <70 9 < 491< /736< 6 <:704 <), 8 8 / 76 /5< 5S:76 0 78
191= 86 95 491 457< 2 95 =383=59361 2 78 491,
C =/9 2 95 3A70 - <6 78 A05/N 54H493B7 2:86 95 491 D E
4:8<6367 57<<3 9 < <:704 < 27 A05/N ,
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A05/N 2 <6 4H493B7 (" ),
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< /736< 2 <:86 D E
5 491 2 <6 D E
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B7 6:76 < 9 < <:704 < 6 B73 8 4:863 88 86 57478 /736<,
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760 < C =/9 <'
C =/9 )

3A70 - ' #05/N 2 9 C =/9

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→ E)
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-

3A70 - Z ' #05/N 2 9 C =/9 V

A05/N 2 <6 4H493B7 ,
< <:704 < 2 <:86 D E
< 491< 2 <:86 D E D "E D ED E
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;
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5 /0:S 463:8 2 <70 78 8< =>9 F 2 4:8<6367586<
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c 3;d),
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FZ(F,Z) -- F[Z]
FZ ← ∅
pour chaque f ∈ F+ faire
si (gauche(f) ∪ droite(f) ⊆ Z)
alors FZ ← FZ ∪ f
finsi
refaire
FZ(F,Z) ← FZ
fin FZ(F,Z)
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5 >5< 4:=/9G6 <6 D → ", " → → E
2:84 8:7< 5@:8< 9 < /0:S 463:8< <73@586 <
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“Le logogramme dessine le mot ou la chose. Le système

logo-syllabique devient syllabique et découpe le mot, parlé
maintenant; il devient bientôt consonantique, puis un vrai
alphabet, où les syllabes se répartissent en lettres. Dès
lors, le dessin, sur la plage, la tablette ou le parchemin,
analyse tout autre chose que l’objet qu’il est cencé
désigner. Il est le signe de signe de signe. “ Michel Serres -
Les origines de la géométrie.

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2 L6 9 _ D
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+ = ∏ C3 $$ +U+C4V
3 95 214:=/:<363:8 <6 6:659 :8 / 76 59:0< 8 /97< ?530 2 23??10 84
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9 < 38?:0=563:8< <:86 <6:4I1 < 258< 2 < 65>9 < 4:00 </:82586 78
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0 9563:8

!
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R+={C1,C2, ..., Cn}
F un ensemble de df
dR={R1,R2, ..., Rk}
Total(R+,F,dR) -- Algorithme de test [ULL82]
-- initialiser un tableau t de k lignes et n colonnes
si Cj ∈ Ri+ alors tij ← Cj
sinon tij ← bij
changement ← vrai
tant que changement faire
changement ← faux
pour chaque f ∈ F faire
chercher une ligne i et une ligne j
tel que lignei[gauche(f)]=lignej[gauche(f)]
et lignei[droite(f)]•lignej[droite(f)]
si trouver i et j alors
 V-

pour chaque Cl∈ droite(f) faire

-- l un indice de colonne
si til=Cl alors tjl ← Cl
sinon til ← tjl
changement ← vrai
refaire
refaire
refaire
si une ligne est remplie de Ci alors total ← vrai
sinon total ← faux
fin total
C =/9 ' L6 9
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7= 93 86
:=
0 8:=
20 <<
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! 03C
:8?:06
B73/ = 86
>0 36
56 00
56 /
_ L6 9( ! )
2 _D _ 93 86<( )
V_ N5=>0 <( ! )
_ 1< 0@563:8( )E
_D ? _ →
?V_ → !
_ → E
8 <73@586 9 59A:036N= :8 :>63 86 9 65>9 57 3836359 <73@586'
' ! # % & α β
.@ . D 5 .@ DM @ ; I 5
I P
+ .@ . D 5 6 ! 6 # 6 % 6 & 6 6 α 6 β
I
+ 6 6 6 ' 6 .@ DM @ ; I 6 α 6 β
P
+' .@ 6' 6'' 6' .@ 6'# 6'% 6'& 6' 5
I P
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6 2:86 95 /5063 20:36 8 C3<6 /5< 258< 4 < 2 7C 93A8 <
5@ 4 ? :8 5 A574N (? )_ 6 20:36 (? )_D E
9 < 93A8 < 6 <:86 1A59 < /:70
95 93A8 <6 =:23?31 < 9:8 9 59A:036N= 2 95 ?5^:8 <73@586 /:70 '
' ! # % & α β
.@ . D 5 .@ DM @ ; I ∆5
I P
+ .@ . D 5 6 ! 6 # 6 % 6 & 6 6 α 6 β
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5@ 4 ?V :8 5 A574N (?V)_ 6 20:36 (?V)_D ! E

9 < 93A8 < V 6 <:86 1A59 < /:70
95 93A8 <6 =:23?31 < 9:8 9 59A:036N= 2 95 ?5^:8 <73@586 /:70 ! '
' ! # % & α β
.@ . D 5 .@ DM @ ; I 5
I P
+ .@ . D 5 6 ! 6 # 6 % 6 & 6 6 α 6 β
I
+ 6 6 6 ' 6 .@ DM @ ; I 6 α 6 β
P
+' .@ . D 5 .@ DM @ ; I 5
I P

5 93A8 <6 4:=/9G6 2:84 2 <6 6:659

6 59A:036N= 8:7< 2:88 8 /97< 9 :020 2 S:38670 2 < 0 9563:8<, :7<
5@:8< 76393<1 9 < 93A8 < 6 6 8<736 95 93A8 V, :7< 5@:8< 2:84
( ` )` V,,
8 76393<586 78 >5< 2 2:881 < :a 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <:86 <6:4I1 < 258< 2 <
65>9 < 4:00 </:82586 78 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 2 :8 8 / 02 57478
38?:0=563:8 /50 05//:06 78 < 79 65>9 4:00 </:82586 6 4:8605386
/50 ,
8 C5=38586 9 59A:036N= 2 /97< /0G< :8 4:8<656 B7 2 7C 0 9563:8< <:86
4:=/:<5>9 < <3 99 < /:<<G2 86 8 4:==78 95 /5063 A574N 2 78 2? 6 B7
95 /0:S 463:8 2 4 66 2? <6 4:86 87 258< 9 78 2 < 2 7C, 66 /0:/03161
<6 4:887 <:7< 9 8:= 27 6N1:0G= 2 214:=/:<363:8,
N1:0G= ' 214:=/:<363:8 >38530
:36 2 _D VE 78 214:=/:<363:8 2 ( U ),
 V-

V <6 78 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3

( ;
∩ V;) → ( ; V)∈
; ;;

:7 ( ;
∩ V;) → ( V; ;
)∈ ;;

/0 7@ '
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6:659 5@ 4 95 65>9 <73@586 '
4 4 4 4
+ 4∩ + 4
+ + + +
+ @ $$$ @ @ $$$ @ 6 $$$6
+ @ $$$ @ 6 $$$6 @ $$$ @
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2 78 2 < 2 7C 2? 18:841 < 258< 9 6N1:0G= ,
6N1:0G= 8:7< / 0= 6 2 4:84 @:30 78 59A:036N= 2 214:=/:<363:8
>38530 B73 8:7< / 0= 6 2 4N 04N 0 9 < 214:=/:<363:8< 6:659 < 2 78
0 9563:8, :70 4 95 8:7< 76393<:8< 9 < 2? 27 <4N1=5 /:70 4:7/ 0 9 < 0 9563:8<
8 2 7C,
Décomposition_de(R,F)
DR ← R
nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé une décomposition
tant que nouveau faire
nouveau ← faux
pour chaque r ∈ DR faire
pour chaque f ∈ F faire
-- df strictement contenue dans r
si (r+ ⊃ gauche(f)∪ droite(f))
alors -- on substitue à r les deux relations
-- formées à partir de f
DR ← DR - r
DR ← DR ∪ ( gauche(f)∪ droite(f))
DR ← DR ∪ ( r+ - droite(f))
nouveau ← vrai
finsi
refaire
refaire
refaire
Décomposition_de(R,F) ← DR
fin Décomposition_de
8 76393<586 9 59A:036N= <70 :8 0 60:7@ 95 214:=/:<363:8 B7 9 :8 5
76393<1 ,
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21/ 82 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 27 4:86 C6 2 76393<563:8,

-! '
5 B7 <63:8 <6 2 <5@:30 <3 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < B73 1653 86
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)
+ +3J + + $$$ + F
C

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214:=/:<363:8
1?38363:8<'
5 /0:S 463:8 2 <70 78 8< =>9 F 2 4:8<6367586<
cFd_D! → & ∈ ;;
. !& ⊆ FE
8 2305 B7 95 $ 5 <3 9 783:8 2 < c 3d <6 78
4:7@ 0670 2 <:36'

( ∪c 3d);; _ ;;
8 @ 76 /:7@:30 @103?3 0 B7 <6 /01< 0@1 258< 9 < 3 S <58< 2 @:30 0 4:7030
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38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 95 214:=/:<363:8
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399 _ 7 _ 7=10: /:<659 _
_( )
_D → → E
 V-

66 214:=/:<363:8 <6 6:659

450 (D E ∩ D E) → (D E − D E)
→ <6 78 2? 2
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8E.9 8+.9

# 8G@ VY V 07 27 54 VY
# 8G@ VY V 07 27 54 VY
59479:8< 9 < 2? /0:S 61 <'
c d _ D → E;
c d _ DE;
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<563<?536 /97< =59A01 95 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 450 h 8 <6 /5<
@103?31
3( )`3( )

# 8G@ V 07 27 54 VY
# 8G@ V 07 27 54 VY

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/0:/03161< 3821/ 82586 <,

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/:70 _D!Y → ! !Y → !V ,,, !Y → !8E
:8 5 !Y → VD!Y ! !V ,,, !8E ∈ ;;

321 2 9 59A:036N= B73 <736 01<32 258< 9 ?536 B7 /:70 !→&∈ <3 # 16536
4:887 59:0< 39 <7??30536 2 6 <6 0 <3 & ⊆ !;; /:70 #,
9 0 <6 60:7@ 0 4:== 86 459479 0 !;; <58< 459479 0 #, 43 <6 /:<<3>9 8
0 <60 3A8586 95 <5670563:8 2 ! 95 /0:S 463:8 2 4N5B7 3 9:0< 27 459479 (:8
193=38 6:76 4 B73 21/5<< b)
, "( $90 K$ $ ' * . 7 $ (! ' '4
#

Paramètres de Préservation (dR,F):

R+={C1,C2, ..., Cn}
F un ensemble de df
dR={R1,R2, ..., Rk}

Préservation (dR,F)
pour chaque f ∈ F faire
Z ← gauche(f)
tant que changement de Z faire
pour i=1 à k faire
Z ← Z ∪ (saturation(Z ∩ Ri+) ∩ Ri+)
refaire
refaire
si droite(f) pas contenu dans Z
alors Préservation (dR,F) ← non
fin si
refaire
Préservation (dR,F) ← oui
fin préservation
C =/9 ' 6 <6 /01< 0@563:8
_( ) 2 _D _( ) V_( )E
_D → → E
9 < <5670563:8< 76393<1 < 258< 9 59A:036N= <:86'
;;
_D E
;;
_D E
;;
_D E

38363593<563:8
F g A574N ( → )_
3610563:8 5@ 4
(( ∩ );;∩ )∪
_( ;;∩ )∪
_ ∪
_
3610563:8 5@ 4 V
 V-

(( ∩ );;∩ )∪
_( ;;∩ )∪
_ ∪
_
F 8 5 /5< 161 =:23?31
8 5 /5< 20:36 (?)_ ⊆ 2:84 9 < 2? 8 <:86 /5< /01< 0@1 <

<
58< 9 C =/9 L6 9 95 <5670563:8 2 < 2? (/5063 A574N ) / 76 T60
863G0 = 86 4594791 9 386103 70 2 78 191= 86 2 95 214:=/:<363:8, 5
/5063 A574N < 05 2:84 4:86 87 258< 95 <5670563:8,

6 )
,

)F
/

3A70 ' < 2? <:86 6:76 < 4:86 87 < 258< 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 95
214:=/:<363:8
8 / 76 2:84 18:84 0 95 /0:/:<363:8
0:/:<363:8'
:36 78 214:=/:<363:8 2 6 9 < 2? ,
3 ∀ ? ∈ ∃ 3 ∈ 2 6 99 B7 A574N (?) ∪ 20:36 (?) ⊆ 3
59:0< 2 /01< 0@

0
8 58:=593 2 =3< S:70 <6 =3< 8 1@32 84 258< 78 <4N1=5 9:0<B7
9 C14763:8 2 78 /03=363@ 2 =:23?34563:8 <70 78 0 9563:8 /:70 78 86361
8 5 /5< 9 ?? 6 21<301, 8 /0 =3G0 =:2193<563:8 2 L6 9 ( N5/360 ) 16536'
Hôtel(NumChambre, NumClient, Nom, Prenom, Adresse,
Prix, NbrLit, NbrPers, DateArr, DateDep, Confort,
Equipement)

66 =:2193<563:8 5447=79 6:76 < 9 < 58:=593 < 2 =3< S:70'

• 9:0< 2 95 401563:8 2 78 86361 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 3860:2730 78 86361
B73 0 </ 46 95 21/ 82584 382736 /50 95 491 2 95 0 9563:8 =53< B73
8 8 @5932 57478 5760 ,
 &

• 9:0< 2 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 78 86361 39 <6 /:<<3>9 B7 /:70 <7//03= 0

78 493 86 39 <:36 814 <<530 2 2160730 2 5760 < 86361< ?53<586
01?10 84 4 973 43, /97< 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 78 493 86 / 76 57<<3
8605]8 0 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 95 21?38363:8 2 78 4N5=>0 ,
• 9:0< 2 95 =3< S:70 2 78 86361 39 <6 /:<<3>9 B7 /:70 = 660
S:70 78 38?:0=536:8 39 <:36 814 <<530 2 = 660 S:70 2 5760 <
86361< ?53<586 01?10 84 4 99 43 ,
58< 95 2 7C3G= =:2193<563:8 /0:/:<1 ' 7478 2 4 < ?? 6< 8 5//505]6'
Chambres(NumChambre, Prix, NbrLit, NbrPers, Confort,
Equipement)
Clients(NumClient, Nom, Prenom, Adresse)
• 9:0< 2 95 401563:8 2 78 86361 <3 99 0 </ 46 9 < 2? 382736 86 /50 95
491 2 95 0 9563:8 59:0< 99 @5932 6:76 < 9 < 5760 < 2? 27 <4N1=5,
• 9:0< 2 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 78 86361 9 :>S 6 <6 <7//03=1 <58< ?? 6 2
>:02,
• 9:0< 2 95 =3< S:70 78 < 79 86361 <6 5?? 461 ,

< 58:=593 < 2 =3< S:70 <:86 <H8:8H= < 2 0 2:82584 2

9 38?:0=563:8, 58< 9 < O>:88 <O 214:=/:<363:8< 78 86361 8 2:36 /5<
4:86 830 /97<3 70< :>S 6< 5H586 2 < C3<6 84 < 3821/ 82586 <, 5>< 84 2
21/ 82584 6058<363@ 6 2 21/ 82584 /5063 99 6052736 4 66 >:88
/0:/03161,
< :0= < :0=59 < 0 =123 86 ( 8 /5063 ) 4 < 58:=593 <

8
:>S 463? 2 95 <6 2 <3=/93?3 0 95 <6074670 2 78 0 9563:8 8 193=38586
9 < <6074670 < 386 08 <
1?383:8 '
8 0 9563:8 <6 8 <3 6:7< 9 < 4:8<6367586< <:86 56:=3B7 <,
5 1@36 2:84 95 4:8?7<3:8 860 9 4:8<6367586 6 95 0 9563:8, 8
4:8<6367586 56:=3B7 8 / 76 /5< 5@:30 78 <6074670 386 08 (@ 46 70
80 A3<60 = 86 4N5=/ 01/16363? /:386 70)
58< 78 958A5A 2 /0:A05==563:8 <60746701 8:7< 5@:8< /:70 214950 0 78
?34N3 0 2 =/9:H1< 9 4:2 <73@586'
date = record of
jour : 1..31;
mois : 1..12;
année: 1900..2100;
end;
enfant = record of
prénom: char(20);
datenaiss : date;
end;
 V-+

pntpersonne = ^personne;
personne = record of
nom: char(20);
sexe : (F,M);
pere: pntpersonne ;
mere: pntpersonne ;
end;
employé = record of
nom,prenom: char(20);
nbenfant: 1..12;
descriptenfant: array[1..nbenfant]
of enfant;
salaire: array [1..12] of real;
end;
var fp:file of employé;
58< 95 ?:0= /:70 78 #" 6:76 < 9 < <6074670 < 2:3@ 86 T60
214:=/:<1 < 8:7< 5@:8< 9 < 60:3< 0 9563:8< <73@586 < B73 <:86 1B73@59 86 <
57 ?34N3 0 ?/ 2149501 43 2 <<7<,
Create table personne(idpers number,
nom char(20),
prénom char(20) ,
nbenfant number )
Create table salempl(idpers number,
période number(2),
salaire number)
Create table enfant(idpers number,
prénom char(20),
jour number(2),
mois number(2),
année number(4))
8 5760 C =/9 2 214950563:8 8 /< 72: /5<459 2:88 '
statistiqueTrimeste = array[1900..1999,1..4] of
real;
43 8:7< 5@:8< 95 0 9563:8 <73@586 B73 4N5B7 603= <6 5<<:43 78 86361,
stattrim(année,numtrimeste,valeur)
58< 4 45< 9 5881 <6 0 <63671 5@ 4 78 603/9 S:38670 B73 / 76 T60
0 9563@ = 86 4:[6 7< , 3 9 38?:0=563:8 603= <603 99 8 <6 /5< C/9:361 2
=583G0 3821/ 82586 :8 / 76 4N:3<30 95 0 9563:8 <73@586 '
stattrimbis(année,trim1,trim2,trim3,trim4)
99 <6 O8:8 8:0=593<1O =53< 99 / 76 T60 /97< ??3454 /:70 4 06538<
60536 = 86<,
!

8
5 V 193=38 9 < :>S 6< 214036< 2 78 =583G0 21/ 82586 /50 05//:06
2 5760 <, 99 193=38 538<3 9 < 58:=593 < <73@586 <'
• :0< 2 95 401563:8' :8 8 / 76 /5< 401 0 9 :>S 6 <58< 9 56654N 0 78
5760
• :0< 2 95 <7//0 <<3:8' 99 8605]8 4 99 2 4 973 B73 21/ 82 2 973
• :0< 2 95 =5S ' 95 =:23?34563:8 2:36 T60 0 /0:2736 < 39 C3<6
/97<3 70< :4470 84 < 2 9 :>S 6
1?38363:8'
:36 ! → Α 6 % 78 491 2 :8 236 B7 ! → Α <6 78 21/ 82584
/5063 99 2 <3 ! <6 4:86 87 258< % 6 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< !
58< 95 3A70 X :8 / 76 @:30 B7 9 A0:7/ 2 4:8<6367586< ! 6 21?3836
78 :>S 6 3821/ 82586, 8 214:=/586 8 6 V :8 193=38 95
21/ 82584 6058<363@ :a'
_ ;
V_ !∪Α

F ,

3A70 X ' <4N1=5 2 95 21/ 82584 /5063 99

C =/9 2 0 9563:8 4:86 8586 78 21/ 82584 /5063 99 '
Réservation(Num_chambre, num_client, date_arrivée,
date_départ, prix)
NCL,NCH,DA -> DD
NCH -> PX
NCH est contenu dans la clé de Réservation qui est
NCL,NCH,DA
1?383:8 ' V
8 0 9563:8 8 <6 8 V < 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 21/ 82584 /5063 99
C =/9 ' <:36 9 < 2 7C 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 6 9 70< 2?
Commande(NoCom, NoClient, Nom, Adresse, PrixTotal)
Ligne(NoCom, NoArt, Prix, Qte, Art_total)
NoCom → PrixTotal, NoClient
NoClient → Nom, Adresse
NoArt → Prix
NoCom, NoArt → Qte
:7< 5@:8< % +< 2 → 8 -⊆ +( - 2:84 3A8 8 <6 /5< 8 V
 V

:70 6058<?:0= 0 9 <4N1=5 8 V 39 4:8@3 86 2 9 0114030 4:== <736'

Commande(NoCom, NoClient, Nom, Adresse, PrixTotal)
LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total)
Article (NoArt, Prix)

: : 8
5 193=38 57<<3 9 < :>S 6< 214036< 2 78 =583G0 21/ 82586 /50
05//:06 2 5760 <, 58< 4 45< 95 21/ 82584 <6 6058<363@ ,
1?38363:8' 21/ 82584 6058<363@
:36 ! → Α 6 % 78 491 2 :8 236 B7 ! → Α <6 78 21/ 82584
6058<363@ 2 <3 ! 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< % 6 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258<
!
58< 95 3A70 :8 / 76 @:30 B7 9 A0:7/ 2 4:8<6367586< ! 6 21?3836
78 :>S 6 3821/ 82586, 8 214:=/:<586 8 6 V :8 193=38 95
21/ 82584 6058<363@ :a'
_ ;
V_ !∪Α

F ,

3A70 ' <4N1=5 2 95 21/ 82584 6058<363@

C =/9 2 0 9563:8 4:86 8586 78 21/ 82584 6058<363@
géographie(Ville, Pays, Superficie)
Ville → Pays
Pays → Superficie est une df transitive
1?383:8 '
8 0 9563:8 8 V <6 8 < 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 21/ 82584 6058<363@
C =/9 ' <:36 9 < 60:3< 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 6 9 70< 2?
Commande(NoCom, NoClient, Nom, Adresse, PrixTotal)
LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total)
Article (NoArt, Prix)
NoCom → PrixTotal, NoClient
NoClient → Nom, Adresse (1)
NoArt → Prix
NoCom, NoArt → Qte
:7< 5@:8< A574N ( : 93 86 → := 20 << ) B73 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< 95
491( :==582 ) 2:84 :==582 8 <6 /5< 8
!

:70 6058<?:0= 0 9 <4N1=5 8 39 4:8@3 86 2 9 0114030 4:== <736'

Commande(NoCom, NoClient, PrixTotal)
Client (NoClient, Nom, Adresse)
LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total)
Article (NoArt, Prix)

8 A . CA 8 D
58< 4 66 ?:0= 8:0=59 6:76 < 9 < /5063 < A574N < 2 < 2? 2 78 0 9563:8
4:863 88 78 491
1?38363:8 "
8 236 B7 9 <4N1=5 ( U ) <6 8 " <3 /:70 ! → Α 78 21/ 82584
@5932 0 <70 6 99 B7 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< ! 59:0< :8 5 % 78 491 2
4:86 87 258< !,
C =/9 2 0 9563:8 B73 8 <6 /5< 8 " '
R=(RVN)
F={VR → N, N → V}
8 <6 /5< 8 " 450 → <6 @5932 0 6 8 4:863 86 /5< 2 491 (491
2 <6 )
5 " <6 78 ?:0= (60:/) 4:86053A8586 450 :8 8 / 76 /5< 6:7S:70<
60:7@ 0 /:70 6 78 214:=/:<363:8 2:86 9 < <4N1=5< :86 <3=796581= 86
9 < /0:/03161< 2 " 2 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 6 2 /01< 0@563:8 2 < 2?,
C =/9 ' <:36 9 < 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 6 9 70< 2?
Commande(NoCom, NoClient, PrixTotal)
Client (NoClient, Nom, Adresse)
LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total)
Article (NoArt, Prix)
NoCom → PrixTotal, NoClient
NoClient → Nom, Adresse
NoArt → Prix
NoCom, NoArt → Qte
5 214:=/:<363:8 <6 8 "
/ 82586 8 5S:76586
prix , Qte → Art_total
58< 9 < 2? /0:S 61 < <70 3A8 :==582 :8 5 95 2?'
NoArt, Qte → Art_total
2:86 95 /5063 A574N : 06 6 8 4:863 86 /5< 2 491 2
3A8 :==582 2:84 3A8 :==582 8 <6 /5< 8 "
9 C60G= 3A8 :==582 2:36 T60 214:=/:<1 8
LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte)
 V

Table_multiplication(Prix, Qte, Art_total)

:7< @ 00:8< 258< 9 4N5/360 <73@586 B7 9 < @7 < / 0= 66 86 2 1@36 0 78
6 99 C601=361U 95 2? /03C 6 → 06j6:659 C/03= 8 ?536 78 21/ 82584
2 459479,

" :8 1 A 8
8 21?38363:8 1B73@59 86 2 95 / 0= 6 2 @:30 B7 95 <6 78
0 95C563:8 2 95 " ,
1?38363:8' 4:8<6367586 /0 =3 0
:7< 230:8< B7 78 4:8<6367586 <6 /0 =3 0 < 39 5//5063 86 78 491
<38:8 39 <6 8:8 /0 =3 0,
1?38363:8 V '
8 236 B7 9 <4N1=5 ( U ) <6 8 <3 /:70 ! → Α 78 21/ 82584
@5932 0 <70 6 99 B7 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< ! 59:0< :8 @103?3 78
2 < 2 7C 4:82363:8< <73@586 <'
) 39 C3<6 % 78 491 2 4:86 87 258< !
V) <6 /0 =3 0
5 4:82363:8 <6 32 863B7 4 99 2 95 " , 5 <6 2:84 >3 8 78
0 95C563:8 2 < 4:8605386 < , :84 6:76 < 9 < 0 9563:8< " <:86 8
2.
2.
[
'2.
/

,
3A70 Z ' =>034563:8< 2 < ?:0= < 8:0=59 <
< =:H 8< 2 8 /5< T60 8 <:86 2:84'
• 5 ' </143?3 B7 78 4:8<6367586 8 <:36 /5< 78 <4N1=5
• 95 V ' ! <6 78 <:7< 8< =>9 <60346 2 78 491
• :8 236 B7 ! → <6 78 21/ 82584 /5063 99
• 95 ' ! <6 <:7< 8< =>9 2 57478 491
• :8 236 B7 ! → <6 78 21/ 82584 6058<363@
58< 860 0 258< 9 < 216539< 8:7< 230:8< B7 39 C3<6 6:7S:70< 78
214:=/:<363:8 (:7 /97<3 70< <3 9 A05/N 2 < 2? 5 2 < 4H49 <) B73 /:<<G2
<3=796581= 86 9 < 60:3< /0:/03161< B7 8:7< 5@:8< C5=381 < (6:659
/01< 0@ 9 < 2? 6 ), 50 4:860 9 603/9 6 (6:659 /01< 0@ 9 < 2? 6 " )
/ 76 T60 @32 ,
:60 :>S 463? 8 16586 /5< 2 ?530 2 95 4:84 /63:8 8:7< 8 2:88:8< /5<
2 C 0434 <70 95 214:=/:<363:8, :76 ?:3< 9 9 46 70 / 76 4:8<656 0 B7
/0563B7 = 86 6:76 < 9 < =:2193<563:8< 2 < 1672 < 2 45< <:86 8 6
/:<<G2 86 9 < >:88 < /0:/03161< 2 95 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 6 2 95
!

/01< 0@563:8 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < (B7582 4 95 8 <6 /5< 9 45<
78 B7 <63:8 H ?536 01?10 84 ),

'2.

)
@2.

D
2

3A70 + ' 86 021/ 82584 < 2 < /0:/03161< <70 95 214:=/<363:8

 V

@H

"Le rêve semblait toujours si vivant, si exact, moins

distorsion du réel que simulacre, illusion si riche en détails
de la vie éveillé que Nashe ne soupçonnait jamais qu'il était
en train de rêver." Paul Auster - La musique du hasard

7<B7 /01< 86 78 0 9563:8 16536 6:7S:70< 5<<:431 78 38<6584 B73

<6:4I536 /NH<3B7 = 86 9 < 86361<, 8 @7 / 0= 6 2 214950 0 78 <4N1=5 2
0 9563:8< B73 <6 21?383 /50630 2 5760 < 0 9563:8< (:7 1@ 867 99 = 86 2 5760 <
@7 <), 38<6584 2 78 @7 <6 1@5971 57 =:= 86 :a 99 <6 76393<1 258<
78 0 B7T6 U 78 @7 8 /:<<G2 2:84 /5< 2 38<6584 /NH<3B7 ,
43 / 0= 6 2 401 0 2 < 0 2:82584 < 9:A3B7 < 258< 9 <4N1=5 <58< 382730
/:70 576586 2 < 58:=593 < 2 =3< S:70, 50 4:860 78 @7 2 @586 T60
011@5971 4N5B7 ?:3< B7 9 :8 < H 01?G0 4 95 / 76 8605]8 0 78
23=38763:8 2 / 0?:0=584 258< 4 06538< 45<,
Définitions des vues
requête

Réécriture de la requête en
termes de relation

Modèle de la machine SQL figure 4 chapitre 5

3A70 X ' 1143670 2 95 0 B7T6

=:2G9 2 C14763:8 2 78 0 B7T6 2:36 T60 4:=/9161 /50 78 =:279
2 011403670 2 95 0 B7T6 B73 <7><6367 9 C3459 = 86 9 < 6 0= < 2 95
0 B7T6 /50 4 7C 2 95 @7 (/50?:3< 4 <6 9 38@ 0< B73 <6 /0563B71), 7
=383=7= 8:7< 5@:8< 9 < <7><636763:8< <73@586 <'
• 5) 9 32 863?3456 70 2 95 @7 258< 95 4957< FROM 2 95 0 B7T6 <6
<7><63671 /50 9 < 32 863?3456 70< </143?31< 258< 95 4957< FROM 2 95
@7 ,
• >) 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 95 @7 <:86 <7><63671 < /50 9 < C/0 <<3:8<
</143?31 < 258< 95 4957< SELECT 2 95 @7 ,
• 4) 95 4957< WHERE 2 95 @7 <6 5S:761 95 4957< WHERE 2 95
0 B7T6 ,
• 2) 58< 9 < 45< 9 < /97< <3=/9 < 95 4957< GROUP BY 2 95 @7 <6
5S:761 95 0 B7T6 (4 6H/ 2 45< <6 /0:>91=563B7 4:== :8 9
@ 005 /97< 9:38),
C5=38:8< 78 45< <:36 95 @7 6 95 0 B7T6 <73@586 '
!#

CREATE VIEW Chambre_avec_tv_2

(Num_chambre, prix_par_pers)
AS SELECT num_chambre,prix/nbr_pers
FROM Chambres
WHERE equipement='TV';
SELECT num_chambre, prix_par_pers
FROM Chambre_avec_tv_2
WHERE num_chambre=44;
5//934563:8 2 95 0GA9 5) 2:88 '
SELECT num_chambre, prix_par_pers
FROM Chambres
WHERE num_chambre=44;
5//934563:8 2 95 0GA9 >) 2:88 '
SELECT num_chambre, prix/nbr_pers
FROM Chambres
WHERE num_chambre=44;
5//934563:8 2 95 0GA9 4) 2:88 '
SELECT num_chambre, prix/nbr_pers
FROM Chambres
WHERE num_chambre=44
AND equipement='TV';
<6 95 0 B7T6 B7 8:7< 5703:8< 14036 <3 95 @7 8 C3<6536 /5<,

H ;)"
5 4957< CREATE-VIEW / 0= 6 2 5<<:43 0 78 <4N1=5 2 @7 78 0 B7T6 ,
Q

50 21?576 9 <4N1=5 2 95 @7 <6 4 973 2 95 0 B7T6 , < 8:=< 6 9 <

6H/ < 2 < 4:9:88 < <:86 4 7C B73 5//5053<< 86 258< 95 4957< 2 /0:S 463:8
2 95 0 B7T6 ,
C =/9 ' 8 @7 21?383 /:70 O9 < 4N5=>0 < 5H586 78 O
CREATE VIEW Chambre_avec_tv_1
AS SELECT *
FROM Chambres
WHERE equipement='TV';
8 386 00:A 586 95 @7 :8 :>63 86'
SELECT * FROM Chambre_avec_tv_1;
9 <6 57<<3 /:<<3>9 2 2:88 0 78 8:= 4N5B7 4:9:88 2 95 @7 8 9 <
= 863:88586 5/0G< 9 8:= 2 95 @7 ,
 V

CREATE VIEW Chambre_avec_tv_2

(Num_chambre, prix_par_pers)
AS SELECT num_chambre,prix/nbr_pers
FROM Chambres
WHERE equipement='TV';
8 386 00:A 586 95 @7 :8 :>63 86'
SELECT * FROM Chambre_avec_tv_2;
58< 9 C =/9 <73@586 :8 401 78 @7 B73 4:00 </:82 9 5A01A563:8 2 <
/03C =:H 8<,
CREATE VIEW Prix_moyen_par_confort
(confort, prix_moyen)
AS SELECT confort, avg(prix)
FROM Chambres
GROUP BY confort;
SELECT * FROM Prix_moyen_par_confort;
:0=59 = 86 9 3=/91= 86563:8 2 < @7 < 4:8<3<6 8 78 011403670 2 95
0 B7T6 76393<586 95 @7 2:84 9 < 2 7C 0 B7T6 < <73@586 < 2 @053 86 T60
3991A59 < 4:== 9 <:793A8 , , 56 c Z d, / 82586 9 #" 0549
(B7 9 :8 76393< /:70 6 <6 0 9 < 0 B7T6 < 2 4 93@0 ) 9 < 544 /6 , 43
< C/93B7 /50 9 ?536 B7 /:70 4 < 45< 39 401 6 =/:0530 = 86 78 65>9
4:00 </:82586 95 @7 ,
66 /506347950361 <6 /0 =3G0 @7 60G< /0563B7 =53< 258< 4 06538< 45<
99 / 76 /18593< 0 ?:06 = 86 95 / 0?:0=584 2 9 C14763:8, 706:76 258< 9
45< 2 S:38670 <70 78 @7 5A01A1 450 9 < :/63=3<563:8< B73 / 7@ 86
8:0=59 = 86 < ?? 467 0 8 <:86 /97< /:<<3>9 < 6 9 <H<6G= 2:36 1@597 0 6
<6:4I 0 6 =/:0530 = 86 95 @7 4N5B7 5// 9,
SELECT * FROM Prix_moyen_par_confort
WHERE prix_moyen>100;13
SELECT avg(prix_moyen) FROM Prix_moyen_par_confort;14
< =:23?34563:8< 605@ 0< 78 @7 <:86 0 <60 386 < 57C @7 < B73 8 76393< 86
/5< 9 < :/10563:8< <73@586 <'
• 5 S:38670
• < 5A01A563:8< (GROUP BY)
• < 4:88 C3:8< (connect by)
• 5 4957< distinct
58< 9 45< 2 4:9:88 < 01<79656< 2 C/0 <<3:8 4 < 2 083G0 < 8 / 7@ 86 /5<
T60 =3< < S:70, :7< 4 < 45< <:86 38216 0=381< 450 39 4:00 </:82 86 95
=:23?34563:8 /50630 2 78 @59 70 2 /97<3 70< 058A1 < :7 2 /97<3 70<
4:9:88 < 2 78 65>9 , 3 78 4:9:88 <6 5>< 86 258< 95 65>9 2 01?10 84
59:0< 99 /0 82 95 @59 70 null,

5 011403670 2 @0536 2:88 0 where avg(prix)>100 4 B73 <6 386 0236 450 :8 2:36
76393< 0 95 4957< having
- 43 :8 2 @0536 5@:30 avg(avg(prix)) 4 B73 8 5 /5< 2 < 8<,
 !&

5 4957< with check option / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 B7 9 < =:23?34563:8<

<:86 ?536 < 9 386103 70 2 9 38<6584 2 95 @7 , <6 230 B7 78 <19 463:8
605@ 0< 95 @7 2:36 /:7@:30 <19 463:88 0 9 01<79656 2 95 =:23?34563:8 ( 8
/ 76 2:88 0 78 8:= 4 66 4:8605386 ),
C =/9 ' 95 =3< S:70 2 95 4:9:88 1B73/ = 86 ?536 <:0630 95 058A1 27
9 38<6584 2 95 @7 ,
insert into Chambre_avec_tv_1
(num_chambre,prix,nbr_lits,
nbr_pers,confort,equipement)
values(99,100,2,2,'BAIN','TV');
update Chambre_avec_tv_1
set equipement='VD'
WHERE num_chambre=99;
delete FROM Chambre_avec_tv_1;
01:8< 78 @7 <3=39530 5@ 4 95 4957< 2 @103?34563:8 2 5//506 8584 95
@7 6 <:7= 66:8< 9 < =T= < =:23?34563:8<,
CREATE VIEW Chambre_avec_tv_1_valide
AS SELECT *
FROM Chambres
WHERE equipement='TV'
with check option constraint valide_la_vue;
insert into Chambre_avec_tv_1_valide
(num_chambre,prix,nbr_lits,
nbr_pers,confort,equipement)
values(99,100,2,2,'BAIN','TV');
update Chambre_avec_tv_1_valide
set equipement='VD'
WHERE num_chambre=99;
delete FROM Chambre_avec_tv_1_valide;
IL " ) *C * C L , $

, ! (
:7< 2:88:8< 78 4 06538 8:=>0 2 45< :a 9 < @7 < <:86 7639 <, 321 4 86059
16586 2 401 0 78 3821/ 82584 9:A3B7 860 9 <4N1=5 2 95 >5< 2
2:881 < 6 9 < 5//934563:8< B73 9 76393< 86, 99 43 8 <6 /9 38 = 86 01593<1
B7 258< 9 45< 2 9 386 00:A563:8 6 258< 78 8:=>0 2 45< 93=361< 2
=:23?34563:8 2 95 >5< ,

! ' 1
5 401563:8 2 < @7 < 4:86 C67 99 < / 0= 6 2 4:8<60730 /50630 2 78
8< =>9 2 0 9563:8< 78 8:7@ 99 0 9563:8, 76393<56 70 8 76393<586 9
4:86 C6 2 @3 86 59:0< 3821/ 82586 2 < =:23?34563:8< B73 / 7@ 86 T60
5//:061 < 57 <4N1=5 <:7< S54 86,
 V +

58< 9 C =/9 <73@586 :8 401 95 @7 <70 95 0 9563:8 783@ 0< 99 , ( 99 8 <6

/5< 1B73@59 86 95 0 9563:8 783@ 0< 99 450 99 8 /0 82 8 4:=/6 B7 9 <
86361< B73 <:86 S:386 <, :70 78 23<47<<3:8 5//0:?:823 <70 4 6NG=
4:8<796 0 9 605@539 2 #, 59B7 6 c Z+d)
CREATE VIEW hotel
(NUM_CLIENT, NOM, PRENOM, ADRESSE,
NUM_CHAMBRE, PRIX, NBR_LITS,
NBR_PERS, CONFORT, EQUIPEMENT,
DATE_ARR, DATE_DEP)
AS SELECT CLIENTS.NUM_CLIENT, NOM, PRENOM, ADRESSE,
CHAMBRES.NUM_CHAMBRE, PRIX, NBR_LITS,
NBR_PERS, CONFORT, EQUIPEMENT,
DATE_ARR, DATE_DEP
FROM CHAMBRES, CLIENTS, RESERVATIONS
WHERE Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client
AND Chambres.num_chambre=Reservations.num_chambre
5 @7 N:6 9 / 0= 6 78 76393<56 70 2 ?530 5><605463:8 2 < <4N1=5<
" , < 2 083 0< / 7@ 86 T60 =:23?31<, 9
<7??36 2 =5386 830 78 @7 1B73@59 86 /:70 <563<?530 9 76393<56 70 2 95 @7 ,

!
7//:<:8< B7 @:7< 5H P 54N 61 78 5//934563:8 " 4 99 43 /:<<G2 21S 78
<4N1=5 2 0 9563:8<, 5 <:43161 B73 9 5 21@ 9://1 <6 <7<4 /63>9 2 9
=:23?3 0, / 82586 @:7< 53= 03 P 21@ 9:// 0 78 C6 8<3:8, :70 T60
3821/ 82586 39 <7??36 2 605@5399 0 <70 2 < @7 < 27 <4N1=5 2 9 5//934563:8,
8 45< 2 =:23?34563:8 @:7< 525/6 P @:< @7 < 5?38 2 9 < 0 820
<1=5863B7 = 86 1B73@59 86 <, 43 / 0= 6 57<<3 2 401 0 78 <4N1=5 6052736
258< 78 5760 958A7 / 7 2 ?053<,
C =/9 ' 8 4N5]8 58A953< 2 NL6 9< 16 82 8:60 5//934563:8 , 99
5705 38610T6 605@5399 0 <70 95 @7 93 86< <73@586 '
CREATE VIEW Customer
(ident_cust, name, surname, address)
AS SELECT NUM_CLIENT, NOM, PRENOM, ADRESSE
FROM Clients

! ! !
:7@ 86 95 @59 70 2 78 4:8<6367586 <6 863G0 = 86 216 0=381 /50 2
9 38?:0=563:8 B73 C3<6 21S 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 6:4I 0 /NH<3B7 = 86
4 < 38?:0=563:8< 2 =582 B7 4N5B7 =:23?34563:8 99 < <:3 86 0 =3< <
S:70 4 B73 0 82 /97< 4:=/9 C 9 < /0:A05== < 2 =:23?34563:8,
C5=38:8< 9 45< <73@586'
8 493 86 5 78 8:= 6 78 520 << , 8 4:==582 <6 5<<:431 78 493 86
6 9 /03C 6:659 2 95 4:==582 <6 95 <:== 2 < 93A8 < 2 4 66 4:==582 ,
8 93A8 2 4:==582 4:00 </:82 78 506349 4:==5821 < 9:8 78
 #

4 06538 B7586361, /03C 6:659 2 95 93A8 4:00 </:82 57 /0:2736 27 /03C 2

9 506349 /50 <5 B7586361, 4N5B7 506349 <6 5<<:431 78 /03C,
4N5=/ <6 <:7=3< 57C 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < <73@586 <'
: := → 03C :659 : 93 86
: 93 86 → := 20 <<
: 06 → 03C
: := : 06 → 6
5 214:=/:<363:8 <73@586 <6 6:76 ?536 52=3<<3>9 '
93 86 ( : 93 86 := 20 << )
:==582 ( : := : 93 86 03C :659)
3A8 :==582 ( : := : 06 6 06j6:659)
06349 ( : 06 03C)
?536 2 <6:4I 0 03C :659 6 06j6:659 3=/93B7 B7 9 < /0:A05== < 2
9 5//934563:8 =:23?3586 9 < 93A8 < 2 4:==582 < 6 9 < 506349 < 2:3@ 86 9 <
0 = 660 S:70,
:0= 99 = 86 :8 2 @0536 5S:76 0 95 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 <73@586 (B73
84:2 95 =7963/934563:8)
• /03C 6 → 06j6:659
8 5 59:0< 9 < 0 9563:8< <73@586 <'
3A8 :==582 ( : := : 06 6 )
59479 03C ( 03C 6 06j6:659)
< @7 < / 0= 66 86 2 1@36 0 2 6 99 < C601=361<
7//:<:8< 9 <4N1=5 <73@586 '
93 86 ( : 93 86 := 20 << )
:==582 ( : := : 93 86)
3A8 :==582 ( : := : 06 6 )
06349 ( : 06 03C)
CREATE VIEW
LigneCommAvecPrix(NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total)
AS SELECT Nocom, a.NoArt, Qte, Prix*Qte
FROM lignecommande a, article b
WHERE a.NoArt=b.NoArt
CREATE VIEW
CommAvecPrix (NoCom, NoClient, PrixTotal)
AS SELECT b.Nocom, NoClient, sum(Art_total)
FROM lignecommande a, Commande b
WHERE a.NoCom=b.NoCom
GROUP BY b.Nocom, NoClient
8 5 193=381 9 < 4:8<6367586< 4594791< 2 < 0 9563:8< <6:4I1 <, 50 4:860 :8
5 </143?31 2 < @7 < B73 / 0= 66 86 6:76 =:= 86 2 9 < 0 459479 0,
:7< 0 60:7@:8< 95 2759361 2 95 0 2:82584 4:860 9 1@597563:8 9 78 5@ 4
<:8 4:[6 8 4:=/9 C361 54407 2 /0:A05==563:8 (95 /954 /NH<3B7 8 16586
 VX

/97< A181059 = 86 9 50A7= 86 /03843/59) 4:860 78 4:[6 8 0 <<:704 2

459479 (230 46 = 86 931 95 / 0?:0=584 )

%! /
/50630 2 78 8< =>9 2 ?536< 6 2 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 < 2 2127463:8 39
<6 /:<<3>9 2 /0:2730 2 8:7@ 99 < 38?:0=563:8<, 5 /0:A05==563:8
9:A3B7 C/03=1 ?:0= 99 = 86 /50 9 < 4957< < 2 :08 (@:30 9 :7@05A 2 ,
%:M 59<I3 c% Q +d) / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 6 99 < 0GA9 < 2 2127463:8,
958A5A 2 /0:A05==563:8 # c Z d <6 78 3=/91= 86563:8 2
4 66 5//0:4N 2127463@ , < >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < / 7@ 86 T60
4:8<32101 < 4:== 78 45< /50634793 0 2 95 /0:A05==563:8 9:A3B7 , < ?536<
<:86 0 /01< 861< /50 9 < 86361< 6 9 < 0 B7T6 < <:86 2 < 4957< < 9:A3B7 <
2:86 9 < 01/:8< < <:86 2 < 386 0/016563:8< /:<<3>9 <, 58< 4 4:86 C6 9 <
@7 < / 7@ 86 T60 / 0^7 < 4:== 2 < 0GA9 < 2 2127463:8 (95 93=36 16586
B7 9 :8 8 / 76 /5< C/03= 0 2 < 0GA9 < 01470<3@ = 86)
C5=38:8< 9 C =/9 495<<3B7 2 9 50>0 A18159:A3B7 , :36 9 < 2 7C
0 9563:8< <73@586 <, < / 0<:88 < <:86 32 863?31 < /50 78 8:= 6 5<<:431 <
78 < C , 5 0 9563:8 # 216 0=38 B7 9 /50 86 <6 78 2 < A1836 70< 2
9 8?586,
CREATE TABLE pers(nom char(20),
sexe char(1));
CREATE TABLE geni(parent char(20),
enfant char(20));
Nous avons entré les données suivantes:
/50630 2 4 < 2:881 < 8:7< 53= 03:8< /:< 0 9 < B7 <63:8<'
• B73 <6 95 <: 70 2 ,,,
• B73 <:86 9 < A0582 /50 86< ,,,
• B73 <6 9 4:7<38 2 ,,,
• B73 <6 9 584T60 2 ,,,
< @7 < <73@586 < 01/:82 86 4 < B7 <63:8<'
CREATE VIEW femme
AS SELECT nom
FROM pers
WHERE sexe='F';
CREATE VIEW homme
AS SELECT nom
FROM pers
WHERE sexe='H';
CREATE VIEW pere_de
AS SELECT parent pere15,enfant
FROM geni,homme
WHERE geni.parent=homme.nom;

76393<563:8 2 78 5935< / 0= 6 2 0 8:== 0 95 4:9:88 2 95 @7

#

CREATE VIEW mere_de

AS SELECT parent mere,enfant
FROM geni,femme
WHERE geni.parent=femme.nom;
CREATE VIEW soeur_de16
AS SELECT a.enfant soeur,b.enfant nom
FROM geni a,geni b,femme
WHERE a.parent=b.parent
AND a.enfant=femme.nom
AND a.enfant<>b.enfant17;
CREATE VIEW frere_de
AS SELECT a.enfant frere,b.enfant nom
FROM geni a,geni b,homme
WHERE a.parent=b.parent
AND a.enfant=homme.nom
AND a.enfant<>b.enfant;
CREATE VIEW grandpere_de
AS SELECT a.pere grandpere,b.enfant petitenfant
FROM pere_de a,geni18 b
WHERE a.enfant=b.parent;
CREATE VIEW grandmere_de
AS SELECT a.mere grandmere,b.enfant petitenfant
FROM mere_de a,geni b
WHERE a.enfant=b.parent;
CREATE VIEW grandparent_de(grandparent, petitenfant)
AS SELECT grandpere, petitenfant
FROM grandpere_de
union
SELECT grandmere, petitenfant
FROM grandmere_de;
Nous pouvons faire un test sur nos données.
SELECT distinct * FROM soeur_de
WHERE nom='jacques';
SELECT distinct * FROM grandparent_de
WHERE petitenfant='amélie';
5 B7 <63:8 2 < 584T60 < <6 /97< 2193456 450 99 ?536 386 0@ 830 95 8:63:8 2
01470<3@361, <6 230 '
! 584T60 2 F <3
)! <6 9 A1836 70 2 F
:7 >3 8 V) <3 ! <6 584T60 2 & 6 & <6 9 A1836 70 2 F
8 4:8<656 B7 9 :8 / 76 5//93B7 0 8:7@ 57 95 21?38363:8 2 584T60 258< 95
4:82363:8 V), 8 6:76 A181059361 39 8 <6 /5< /:<<3>9 2 401 0 2 < @7 <

X 7<<3 9 < 2 =3 <: 70<

66 4:82363:8 386 0236 B7 9 :8 <:36 95 <: 70 2 <:3 =T= ,
Z 8 0 =/95^586 # /50 j :8 5 9 A0582 /G0 /506 08 9
 VX

01470<3@ <, 7 /97< :8 / 76 21/93 0 95 21?38363:8 6 401 0 78 @7 2

A1836 70(A1836 70(A1836 70( ,,,,)))) 8 S:3A8586 /97<3 70< ?:3< 95 0 9563:8
# , / 82586 9 C6 8<3:8 "& 57 <6582502 / 0= 6 2 0 820
01470<3@ < 4 06538 < 0 B7T6 <,
5 <:7< 0 B7T6 2 95 @7 584 60 j2 459479 9 < 2 <4 82586< 2 , 5
21?38363:8 2 584T60 2 @3 86 59:0<' <6 584T60 2 " <3 " <6 258< 9 <
2 <4 82586< 2 ,
CREATE VIEW ancetre_de
AS SELECT a.nom ancetre,b.nom descendant
FROM pers a, pers b
WHERE b.nom in (SELECT enfant FROM geni
connect by prior enfant=parent
start with parent=a.nom);
SELECT * FROM ancetre_de
WHERE descendant='amélie';
:70 6 0=38 0 4 6 C =/9 :8 / 76 < /:< 0 95 B7 <63:8 2 <5@:30 <3 2 7C
/ 0<:88 < :86 2 < 584T60 < 4:==78<,
CREATE VIEW meme_famille(dans_la, de)
AS SELECT a.descendant,b.descendant
FROM ancetre_de a, ancetre_de b
WHERE a.ancetre=b.ancetre;
SELECT * FROM meme_famille
WHERE dans_la='amélie' AND de='eliot';
SELECT * FROM meme_famille
WHERE dans_la='amélie' AND de='nolwenn';
8:=>0 2 01/:8< < 4:00 </:82 57C <3C 584T60 < 4:==78<,
:7< @:H:8< B7 9 3860:27463:8 2 < @7 < 21/5<< 9 4520 2 95
0 /01< 86563:8 2 < 2:881 <, 99 < / 0= 66 86 2 4:8<60730 57 2 <<7< 2 <
?536< 2 < 0GA9 < <60746701 < <70 9 < 93 8< <1=563B7 < C3<6586 860 4 < ?536<
6 538<3 2 212730 2 8:7@ 99 < 38?:0=563:8<,

1
I " " *) $

" 0 !
) / \
CREATE TABLE D (v number(1));
insert into D values(1);
insert into D values(2);
insert into D values(3);
insert into D values(4);
insert into D values(5);
insert into D values(6);
5 < 6 < K /
#

• 401 0 60:3< 21< 3821/ 82586<

• 4N 04N 0 95 <:== /:70 78 S 61 2 21<
• 9 8:=>0 2 S 61< 2 21< /:<<3>9 <
• 9 < 23??10 86 < ?5^:8< 2 :>6 830 5@ 4 60:3< 21<
• 9 8:=>0 2 /:<<3>361< 2 S 61< 2 60:3< 21< 5<<:431< 4N5B7
<:==
• 20 << 0 78 65>9 57 8 6 0= 2 <6563<63B7 /:70 4N5B7 <:==

-
9 <6 38610 <<586 2 0 =50B7 0 B7 78 0 9563:8 / 76 ?5439 = 86 0 /01< 86 0
78 @ 46 70, 5 0 9563:8 46 2:88 4N5B7 191= 86 9 8:= 27 @ 46 70
57B7 9 39 5//5063 86 <5 /:<363:8 6 <5 @59 70
CREATE TABLE vect(nomvect char(10),
i number(3),
value number);
38<3 9 < @ 46 70< _( V -) 6 Q_( Y, Y,V ) <:86 0 /01< 861< /50 9 38<6584
<73@586 '
/0:2736 <459530 2 2 7C @ 46 70< <6 1A59 95 <:== 2 < /0:2736< 2
4N5B7 191= 86 2 < 2 7C @ 46 70< :447/586 95 =T= /:<363:8,
8 5 2:84 `Q_( ` ;V`, ;-`,V )_
6 ` _( ` ;V`V;-`-)_V
N 04N 0 78 @7 B73 459479 6:7< 9 < /0:2736< <459530 < 2 46
(8:0=59 = 86 9 < 2 7C @ 46 70< 2:3@ 86 5@:30 95 =T= 9:8A 70)
8 =56034 4:00 </:82 78 65>9 57 2 @59 70< :8 / 76 16 820 8:60
21?38363:8 2 95 0 9563:8 B73 21?3836 9 8:= 2 95 =56034 95
93A8 95 4:9:88 6 95 @59 70 /:70 4N5B7 191= 86,
CREATE TABLE mat(nommat char(10),
l number(3),c number(4),
value number);
< 2 7C =56034 < 6 " <:86 2:84 0 /01< 861 < /50 9 38<6584 <73@586 2
,
3 '
53 '
' #
/0:2736 2 2 7C =56034 < 2:88 78 8:7@ 99 =56034 2:86 4N5B7
191= 86 4:00 </:82 57 /0:2736 <459530 2 78 93A8 6 2 78 4:9:88 2 <
=56034 < =7963/931 <, 38<3 `" 2:88 05 /:70 9 191= 86 27 01<79656 9
/0:2736 <459530 2 95 93A8 2 6 2 95 4:9:88 2 " <:36 9 191= 86 V
27 01<79656 <6 9 /0:2736 <459530 2 95 93A8 2 6 2 95 4:9:88 V 2 "
<:36 X 64,
' #
5B 3 # &
& %
 VX

4030 78 @7 B73 ?? 467 9 /0:2736 =560343 9 2 6:76 < 9 < =56034 < 2
(8:0=59 = 86 9 8:=>0 2 4:9:88 < 2 95 /0 =3G0 =56034 2:36 T60
1A59 57 8:=>0 2 93A8 < 2 95 2 7C3G= =56034 )

; :
65>930 78 @7 B73 / 0= 66 2 01/:820 57C B7 <63:8< <73@586 < /50 2 <
0 B7T6 < <58< 2 S:38670 ,
• 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 6 9 70 4561A:03 2 / 0=3<
• 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2 =:38< 2 VY /954 <
• 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 860 6 Z /954 <
6 820 95 @7 /01412 86 /:70 6 830 4:=/6 2 95 0 9563:8 450>70586,
9 2:36 =5386 8586 T60 ?5439 2 2:88 0 95 4:8<:==563:8 /50 =:2G9 /50
4561A:03 /50 8>0 2 /954 ,
65>930 78 @7 B73 0 A0:7/ 4 < <6563<63B7 <,
:88 0 9 < A0:7/ < B73 4:8<:== 86 =:38< 2 Y 9360 < 57C YY,

<!
, ;,) 9,& '(04& 9+&
401 0 60:3< 21< 3821/ 82586<
CREATE VIEW D1
AS SELECT * FROM D;
CREATE VIEW D2
AS SELECT * FROM D;
CREATE VIEW D3
AS SELECT * FROM D;
4N 04N 0 95 <:== /:70 78 S 61 2 21<
CREATE VIEW sum3D (v1,v2,v3,sum3)
AS SELECT D1.v,D2.v,D3.v,D1.v+D2.v+D3.v
FROM D1,D2,D3;
9 8:=>0 2 S 61< 2 21< /:<<3>9 <
SELECT count(*)
FROM sum3D;
9 < 23??10 86 < ?5^:8< 2 :>6 830 5@ 4 60:3< 21<
SELECT * FROM
sum3D
WHERE sum3=7;
9 8:=>0 2 /:<<3>361< 5<<:431 < 4N5B7 <:==
SELECT sum3,count(sum3)
FROM sum3D
GROUP BY sum3;
20 << 0 78 65>9 57 8 6 0= 2 <6563<63B7 /:70 4N5B7 <:==
##

SELECT sum3 somme,

(count(sum3)/216)*100 probabilite,'%'
FROM sum3D
GROUP BY sum3;
< @ 46 70< 6 9 < =56034 <
5 4:82363:8 2 S:38670 /:06 <70 95 /:<363:8 258< 9 @ 46 70,
CREATE VIEW prod_scalaire(a,b,prod)
AS SELECT a.nomvect,b.nomvect,sum(a.value*b.value)
FROM vect a,vect b
WHERE a.i=b.i
GROUP BY a.nomvect,b.nomvect;
SELECT * FROM prod_scalaire;
5 @7 /0:2j<459530 459479 9 191= 86 (9 4) 27 01<79656 95 4:82363:8 2
S:38670 /:06 <70 95 /:<363:8 258< 95 93A8 9 6 95 4:9:88 4,
CREATE VIEW prod_scalaire_LC(a,b,l,c,prod)
AS SELECT a.nommat,b.nommat,a.l,b.c,sum(a.value*b.value)
FROM mat a,mat b
WHERE a.c=b.l
GROUP BY a.nommat,b.nommat,a.l,b.c;
/0:2736 =560343 9 <6 9 8< =>9 /:<<3>9 2 < @59 70< 2 < /0:2736<
<459530 <, :7< 5@:8< 5S:761 95 4:82363:8 B73 =/G4N 2 2:88 0 9 01<79656
/:70 2 < =56034 < 8:8 4:=/563>9 <
CREATE VIEW prod_mat(a,b,l,c,value)
AS SELECT a,b,l,c,prod
FROM prod_scalaire_lc
WHERE exists (SELECT 'vrai'
FROM mat a, mat b
WHERE a.nommat=a AND b.nommat=b
GROUP BY a.nommat, b.nommat
having max(a.c)=max(b.l));
79 < ` " 6 "` <:86 /:<<3>9 <
SELECT * FROM prod_mat;
&
CREATE VIEW vhc_type
AS SELECT nochassis,noplaque,miseenservice,v.modele,nostation,
nbplaces,categorie,typecarburant,automatique,poids
FROM vehicule v, type t
WHERE v.modele=t.modele;
SELECT nochassis,categorie
FROM vhc_type;
SELECT nochassis,nbplaces
FROM vhc_type
WHERE nbplaces<20;
SELECT nochassis,nbplaces
FROM vhc_type
WHERE nbplaces between 5 AND 8;
 VX

CREATE VIEW vhc_type_carb

AS SELECT nochassis,v.noplaque,miseenservice,
v.modele,nostation,
nbplaces,categorie,v.typecarburant
carburantrequis,automatique,poids,
nojour,kilometrage,litres,
c.typecarburant carburantplein
FROM vhc_type v, carburant c
WHERE v.noplaque=c.noplaque;
SELECT * FROM vhc_type_carb
WHERE carburantrequis<>carburantplein;
CREATE VIEW analyse_consomation
(critere,valeur,consom100)
AS SELECT 'modele',
modele,(sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100
FROM vhc_type_carb
GROUP BY modele
union
SELECT 'nbplaces',
to_char(nbplaces),(sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100
FROM vhc_type_carb
GROUP BY to_char(nbplaces)
union
SELECT 'carburant',
carburantplein,(sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100
FROM vhc_type_carb
GROUP BY carburantplein;
SELECT *
FROM analyse_consomation;
SELECT *
FROM analyse_consomation
WHERE consom100<10;
 VX+

B2

"Ainsi certaines fourmis naissent avec d'énormes

mandibules cisaillles pour être soldat, d'autres possèdent
des mandibules broyantes pour produire de la farine de
céréales, d'autres sont équipées de glandes salivaires
surdéveloppées pour mouiller et désinfecter les jeunes
larves." Bernard Weber - Les fourmis.

5 /0 =3G0 /5063 2 4 4N5/360 <6 4:8<5401 9 :/63=3<563:8 2 < 0 B7T6 <

, 7<B7 /01< 86 8:7< 5@:8< ?536 5><605463:8 2 9 3=/91= 86563:8
/NH<3B7 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 8:7< 5@:8< 214036 9 ?:8463:88 = 86 2 95 =54N38
8 6 0= < /70 = 86 9:A3B7 <, < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< 258< 78 #"
<:86 <6:4I1 < /NH<3B7 = 86U 57 <4N1=5 9:A3B7 2 < 0 9563:8< <6 5<<:431 78
<4N1=5 /NH<3B7 , 2 083 0 </143?3 /:70 4N5B7 0 9563:8 9 =:2G9
/NH<3B7 6 9 < /505=G60 < 2 <6:4I5A 76393<1<,
5 034N << 2 < =:2G9 < 76393<1< 21/ 82 27 4:8<60746 70 27 #" , 4N:3C
27 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 21/ 82 59:0< 2 9 76393<563:8 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, :70
B7 9 < 0 B7T6 < 0 <6 86 9:A3B7 = 86 3821/ 82586 < 27 <4N1=5
/NH<3B7 9 #" <6 =783 2 78 2 0 B7T6 < B73 6052736 95
0 B7T6 8 78 <1B7 84 2 5463:8< 95 /97< 5//0:/031 57 <4N1=5
/NH<3B7 C3<6586, 8 =T= 0 B7T6 5 2:84 78 60527463:8 230 46 = 86
21/ 82586 27 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 , :/63=3< 70 76393< 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 27
23463:88530 6 9 < /0:/03161< 6N1:03B7 < /:70 ?? 467 0 <5 60527463:8,
58< 95 2 7C3G= /5063 4 4N5/360 8:7< 60536:8< 2 < /3GA < 2 95
8:0=593<563:8 6 2 9 76393<563:8 A1810593<1 2 < @7 <, :7< =:860:8< B7
9 5//0:4N A181059 = 86 /014:83<1 4:8<3<6586 '
• 5859H< 0 9 < 2:881 < 6 4:84 @:30 9 <4N1=5
• 165>930 2 < @7 < /:70 ?543936 0 95 /0:A05==563:8 2 < 60536 = 86<
• 4N:3<30 78 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 2 <6:4I5A (/954 0 S72343 7< = 86 2 <
382 C)
/ 76 = 8 0 2 < <H<6G= < 5H586 2 =57@53< < / 0?:0=584 <, 43 =:860
B7 2 < <:9763:8< 9:459 = 86 32159 < / 7@ 86 = 8 0 78 <:9763:8
A9:>59 = 86 38<563<?53<586 ,
?38 2 1@36 0 4 43 39 ?576 B7 9 < 4:8605386 < 2 / 0?:0=584 2 544G< 57C
2:881 < 6 95 </143?34563:8 2 < 60536 = 86< 7<7 9< 6 ?01B7 86< <:3 86
4:8<32101< 8 /50599G9 5@ 4 95 4:84 /63:8 2 < 2:881 <, :7< /014:83<:8<
2:84 78 5//0:4N B73 8 /03@391A3 /5< 9 < 2:881 < 57C 21/ 82< 2 <
60536 = 86<,
 %

2 (I ;)"
:/63=3< 70 76393< 2 78 /506 9 < /0:/03161< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 6
2 5760 /506 9 < <6074670 < 2 2:881 < 544:=/5A8586 9 < 65>9 < =1=:03<1 <,

7 < < K SI

L ,(6
) ( 7 <

ND ;=+
?
7 ) ,<

7 ) 7 <

< L
<

+ < K

3A70 ' /63=3<563:8 2 < 0 B7T6 <

< /0:/03161< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 8:7< 2:88 86 2 < 0GA9 < 2
011403670 :7 2 < 1B73@59 84 < 860 C/0 <<3:8<, < 1B73@59 84 < <:86
76393<1 < /:70 193=38 0 9 < 8 7/9 6< B73 8 <563<? 0:86 /5< 9 /0123456 2 95
0 B7T6 , 50 C =/9 <3 78 /0123456 2 <19 463:8 8 ?536 386 0@ 830 B7 78
0 9563:8 59:0< :8 5 9 1B73@59 84 <73@586 '
(` ∧ V∧ ... 8) ( ∗ V∗ ... 8) + (` )∗ (` V V)∗ ...(` 8 8)
8 76393<586 4 66 1B73@59 84 :8 @:36 B7 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 21/954 0 9
/0:2736 45061<3 8 5/0G< 9 < <19 463:8< <70 9 < 0 9563:8<, 8 /0:412586 538<3 :8
193=38 78 601< A0582 8:=>0 2 8 7/9 6< B73 8 57053 86 /5< <563<?536 9
/0123456, =5A38:8< B7 8:7< 5H:8< YYY 493 86< YYY 01< 0@563:8< 6 YY
4N5=>0 < 258< 8:60 NL6 9, 5 0 B7T6 <73@586 /0:2730536 YY YYY YYY 2 8
7/9 6< 6 <6 0 59:0< B7 8 ?? 467586 2 5>:02 95 <19 463:8 27 87=10: 2
493 86 <70 39 8:7< 0 <6 B7 YY YYY 8 7/9 6< S:3820
SELECT Nom, prix, datedeb, datefin
FROM CHAMBRES, CLIENTS, RESERVATIONS
WHERE Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client
AND Chambres.num_chambre=Reservations.num_chambre
AND Clients.num_client=1001
/ 0= 6 2 =1=:03< 0 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 2 9 < 386 00:A 0 <58< </143?3 0 9 <
<6074670 < 2 2:881 < :7 9 < 4N =38< 2 544G< 4 < 2:881 <, / 82586 <3 2
6 9< 4N =38< 2 544G< C3<6 86 9 #" /:7005 :/63=3< 0 95 0 B7T6 5?38
2 193=38 0 /03:03 2 < 8 7/9 6< B73 8 <563<?:86 /5< 9 /0123456, < 4N =38<
2 544G< <:86 <706:76 7639 < /:70 9 :/10563:8 2 1B73 S:38670 , 9< 8 S:7 86 /5<
 V

2 0L9 57 83@ 57 <1=5863B7 2 95 0 9563:8, 8 / 76 6:76 =:= 86 9 <

5S:76 0 9 < <7//03= 0 :7 =:23?3 0 95 <6074670 2 <6:4I5A 2 < 65>9 <, <
<6074670 < 76393<1 < <:86 4 99 < B7 9 :8 16723 258< 78 4:70< 2 <6074670 < 2
2:881 <' 9 < 50>0 < 9 < " 50>0 < 9 < ?:8463:8< 2 ON5<N 4:238AO 9 <
/506363:88 = 86< 9 < 382 C 64,
< 382 C <:86 78 38?:0=563:8 <7//91= 86530 B73 / 0= 6 230 46 = 86
2 54412 0 57C 058A1 < 5H586 78 4 06538 @59 70, 8 /0 8586 4:==
=165/N:0 9 < 93@0 < < 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 382 C /:70 0 4N 04N 0 78
38?:0=563:8 :8 <6 :>93A1 2 /504:7030 6:76 9 93@0 9 382 C / 0= 6 2
0 60:7@ 0 230 46 = 86 95 /5A 38610 <<586 , 9 8 @5 2 =T= /:70 78
0 9563:8 <58< 382 C 9 #" 2:36 95 /504:7030 4:=/9G6 = 86 5@ 4 78 382 C
39 /:386 230 46 = 86 <70 95 /5063 38610 <<586 , :== /:70 78 93@0 9 382 C
8 5S:76 57478 38?:0=563:8 38610 <<586 /506 78 ?5439361 2 544G<, 8
4:8<6073<586 78 382 C <70 9 < 87=10:< 2 493 86 /:70 95 0 9563:8 9 <
87=10: 2 493 86 /:70 95 0 9563:8 6 78 382 C <70 9 < 87=10:<
2 4N5=>0 /:70 95 0 9563:8 " 95 0 B7T6 /01412586 B73 C3A 536
YY YYY YYY 2 6 <6< <70 2 < 8 7/9 6< < 012736 57C /504:70< 2 /:386 70< 258<
78 " 50>0 (95 <6074670 2 9 382 C) 6 B7 9B7 < 8601 <W<:063 < <70 9 <
23<B7 <, 58< 95 3A70 V :8 / 76 <73@0 9 4N =38 = 86 2 9 :/63=3<563:8
<73@586 /0:2736 /50 9 #" '
58< 95 0 9563:8
4N 04N 0 Clients.num_client=1001
/:70 4N5B7 8 7/9 6 60:7@1
58< 95 65>9 <
4N 04N 0 Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client
/:70 4N5B7 8 7/9 6 60:7@1
58< 95 65>9 "
4N 04N 0 Chambres.num_chambre=Reservations.num_chambre
/:70 4N5B7 8 7/9 6 60:7@1
?? 467 0 95 /0:S 463:8,
66 0 B7T6 :/63=3<1 570536 /7 T60 14036 /50 78 /0:A05== 70, 5
23??10 84 01<32 258< 9 ?536 B7 9 #" ?536 1@:97 0 2H85=3B7 = 86 9
01<79656 2 < < :/63=3<563:8< 8 ?:8463:8 2 < 4N =38< 2 544G< C3<6586 57
=:= 86 2 9 C14763:8 2 95 0 B7T6 , 9:0< B7 9 /0:A05== 14036 0 <6
<6563B7 6 8 / 76 57478 = 86 1@:97 0 8 ?:8463:8 2 < > <:38< 1= 0A 586
27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 :7 2 78 = 399 70 4:8853<<584 2 4 2 083 0,
INDEX num_client
INDEX num_client
sur CLIENTS INDEX num_chambre
sur RESERVATIONS
sur CHAMBRES
CLIENTS RESERVATIONS
CHAMBRES

1001 1001 12
12
1001
1001
12
 %

3A70 V ' 6393<563:8 2 < 382 C 9:0< 2 95 <19 463:8,

/0:4 <<7< 2 :/63=3<563:8 21/ 82 ?:06 = 86 2 9 3=/9586563:8 27 #" ,
:/63=3<563:8 < 214:7/ A181059 = 86 258< 9 < 165/ < <73@586 <'
• 50 95 011403670 2 95 0 B7T6 , 66 /N5< 6052736 78 0 B7T6
8 78 5760 0 B7T6 1B73@59 86 27 /:386 2 @7
<1=5863B7 =53< B73 C/9:36 05 57 =5C3=7= 9 < 4:8853<<584 < 2 <
=:2G9 < /NH<3B7 < 2 <6:4I5A , 5 0 B7T6 :>6 87 <6 /97<
/ 0?:0=586 450 99 < 05 /97< <19 463@ 27 /:386 2 <:8 C14763:8,
/ 82586 4 66 /N5< <6 863G0 = 86 <H865C3B7 6 / 76 < C1476 0
<58< 76393< 0 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <70 9 < <4N1=5< /NH<3B7 <,
• 50 95 6058<?:0=563:8 2 95 0 B7T6 8 78 <1B7 84 2 5463:8< <70
9 < 2:881 < /NH<3B7 <, O4:== 86 :8 @5 0119 = 86 9 ?530 O 2:36
216 0=38 0 6 4N:3<30 9 < 4N =38< 2 544G< 57C 2:881 < 9 :020 2 <
S:38670 < 6 9 < =16N:2 < /:70 ?? 467 0 9 < S:38670 <, 66 /N5<
< C1476 <70 95 >5< 2 < <4N1=5< /NH<3B7 < 6 1@ 867 99 = 86 <70 95
>5< 2 38?:0=563:8< <6563<63B7 < <70 9 < 38<6584 <,
8 A181059 9 < #" / 0= 66 86 2 4:885]60 95 /9583?34563:8 2 5463:8< B7
9 :/63=3< 70 5 ?? 4671 <,

<!! ( I ;)"
321 <:7< S54 86 4N5B7 6058<?:0=563:8 <6 2 :>6 830 2 < C/0 <<3:8< B73
544G2 0:86 /97< 230 46 = 86 9 38?:0=563:8, <6 230 B73 /:700:86 T60
76393<1 < 230 46 = 86 9:0< 2 95 /9583?34563:8 2 < 5463:8<, 50 C =/9 258<'
SELECT * FROM Chambres WHERE not (prix>100)
8 <:7N536 :>6 830 6:76 < 9 < 058A1 < B73 8 <:86 /5< <19 463:881 <,
#" 8 <536 B7 ?530 2 < <19 463:8< 39 <6 2:84 /01?105>9 2 973 ?530
C1476 0 95 0 B7T6 1B73@59 86 <73@586 '
SELECT * FROM Chambres WHERE prix<=100
58< T60 CN57<63? 8:7< 2:88:8< 78 93<6 2 < /03843/59 < 6058<?:0=563:8<
<H865C3B7 < B7 9 :/63=3< 70 / 76 ?? 467 0,
193=38563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 4:8<6586 < (9 C/0 <<3:8 <6 1@5971 B7 78 < 79
?:3<)
prix <840/7 -- (prix à la semaine)
-> prix <120
6058<?:0=563:8 2 < 0 4N 04N < 258< 9 < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 < 8 1A59361
(76393<5>9 /50 9 < 382 C)
nom like 'Dumas'
-> nom = 'Dumas'
6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 2 5//506 8584 8 78 C/0 <<3:8 23<S:8463@
(76393<5>9 /50 9 < 382 C)
confort in ('BAIN','DOUCHE')
-> confort='BAIN' OR confort='DOUCHE'
 V

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< & C/934361 < 8 78 C/0 <<3:8 23<S:8463@
(76393<5>9 /50 9 < 382 C)
prix < any (100,840/7)
-> prix < 100 OR prix < 840/7
6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< C/934361 < 8 78 C/0 <<3:8 4:8S:8463@
(76393<5>9 /50 9 < 382 C)
prix < all (100,840/7)
-> prix < 100 AND prix < 840/7
6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< & 3=/93436 < 8 78 C/0 <<3:8 !
57A= 861 2 95 4:82363:8 (/97< <19 463@ )
a < any (SELECT prix FROM chambres
WHERE confort ='BAIN'))
-> Exists (SELECT 'vrai' FROM chambres
WHERE confort ='BAIN'
AND a<prix)
6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 3=/93436 < 8 78 C/0 <<3:8 !
57A= 861 2 95 4:82363:8 38@ 0<1 (/97< <19 463@ )
a < all (SELECT prix FROM chambres
WHERE confort ='BAIN'))
-> not Exists (SELECT 'vrai' FROM chambres
WHERE confort ='BAIN'
AND a>=prix)
6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< " Q 8 78 C/0 <<3:8 4:8S:8463@
prix between 100 AND 120
-> prix >= 100 AND prix <= 120
<3=/93?34563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 8 76393<586 9 :/1056 70 38@ 0<
not (prix < 100 OR confort ='WC')
-> prix >=100 AND confort <>'WC'
6058<?:0=563:8 2 < 4957< < 23<S:8463@ < 8 <:7< 0 B7T6 < 931 < /50 78
(76393<563:8 /:<<3>9 2 < 382 C 258< 9 < <:7< 0 B7T6 <)
SELECT * FROM chambres
WHERE confort='BAIN' OR confort='DOUCHE'
-> SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE confort='BAIN'
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE confort='DOUCHE'
6058<?:0=563:8 2 < <:7< 0 B7T6 < 8 78 0 B7T6 1B73@59 86 76393<586 78
S:38670 (76393<563:8 /:<<3>9 2 < 382 C 258< 9 < <:7< 0 B7T6 <)
SELECT * FROM revervation
WHERE num_chambre in (SELECT chambres.num_chambre
FROM chambres
WHERE confort='BAIN')
 %

-> SELECT revervation.* FROM revervation, chambres

WHERE revervation.num_chambre=chambres.num_chambre
AND confort='BAIN')
< 6058<?:0=563:8< 8 <:86 /5< 6:7S:70< /:<<3>9 < 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 2:36 59:0<
T60 1@5971 /:70 4N5B7 058A1 2 95 0 B7T6 <3 99 8 21/ 82,
SELECT * FROM chambres c1
WHERE c1.prix > (SELECT avg(c2.prix)
FROM chambres c2
WHERE c1.confort=c2.confort)
-> pas de requête équivalente avec une jointure
:/63=3< 70 386GA0 57<<3 9 < @7 < 258< 9 < 0 B7T6 < (21S 23<4761 258< 9
4N5/360 <70 9 < @7 <), < 6058<?:0=563:8< B7 8:7< 5@:8< C5=381 < <:86
6:76 < <H865C3B7 < 4 <6 230 B7 9 :8 / 76 9 < ?? 467 0 <58< 4:8853<<584
27 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 165/ <73@586 @5 4:8<3<6 0
<19 463:88 0 9 < 4N =38< 2 544G<,

/
< 2:881 < <:86 <6:4I1 < 258< 2 < <6074670 < /NH<3B7 < B73 :86 4N5478 2 <
=16N:2 < 2 544G< /50634793G0 <, :70 8:60 C/:<1 8:7< 8 4:8<3210:8< B7
9 < <6074670 < 2 65>9 < <1B7 863 99 < 6 2 382 C, / 82586 9 < #"
= 66 86 2 5760 < <6074670 < 23</:<363:8 27 4:84 /6 70 6 99 < B7 9 < 65>9 <
2:86 9 < 2:881 < <:86 0 A0:7/1 < /NH<3B7 = 86 <3 99 < /:<<G2 86 2 <
@59 70< 4:==78 < /:70 4 06538< 4:8<6367586< ( )U 9 < 65>9 < 2:86 95
/954 2 < 2:881 < <6 ?3C1 /50 78 59A:036N= 2 % % U :7 >3 8 2 <
<6074670 < 2 65>9 < <1B7 863 99 = 86 382 C1 <, :70 4 < <6074670 < :8
5//93B7 9 < =T= < 4036G0 < 2 4N:3C B7 /:70 9 < 2 7C 45< B7 8:7<
C5=38:8<,

!(
58< 4 66 <6074670 9 < 2:881 < <:86 058A1 < <1B7 863 99 = 86 258<
9 </54 B73 <6 599:71 95 65>9 , N5B7 058A1 <6 32 863?31 /50 78
32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 (0:M 32 ) 863G0 = 86 21/ 82586 2 95 /954
+

/NH<3B7 2 95 058A1 ,
6 +
, /
,
,

3A70 ' 6074670 2 95 65>9 <1B7 863 99

+ 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 258< 3823B7 9 87=10: 27 ?34N3 0 9 87=10: 27 >9:4

258< 4 ?34N3 0 95 /954 258< 4 >9:4 2 95 058A1
 V

< =16N:2 < 2 0 4N 04N 2 78 058A1 /:70 4 66 <6074670 <:86'

• 95 9 4670 <1B7 863 99 2 6:76 95 65>9 058A1 5/0G< 058A1 (
" )
• 9 544G< 78 058A1 /50 <:8 32 863?3456 70 ("3 P )
C =/9 <70 :6 9 (9 < /958< 2 C14763:8< <:86 :>6 87< 5@ 4 9 :020 Explain
plan 27 #" 0549 , < /958< 21403@ 86 95 =16N:2 6 9 544G< 76393<1, <
4:82363:8< 2 <19 463:8 <:86 76393<1 < 9:0< 2 9 544G< <:36 4:== 491 2 544G<
:7 >3 8 4:== ?3960 )'
SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE num_chambre=12;
N 04N:8< 9 0:M 32 2 78 058A1
SELECT rowid FROM chambres WHERE num_chambre=12;
SELECT * FROM chambres
WHERE rowid='0000004E.0008.0002';
C14763:8 <6 >3 8 4:8?:0= 4 B73 16536 /01@7
32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 <6 544 <<3>9 =53< <:8 76393<563:8 <6 5<<:431
2 5760 < <6074670 < 2 2:881 < 6 99 < B7 9 < 382 C,
6 +
/
, , " + @
,
,

3A70 - ' 6074670 2 382 C 5<<:431 78 65>9

" 1
66 <6074670 <6 5<<:431 78 65>9 99 <6 4:8<60736 <70 78 4 06538
8:=>0 2 4:8<6367586< 2 95 65>9 , 4N5B7 A0:7/ 2 @59 70< <6 5<<:431
78 :7 /97<3 70< 32 863?3456 70< 2 058A1 , < @59 70< <:86 99 < =T= <
:0A583<1 < 258< 78 <6074670 B73 ?543936 95 0 4N 04N <:7@ 86 <:7< ?:0=
2 50>0 >38530 (/:70 78 38?:0=563:8 2 >5< C5=38 0 9 :7@05A 2 ,
Q306N cQ Xd),
5 4:==582 2 401563:8 2 4 < 382 C <6 78 4957< B73 <6 5S:761 57
<6582502, 58< 9 #" 0549 8:7< 5@:8< 95 4957< <73@586 '

8 5<<:43 2:84 78 32 863?3456 70 2 382 C 78 65>9 6 78 93<6 2

4:9:88 <, 5 4957< 783B7 </143?3 B7 4 A0:7/ <6 78 491 2 95 65>9
2:84 B7 39 8 H 5 B7 78 < 79 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 /:70 78 @59 70 2 <
4:9:88 < 382 C1 <,
 %#

C =/9 '
CREATE unique index chambres_by_number
on chambres(num_chambre);
< =16N:2 < /03843/59 < 2 0 4N 04N 2 78 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 /:70
4 66 <6074670 <:86'
• 9 544G< 78 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 5@ 4 78 382 C 783B7 (# )
)
• 9 544G< 78 93<6 2 32 863?3456 70< 2 058A1 5@ 4 78 382 C (
)
:70 B7 4 < 544G< <:3 86 /:<<3>9 < 39 ?576 4:885]60 9 < @59 70< 2 <
4:8<6367586< 21?383<<586 9 382 C, /958 2 C14763:8 2 95 0 B7T6
/01412586 2 @3 86 59:0<'
• N 04N 0 9 0:M 32 258< 9 382 C /:70 87=j4N5=>0 _ V
• N 04N 0 95 058A1 /:06586 4 0:M 32 258< 95 65>9 N5=>0 <VY
SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE num_chambre=12;
8 401586 78 382 C <70 /03C :8 5 2 < 0 4N 04N < B73 8:7< 05=G8 86 6:7< 9 <
32 863?3456 70< 5H586 78 =T= /03C,
CREATE index chambres_by_prix on chambres(prix);
SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE prix=100;

1 /
:/63=3< 70 @5 2:84 C5=38 0 6:76 < 9 < /:<<3>39361< 2 54412 0 57C 058A1 <
2 < 65>9 <, :70 4 95 39 76393< 05 2:84 9 < 4:82363:8< 2 <19 463:8 2 95
0 B7T6 ,
4N:3C 2 78 4N =38 <6 216 0=381 <3=/9 = 86 /50 78 /:8210563:8 2 95
/01?10 84 B73 0 ?9G6 230 46 = 86 95 / 0?:0=584 2 9 544G< (93<6 /50 :020
2 /01?10 84 )'
• 544G< 78 058A1 /50 78 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1
• 544G< /50 78 382 C 783B7
• 544G< /50 78 382 C
• 544G< <1B7 863 9 95 65>9
4036G0 2 544G< / 76 T60 05??381 <3 9 :8 /:<<G2 2 < 38?:0=563:8<
<6563<63B7 < <70 9 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < (9 < /0:/03161<
23<403=38586 < 2 < 382 C 95 65399 2 < 65>9 < /50 C =/9 64), < 0GA9 <
27 =:2G9 /NH<3B7 / 7@ 86 59:0< T60 76393<1 < 576:=563B7 = 86, 8 6 99
0GA9 < 05 /50 C =/9 O<3 9 :8 544G2 /97< 2 V e 2 < 058A1 < 2 78 65>9
8 76393<586 78 382 C 59:0< 39 ?576 /01?10 0 9 544G< <1B7 863 9O :7 84:0 O<3 95
65399 2 78 65>9 <6 /97< / 636 B7 - %:46 6< 59:0< /01?10 0 9 544G<

VY < /958< 2 C14763:8 < 93< 86 9 8@ 0< 39< 4:00 </:82 86 78 50>0 9 < 4:==582 < 9 <
/97< 3=>03B71 < <:86 C14761 < 8 /0 =3 0,
 V

<1B7 863 9O, < <6563<63B7 < / 0= 66 86 2 @103?3 0 B7 9 < 544G<

<:/N3<63B71< <:86 S7<63?31<,
605@539 ?? 4671 /50 9 :/63=3< 70 9:0< 2 95 011403670 <6 C/9:361 258< 95
0 4N 04N 2 < = 399 70< 4N =38< 2 544G<, S:76:8< 78 382 C <70 4:8?:06,
CREATE index chambres_by_confort on chambres(confort);
/958 2 C14763:8 =:860 >3 8 B7 95 0 B7T6 161 0114036 <:7< ?:0=
2 78 4:845618563:8 2 2 7C <19 463:8< 9 78 /:06586 <70 9 /03C 6 9 5760
<70 9 4:8?:06
SELECT * FROM chambres
WHERE prix<100 OR confort='BAIN';

1 ! 0
5 2 083G0 165/ 2 9 :/63=3<563:8 4:8<3<6 4N:3<30 78 =16N:2 6 78
:020 2 S:38670 860 9 < 0 9563:8<, < =16N:2 < 2 S:38670 <:86
21/ 82586 < 2 < 4N =38< 2 544G< ( 6 2:84 2 < <6074670 < /NH<3B7 < 2
<6:4I5A ), @ 4 9 < <6074670 < 0 6 87 < 8:7< 5@:8< 2 7C =16N:2 <'
• 95 S:38670 /50 603 6 ?7<3:8
• 95 S:38670 /50 >:749 3=>03B71

G
:36 2 7C 65>9 < 6 S:3820 /50 9 A0:7/ 2 4:8<6367586< 59:0<
9 59A:036N= <6 9 <73@586
LE TRI
trier R avec C comme clé de tri
placer le résultat dans une table Rt=(C, rowid)
trier S avec C comme clé de tri
placer le résultat dans une table St=(C, rowid)
LA FUSION21
lire la premiere rangée de Rt
lire la premiere rangée de St
pour chaque rangée de Rt faire
tant que st.C <=rt.C faire
lire prochaine rangée de St
si st.C =rt.C alors
joindre st.rowid & rt.rowid
mettre dans la relation RES
refaire
refaire
66 =16N:2 2 S:38670 814 <<36 78 9 4670 <1B7 863 99 2 4N5B7
65>9 9 < 603< 6 95 ?7<3:8, 603 <6 9 :/10563:8 95 /97< < 8<3>9 450 <5

V 5 ?7<3:8 /0:/:<1 <6 4:00 46 <3 <6 78 491 2 <3 4 95 8 <6 /5< 9 45< 39 ?576
4:=/916 0 9 59A:036N= /50 78 /:<<3>39361 2 0 6:708 0 8 5003G0 258< 95 65>9 6 /:70
0 930 2 < @59 70< 9:0<B7 :8 0 84:860 2 7C @59 70< 32 863B7 < < <74412586 258< 6,
 %&

4:=/9 C361 <6 2 (8,9:A(8)) 9 < 5760 < <:86 2 :020 (8) :a 8 <6 95
45023859361 2 95 /97< A0582 65>9 ,
99 8 814 <<36 /5< 2 <6074670 /NH<3B7 /50634793G0 ,

G (!
:36 2 7C 65>9 < 6 S:3820 /50 9 A0:7/ 2 4:8<6367586< 59:0<
9 59A:036N= <6 9 <73@586
BOUCLE IMBRIQUEE
pour chaque rangée de R faire
pour chaque rangée de S faire
si s.C =r.C alors
joindre s & r
mettre dans la relation RES
refaire
refaire
58< <6074670 /NH<3B7 /50634793G0 4 66 =16N:2 2 S:38670 814 <<36
78 9 4670 <1B7 863 99 2 95 65>9 6 8 9 4670 < <1B7 863 99 < 2 95 65>9
:a 8 <6 95 45023859361 2 , 7 /:386 2 @7 / 0?:0=584 99 <6
4565<60:/N3B7 <3 8 <6 A0582 :7 <3 <6 A0582 , 5 S:38670 /50 603 ?7<3:8 <6
/01?105>9 , / 82586 <3 :8 / 76 544G2 0 57C 058A1 < 2 605@ 0< 78
382 C <70 95 4N5083G0 2 95 S:38670 4 6 59A:036N= <6 601< / 0?:0=586,

2 !
58< 9 45< 2 S:38670 2 /97< 2 V 0 9563:8< 9 < 0 9563:8< <:86 6:7S:70<
S:386 < 2 7C /50 2 7C =53< 59:0< 78 2 < 0 9563:8< <6 9 01<79656 2 78
S:38670 , :/63=3< 70 C5=38 6 56603>7 78 8:6 6:76 < 9 < /:<<3>39361<
2 S:38670 <, 9 C5=38 57<<3 9 < 4:7/9 < 1B73@59 86< ` 6 ` B73 / 7@ 86
23??10 0 258< 9 70 65399 6 9 < 382 C C/9:36 0, < 59A:036N= < 2 1@597563:8
<:86 5<< P 4:=/9 C < 6 21/ 82 86 160:36 = 86 2 < <6074670 < /NH<3B7 <
=3< < 8 : 7@0 258< 9 #" ,
:70 6 0=38 0 C5=38:8< 2 7C C =/9 <'
66 0 B7T6 258< 78 <6074670 <58< 382 C 76393< 95 =16N:2 2 603 ?7<3:8
SELECT r.num_chambre,prix
FROM chambres c,reservations r
WHERE c.num_chambre=r.num_chambre;
/0G< 95 401563:8 2 78 382 C <70 9 < 87=10: 2 4N5=>0 9 :/63=3< 70 76393<
/:70 95 =T= 0 B7T6 95 ?7<3:8 /50 >:749 3=>03B71 :a 95 >:749
386103 70 <6 78 544G< 605@ 0< 78 382 C /:06586 <70 95 4N5083G0 2 95
S:38670 ,
CREATE unique index chambres_by_number
on chambres(num_chambre);
5 0 B7T6 <73@586 /:06 <70 60:3< 0 9563:8< <58< <6074670 2 382 C, 8 603
?7<3:8 <6 ?? 4671 860 9 < 493 86< 6 9 < 01< 0@563:8< (:8 76393< 95
 V +

4:82363:8 2 <19 463:8 <70 9 8:= /:70 23=3837 0 9 8:=>0 2 058A1 < 27
01<79656), 01<79656 <6 0 /03< 258< 78 2 7C3G= 603 ?7<3:8 5@ 4 95 0 9563:8
4N5=>0 <,
SELECT nom,r.num_chambre,prix
FROM chambres c,reservations r,clients cl
WHERE c.num_chambre=r.num_chambre
AND cl.num_client=r.num_client
AND cl.nom='DUMAS';
CREATE unique index chambres_by_number
on chambres(num_chambre);
CREATE index reservations_by_num_client
on reservations(num_client);
CREATE index clients_by_nom
on clients(nom);
/0G< 5@:30 4011 60:3< 382 C (<3=39530 95 3A70 V) 8:7< :>6 8:8< 78
/958 2 C14763:8 B73 76393< 6:7< 9 < 382 C, 9 < 5A36 2 >:749 < 3=>03B71 < B73
/:06 86 < 79 = 86 <70 B7 9B7 < 058A1 <
:70 401 0 78 5//934563:8 / 0?:0=586 9 4:84 /6 70 2:36 4:885]60 '
• 9 < =14583<= < 76393<1< /50 9 #"
• 9 < <4N1=5< /NH<3B7 < 2 <:8 5//934563:8
• 9 < 60536 = 86< 2 9 5//934563:8
58< 95 2 7C3G= /5063 2 4 4N5/360 8:7< C5=38:8< 4:== 86 4 <
23??10 86< /:386< <:86 386 021/ 82586<,

& (
:7< 3997<60:8< 8:60 /0:/:< /50 78 C =/9 <3=/93?31 6301 2 95
4:=/65>39361, :7< 5@:8< A5021 9 4: 70 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < 4:=/65>9
<5@:30 80 A3<60 0 2 < 1403670 < @ 8639586 <70 2 < 4:=/6 < 2 < /3G4 <
4:=/65>9 < 0 A0:7/1 < 258< 2 < S:70857C 4:=/65>393<1< /:70 78 /103:2
4:=/65>9 , :7< 5@:8< 4:8< 0@1 9 5</ 46 =7963 <:43161,
:7< 5@:8< 0 6 87 9 < 4:8<6367586< <73@586<'
Date_jour dom date
Date_Valeur dom date
Debit_Credit dom mot ('D','C')
Lib_Ecriture dom texte
Lib_journal dom texte
Lib_Piece dom texte
Montant dom numérique réel
Num_Compte dom numérique entier [1..999999]
Num_Ecriture dom numérique entier [1..999999]
Num_journal dom numérique entier [1..999999]
Num_Piece dom numérique entier [1..999999]
Periode_comptable dom mot ('9301', '9302', ... )
Societe dom mot ('SA', ... )
&

/0123456 /:06586 <70 4 < 4:8<6367586< <6'

Tout(Date_jour, Date_Valeur, Debit_Credit,
Lib_Ecriture, Lib_journal, Lib_Piece, Montant,
Num_Compte, Num_Ecriture, Num_journal, Num_Piece,
Periode_comptable, Societe)
predicat:"||Tout(dj,dv,dc,le,lj,lp,mt,nc,ne,nj,np,pc,s
o)|| L'écriture libellée le, au (débit/crédit) dc, du
montant mt, portant sur le compte nc appartient à la
pièce np, libellée lp, à la date de valeur dv, et est
comptabilisée dans le journal nj, libellé lj, à la
date dj, pour la période pc"
<4N1=5 @5932 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < <73@586 <'
Societe,Date_jour → Periode_comptable
Societe,Num_journal → Lib_journal, Date_jour
Societe,Num_Piece → Num_journal,Date_Valeur,Lib_Piece
Societe,Num_Piece,Num_Compte→Montant,Debit_Credit,Lib
_Ecriture
< 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < ?:0= 86 78 >5< 300 2:82586 (/5< 2
4H49 ) 8:7< 5@:8< 2:84 230 46 = 86 78 214:=/:<363:8 8 (9 < 491< <:86
<:793A81 <),
Periode(Societe, Date_jour, Periode_comptable)
Journal(Societe, Num_journal, Lib_journal, Date_jour)
Piece(Societe, Num_Piece, Num_journal, Date_Valeur,
Lib_Piece)
Ecriture(Societe,Num_Piece,Num_Compte,Montant,
Debit_Credit,Lib_Ecriture)
:7< :>6 8:8< 2:84 9 <4N1=5 2 401563:8 <73@586 /:70 9 #" '
CREATE TABLE PERIODE (
Societe CHAR(3) not null,
Date_Jour DATE not null,
Periode_Comptable CHAR(4) not null)
CREATE TABLE JOURNAL (
Societe CHAR(3) not null,
Num_Journal NUMBER (6) not null,
Date_Jour DATE not null,
Lib_Journal CHAR(30))
CREATE TABLE PIECE(
Societe CHAR(3) not null,
Num_Piece NUMBER (6) not null,
Num_Journal NUMBER (6) not null,
Date_Valeur Date not null,
Lib_Piece CHAR(30))
 VZ

CREATE TABLE ECRITURE(

Societe CHAR(3) not null,
Num_Piece NUMBER (6) not null,
Num_Compte NUMBER (6) not null,
Montant Number(13,2) not null,
Debit_Credit char(1) not null,
Lib_Ecriture CHAR(30))
:70 ?543936 0 8:60 605@539 :8 / 76 21?3830 95 @7 , 78 /:386 2 @7
=16N:2:9:A3B7 605@5399 0 <70 2 < @7 < 2 @0536 =383=3< 0 9 < =:23?34563:8<
258< 9 < 60536 = 86< <3 9 :8 2:36 4N58A 0 9 <4N1=5 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <,
CREATE VIEW tout AS
SELECT
D.societe,D.date_jour,D.periode_comptable,
J.Num_journal,J.lib_journal,
P.num_piece,P.date_valeur,P.lib_piece,
E.num_compte,E.Montant,E.debit_credit,E.lib_ecriture
FROM periode D,journal J, piece P, Ecriture E
WHERE D.societe=J.societe
AND D.date_jour=J.date_jour
AND J.societe=P.societe
AND J.num_journal=P.num_journal
AND P.societe=E.societe
AND P.num_piece=E.num_piece;
:7< 5@:8< 0 6 87 9 < 60536 = 86< <73@586<'
) 459479 0 9 =:7@ = 86 2 78 4:=/6 /:70 78 /103:2
V) 0 4N 04N 0 9 < /3G4 < 6 9 < 1403670 < 2 78 S:70859
) 0 4N 04N 0 9 < 1403670 < 2 78 /3G4
-) @103?3 0 B7 78 A0:7/ 2 1403670 < <6 >595841 (<:== 2 < 21>36< <6
1A59 95 <:== 2 < 401236< /:70 4N5B7 /3G4 )
:70 ?? 467 0 9 < S:38670 < 6 ?? 467 0 9 < 23??10 86< 544G< 8:7<
21?383<<:8< 9 < 382 C <73@586<'
CREATE unique index periode_i1
on periode(societe,date_jour);
CREATE unique index journal_i1
on journal(societe,num_journal);
CREATE unique index piece_i1
on piece(societe,num_piece); -- pour accéder par les
pièces
CREATE index piece_i2;
on piece(societe,num_journal);
CREATE index ecriture_i1
on ecriture(societe,num_piece);
 &

CREATE index ecriture_i2

on ecriture(societe,num_compte); -- pour accéder par les
comptes
:70 4 < B7560 < B7 <63:8< 8:7< 5@:8< 14036 78 0 B7T6 76393<586 95 @7
:76, < 01<79656< <:86 /01< 861< 258< 78 65>9 57 4:=/:06586 95 0 B7T6
<:8 4:[6 2 C14763:8 6 <:8 /958 2 C14763:8,
Q SQL coût Accès utilisé
1 SELECT decode(debit_credit,'D',- 17 NESTED LOOPS
montant,montant) NESTED LOOPS
FROM tout NESTED LOOPS
WHERE societe='SA' TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE
AND num_compte=11 INDEX RANGE SCAN PERIODE_I1
AND periode_comptable='9304'; TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL
INDEX RANGE SCAN JOURNAL_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE
INDEX RANGE SCAN PIECE_I2
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE
INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I2

2 SELECT * 3 NESTED LOOPS

FROM tout NESTED LOOPS
WHERE societe='SA' NESTED LOOPS
AND num_journal=11; TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE
INDEX RANGE SCAN PERIODE_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN JOURNAL_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE
INDEX RANGE SCAN PIECE_I2
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE
INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

3 SELECT * 15 NESTED LOOPS

FROM tout NESTED LOOPS
WHERE societe='SA' NESTED LOOPS
AND num_piece=1; TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE
INDEX RANGE SCAN PERIODE_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL
INDEX RANGE SCAN JOURNAL_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PIECE_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE
INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

4 SELECT 36 NESTED LOOPS

num_piece,sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',- NESTED LOOPS
montant,montant)) NESTED LOOPS
FROM tout TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE
WHERE societe='SA' INDEX RANGE SCAN PERIODE_I1
AND num_piece between 1 AND 100 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL
GROUP BY num_piece INDEX RANGE SCAN JOURNAL_I1
having sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',- TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE
montant,montant))<>0; INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PIECE_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE
INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

:70 4 < 6 <6< 8:7< 5@:7< 76393<1 78 / 636 >5< 2 2:881 < 2 8@30:8 YYY
1403670 < /:06586 <70 - /103:2 <,
/0 =3G0 @7 /5< 2 O O 6:7< 9 < 544G< < ?:86 /50 2 < 382 C,
?? 463@ = 86 258< 4N5B7 0 B7T6 :8 </143?3 95 <:43161 2:84 :8 / 76
6:7S:70< 54412 0 5@ 4 78 382 C (S7<6 <70 95 /0 =3G0 491), 59A01 95
 VZ

23@ 0<361 2 < 0 B7T6 < :8 544G2 6:7S:70< 258< 9 =T= :020 57C 65>9 <
h h h ,
66 :020 <6 ?3C1 /50 95 @7 :76, 8 ?? 6 9 < @59 70< 2 544G< <:86
<7><63671 < 9 C3459 = 86 258< 95 @7 , 5 4:8605386 <70 95 <:43161 /:06 05
6:7S:70< <70 9 4:8<6367586 <:43161 2 /103:2 59:0< B7 <3 9 :8 21<30
54412 0 /50 9 87=10: 2 S:70859 39 ?576 4:86053820 4 973 2 95 65>9
:70859 /:70 /0:?36 0 2 < 382 C,
8 ?? 467586 2 < 6 <6 <70 23C ?:3< /97< 2 86361< 9 < 4:[6< / 7@ 86
?5439 = 86 4 867/9 0, 0 9563@ = 86 >:8 <4:0 2 95 B7 <63:8 2 7C
< C/93B7 /50 9 ?536 B7 9 #" 5 76393<1 9 382 C <70 9 87=10: 2 /3G4 6
B7 9 8:=>0 2 058A1 < 4 <652 2 95 01<:9763:8 16536 ?53>9 ( YY), 5
@7 :76 6 99 B7 99 <6 21?383 8 4:00 </:82 8 ?536 57478 6H/ 2 544G<
B7 39 ?576 /03@391A3 0 27 /:386 2 @7 2 < 60536 = 86<,

;! '
8 C5=38586 95 @7 :76 6 8:< 60536 = 86< :8 / 76 4:8<656 0 B7 9 :8 2:36
54412 0 /50 9 < S:70857C /50 9 < /3G4 < 6 /50 9 < 1403670 <, 9 ?576 2:84
401 0 60:3< @7 < /01< 0@586 78 544G< /03@391A31 /:70 4 < 6H/ < 2 <19 463:8
( 8 A05< :8 60:7@ 9 < 23??10 84 < 5@ 4 95 @7 :76,
CREATE VIEW tout_E AS -- par les écritures
SELECT
E.societe,J.date_jour,D.periode_comptable,
J.Num_journal,J.lib_journal,
E.num_piece,P.date_valeur,P.lib_piece,
E.num_compte,E.Montant,E.debit_credit,E.lib_ecriture
FROM
periode D,journal J, piece P, Ecriture E
WHERE E.societe=J.societe
AND D.date_jour=J.date_jour
AND E.societe=P.societe
AND J.num_journal=P.num_journal
AND P.societe=E.societe
AND P.num_piece=E.num_piece;
CREATE VIEW tout_J AS -- par les journaux
SELECT
J.societe,J.date_jour,D.periode_comptable,
J.Num_journal,J.lib_journal,
P.num_piece,P.date_valeur,P.lib_piece,
E.num_compte,E.Montant,E.debit_credit,E.lib_ecriture
FROM
periode D, piece P, Ecriture E,journal J
WHERE J.societe=D.societe
AND J.date_jour=D.date_jour
AND J.societe=P.societe
AND J.num_journal=P.num_journal
 &
AND J.societe=E.societe
AND P.num_piece=E.num_piece;
CREATE VIEW tout_P AS -- par les pièces
SELECT
P.societe,J.date_jour,D.periode_comptable,
P.Num_journal,J.lib_journal,
P.num_piece,P.date_valeur,P.lib_piece,
E.num_compte,E.Montant,
E.debit_credit,E.lib_ecriture
FROM
periode D, piece P, Ecriture E,journal J
WHERE P.societe=D.societe
AND J.date_jour=D.date_jour
AND P.societe=P.societe
AND J.num_journal=P.num_journal
AND J.societe=E.societe
AND P.num_piece=E.num_piece;
8 76393<586 4 < @7 < :8 :>63 86 9 65>9 57 B73 <736
Q SQL
1 SELECT decode(debit_credit,'D',-
montant,montant)
FROM tout_E
WHERE societe='SA'
AND num_compte=11
AND periode_comptable='9304';
2 SELECT *
FROM tout_J
WHERE societe='SA'
AND num_journal=11;
3 SELECT *
FROM tout_P
WHERE societe='SA'
AND num_piece=1;
co Accès utilisé
ût
15 NESTED LOOPS
NESTED LOOPS
NESTED LOOPS
TABLE ACCESS FULL PERIODE
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID
ECRITURE
INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I2
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PIECE_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN JOURNAL_I1
2 NESTED LOOPS
NESTED LOOPS
NESTED LOOPS
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID
JOURNAL
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN JOURNAL_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PERIODE_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE
INDEX RANGE SCAN PIECE_I2
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE
INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1
2 NESTED LOOPS
NESTED LOOPS
NESTED LOOPS
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PIECE_I1
FILTER
TABLE ACCESS FULL JOURNAL
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PERIODE_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE
INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1
 VZ

4 SELECT 23 FILTER
num_piece,sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',- SORT GROUP BY
montant,montant)) NESTED LOOPS
FROM tout NESTED LOOPS
WHERE societe='SA' NESTED LOOPS
AND num_piece between 1 AND 100 TABLE ACCESS FULL JOURNAL
GROUP BY num_piece TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE
having sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',- INDEX RANGE SCAN PIECE_I2
montant,montant))<>0; INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PERIODE_I1
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID
ECRITURE
INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

8 4:8<656 B7 9 < B7 <63:8< V 6 :86 >181?3431 2 4 0 =583 = 86, 70

C14763:8 544G2 =5386 8586 230 46 = 86 95 65>9 95 /97< 23<403=38586 ,
C14763:8 2 - 0 <6 4:[6 7< 450 99 <6 =59 ?:0=791 95 01/:8<
4 66 B7 <63:8 / 76 T60 4594791 783B7 = 86 258< 9 4:86 C6 2 95 65>9
2 < 1403670 <, 5 @7 8:7< :>93A ?530 2 < S:38670 < /:70 :>6 830 2 <
38?:0=563:8< B73 <:86 387639 < /:70 4 66 B7 <63:8,
Q SQL co Accès utilisé
ût
4 SELECT 1 FILTER
num_piece,sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',- SORT GROUP BY
montant,montant)) TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID
FROM Ecriture ECRITURE
WHERE societe='SA' INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1
AND num_piece between 1 AND 100
GROUP BY num_piece
having sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',-
montant,montant))<>0;

%!
5 B7 <63:8 8 / 76 /5< T60 :/63=3<1 /50 78 @7 :7 /50 78 0127463:8
2 4:86 C6 , 8 ?? 6 258< 4 <4N1=5 99 <6 386038<GB7 = 86 4:[6 7<
450 99 814 <<36 60:3< S:38670 < /:70 54412 0 <3=796581= 86 95 /103:2
6 57 87=10: 2 4:=/6 , 5 < 79 <:9763:8 4:8<3<6 218:0=593< 0 4 <6
230 401 0 78 0 2:82584 258< 9 < 2:881 <, 58< 8:60 45< 39 ?576 5S:76 0
9 38?:0=563:8 /103:2 <70 9 1403670 , < /0:A05== < 2 <53<3 2 < 2:881 <
2:3@ 86 6 830 4:=/6 2 4 66 0 2:82584 , 4:[6 2 4 66 218:0=593<563:8
< 6052736 57<<3 258< 78 57A= 86563:8 2 95 /954 76393<1 /:70 <6:4I 0
4 66 38?:0=563:8 <7//91= 86530 /:70 4N5B7 1403670 , (239 == 860
459479 0 6 =1=:03< 0), :7< 5S:76:8< 2:84 9 4:8<6367586 /103:2 95 65>9
1403670 , 9 /0 82 /:70 @59 70 4 99 5<<:431 95 /3G4 6 57 S:70859,
CREATE TABLE ECRITURE(
Societe CHAR(3) not null,
Num_Piece NUMBER (6) not null,
Num_Compte NUMBER (6) not null,
Période CHAR(4) not null,
Montant Number(13,2) not null,
Debit_Credit char(1) not null,
Lib_Ecriture CHAR(30))
:7< 0 =/95^:8< 9 382 C G = /50 9 382 C <73@586 /:06586 8 /97< <70 95
/103:2 '
 &#

CREATE index ecriture_i2bis on

ecriture(societe,num_compte,periode);
5 B7 <63:8 / 76 =5386 8586 < 459479 0 9:459 = 86 258< 9 4:86 C6 2 95
65>9 1403670 ,

Q SQL co Accès utilisé

ût
1 SELECT decode(debit_credit,'D',- 1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE
montant,montant) INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I2BIS
FROM ecriture
WHERE societe='SA'
AND num_compte=11
AND periode='9304';

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01B7 84 2701
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N 70 =3876
=3876 < 4:82
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0 B7T6 < B73 <:86 78 A:79L6 2 16058A9 = 86, 8 4N58A 586 2 =54N38 :8
/ 76 A5A8 0 78 ?546 70 Y (< 9:8 < < =:H 8<), 8 011403@586 78 0 B7T6 :8
/ 76 A5A8 0 /50?:3< 78 ?546 70 YYY,
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• 4:84 @:30 9 <4N1=5 8:0=593<1
• 165>930 2 < @7 < /:70 ?543936 0 95 /0:A05==563:8 2 < 60536 = 86<
• 4N:3<30 78 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 2 <6:4I5A
• /0:A05== 0 9 < 60536 = 86<
N5B7 165/ 16536 :/63=59
• <4N1=5 16536 8 60:3<3G= ?:0= 8:0=59
• < 60536 = 86< :/1053 86 605@ 0< 78 @7
• :7< 9 < 382 C 814 <<530 < 1653 86 /01< 86<
:706586 9 01<79656 2 9 C14763:8 2 < 60536 = 86< 5@53 86 2 =57@53< <
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<:7N5365>9 2 A502 0 4:7/91 < 450 99 < /0 88 86 < 8< 9:0<B7 99 < <:86
8< =>9 , < @7 < / 7@ 86 0 820 38:/10586 < 9 < :/63=3<563:8<, < 382 C
/ 7@ 86 T60 76393<1< /5063 99 = 86, 43 =:860 B7 2 < <:9763:8<
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9:459 = 86 32159 < / 7@ 86 = 8 0 78 <:9763:8 A9:>59 = 86

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?38 2 1@36 0 4 43 39 ?576 B7 9 < 4:8605386 < 2 / 0?:0=584 2 544G< 57C
2:881 < 6 2 </143?34563:8 2 < 60536 = 86< 7<7 9< 6 ?01B7 86< <:3 86
4:8<32101< 8 /50599G9 5@ 4 95 4:84 /63:8 2 < 2:881 <, :7< /014:83<:8<
2:84 78 5//0:4N '
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• @5932586 9 < 4N:3C 27 4:84 /6 70 (/50 /0:6:6H/5A /50 C =/9 ),
3821/ 82584 860 9 < 83@ 57C 4:84 /67 9< 9:A3B7 < 6 /NH<3B7 <U 860
9 < =:2G9 < 2 2:881 < 2 60536 = 86< 6 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 2:88 78
4520 6N1:03B7 /:70 9 4N 04N 70 6 78 4520 4:A8363? /:70 9 4:84 /6 70,
/ 82586 9:0< 2 95 01593<563:8 2 78 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 9 < ?0:863G0 < 2
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2 A <63:8 2 >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 9 6 2 0 =/954 0 538<3 < <
5843 88 < 5//934563:8< 14036 < 8 " 5@ 4 2 < ?34N3 0< <1B7 863 9<
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/:06 ? 7399 < 8 ?0584< <73<< < =53< / 76 54N 6 0 2 < @59 70< 258< 78 5760
=:8853 , :7< 9 < S:70< 99 386 00:A 78 < 0@ 70 95 >:70< B73 973 3823B7
9 4:70< 27 S:70 /:70 78 6360 6 9 < 4:70< 2 4N58A ,
8 4:8<796586 5 167231 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 2 8@ <6 6 /0:/:< 9 5859H< B73
<736, 9 5 @:9:86530 = 86 145061 9 < /0:>9G= < 6:74N586 95 4:=/65>39361 6
95 ?3<459361 258< 95 A <63:8 2 < /:06 ? 7399 <,
8@ <6 AG0 2 < @59 70< B73 <:86 32 863?31 < /50 78 87=10: )3" 58,)(,
N5B7 @59 70 /:<<G2 78 ,/(, B73 </143?3 9 6H/ 2 @59 70 (78 5463:8
:7 78 :>93A563:8 /50 C =/9 )U 78 (5/*D, 3823B7586 9 2:=538 2 5463@361
14:8:=3B7 (4N3=3 5<<70584 >58B7 =1659970A3 ,,,,)U 9 !5@& 1= 66 70
2 95 @59 70U 95 =:8853 258< 95B7 99 4 66 @59 70 <6 4:61
0//54, 0'5'40/U 78 93> 991 /:70 95 @59 70 4:,88," 58,)(, 8 973 5<<:43
57<<3 78 5//0143563:8 386 08 5'+A0(4, / 0= 66586 2 </143?3 0 9 6H/ 2
/954 = 86 /50 05//:06 57C 493 86< ( 1470361 @ 87 3C /1479563? ,,,),
:70 9 < :>93A563:8< :8 60:7@ 78 <7//91= 86 2 38?:0=563:8 3823B7586 9
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4:7/:8< 2 < :>93A563:8< !(,3 *D,5/*, ,(/ *D,5/*,, 5 /0 =3G0 256
2 14N1584 4:00 </:82 78 5881 5/0G< 95 256 2 1=3<<3:8,
:70 4N5B7 @59 70 :8 =1=:03< 78 N3<6:03B7 S:708593 0 5', 0'5'40/ 2 <
0)(& 2 95 @59 70 258< <5 =:8853 2 4:6563:8, < /:06 ? 7399 < <:86 A101<
8 ?0584< <73<< <U /:70 ?? 467 0 9 < 4:8@ 0<3:8< 2 =:8853 < :8 /:<<G2 78
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=:8853 < 16058AG0 0//54, '(5/A,(,,
8 2:<<3 0 <6 4:8<63671 /:70 4N5B7 493 86 32 863?31 /50 78 87=10:
)3 84,/', :70 4N5B7 493 86 :8 80 A3<60 <:8 03 !(+/03 9(,&&, 6
87=10: 2 +8+6D0/, 493 86 / 76 1= 660 2 < 4:8605386 < 258< 95
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YY YYY 2 @59 70< </1479563@ <, 8 4:8605386 5<<:43 2:84 78 =:86586
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< 6058<5463:8< <:86 32 863?31 < /50 78 87=10: 2 6058<5463:8 783B7
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56 A:03 =:6 ( 1470361 @ 87 3C /1479563? ,,,)
:70< N58A 8:=>0
:70< 8:=>0
56 N58A 256
56 :6563:8 256
56 @ 87 256
56 058< 256
08 4N 584 256
# 80 =:6 (5463:8 :>93A563:8 ,,,,)
3> 99 59 70 6 C6
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:86586 5C 8:=>0
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7= 93 86 863 0 c ,,+++++d
7= @ 87 863 0
7= 058< 863 0
7= 59 70 863 0 c ,,++++++++++d
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=:86N<j> 6M 8(256 256 V))

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=:86586< 8A5A1< /:70 9 < @59 70< 2 4 66 4561A:03 , =:86586 8A5A1
/:70 78 @59 70 <6 95 <:== 2 < =:86586< 2 < 6058<5463:8< 4:84 08586
4 66 @59 70,
:88 P 95 /:061 2 4 66 03 8 0 =/93<<586 9 65>9 57 2 4:86 C6 <73@586
(= 660 78 40:3C <3 95 45< 5//5063 86 95 /:061 )

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56 :63<563:8 256
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38 103:2 256
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2 86 :82 863 0c YY,,+++d
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86 0 <6563:8 01 9
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21/506 = 86 ,6', 8 21/506 = 86 / 76 21/ 820 N310504N3B7 = 86 2 78
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8 01<79656 2 9 1672 2 <6 B7 95 <6074670 :0A583<563:88 99 2
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select nom, prenom
from Personnes p, Examen e, QCM q
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select nom, prenom, count(e.id_personne)
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8:7@ 5761,
'#&

Gabriel Peter
article : .............................. 2519
No ...........
.............................................................
titre SO
257 587
.............................................................
Virgin

Date QTE Fournisseur Entrée Sortie Stock Client Observation

50 MV 1/9/86
49 3/9/86
45 4/9/86
44 5/9/86
43 7/9/86
42 8/9/86
40 10/9/86 40
commande le 10/9/86 +10
50 11/9/86

?3A70 V ' ?34N /:70 78

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:70 ?530 ?54 4 < /0:>9G= < 2 A <63:8 9 21/506 = 86 5@536 21>9:B71
78 401236 2 38?:0=563<563:8 27 21/506 = 86 B73 < 1659 0536 <70 78 /103:2 2
438B 58<, 8 / 636 1B73/ 2 38?:0=56343 8< < 0536 0 40761 /:70 95
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8 5760 /:386 3=/:06586 27 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 195>:0 0 16536 4 973 2 <
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5399 70< 9 <H<6G= 2 @0536 57<<3 <19 463:88 0 9 < /958< =340:?39= 0 <70 2 <
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