Professional Documents
Culture Documents
29. Circumvallate papilla have __ epithelium and ___ on the side? Where are
they located and how many?
30. Fungiform have a slightly ___ epithelium
31. 3 cell types in taste buds?
32. Striations between enamel rods that show evidence of growth?
33. ___ is composed of 70% hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers? Inner
surface is covered by columnar cells and ____?
34. The odontoblasts have processes that run in ____ and reach the opposite
surface?
35. What is the thin layer that covers the root of the tooth? Similar to bone
tissue, but ___?
36. ___ fibers are collagen fibers projecting from cementum and attached to
alveolar bone that form the bulk of the periodontal ligament?
37. ___ form enamel, ___ form dentin towards each other and these two
layers are separated by what?
38. Epithelium of the oral cavity protrudes into the underlying mesenchyme
making the dental bud in what stage?
39. Deep surface of the dental bud is invaginated by the dental papilla is what
stage?
40. What is the only serous major salivary gland? Which is mostly serous?
What is mostly mucous?
41. What part of salivon has serous, mucous or mixed acini cuboidal cells?
42. What part has low cuboidal cells, secrete bicarb, absorb chlorine, long in
serous glands short in mucous glands?
43. What part has simple cuboidal becoming columnar, striations of plasma
membrane that enclose mitochondria to power reabsorption of sodium,
secretion of potassium and bicarb?
44. What part has pseudostratified columnar and stratified cuboidal and
columnar?
45. A ___ acinus has a small acinus and lumen, spheroid central nucleus and
basophilic cytoplasm full of protein and rough ER?
46. A __ acinus has a large acinus and lumen, flattened basal nucleus and
empty cytoplasm in H and E stain?
47. The nasopharynx has ___ respiratory epithelium with ___ cells?
48. The oropharynx and laryngopharynx have ____ epithelium?
Histology of Stomach/Esophagus
1. Mucous membrane consist of ___ epithelium, ____ that is loose
connective tissue and ___ that is a thin muscular layer?
2. ___ consists of dense irregular connective containing glands, vessels,
nerve plexuses?
3. ___ consists of thick layer of muscle?
4. ___ consists of tunica adventitia or tunica serosa?
5. All esophageal glands are what type and located in what layer?
6. Located at the __ part of esophagus, at esophageal___ junction and
frequently at ___ of esophagus? What is the point of these glands?
7. What type of glands are scattered along entire length of esophagus, are in
submucosa and produce slightly acidic mucus?
8. The muscularis externa of esophagus differ from that found in rest of GI
tract how?
9. Upper third of esophagus has what type of muscle? Middle third? Lower
third?
10. The gastric mucosa surface epithelium is a simple __ epithelium that
produces what?
11. ___ glands are simple, branched and tubular?
12. ___ glands are coiled, branched and tubular?
13. ___ are similar to another one but shorter, coiled, branched and tubular?
14. In the fundic glands, what type of cells are similar to surface of mucous
cells but provide soluble mucus?
15. What type of cells are basophilic protein secreting cells, mainly on base of
glands? What do they secrete?
16. What type are largely eosinophillic cells, secreting HCl located in middle
third of the glands?
17. What type are small cells resting on basal lamina and produce GI
hormones?
18. Pyloric glands have a wide ___ and where do the glands enter? Cell
types are mostly ___ with a few __ and no ___ or ___ cells?
19. Cardiac glands have what type of cells?
20. Fundic glands have what type of cells?
GI PHYS 1
1. The first neural network of the GI system is at the border of __ and ___
called what?
2. The second neural network of the GI system is located where?
3. Contraction of circular muscle reduces ___ but lengthens____?
4. Why is the circular muscle unique?
5. The longitudinal muscle increases ___ but reduces?
6. Unitary smooth muscle has spontaneous ___, is activated by ___ and
located in what two locations?
7. Multi-unit smooth muscles requires direct ___, lacks ___ contraction and
is located in what two locations?
8. In the stomach, slow waves cause what but in other locations it does
what?
9. What is the order of increasing contractions: stomach,colon,small
intestine?
10. What cells regulate slow wave activity? They have ___ directly onto
smooth muscle?
11. Stretch,acetylcholine and parasympathetics are ___ factors?
12. Sympathetics and norepi are ___ factors?
13. Parasympathetics have long or short pre-ganglionics? Where do they
synapse?
14. The enteric reflex has receptors where? Sends afferents to ____, very
local reflex contained within gut wall?
15. Pre-vertebral reflexes are ___ -mediated inhibitory reflexes?
16. When food hits duodendum, the sympathetic ___-____ reflex send
inhibitory signals to the stomach?
17. The brainstem/spinal cord GI reflex is ___ mediated through vagus nerve?
18. Hormones can regulate motility by an increase in intracellular calcium
leading to increased ___?
19. Gastrin does what to gastric motility?
20. CCK does what to gastric motility and emptying, what to intestinal motility,
and ___ of gallbladder?
21. Secretin does what to gastric and intestinal motility?
22. GIP and GI1P does what to gastric motility?
23. Motilin does what and when?
24. Inhibitory neurons in the GI are doing what?
25. When you have ___ you lose inhibitory neurons, tube is then in a ___
state causing cramping?
26. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Nitric Oxide are ___ neurotransmitters?
What does VIP do to gastric secretions?
27. Substance P and acetylcholine are ___ neurotransmitter?
28. If we want things to move through the tube, we need what to happen so
things can flow?
29. Peristaltic movement is a ___ movement, are always a contractile ring
followed by downstream ___?
30. Peristalsis is programmed by ___ plexus firing?
31. Mixing involves ___ contractions and involves segmentations and ___ in
large intestine?
32. Rhythmical contractions of intestinal smooth muscle during fasting state
known as? Happen every ___ minutes?
33. Is signaled from ___ or ___ and goes entire length of intestine? What
inhibits the MMC?
34. The function of MMC is to clear intestines of __ material, bacteria and
wash ___ through? What two things regulate MMC?
35. Parasympathetic regulation of circulation involves ___ increasing blood
flow?
36. Sympathetic regulation of circulation involves ___ decreasing blood flow?
What is avoided by auto flow regulation?
37. 4 hormonal vasodilators? What about kinins?
38. Decreased O2 levels leads to increased __ concentrations which is a
vasodilator?
39. In the villus circulation, countercurrent flow means oxygen exchange occur
before reaching the ____? But during digestion, ___ of the tips causes
increased flow of O2?
40. Vasoconstriction of villus arterioles can cause what? Why are crypts less
sensitive to O2 debt?
Embryology of GI
1. Gastrulation event occurs at day ___? Two-layered, flat embryo to a
trilaminar embryo with what 3 layers?
2. What two things remain outside the embryo after folding?
3. Middle of GI tract remains in contact with yolk sac through what duct?
Allantois forms what?
4. What forms the smooth muscle of GI tract?
5. What congenital anomaly is associated with vitelline duct? State rule of
2s, including 2 types of ectopic tissue?
6. Endoderm forms what from pharynx to upper 2/3s of anal canal?
7. Also the epithelium of all organs that form as evaginations from gut tube
which are? 5 of them
8. Ectoderm contributes to ___ at ends of tube and ___ contributes to the
ganglia?
9. The foregut is supplied mainly by which artery?
10. Midgut supplied by what artery? Hindgut by which artery?
11. The vagal trunks were initially right and left, but respectively become
what?
12. As a resulting of the stretching of the dorsal mesentery, what sac is
formed?
13. Most of the substance of the pancreas is derived from the ___bud? Most
of the main pancreatic duct is derived from the ___ bud?
14. The ventral bud also forms the inferior part of the ___ and the ___
process?
15. During week ___, due to development of other structures, the abdominal
cavity is reduced and as a result the midgut rotates 90 degrees and
herniates out the umbilical ring?
16. When does the midgut return back in? How many degrees rotation total?
17. Results of rotation are twisting of ___ and placement of __ within
abdominal cavity?
18. The hindgut terminates in the ___, an endoderm lined cavity that is in
cavity with surface ectoderm forming a membrane?
19. Urorectal septum from which two folds?
20. Esophageal achalasia is a loss of ganglion cells leading to a ___
esophagus?
21. What is associated with projectile vomiting?
22. What usually results in bile containing vomit?
23. What is associated with double bubble sign?
24. If jaundice occurs shortly after birth and stool is clay-colored and urine is
dark?
25. Annular pancreas involve the ___ pancreatic bud encircling and contricting
the duodenum, what sex more affected?
26. If the midgut fails to return to the abdominal cavity and is covered by
amnion it is what?
27. If a protruding mass through the umbilicus is covered by subcutaneous
tissue and skin it is what?
28. If intestines rupture into umbilical cord after returning to abdominal cavity
and involves rupture of the amnion this is what?
29. Name the vomit type with esophageal atresia, gastric atresia and
duodenal atresia?
30. Most common location of intestinal duplication?
Anatomy Review
1. Parotid is suppled by ___ artery, drained by __ vein, supplied by ___
lymph nodes which go where? Autonomics via CN ___ to otic and
sensation via what?
2. Submandibular/Sublingual by what arteries and veins? What nodes?
What CN for autonomic and sensation?
3. What are the retroperitoneal organs?
4. What is gas introduced into peritoneal cavity for laproscopic procedures?
5. Can also arise pathologically from what?
6. What innervates esophagus?
7. 3 big branches of celiac artery?
8. What artery supplies the ascending colon?
9. Where the middle colic artery anastomoses with the left colic artery is
called what?
10. Blood supply above pectinate line? Vein called ___ drains to where?
What nerves, what nodes?
11. Below pectinate line which arteries? Which veins draining where? Which
nerves? Which nodes?
12. What tethers the splenic flexure of the colon to the body wall?
13. Peritonitis is painful when it involves what?
GI Phys 2
1. Three phases of swallowing?
2. The point of chewing is to increase ___ for enzymes and get food where?
3. Non-voluntary phase involves covering of the ___ and this is a ___
movement?
4. Also the __ approximate and the ___ covers the trachea?
5. When food is higher up in esophagus, __ relaxation occurs at the point of
transition from skeletal to smooth muscle?
6. What nerve is needed for relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter? What
two neurotransmitters are used?
7. ___ in esophagus leads to secondary peristalsis that keeps occurring until
food is cleared? Mediators of this?
8. ___ from vagus acts as an excitatory NT and will tighten lower esophageal
sphincter? What two act as relaxers of LES?
9. In Chagas disease what is destroyed and what happens?
10. Receptive relaxation of stomach is triggered by what?
11. Adaptive relaxation of stomach is triggered by what?
12. Feedback relaxation is triggered by what?
13. What two things are released by duodenum to help relax stomach?
Esophageal Disorders
1.
2.
3.
4.
25. What can happen to people at water fountains taking pills that complain of
dysphagia and odynophagia? First pill to do it?
26. If a child comes in with lots of oral local pain and drooling after caustic
ingestion is this a good sign or bad sign?
27. If a patient presents with no oral problems after caustic ingestion what
does this mean?
28. Compare strong acids versus strong alkalis in terms of damage to
stomach versus esophagus?
29. What is an acquired anomaly in which esophagogastric junction and
stomach project above the diaphragm and into the thorax?
30. These types of hernias seem to be common in patients with ___
esophagitis?
31. What is it called when fundus sneak up and compromises the opening of
the esophagus?
32. Patient may present with ___ pain and projectile ___?
33. What is a congenital anomaly of ectopic gastric mucosa located by the
LES?
34. What is it called when there is forceful vomiting causing an esophageal
perforation?
35. What do we do in an esophageal perforation?
36. What are lacerations in the region of the gastro-esophageal junction that
present with vomiting, retching, or couching preceding hematemesis in an
alcoholic patient?
37. How are they usually resolved?
38. Any battery or any magnet that is swallowed, what has to happen?
39. What is the rule of 7s for dealing with swallowed objects?
40.
GERD:Fierro
1. 44% of adults have ___ at least once monthly? 7% of adults have ___
GERD symptoms?
2. One or more mucosal breaks no longer than 5 mm, none of which extends
between the tops of two mucosal folds is what grade?
3. What makes a grade D?
4. GERD results from exposure of the esophageal mucosa to refluxed ___
contents?
5. In patients where exposure is within normal limit, GERD may be due to
decreased ___ resistance?
6. GERD caused by increased exposure can be due to ___ dysfunction, a __
hernia, defective esophageal ___, delayed __ emptying or increased ___
pressure?
7. Defective esophageal clearance is due to ineffective ___, reduced ___
secretion or reduced secretion from ___ submucosal glands?
8. Two autoimmune diseases that can do this?
9. Reflux-related symptoms occur primarily after ___?
10. Unusually ___ meals can do it? Bending, stooping or ___ can do it?
11. Atypical symptoms of GERD include ___ pain, sore ___, __itis, ___ and
cough?
12. What two things can complicate the disease? What two red flags? Or
failure of ___ therapy?
13. What type of treatment shows relief of heartburn in 50% of patients and
indicated for healing of erosive esophagitis?
14. What two side effects of PPIs are most concerning?
15. What is the mainstay of therapy for GERD?
16. What provides most rapid and symptomatic relief and heal esophagus in
highest percentage?
17. If someone failed a course of H2 blocker, failed an attempted step down,
have high grade esophagitis, peptic strictures what should they not do?
18. The ___ has no intrinsic defense or clearance mechanisms for gastric acid
exposure?
19. Classic findings of laryngoesophageal reflux involve ___ changes,
granuloma, ___ appearance?
20. Clinical symptoms involve ___ drip, laryngeal irritation, __ clearing,
chronic___ and ___ changes?
Fierro 3: Esophageal Disorders
1. 4 phases of swallowing include ___, sealing the ___, ___ coming up and
moving trachea out of the way and __ flapping over?
2. Obstructing lesions of oropharynx include __ in cervical region, and ___?
3. What is a loss of ganglion cells in wall of esophagus? Loss of ___ cells in
esophageal sphincter?
4. Major criteria for achalasia is no ___ and incomplete ___ relaxation?
5. Drugs for achalasia? Surgery?
6. Scleroderma can cause __ obliteration and fibrosis in ___ leading to weak
LES, poor esophageal contractility and delayed gastric emptying?
7. Scleroderma presents with CREST which is what?
8. On barium study what does it look like?
9. How do adults present with eosinophillic esophagitis? How do we confirm
endoscopically?
10. Need ___ biopsies from 2 separate areas?
11. EoE is usually seen in __ or child with food impaction, will be hyper___
and spitting up?
12. Trial of ___ should be done before EoE diagnosis?
13. What will EoE look like on endoscopy?
14. What two swallowed steroids can work well?
15. If no response to steroids what do we do?
16. How else can we treat EoE during diagnostic evaluation
Esophageal Path
1. Esophageal abnormalities are associated with congential ___ defects, ___
malformations and ___ disease?
29. B rings are at the __ junction of lower esophagus and have what type of
mucosa on their undersurface?
30. Achalasia is characterized by the triad: incomplete LES ___, increased
LES ___ and __ of the esophagus?
31. Symptoms of achalasia shows dysphagia for both ___ and __, difficulty in
___ and pain where?
32. What are longitudinal mucosal tears at GE junction/proximal gastric
mucosa due to severe retching or vomiting?
33. What is a transmural tearing through esophagus and rupture that is a
catastrophic event leading to severe mediastinitis and surgical
intervention?
34. With a lye or bleach in esophagus, will you see neutrophils?
35. Chemical and infectious esophagitis show dense infiltrates of ___?
36. Pill-induced esophagitis shows __, superficial ___ with __ tissue and
fibrosis?
37. What if the esophagus shows ulcers, and adherent, white-gray
pseudomembranes?
38. What if you see punched-out ulcers on endoscopy and nuclear viral
inclusions at margin of ulcer?
39. What if you see shallower ulcerations on endoscopy and on biopsy you
see nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions within capillary endothelium and
stromal cells?
40. 3 Ms of herpes?
41. What shows heartburn, dysphagia and regurgitation of sour-tasting gastric
contents with severe chest pain?
42. Biggest complication to worry about in reflux esophagitis?
43. What will show similar symptoms but is the protrusion of stomach into
thorax through a gap?
44. Most common cause of GERD? Mediated by __ pathways, triggered by
__ distension, mild __ stimulation that doesnt trigger swallowing, stress,
__ and ___ use, obesity, CNS depressants, and pregnancy?
45. Reflux esophagitis shows simple ___ on endoscopy? In mild Gerd what
does the biopsy look like?
46. In significant GERD, what are in the mucosa? What is hyperplastic? What
is elongated?
47. Cardinal histologic finding in eosinophillic esophagitis? What is not
prominent clinically?
48. An EE patient will be __ with dermatitis, rhinitis, asthma and peripheral
eosinophilla? Treatment for EE?
49. What layer are varices mostly seen in? OF the distal ___ and
proximal___?
50. What is a complication of chronic GERD? Involves ___ metaplasia within
the esophageal ___ mucosa?
51. Most common in white __ between __ and __ years of age? Increased risk
of what type of cancer?
52. Endoscopic findings in Barrets?
53. The metaplasia of Barret show distinct ___ vacuoles stained pale blue in
the shape of a ___ goblet?
54. Low grade dysplasia in Barrets will show atypical ___, nuclear hyper___,
and abnormal gland architecture including ___, irregular __ and cellular
___?
55. How does high grade differ?
56. Most esophageal adenocarcinoma arise from what? Additional risk factor
include __ use and exposure to ___?
57. Is 7x more common in ___ and __ people?
58. EA shows pain or difficulty with __, progressive __ loss, vomiting __, chest
pain? By the time they have symptoms this means it has already spread
where?
59. Where is it found in the esophagus? Shows ___ or raised patches, with
diffuse infiltration and __ with deep invasion?
60. Less common patterns of EA involve diffuse infiltration of ___ cells?
61. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is in adults older than ___, males
__ more frequent and ___x more common in African Americans?
62. ESCC shows ___, ___, altering diet from solid to liquid due to ___?
63. First symptoms of ESCC? Metastasizes to the ___ which produces a poor
prognosis?
64. Where does ESCC occur in esophagus? Shows a lack of maturation of
__ cells with __-like thickenings?
65. ESCC in the upper third will go to __ lymph nodes, middle third will go to
___,paratracheal and tracheobronchial nodes?
66. ESCC in lower third will go to __ and __ nodes?
67. What does ESCC look like on endoscopy?
Stomach Pathology
1. What is a mucosal inflammatory process of the stomach? If there are
neutrophils it is what?
2. What shows absent/rare inflammatory cells in the stomach? What can
cause it?
3. Gastropathy also shows acute mucosal erosion or hemorrhage known as
___ ulcers?
4. Menetrier and ZE syndrome are examples of ___ gastropathy?
5. Gastropathy shows moderate edema where with slight vascular
congestion? Also shows ___ cell hyperplasia with corkscrew glands and
epithelial proliferation?
6. Gastritis by definition is ___ above the basement membrane in direct
contact with epithelial cells?
7. Gastritis shows loss of the ___ with a superficial mucosal defect? A fibrincontaining purulent exudate is in the ___ and there may be hemorrhage?
8. Acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis shows concurrent ___ and
hemorrhage?
36. Nearly all peptic ulcers are associated with __ infections, NSAIDs or
what?
37. Peptic ulcers show ___ burning or aching pain? Also ___ anemia,
hemorrhage or perforation?
38. Peptic ulcers are worse __ hours after meals during the day, worse at ___,
relieved by alkali or ___ and show nausea, vomiting, and bloating,
belching and significant _?
39. Peptic ulcer disease most common where? Involve the ___ wall? The
classic peptic ulcer is ___ to oval sharply punched out defect with ___ and
___ deposition?
40. Active ulcers are lined by what? Have what type of infiltrate with ___
tissue and a fibrous or collagenous scar at the ulcer __?
41. Hypertrophic gastropathies show giant cerebriform enlargement of what?
Due to __ hyperplasia without inflammation and linked to excessive ____
release?
42. In Menetrier disease there is excessive secretion of what? The
hyperplasia of the foveolar epithelium is where?
43. Shows ___ due to being a protein-losing enteropathy and an increased
risk of gastric ___?
44. What are most common in individuals between 50 and 60 and are
associated with chronic gastritis? What shape with a smooth surface?
45. Microscopic findings of inflammatory and hyperplastic polyps involve
irregular, cystically dilated and elongated ___ glands? Also edema and
acute/chronic inflammation of ___?
46. What type of polyps are sporadic and seen in familial adenomatous
polyposis? Why are they associated with PPI therapy?
47. What type of cancer between 50 and 60, 3x more common in males and
increased in individuals with FAP?
48. Gastric adenomas are solitary lesions less than ___ in diameter, located in
the __ of the stomach and show intestinal-type __ epithelium?
49. If the lesion is larger than 2 cm and most common malignancy of
stomach?
50. Early symptoms of gastric adenocarcinoma? DDN
51. Advanced stage symptoms?
52. Gastric adenocarcinoma metastases to supraclavicular sentinel lymph
node is known as ___ node? Periumbilical lymph nodes known as ___
nodule?
53. Left axillary lymph node known as ___ node? Ovary known as ___?
Pouch of douglas known as ___?
54. For gastric AC what curvature usually affected?
55. Intestinal morphology type gastric AC are __ tumors with glandular
structures, and show apical ___ vacuoles and abudance of mucin in the
__?
56. Diffuse infiltrative growth pattern tumors show __ cells that are large
mucin vacuoles that expand the cytoplasm? Permeate the mucosa and
stomach wall individually or in ___?
57. GAC shows __ reaction that stiffens the wall due to the body trying to wall
it off? Also shows a rigid, thickened wall called linitis plastic that is a ___
appearance?
58. Lymphomas are seen in stem cell and organ transplant recipients as ___
virus-positive B cell proliferations?
59. A Gastric MALToma is a dense lymphocytic infiltration where? Shows
reactive-appearing ___ follicles?
60. What are intramural or submucosal masses with intact or ulcerated
overlying mucosa, yellow or tan and very firm?
61. Show what endocrine granule markers?
62. Seen in what decade of life? Ileal tumors produce a carcinoid syndrome
of cutaneous ___, sweating, abdominal pain, and right-sided cardiac
valvular ___?
63. Foregut carcinoid tumors at stomach, duodendum proximal to ligament of
Treitz and esophagus rarely __ and are cured how?
64. Which has a worse outcome that are multiple, and aggressive?
65. Hindgut carcinoids are located where? Almost always what?
66. Most common mesenchymal tumor of abdomen? Arises from what type of
cells? Mean age?
67. GISTS in childrens show a Carney Triad of young __, gastric, para____,
and pulmonary ___?
68. Approximately 75-80% of all GISTS are oncogenic, gain of function
mutations in what kinase?
69. Primary gastric GISTs are ___cm in diameter, cut surface shows whorled
appearance full of __ cells and ___ cells?
Oral Microbiology
1. Which strep presents as an oral pathogen?
2. What spirochete presents as an oral pathogen?
3. What is a well organized multispecies biofilm attach to the tooth surface?
4. What is a plaque called above gingival margin? What about below
gingival margin?
5. Caries are formed when bacteria produced ____ which causes a ___
drop?
6. What is the predominant dental caries-causing organism?
7. What does S mutans synthesize that promotes aggregation of bacteria?
8. Protection for the mouth involves saliva that contain ____ and ___?
9. What do the tongue and buccal membranes do for protection?
10. Dental caries can complicate and cause infection of ___ chamber and can
on to become necrotic?
11. The caries infection can become intra___, retro___ or ___pulmonary?
12. Where do dental caries disseminate through blood?
42. HSV is diagnosed with a ___ smear to look for ___ bodies?
43. Causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease? Is a what type of
genetic material, what type of envelope?
44. Usually in children under ___ years old in what season?
45. Transmission is through __ and ___ secretions, blister fluid and ___?
46. Symptoms are a mild ___, malaise, sore throat and lesions where?
47. How do we treat hand, mouth and foot disease?
Stomach and Peptic Ulcer Disease: Bradley
1. Submucosa provides the supporting ___ tissue that separates the mucosa
from underlying muscularis propria?
2. Surface mucous cells line the mucosal ___ and gastric __?
3. Parietal (oxynitic) cells are concentrated in the mid and upper portions of
the glands of ___-type mucosa?
4. What are located in the mid portions of the glands of the antrum and in the
crypts of the duodenum that secrete gastrin?
5. Pepsinogen secretion is closely related to acid secretion and is increased
by ___, histamine and ___ stimulation?
6. Is gastric proteolysis essential for protein degradation?
7. Which gastrin constitutes about 2/3 of gastrin in fasting subjects and half
life of 30 minutes? Which increases during prandial period and is majority
released from gastric antrum with a half life of 7 mins?
8. Basal gastric acid secretion takes place in __ state and shows high rates
in __ and low rates in __? Mainly dependent on what?
9. Prandial secretion is mediated by the __ phase, the __ phase and the __
phase?
10. What neurochemical mechanism turn off acid secretion?
11. 30-50% of chronic __ patients have increased acid-pepsin secretion?
12. What is an ilset cell tumor in pancreas that increases gastrin concentration
thereby increasing basal acid output?
13. Potassium chloride, iron and hepatic arterial chemotherapy are rare
causes of what?
14. Type A gastritis is ___, in the fundus and body, progressive mucosal
damage, onset at __ age, and associated with gastric ___ and cancer?
15. Type B gastritis is associated with ___, is in the antrum, damage may ___,
onset at what age and associated disease states?
16. What characteristically involves gastric fundus and body and shows
progressive histologic damage? Final clinic expression is ___?
17. How do we give B12?
18. Lifetime prevalence for developing PUD in first-degree patients is about
___ times greater?
19. The inheritance of what blood group is associated with DU incidence?
What HLA subtypes?
20. What two major risk factors for PUD?
21. Only association between ethanol intake and ulcer diseases exists in
patients with what?
22. What sex predominates in prevalence of DU?
23. What ethnicity?
24. Ulcer risk of NSAIDs is said to be what?
25. PUD presents with pain where? 20% of patients have __ at some point?
And symptoms of delayed gastric emptying due to obstruction in areas of
__ due to scar tissue?
26. Gold standard for diagnosis PUD?
27. Occurrence of DU along with GU does what to likelihood of malignancy?
28. Antacids with __ produce diarrhea? Aluminum and calcium produce
what?
29. Why are prostaglandins contraindicated in pregnancy?
30. How many weeks for PPi therapy for DU? Endoscopy?
31. For gastric ulcers how many weeks? Endoscopy?
32. Patients with DU who remain symptomatic after standard treatment should
be switched to what medication and questioned about what?
33. Surgical intervention for perforated ulceration? If this cant be done what
do we do?
34. H.pylori can survive in the stomach because of its associated __ enzyme
which hydrolyzes urea to ammonium and bicarbonate?
35. Prevalence of H. pylori is higher in ___ countries and in __ age groups?
36. Virtually all H.pylori-positive patients demonstrate ___ gastritis?
37. Nearly all __ patients have HPG?
38. If the patient is under 55 with HPG what do we do? If over 55 what do we
do?
39. One way to diagnose at bedside is __ __ testing? What can mess it up?
40. What is the key regiment for HP and how many days?
41. H.pylori infection is associated with what two types of cancers?
42. ZE consists of __ hypersecretion, severe ___ disease and a tumor of the
__?
43. Tumors are localized usually to ___, duodenal wall or regional lymph
nodes?
44. About one-fourth of ZE have ____ which consists of tumors of parathyroid,
pituitary and pancreatic islets?
45. ZE is a gastrinoma consisting of a __ state leading to gastric acid
secretion leading to PUD, diarrhea or GERD? How high are gastrin
levels?
46. If no evidence of tumor in ZE, what do we do?
47. Menetriers disease is most frequent in men over the age of ___? Shows
hypertrophic ___ located in fundus and body of stomach?
48. Symptoms of Menetriers is vague __ discomfort, diarrhea, weakness,
anemia, weight loss, and edema secondary to what? Treatment?
49. What are persistent concretions of foreign matter found in the stomach?
50. Anything that does what can predispose to bezoar? Most common drugs
to do it?
51. What is an abnormal degree of rotation of one part of the stomach around
another?
52. A ___ volvulus is a rotation around a line joining the pylorus to the GE
junction?
53. A __ volvulus is a rotation around a horizontal line that runs from center of
greater curvature to porta hepatis?
54. Triad of symptoms of volvulus involves unproductive __, acute localized
__ distention and inability to pass a __? Treatment?
55. Best study to determine gastroparesis?
Malabsorption
1. __ is defective mucosal absorption of nutrients? __ is impaired nutritional
hydrolysis?
2. What is absorbed in terminal ileum?
3. Chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and carcinoma of the pancreas can
show an intraluminal defect of what?
4. Severe liver disease, interruption of enterohepatic circulation, and
bacterial overgrowth can lead to what?
5. Hypo or achlorhydria or small intestine stagnation can lead to what?
6. Celiac sprue is defined as malabsorption of nutrients by that portion of the
__ that is damage, a characteristic lesion of the small intestinal __, and
prompt clinical improvement following withdrawal of what?
7. Celiac sprue shows atrophy of what? Affects how many, what sex?
8. Most common symptom of celiac sprue? Other symptoms include a skin
disorder called ___, anemia, tetany, osteomalacia and malnutrition?
9. How is diagnosis made? What serum antibody is present in some
patients? Two most common HLA types?
10. What is the first thing you check for if a patient relapses despite strict
gluten-free diet?
11. What is a chronic disorder acquired in endemic tropical areas
characterized by abnormalities of small intestinal structure and function
that become progressively more severe?
12. How do we treat?
13. Tropical sprue shows acute episode of watery, non-bloody __ leading to
development of chronic ___? And then development of what?
14. What is an uncommon systemic disease that may affect virtually any
organ system in the body but mostly affects small intestine?
15. Who is it seen in?
16. Clinical triad of Whipples? How do you make diagnosis?
17. Treatment for Whipples?
18. What is characterized by dilatation of intestinal lacteals that may lead to
steatorrhea?
19. A quantitative fecal fat test requires a collection of stool over ___ hours
consuming a diet of ___ gms a fat a day? If the amount of fat in the stool
is less than __/24hrs and the weight of the stool is <__/24 hr the patient
probably doesnt have a malabsorption?
27. For PUD, we use PPIs BID for ___ days, and ___ for 7-14 days and ___
for 7-14 days?
28. If allergic to penicillin?
29. Mainstay of treatment for acute GI bleeds secondary to PUD?
30. Definite risk factors for the development of stress ulcers include ___ for
more than 48 hours and coagulopathy?
31. How do we treat ZE?
Diarrhea: Bradley
1. Daily stool output is less than __gm or mL per day? Normal frequency is
what?
2. Normal function of the colon is reabsorption of ___ and secretion of __?
3. Osmotic gap of feces equation?
4. Effect of fasting on osmotic diarrhea? Fecal volume? Osmotic gap?
5. Effect of fasting on secretory diarrhea? Fecal volume? Osmotic gap?
6. Exogenous agents causing osmotic diarrhea? Unabsorbed nutrients?
7. Chewing gum has ___ that can cause osmotic diarrhea? Also ___
deficiencies?
8. Exogenous causes of secretory diarrhea? Endogenous agents?
9. Acute secretory diarrhea caused by what two bacteria?
10. Chronic secretory diarrhea seen in whom?
11. Cholera and ETEC primarily affect ____ secretion? See __ diarrhea with
___ and rare fecal __?
12. Shigella, salmonella, campylobacter will show what about the diarrhea?
13. Frequent, small volume diarrhea with tenesmus and urgency and blood
and mucus is usually what side?
14. Large volume, less frequent diarrhea with uncommon blood and no
tenesmus or urgency is what side?
15. If fecal leukocytes are seen what bacteria? If absent probably what?
16. If they have had antibiotic (wide spectrum) think what bacteria? If they
have ate seafood?
17. ETEC, Norwalk, rotavirus and giardia produce what type of diarrhea?
18. Yersinia can mimic what?
19. Most common cause of infectious bloody diarrhea in US? If rectal
involvement think what?
20. How do we treat ETEC?
21. When do we avoid pepto-bismo?
22. Which E.coli will produce bloody diarrhea and renal failure?
23. Which E.coli will produce fever and bloody diarrhea?
24. With EHEC you see colitis on barium study which looks like what?
25. Shigella is transmitted how? Symptoms? Rare complications?
26. Antibiotics for shigella?
27. What should we check for in sickle-cell or IBD, with someone exposed to
turtles,salamanders, amphicians?
28. Symptoms? Treatment?
8. Cigarette smoking is a MAJOR risk factor for which one, but negative for
the other?
9. Appendectomy is a major for which one, negative for which one?
10. Increased sugar intake related to which one?
11. Extensive ___ and higher age at diagnosis increase the risk of fatal
outcome in __?
12. Ulcerative Colitis is a mucosal ulceration limited to the ___? Extensive is
considered anything that extends beyond what?
13. CD is considered a ___ inflammation and can be seen from mouth to
anus, but most common areas?
14. If you see patchy colitis in intestine, unable to stop smoking, and there are
granulomas it is what?
15. UC has __ inflammation, starts in __ with no skip lesions? What are very
rare?
16. If you see growth failure in children look for what? UC can develop __
leading to perforations?
17. Major fistula seen in CD?
18. In severe UC you can see a much thickened __ due to inflammation?
19. Major complication of UC?
20. What type of arthritis in CD? What type in UC?
21. Why osteoporosis chance greater in CD?
22. Bamboo spine is independent of ___ state and associated with what
haplotype? Other type of arthritis that is common in UC?
23. The peripheral arthritis seen in CD is what?
24. Patients with UC what type of kidney stones? With CD>
25. Why obstructive hydronephritis with CD?
26. If you see erythema nodosum over the shin it is non-specific for __ and
directly related to what?
27. If you see an ulcerative lesion over the shin, what is it?
28. Can also see painful, injected eye called __ that is independent of disease
state?
29. 4-6% of patients with UC can have __ which is what? What is a
complication that Walter Payton died of ?
30. What may happen in CD patients with terminal ileal involvement?
31. UC will have diarrhea typically with what? Will also show __ for bowel
movement?
32. Always have to rule out what when making UC diagnosis?
33. Why is colonoscopy contraindicated in acute UC?
34. The antibody pANCA is useful for what? The antibody ASCA for what?
35. A colon that has had repeated inflammatory changes and is very scarred
down is known as __ in UC?
36. For mild UC we use what to induce remission? Maintenance dose,
breakthrough flare?
37. In UC, a hemorrhage, perforation, cancer or unresponsive acute disease
what is indicated?
38. Most common surgery for UC? Have to watch for what?
16. Prevention of gum disease involves __ and __, pits and fissure __, and
routine ___?
17. A dental pulp infection is an __ infection, and show swelling, pain without
__ pain due to hot __?
18. What three 3 things can do it?
19. Endodontic treatment involves removal of __ and replacement with what?
20. Swelling of an abscess usually indicates a __ pulp with spread into soft
tissue?
21. In an acute odonotogenic infection usually present as a __,upset child,
with raised temp and red,swollen face?
22. In chronic odontogenic a __ may be present that is usually labial or
buccal, a __ tooth, halitosis and discolored teeth?
23. We treat by removing the cause, local __ and debridement, extraction of
__ teeth or ___ for permanent teeth, oral __ if systemic?
24. ___ presents with pain in or around ear, tenderness of jaw, clicking and
popping noises, chronic headaches, chronic neck aches?
25. Treatments include ___ like a bite guard, heat and ice therapy, antiinflammatory, muscle __ like valium?
26. With an avulsed tooth you can do what two things?
27. Treatment for cracked tooth?
28. Recent tooth injury is what color? An older injury is what color?
Radiology
1. Explain the 3,6,9 rule?
2. Main risk of barium sulfate?
3. What should we use if perforation is present? Major risk?
4. The __ is arbitrarily defined as the proximal 2/5 of the small bowel and the
ileum is the distal ___?
5. The jejunum has a more __ pattern and more prominent __? Ileum is __
with less ___?
6. ___ films are obtained for evaluation of air-fluid levels within bowel and to
rule out perforation?
7. ___ studies are method of choice in the esophagus, stomach and large
bowel?
8. Main advantage of CT enterography?
9. Normal appendix diameter?
10. Normal wall of GB is not greater than ___ and diameter is < __? Minimum
of __ hours of fasting to distend GB?
11. Flow within the portal vein can be described as ___ which is normal and
directed toward the liver? Or __ which is abnormal and directed way from
liver?
12. __ is presently the imaging choice for evaluation of pyloric stenosis?
13. The overall typical echogenicity pattern of organs of the abdomen is
__>liver>___?
14. HIDA or hepatobiliary scan is considered normal if the gallbladder is
visualized within ___?