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CREATE TABLE nhanvien
(
manv

char(10) not null,

hoten

char(30) not null,

ngaysinh

datetime null,

diachi

char(50) null,

dienthoai

char(6)

null

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CREATE TABLE nhanvien
(

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manv

char(10) not null,

hoten

char(30) not null,

ngaysinh

datetime null,

diachi

char(50) null,

dienthoai

char(6)

null

constraint check_dienthoai
check (dienthoai like '[0-9][0-9][0-9]
[0-9][0-9] [0-9]')
)

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CREATE TABLE nhanvien
(
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char(10) not null,

hoten

char(30) not null,

ngaysinh

datetime null,

diachi

char(50) default 'khng bit',

dienthoai

char(6)

null

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[CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
PRIMARY KEY [CLUSTERED|NONCLUSTERED]
[( colname [,colname2 [...,colname16]])]

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CREATE TABLE nhanvien
(
manv

char(10) primary key,

hoten

char(30) not null,

ngaysinh

datetime null,

diachi

char(50) null,

dienthoai

char(6)

null

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CREATE TABLE nhanvien
(
manv

char(10) not null,

hoten

char(30) not null,

ngaysinh

datetime null,

diachi

char(50) null,

dienthoai

char(6)

null

constraint pk_nv primary key(manv)

)

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[colname1 [,colname2 [...,colname16]])]

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[FOREIGN KEY (colname [,colname2 [...,colname16]])]
REFERENCES

reference_table [(ref_colname
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madv

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primary key,

tendv

char(20) not null

CREATE TABLE nhanvien

(
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char(10) primary key,

hoten

char(20) not null,

ngaysinh

datetime null,

diachi

char(50) default 'khong biet',

dienthoai char(6)

check(dienthoai like '[0-9][0-9][0-9]

[0-9][0-9][0-9]'),

madv

char(2)

foreign key(madv)
references donvi(madv)

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column_properties

[column_constraints]

[[,]table_constraint ] }
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CHECK (madv LIKE [0-9][0-9])

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CREATE VIEW view_name[(column_name [, column_name]...)]
AS select_statement

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CREATE VIEW thongtin_nv
AS
SELECT manv,hoten,datediff(year,ngaysinh,getdate()),tendv
FROM nhanvien,donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madv=donvi.madv

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AS
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FROM nhanvien,donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madv=donvi.madv

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truy xut d liu t cc dng v cc ct ca mt hay nhiu bng, khung nhn,
ta s dng cu lnh SELECT. Cu lnh ny c th dng thc hin php chn (tc l
truy xut mt tp con cc dng trong mt hay nhiu bng), php chiu (tc l truy
xut mt tp con cc ct trong mt hay nhiu bng) v php ni (tc l lin kt cc
dng trong hai hay nhiu bng truy xut d liu).
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SELECT

[ ALL | DISTINCT ]

[ INTO
FROM

select_list

[ newtable_name ]]

{ table_name | view_name }
................
[,{table_name | view_name }]

[WHERE

clause ]

[GROUP BY

clause ]

[HAVING BY clause ]
[ORDER BY

clause ]

[COMPUTE

clause ]

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c nu trn.
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v khung nhn cn truy xut d liu. Sau mnh FROM l danh sch tn cc bng
v khung nhn tham gia vo truy vn (tn ca cc bng v khung nhn c phn cch
nhau bi du phy).
SELECT
FROM

select_list

{table_nameview_name list}

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ten, diachi FROM

nhanvien

n1

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no tho mn biu thc sau WHERE mi c hin th trong kt qu truy vn. Trong
mnh WHERE thng s dng:
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>

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<

Nh hn

>=

Ln hn hoc bng

<=

Nh hn hoc bng

<>

Khc

!>

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!<

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c h s lng ln hn 1.92:
SELECT ten, diachi, dienthoai
FROM nhanvien
WHERE hsluong>1.92

Gii hn (BETWEEN v NOT BETWEEN)

T kho BETWEEN v NOT BETWEEN c s dng nhm ch nh khong
gi tr tm kim i vi cu lnh SELECT. Cu lnh di y cho bit tn v ia ch
ca nhng nhn vin c h s lng nm trong khong 1.92 n 3.11
SELECT

ten, tuoi, diachi

FROM nhanvien
WHERE

hsluong BETWEEN
7UDQJ

1.92 AND 3.11

Trn Nguyn Phong

Danh sch (IN v NOT IN)

T kho IN c s dng khi ta cn ch nh iu kin tm kim d liu cho cu
lnh SELECT l mt danh sch cc gi tr. Sau IN (hoc NOT IN) c th l mt danh
sch cc gi tr hoc l mt cu lnh SELECT khc.
V d 2.2: hin th thng tin v cc nhn vin c h s lng l 1.86, 1.92
hoc 2.11, thay v s dng cu lnh:
SELECT * FROM nhanvien
WHERE

hsluong=1.86 OR hsluong=1.92 OR hsluong=2.11

Ta c th s dng cu lnh sau:

SELECT * FROM nhanvien
WHERE

hsluong IN (1.86, 1.92, 2.11)

Cc k t i din v mnh LIKE

T kho LIKE (NOT LIKE) s dng trong cu lnh SELECT nhm m t khun
dng ca d liu cn tm kim. Chng thng c kt hp vi cc k t i din sau
y:
K t i din

ngha

Chui k t bt k gm khng hoc nhiu k t

K t n bt k

[]

K t n bt k trong gii hn c ch nh (v d [a-f])

hay mt tp (v d [abcdef])

[^]

K t n bt k khng nm trong gii hn c ch nh (

v d [^a-f] hay mt tp (v d [^abcdef]).

V d 2.3: Cu lnh di y hin th thng tin v cc nhn vin c tn l Nam

SELECT *
WHERE

FROM nhanvien

hoten LIKE '% Nam'

IS NULL v NOT IS NULL

Gi tr NULL c th c nhp vo mt ct cho php chp nhn gi tr NULL
theo mt trong ba cch sau:
Nu khng c d liu c a vo v khng c mc nh cho ct hay kiu
d liu trn ct .
Ngi s dng trc tip a gi tr NULL vo cho ct .
Mt ct c kiu d liu l kiu s s cha gi tr NULL nu gi tr c ch
nh gy trn s.
Trong mnh WHERE, ta s dng IS NULL hoc IS NOT NULL nh sau:
WHERE col_name IS [NOT] NULL
Cc ton t logic
Cc ton t logic s dng trong mnh WHERE bao gm AND, OR, NOT.
AND v OR c s dng kt hp nhiu iu kin trong WHERE.
1.3 Danh sch chn trong cu lnh SELECT

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

&Kn tt c cc ct trong bng

Khi mun truy xut tt c cc ct trong bng, ta s dng cu lnh SELECT c c
php sau:
SELECT

FROM

table_name

Khi s dng cu lnh ny, cc ct trong kt qu s c hin th theo th t m

chng c to ra trong cu lnh CREATE TABLE.
* Chn cc ct c ch nh
chn ra mt s ct no trong bng, ta s dng cu lnh SELECT c c
php sau:
SELECT
FROM

tn_ct [,...,tn_ct_n]
tn_bng | khung_nhn

Cc tn ct trong cu lnh phi c phn cch nhau bng du phy.

Ch : Trong cu lnh SELECT, th t ca cc ct c nu ra trong cu lnh s
xc nh th t ca cc ct c hin th ra trong kt qu.
* i tn cc ct trong cc kt qu
Khi kt qu c hin th, tiu ca cc ct mc nh s l tn ca cc ct khi
n c to ra trong cu lnh CREATE TABLE. Tuy nhin, cc tiu tr nn
thn thin hn, ta c th i tn cc tiu ca cc ct. lm c vic ny, ta c
th s dng mt trong hai cch vit sau:
tiu__ct = tn_ct
hoc

tn_ct tiu__ct

V d 2.4: Hai cu lnh sau s t tiu H v tn cho l hoten v a ch

cho ct diachi khi kt qu c hin th cho ngi s dng:
SELECT 'H v tn'=hoten,
'a ch '= diachi
FROM

nhanvien

Hoc:
SELECT hoten 'H v tn',diachi 'ia ch '
FROM

nhanvien

* S dng cu trc CASE thay i d liu trong kt qu

Trong cu lnh SELECT, ta c th s dng cu trc CASE thay i cch hin
th kt qu ra mn hnh.
V d 2.5: Cu lnh sau cho bit h tn, h s lng v xp loi lng ca nhn
vin theo h s lng:
SELECT

'H v tn' = ten,

'H s lng' = hsluong,

'Xp loi lng' =

CASE
WHEN

lsluong=NULL THEN
7UDQJ

'Khng xc nh'

Trn Nguyn Phong

WHEN

hsluong<=1.92 THEN

'Lung thp'

WHEN

hsluong<=3.1 THEN

'Lng TB'

WHEN

hsluong<=5.2 THEN

'Lng cao'

ELSE

'Lng rt cao'

END
FROM

Nhanvien

* Cc chui k t trong kt qu
Ta c th thm cc chui k t vo bn trong truy vn nhm thay i cch thc
trnh by d liu.
V d 2.6: Cu lnh sau s thm chui k t H s lng l vo trc kt qu
ct mc lng tng dng trong kt qu:
SELECT

'H v tn' = hoten,

'H s lng l : ','H s lng'=hsluong

FROM nhanvien

Truy vn trn cho c kt qu c dng nh sau:

H v tn

H s lng

----------------

--------------

-------------

Trn Nguyn Phong

H s lng l :

1.92

L Hoi Nam

H s lng l :

1.86

Nguyn Hu Tnh

H s lng l :

1.92

Nguyn Trung Kin

H s lng l :

1.86

Nguyn Th Hoa

H s lng l :

2.11

Hong Nam Phong

H s lng l :

3.21

1.4 Tnh ton cc gi tr trong cu lnh SELECT

Danh sch chn trong cu lnh SELECT c th c cc biu thc s hc. Khi
kt qu ca biu thc s l mt ct trong kt qu truy vn:
V d 2.7: Cu lnh sau cho bit h tn v lng ca cc nhn vin
SELECT 'H v tn'=ten, 'Lng'=hsluong*210000
FROM

nhanvien

1.5 T kho DISTINCT

T kho DISTINCT c s dng trong cu lnh SELECT nhm loi b ra khi
kt qu truy vn nhng dng d liu c gi tr ging nhau
V d 2.8: nu ta s dng cu lnh:
SELECT

hsluong FROM nhanvien

Ta s c kt qu nh sau:

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

hsluong
----------------1.92
1.86
1.92
1.86
2.11
3.21

Nhng nu ta s dng cu lnh:

SELECT DISTINCT

hsluong FROM nhanvien

kt qu ca truy vn s l:
hsluong
---------1.92
1.86
2.11
3.21

1.6 To bng mi bng cu lnh SELECT ... INTO

Cu lnh SELECT ... INTO c tc dng to mt bng mi c cu trc v d liu
c xc nh t kt qu ca truy vn. Bng mi c to ra s c s ct bng s ct
c ch nh trong danh sch chn v s dng s s dng kt qu ca truy vn
V d 2.9: Cu lnh di y to mi mt bng c tn l NHANVIEN_LUU bao
gm h tn v a ch ca nhng nhn vin c h s lng ln hn 1.92:
SELECT hoten, diachi
INTO

nhanvien_luu

FROM

nhanvien

WHERE hsluong>1.92
1.7 Sp xp kt qu truy vn bng ORDER BY
Mnh ORDER BY c s dng nhm sp xp kt qu truy vn theo mt hay
nhiu ct (ti a l 16 ct). Vic sp xp c th theo th t tng tng (ASC) hoc gim
(DESC). Nu khng ch nh r th mc nh l tng.
V d 2.10: Cu lnh sau s sp xp cc nhn vin theo th t gim dn ca h
s lng v nu h s lng bng nhau th sp xp theo th t tng dn ca ngy sinh:
SELECT hoten,ngaysinh,hsluong
FROM nhanvien
ORDER BY hsluong DESC, ngaysinh

Ta c th s dng cc s thay v s dng tn ct sau mnh ORDER BY.

V d 2.11: cu lnh di y sp xp cc nhn vin theo th t tng dn ca
ngy sinh:
7UDQJ

Trn Nguyn Phong

SELECT hoten,ngaysinh,hsluong
FROM nhanvien
ORDER BY 3

1.8 Php hp v ton t UNION

Ton t UNION cho php ta hp cc kt qu ca hai hay nhiu truy vn thnh
mt tp kt qu duy nht. C php ca php hp nh sau:
Query_1
[UNION [ALL] Query_2 ]
...
[UNION [ALL] Query_N ]
[ORDER BY
[COMPUTE

clause]
clause]

Trong :
Query_1 c dng:
SELECT

select_list

[INTO clause]
[FROM clause]
[WHERE clause]
[GROUP BY clause]
[HAVING clause]

v Query_i (i=2,..,N) c dng:

SELECT

select_list

[FROM clause]
[WHERE clause]
[GROUP BY clause]
[HAVING clause]

V d 2.12: Gi s ta c hai bng nh sau:

R

abc

edf

15

jks

hht

bdg

10

abc

Hht

12

adf

Th php hp:
SELECT A,B FROM R
UNION

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

SELECT * FROM S

C kt qu nh sau:
A

----

-----------

abc

adf

bgd

10

edf

15

hht

hht

12

jks

Theo mc nh, php ton UNION s loi b nhng dng ging nhau trong kt
qu. Nu ta s dng ty chn ALL th cc dng ging nhau s khng b loi b. Ta c
th s dng cc du ngoc xc nh th t tnh ton trong php hp.
1.8.1 Cc nguyn tc khi xy dng cu lnh UNION
Khi xy dng cc cu lnh UNION, ta cn ch cc nguyn tc sau:
Tt c cc danh sch chn trong cu lnh UNION phi c cng s biu thc
(cc tn ct, cc biu thc s hc, cc hm gp,...)
Cc ct tng ng trong tt c cc bng, hoc tp con bt k cc ct c s
dng trong bn thn mi truy vn phi cng kiu d liu.
Cc ct tng ng trong bn thn tng truy vn ca mt cu lnh UNION
phi xut hin theo th t nh nhau. Nguyn nhn l do php hp so snh cc
ct tng ct mt theo th t c cho trong mi truy vn.
Khi cc kiu d liu khc nhau c kt hp vi nhau trong cu lnh
UNION, chng s c chuyn sang kiu d liu cao hn (nu c th c).
Tiu ct trong kt qu ca php hp s l tiu ct c ch nh trong
truy vn u tin.
1.8.2 S dng UNION vi cc giao tc SQL khc
Cc nguyn tc sau phi c tun theo khi s dng php hp vi cc cu lnh
giao tc SQL khc:
Truy vn u tin trong cu lnh UNION c th c INTO to mt bng t
kt qu cui cng.
Mnh ORDER BY v COMPUTE dng xc nh th t kt qu cui
cng hoc tnh ton cc gi tr tm tt ch c cho php s dng cui ca
cu lnh UNION. Chng khng c php s dng trong bt k bn thn
truy vn no trong php hp.
Mnh GROUP BY v HAVING ch c th c s dng trong bn thn
tng truy vn. Chng khng th c s dng tc ng ln kt qu cui
cng.
7UDQJ

Trn Nguyn Phong

Php ton UNION cng c th c s dng bn trong mt cu lnh

INSERT.
Php ton UNION khng th s dng trong cu lnh CREATE VIEW.
1.9 Php ni
Php ni c s dng truy xut d liu t hai hay nhiu bng hoc khung
nhn trong cng CSDL hoc trong cc CSDL khc nhau bi cng mt php x l.
1.9.1 Php ton ni
Mt cu lnh ni (join statament) thc hin cc cng vic sau y:
Xc nh mt ct t mi bng.
So snh cc gi tr trong nhng ct ny theo tng dng.
Kt hp cc dng c nhng gi tr tho mn iu kin thnh nhng dng
mi.
V d 2.13: Cu lnh di y cho bit h tn, a ch ca cc nhn vin v tn
n v m mi nhn vin thc thuc:
SELECT hoten, diachi, tendonvi
FROM nhanvien, donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madonvi = donvi.madonvi

Danh sch chn trong php ni

Ging nh cc cu lnh chn (selection statment), mt cu lnh ni bt u vi
t kha SELECT. Cc ct c ch nh tn sau t kho SELECT l cc ct c da
ra trong kt qu truy vn. Trong danh sch chn ca php ni, ta c th ch nh mt
s ct bng cch ch nh tn ca ct hoc tt c cc ct ca nhng bng tham gia
vo php ni bng cch s dng du sao (*). Danh sch chn khng nht thit phi
bao gm cc ct ca nhng bng tham gia php ni.
Mnh FROM trong php ni
Mnh FROM ca cu lnh ni xc dnh cc bng (hay khung nhn) tham gia
vo php ni. Nu ta s dng du * trong danh sch chn th th t ca cc bng lit
k trong FROM s nh hng n kt qu c hin th.
Mnh WHERE trong php ni
Mnh WHERE xc nh iu kin ni gia cc bng v cc khung nhn c
ch nh. N xc nh tn ca ct c s dng ni v php ton ni c s dng.
Cc ton t so snh di y c s dng xc nh iu kin ni
Php ton

ngha

Bng

>

Ln hn

>=

Ln hn hoc bng

<

Nh hn

<=

Nh hn hoc bng

<>

Khc

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

!>

Khng ln hn

!<

Khng nh hn.

1.9.2 Cc loi php ni

* Php ni bng v php ni t nhin
Mt php ni bng (equijoin) l mt php ni trong gi tr ca cc ct c
s dng ni c so snh vi nhau da trn tiu chun bng v tt c cc ct trong
cc bng tham gia ni u c a ra trong kt qu.
V d 2.14:
SELECT * FROM nhanvien, donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madonvi = donvi.madonvi

Trong kt qu ca cu lnh trn, ct madonvi v tendonvi xut hin hai ln trong

kt qu php ni v nh vy l khng cn thit. loi b iu ny, ta c th s dng
php ni t nhin (natural join) bng cch loi b i cc ct trng tn vi nhau.
* Php ni vi cc iu kin b sung
Trong mnh WHERE ca cu lnh ni, ta c th b sung cc iu kin tm
kim khc.
V d 2.15:
SELECT hoten, diachi, tendonvi
FROM nhanvien, donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madonvi = donvi.madonvi AND
Nhanvien.hsluong>=2.11

* Php t ni v cc b danh
Php t ni l php ni m trong ta so snh cc gi tr bn trong mt ct ca
cng mt bng.
V d 2.16: Tm nhng nhn vin c cng a ch vi nhn vin 'Trn Nguyn
Phong'
SELECT n1.hoten
FROM nhanvien n1, nhanvien n2
WHERE n2.hoten='Trn Nguyn Phong' AND
n1.diachi = n2.diachi
* Php ni khng da trn tiu chun bng
Trong php ni ny, cc ct c s dng kt ni c so snh vi nhau
khng da trn iu kin bng.
* Php ni ngoi (outer join)
Trong cc php ni cp trn, ch nhng dng hp l (tc l nhng dng
c gi tr trong cc ct c ch nh tho m iu kin kt ni) mi c a ra trong
kt qu. Theo mt ngha no , nhng php ni ny loi b thng tin cha trong
nhng dng khng hp l. Tuy nhin, i khi ta cng cn gi li nhng thng tin
khng hp l bng cch cho php nhng dng khng hp l c mt trong kt qu ca
7UDQJ

Trn Nguyn Phong

php ni. lm iu ny, ta c th s dng php ni ngoi. Giao tc SQL cung cp

hai php ni ngoi:

Php ni ngoi tri (*=) : Php ni ny cho php ly tt c cc t bng c

tn u tin.

Php ni ngoi phi (=*) : Php ni ny cho php ly tt c cc dng t

bng c tn th hai.

V d 2.17: Gi s ta c hai bng R v S c ni dung nh sau

A

----- ----------- ----------- ----aaa

aaaa

fff

f2

ggg

g4

xxx

12

gdf

ggg

12

khf

sss

45

k3h

Bng R
E

----- ----------- ----------aaa

(null)

xxx

23

26

abc

(null)12

(null)

sss

20

Bng S
Khi cu lnh:
SELECT * FROM R,S
WHERE R.A = S.E

Cho kt qu l:
A

----

----- -----

----- -----

------ --------

aaa

aaaa

aaa

xxx

12

gdf

xxx

23

26

k3h

sss

20

sss 45
Cn cu lnh:

(null)

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

SELECT * FROM R,S
WHERE R.A *= S.E

Cho kt qu l:
A

---

---- ----

-----

----- ------

------

aaa

aaaa

aaa

(null)

fff

f2

(null) (null)

(null)

ggg

g4

(null) (null)

(null)

xxx

12

gdf

ggg

12

khf

k3h

sss 45

xxx

23

26

(null) (null)
sss

(null)

20

V cu lnh
SELECT * FROM R,S
WHERE R.A =* S.E

Cho kt qu l:
A

----

-----

-----

----- -----

------ ---------

aaa

aaaa

aaa

(null)

xxx

12

gdf

xxx

23

26

(null)(null) (null)

(null) abc

(null)(null) (null)

(null) (null)12

sss

45

k3h

sss

(null)

20

Cc gii hn ca php ni ngoi

Giao tc SQL khng cho php hai php ni ngoi lng nhau v php ni
trong lng vo trong php ni ngoi. Tuy nhin, mt bng c th tham gia trong mt
php ni trong v l bng ngoi (outer table) trong mt php ni ngoi.
Bng di y cho bit cc cch kt hp hp l v khng hp l ca php
ni trong v php ni ngoi:
Hp l

Khng hp l

T1 =* T2 *= T3

T1 *= T2 *= T3

T1 = T2 *= T3

T1 *= T2 = T3

T1 *= T2 =* T3
T3

T3
7UDQJ

Trn Nguyn Phong

||

||

T2 =* T1 *= T4

T2 =* T1 =* T4

||

||

T5

T5

T3

T3

||

||

T2 *= T1 =* T4

T2 *= T1 *= T4

||

||

T5

T5

* Php ni v cc gi tr NULL
Nu trong cc ct ca cc bng tham gia php ni c cc gi tr NULL th cc
gi tr NULL c xem nh l khng bng nhau. Chng hn ta c hai bng:
A

------

---------

--------

--------

b1

Null

d1

Null

b2

d2

b3
Bng R

Bng S

Th cu lnh:
SELECT * FROM

R, S

WHERE A *= C

S cho kt qu l:
A

------

------

------

------

b1

Null

Null

Null

b2

Null

Null

b3

D2

1.10 To cc dng thng k d liu vi COMPUTE ... BY

Ta s dng mnh COMPUTE BY kt hp vi cc hm gp dng v mnh
ORDER BY sn sinh ra cc cc bo co (report) nhm thng k cc gi tr d liu

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

theo tng nhm. Nhng gi tr thng k ny xut hin nh l nhng dng b sung
trong kt qu truy vn. Mt mnh COMPUTE BY cho php ta quan st c cc chi
tit v d liu ln cc gi tr thng k. Ta c th tnh cc gi tr thng k cho cc
nhm con (subgroups) v ta cng c th tnh ton nhiu hm gp trn cng mt
nhm.
Mnh COMPUTE BY c c php nh sau:
COMPUTE

row-aggregate(col_name)
[,...,row_aggregate(col_name)]

BY col_name [,...,col_name]

Cc hm gp c th s dng c vi COMPUTE BY bao gm SUM, AVG,

MIN, MAX v COUNT.
V d 2.18: Cu lnh di y cho bit h tn, tn n v h s lng ca nhn
vin ng thi cho bit lng trung bnh ca cc nhn vin trong mi n v
SELECT hoten,tendonvi,hsluong
FROM nhanvien,donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madonvi=donvi.madonvi
ORDER BY nhanvien.madonvi
COMPUTE AVG(hsluong) BY nhanvien.madonvi

Kt qu ca truy vn ny s nh sau:
Hoten

tendonvi

hsluong

---------------

--------------

--------------

Nguyn Th Hoa

Phng k ton

2.11
avg
===========
2.11

L Hoi Nam

Phng T chc

1.86

Hong Nam Phong

Phng T chc

3.21
avg
===========
2.535

Trn Nguyn Phong

Phng iu hnh

1.92

Nguyn Hu Tnh

Phng iu hnh

1.92
avg
===========
1.92

Nguyn Trung Kin

Phng ti v
7UDQJ

1.86

Trn Nguyn Phong

avg
===========
1.86

Khi s dng mnh COMPUTE ... BY cn tun theo cc qui tc di y:

T kha DISTINCT khng cho php s dng vi cc hm gp dng

Cc ct s dng trong mnh COMPUTE phi xut hin trong danh sch
chn.

Khng s dng SELECT INTO trong mt cu lnh SELECT c s dng

COMPUTE.

Nu s dng mnh COMPUTE ... BY th cng phi s dng mnh

ORDER BY. Cc ct lit k trong COMPUTE BY phi ging ht hay l mt
tp con ca nhng g c lit k sau ORDER BY. Chng phi c cng th
t t tri qua phi, bt u vi cng mt biu thc v khng b qua bt k
mt biu thc no.

Chng hn nu mnh ORDER BY c dng:

ORDER BY a, b, c
Th mnh COMPUTE BY c dng di y l hp l:
COMPUTE row_aggregate (column_name) BY a, b, c
COMPUTE row_aggregate (column_name) BY a, b
COMPUTE row_aggregate (column_name) BY a
V cc dng di y l sai
COMPUTE row_aggregate (column_name) BY b, c
COMPUTE row_aggregate (column_name) BY a, c
COMPUTE row_aggregate (column_name) BY c

Phi s dng mt tn ct hoc mt biu thc trong mnh ORDER BY,

vic sp xp (order) khng c thc hin da trn tiu ct.

T kho COMPUTE c th c s dng m khng c BY v khi

ORDER BY l ty chn.

1.11 Thng k d liu vi GROUP BY v HAVING

Ta c th s dng cc mnh GROUP BY v HAVING thng k d liu.
GROUP BY t chc d liu vo cc nhm, HAVING thit lp cc iu kin ln cc
nhm trong kt qu truy vn. Nhng mnh ny thng c s dng kt hp vi
nhau (HAVING c s dng khng km vi GROUP BY c th to ra nhng kt
qu nhm ln).
Cc hm gp tr v cc gi tr tm lc cho c bng hoc cho cc nhm trong
bng. Do , chng thng c s dng vi GROUP BY. Cc hm gp c th xut
hin trong mt dang sch chn hay trong mnh HAVING, nhng khng c s
dng trong mnh WHERE.
Ta c th s dng cc hm gp di y vi GROUP BY (Trong expression
l mt tn ct).

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

Hm gp

Chc nng

SUM([ALL | DISTINCT] expression)

Tnh tng cc gi tr.

AVG([ALL | DISTINCT] expression)

Tnh trung bnh ca cc gi tr

COUNT([ALL | DISTINCT] expression)

S cc gi tr trong biu thc.

COUNT(*)

S cc dng c chn.

MAX(expression)

Tnh gi tr ln nht

MIN(expression)

Tnh gi tr nh nht

Trong , SUM v AVG ch lm vic vi nhng gi tr kiu s. SUM, AVG,

COUNT, MAX v MIN b qua cc gi tr null cn COUNT(*) th khng.
V d 2.19: Cu lnh di y cho bit h s lng trung bnh ca cc nhn vin
theo tng n v:
SELECT donvi.madonvi,tendonvi, avg(hsluong)
FROM nhanvien,donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madonvi = donvi.madonvi
GROUP BY donvi.madonvi,tendonvi

Ch : Danh sch cc tn ct trong danh sch chn ca cu lnh SELECT v danh

sch cc tn ct sau GROUP BY phi nh nhau, nu khng cu lnh s khng hp l.
V d cu lnh di y l khng ng:
SELECT donvi.madonvi,tendonvi, avg(hsluong)
FROM nhanvien,donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madonvi = donvi.madonvi
GROUP BY donvi.madonvi

Mnh HAVING thit lp cc iu kin i vi mnh GROUP BY tng t

nh cch thc mnh WHERE thit lp cc iu kin cho cu lnh SELECT. Mnh
HAVING s khng c ngha nu nh khng s dng kt hp vi mnh
WHERE. C mt im khc bit gia HAVING v WHERE l trong iu kin tm
kim ca WHERE khng c c cc hm gp trong khi HAVING li cho php s
dng cc hm gp trong iu kin tm kim ca mnh. Mnh HAVING c th
tham chiu n bt k mc no trong danh sch chn v mnh HAVING c th
cha ti a 128 iu kin tm kim.
V d 2.20: Cu lnh di y cho bit h s lng trung bnh ca cc nhn vin
theo tng n v v ch hin th nhng n v c h s lng trung bnh ln hn 1.92
SELECT donvi.madonvi,tendonvi, avg(hsluong)
FROM nhanvien,donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madonvi = donvi.madonvi
GROUP BY donvi.madonvi,tendonvi
HAVING avg(hsluong)>1.92

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Trn Nguyn Phong

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Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

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table_name

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VALUES('NV02003','L Th Mai','23/5/72',
NULL,'523312',1.92,'02')

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VALUES(value1, value2, ...,valueN)

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VALUES('NV03002','Nguyn Th Hanh Dung','56 Trn Phu')

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SELECT

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Trn Nguyn Phong

UPDATE
SET

updated_table_name

colname = expression
[, ..., colname = expression ]

[FROM

table_name [,..., table_name]]

[WHERE

conditions ]

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UPDATE nhanvien
SET hsluong = hsluong+0.2
WHERE madonvi ='04'

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SET

thanhtien = soluong*mathang.dongia

FROM mathang
WHERE nhatkybanhang.mahang = mathang.mahang

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DELETE FROM nhanvien

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

FROM donvi
WHERE nhanvien.madonvi = donvi.madonvi AND
donvi.dienthoai ='848484'
Z Y

7UDQJ

Trn Nguyn Phong

Chng 3: NGN NG IU KHIN

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GRANT ALL | permission [,...,permissionN]
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TO account [,...,accountN]

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Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

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TO db_user

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GRANT

SELECT, UPDATE

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TO db_user1, db_user2

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Trn Nguyn Phong

REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE
ON nhanvien(hsluong)
FROM db_user1

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REVOKE ALL
FROM db_user

Z Y

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

Chng 4: THU TUC LU TR VA TRIGGER

,6GXQJWKXWXFOXWUVWRUHGSURFHGXUH
Cc th tc lu tr l mt trong nhng i tng c s d liu. C th xem
chng tng t nh nhng th tc trong cc ngn ng lp trnh. Mi mt th tc lu
tr c th c cc kh nng sau:
Nhn cc tham s u vo, thc thi cc cu lnh bn trong th tc v tr v cc
gi tr.
Bn trong mi th tc c th cha cc cu lnh nhm thc hin cc thao tc
trn c s d liu (k c vic gi n cc th tc lu tr khc)
Tr v mt gi tr trng thi thng qua c th xc nh vic thc thi th tc
l thnh cng hay b li.
Vic s dng cc th tc lu tr bn trong c s d liu s mang li nhng li
ch sau:
Th tc lu tr cho php module ho cng vic, to iu kin thun li cho
vic thc hin cc thao tc trn d liu.
Th tc lu tr c phn tch, ti u v bin dch khi to ra nn vic thc thi
chng nhanh hn nhiu so vi vic s dng mt tp cc cu lnh giao tc
SQL theo nhng cch thng thng.
Th tc lu tr cho php chng ta thc hin cng mt yu cu bng mt cu
lnh n gin thay v phi s dng nhiu dng lnh SQL. iu ny s lm
gim thiu s lu thng trn mng.
Thay v cp pht quyn trc tip cho ngi s dng trn cc cu lnh SQL, ta
c th cp pht quyn cho ngi s dng thng qua cc th tc lu tr, nh
tng kh nng bo mt i vi h thng.
,To cc th tc lu tr
to mt sp, ta s dng cu lnh CREATE PROCEDURE c c php nh sau:
CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name [;number]
[(parameter1 [,parameter2]...[parameter255])]
AS sql_statements

V d 4.1:
CREATE PROC sp_list
@bten char(20)
AS
SELECT hoten, ngaysinh, diachi
FROM nhanvien
WHERE hoten= @bten

Ch : Nu khi gi th tc, chng ta truyn tham s cho th tc di dng:

7UDQJ

Trn Nguyn Phong

@tham_s = gi_tr
Th th t cc tham s khng cn phi tun theo th t nh khi to th tc bng cu
lnh CREATE PROCEDURE. Tuy nhin, nu nh c mt tham s c truyn gi
tr theo cch trn th tt c cc tham s cn li cng phi c truyn gi tr theo cch
.
Ta c th gn mt gi tr mc nh cho tham s trong cu lnh CREATE
PROCEDURE. Gi tr ny, c th l hng bt k, s c ly lm tham s ca th tc
khi ngi s dng khng cung cp gi tr cho tham s khi gi th tc.
V d 4.2:
CREATE PROC sp_list;2 @bten char(20)=Nguyen Van A
AS
SELECT * FROM nhanvien
WHERE hoten = @bten

Vi th tc trn, nu ta gi msp_list;2 m khng c tham s th th tc s ly

tham s mc nh l Nguyn Vn A cho @bten.
Gi tr mc nh c th NULL. Trong trng hp ny, nu ngi s dng khng
cung cp tham s, SQL Server s thi hnh th tc theo cc tham s khc.
V d 4.3: Vi cu lnh
CREATE PROC sp_list;3 @bten char(20)=NULL,@bluong float
AS
SELECT * FROM nhanvien
WHERE hoten=@bten AND hsluong=@bluong

Ta th gi th tc trn nh sau:
msp_list;3 @btuoi=23

m khng b li.
Mc nh c th bao gm cc k t i din (%, _, [], [^] ) nu th tc s dng
tham s vi t kha LIKE.
V d 4.4:
CREATE PROC sp_list;4 @bten char(20) =Trn%
AS
SELECT * FROM nhanvien
WHERE hoten LIKE @bten

,Thng tin tr v t cc th tc lu tr
Cc gi tr trng thi tr v:
Cc th tc c th tr v mt gi tr nguyn c gi l mt trng thi tr v. Gi
tr ny ch ra cho bit th tc c thc hin thnh cng hay gp li v nguyn nhn
ca li (SQL Server nh ngha sn mt tp cc gi tr tr v, cc gi tr ny nm
trong khong [-99;0]; trong gi tr tr v bng 0 tc l vic thc hin th tc thnh
cng, cc gi tr cn li cho bit nguyn do khi b li).
Gi tr tr v do ngi s dng nh ngha
Ngi s dng c th nh ngha cc gi tr tr v ca mnh trong cc th tc
lu tr bng cch b sung mt tham s vo cu lnh RETURN. Tt c cc s nguyn
ngoi tr cc gi tr dnh ring cho h thng u c th c s dng.

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

V d 4.5:
CREATE PROC sp_exam @bten char(20)
AS
IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM nhanvien WHERE hoten = @bten)
RETURN 1
ELSE
RETURN 2

Cc tham s tr v
Khi c hai cu lnh CREATE PROCEDURE v EXECUTE cha mc chn
OUTPUT cho tn mt tham s, th tc c th s dng mt bin tr v tr ca tham
s n ngi gi. Bng vic s dng t kho OUTPUT, bt c s thay i no n
cng vn cn gi li sau khi th tc c thc hin, v cc bin c th c s dng
trong cc cu lnh SQL b sung sau trong tp lnh hay th tc c gi. Nu t
kho OUTPUT khng c s dng, vic thay i n tham s s khng c gi li
sau khi kt thc thc hin th tc. Ngoi ra, ta cn c th dng RETURN tr v gi
tr.
Mt th tc lu tr c th s dng bt k hoc tt c kh nng sau tr v:
Mt hoc nhiu tp cc gi tr.
Mt gi tr tr v r rng (s dng cu lnh RETURN).
Mt tham s OUTPUT.
Nu chng ta ch nh OUTPUT khi thc hin mt th tc nhng tham s tng
ng khng c nh ngha vi OUTPUT khi to th tc th s b li. Tuy nhin nu
ta nh ngha OUTPUT cho mt tham s trong th tc nhng khng ch nh
OUTPUT khi thc hin th vn khng b li (gi tr tham s khi s khng c tr
v).
V d 4.6:
CREATE PROC Chia @sobichia real,@sochia real,
@kqua real OUTPUT
AS
IF (@sochia =0)
Print Division by zero
ELSE
SELECT @kqua = @sobichia / @sochia

Khi nu ta thc hin nh sau:

DECLARE @ketqua
real
EXEC Chia 100, 2, @ketqua
SELECT @ketqua

S cho kt qu l:
---------------------50.0

Cn nu thc hin
DECLARE @ketqua
real
EXEC Chia 100, 2, @ketqua
SELECT @ketqua
7UDQJ

OUT

Trn Nguyn Phong

S cho kt qu l:
---------------------(null)

I.3. Cc qui tc s dng cho sp

Sau y l mt s qui tc cn lu khi to cc th tc lu tr
Cu lnh CREATE PROCEDURE khng th kt hp vi cc cu lnh SQL
khc trong mt khi lnh n (single batch).
Bn thn nh ngha CREATE PROCEDURE c th bao gm bt k s
lng cng nh cu lnh SQL no ngoi tr nhng cu lnh sau:
CREATE VIEW

CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE DEFAULT

CREATE PROCEDURE

CREATE RULE
Cc i tng CSDL khc c th c to bn trong mt th tc lu tr. Ta
c th tham chiu mt i tng c to trong cng th tc min l n
c to trc khi tham chiu.
Bn trong mt th tc, ta khng th to mt i tng, xo n v sau to
mt i tng mi vi cng tn.
Ta c th tham chiu cc bng tm thi bn trong mt th tc.
Nu ta thc thi mt th tc m gi n th tc khc, th tc c gi c th
truy cp n mi i tng ngoi tr cc bng tm thi c to bi th tc
u tin.
Nu ta to mt bng tm thi ring (private temporary table) bn trong mt
th tc, bng tm thi ch tn ti cho nhng mc ch ca th tc ; n s
mt i khi thot ra khi th tc.
S tham s ti a ca mt th tc l 255.
S bin cc b v ton cc trong mt th tc ch b gii hn bi kh nng b
nh.
Cc th tc tm thi cc b (private) v ton cc (public), tng t nh cc
bng tm thi, c th c to vi du # v ## ng trc tn th tc. # biu
din th tc tm thi cc b cn ## biu din th tc tm thi ton cc.
I.4 Xc nh tn bn trong cc th tc
Bn trong mt th tc, tn cc i tng c s dng vi cu lnh ALTER
TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX,
DROP INDEX, UPDATE STATISTICS v DBCC phi c xc nh vi tn ca
ngi s hu i tng (object owners name) nu nh nhng ngi dng (user) khc
s dng th tc. V d, ngi dng Mary, l s hu ch ca bng marytab, phi ch
nh tn ca bng ca mnh khi n c s dng vi mt trong nhng cu lnh ny
nu c ta mun nhng user khc c th thc hin th tc m trong bng c s
dng.
Qui tc ny l cn thit v tn i tng c phn tch khi cc th tc c
chy. Nu marytab khng c ch nh v user John tm cch thc hin th tc, SQL

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

s tm bng marytab do John s hu. V d di y l mt cch dng ng, n ch ra

cho SQL Server tm bng marytab do Mary s hu:
CREATE PROC p1
AS
CREATE INDEX marytab_ind
ON mary.marytab(col1)

I.5 i tn cc th tc:
S dng th tc:
sp_rename old_name, new_name

Ta ch c th i tn nhng th tc m ta s hu. Ngi s hu CSDL c th

thay i tn ca bt k th tc no ca ngi s dng. Th tc c i tn phi nm
trong CSDL hin thi.
Ta phi xo v to li mt th tc nu ta thay i tn ca mt i tng c
tham chiu bi th tc .
c c bo co v nhng i tng c tham chiu bi mt th tc, ta s
dng th tc h thng: sp_depends.
xem ni dung ca nh ngha mt th tc, ta s dng th tc h thng:
sp_helptext.
I.6. Xo th tc:
xo mt th tc, ta s dng cu lnh:
DROP PROCEDURE

proc_name

II. S dng cc Trigger

Mt trigger l mt dng c bit ca th tc lu tr v n c thc hin t
ng khi ngi dng p dng cu lnh sa i d liu ln mt bng c ch nh.
Cc trigger thng c s dng cho vic p buc cc qui tc lm vic v ton vn d
liu. Tnh ton vn tham chiu c th c nh ngha bng cch s dng rng buc
FOREIGN KEY vi cu lnh CREATE TABLE. Nu cc rng buc tn ti trong
bng c s tc ng ca trigger, n c kim tra trc vic thc hin trigger. Nu
cc rng buc b vi phm, trigger s khng thc thi.
Cc trigger c s dng trong nhng cch sau:
Cc trigger c th thay i ng lot (cascade change) cc bng c lin h
trong mt CSDL.
Cc trigger c th khng cho php hoc roll back nhng thay i vi phm
tnh ton vn tham chiu, hy b giao tc sa i d liu.
Cc trigger c th p t cc gii hn phc tp hn nhng gii hn c nh
ngha bng rng buc CHECK. Khc vi rng buc CHECK, cc trigger c
th tham chiu n cc ct trong cc bng khc.
Cc trigger cn c th tm s khc bit gia cc trng thi ca mt bng
trc v sau khi sa i d liu v ly ra nhng tc ng da trn s khc
bit .

7UDQJ

Trn Nguyn Phong

II.1 To cc trigger
Mt trigger l mt i tng CSDL. Ta to mt trigger bng vic ch nh bng
hin hnh v cu lnh sa i d liu kch hot trigger. Sau ta xc nh cc cng
vic m trigger lm.
Mt bng c th c ti a 3 loi trigger: mt trigger cp nht (update trigger),
mt trigger chn (insert trigger) v mt trigger xa (delete trigger). Tuy nhin, mi
trigger c th thc hin nhiu hm v gi n 16 th tc. Mi trigger ch c th p
dng cho mt bng. Tuy nhin, mt trigger n c th p dng cho c 3 cng vic
(UPDATE, INSERT v DELETE).
Ta khng th to mt trigger trn mt khung nhn hay mt bng tm thi mc d
cc trigger c th tham chiu cc khung nhn hay cc bng tm thi.
Cu lnh TRUNCATE TABLE mc d ging cu lnh DELETE khi khng c
mnh WHERE nhng n khng th kch hot mt trigger.
to mi mt trigger, ta s dng cu lnh c c php nh sau:
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
ON table_name
FOR {INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE}
AS
sql_statements

Hoc s dng mnh IF UPDATE:

CREATE TRIGGER
trigger_name
ON table_name
FOR {INSERT, UPDATE}
AS
IF UPDATE (column_name)
[{ANDOR}UPDATE (column_name)...] sql_statements

V d 4.7: Nu chng ta mun sau khi ta cp nht d liu cho bng nhanvien,
SQL Server s hin th ni dung ca bng xem th ta to mt trigger nh sau:
CREATE TRIGGER tgr_check
ON nhanvien
FOR INSERT, UPDATE
AS
print '*** Ket qua sau khi cap nhat
SELECT * FROM nhanvien

***'

II.2 Cc gi tr null ngm nh v hin (implicit and explicit null values)

Mnh IF UPDATE(tn_ct) l ng cho mt cu lnh INSERT khi m ct
c gn mt gi tr trong danh sch chn hay trong mnh VALUES. Mt NULL
hin (explicit) hay mt mc nh gn mt gi tr cho mt ct v v th kch hot
trigger. Vi mt NULL ngm nh, nu gi tr khng c xc nh bi cu hi hoc
bi mc nh c gn, trigger trn ct khng c kch hot.
V d 4.8:
CREATE TABLE vidu(col1 int NULL,col2 int NOT NULL)
GO
CREATE TRIGGER tgr_vidu
ON vidu

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

FOR INSERT
AS
IF UPDATE(col1) AND UPDATE(col2)
Print Firing
GO
CREATE DEFAULT col2_default
AS 99
GO

/* IF UPDATE l ng cho c hai ct, trigger c kch hot */

INSERT vidu(col1,col2) VALUES(1, 2)

/* IF UPDATE l ng cho c hai ct, trigger c kch hot */

INSERT vidu VALUES(1, 2)

/* NULL hin: IF UPDATE l ng cho c hai ct, trigger c kch hot */

INSERT vidu VALUES(null, 2)

/* Khng c mc nh trn ct col1, IF UPDATE khng ng cho c hai ct, trigger

khng c kch hot */
INSERT vidu(col2) VALUES(2)

/* Khng c mc nh trn ct col2, IF UPDATE khng ng cho c hai ct, trigger

khng c kch hot */
INSERT vidu(col1) VALUES(2)

Kt qu tng t c sn sinh vi vic s dng ch mnh

IF UPDATE(col1)

to mt trigger khng cho php vic chn cc gi tr null ngm nh, ta s

dng:
IF UPDATE(col2) OR UPDATE(col2)

Cu lnh SQL trong trigger c th sau kim tra xem col1 l NULL hay
khng.
II.3 Vic i tn v cc trigger
Nu mt bng c tham chiu bi mt trigger b i tn, ta phi xo trigger
i v to li n ph hp vic tham chiu ca n n bng.
Th tc sp_depends c chc nng lit k tt c cc trigger tham chiu n i
tng (chng hn bng hay khung nhn) hoc tt c cc bng hay khung nhn m
trigger tc ng. V d sau y lit k cc i tng c tham chiu bi trigger
tgr_check:
sp_depends

tgr_check

II.4 Hin th thng tin v cc trigger

Do cc trigger l cc i tng CSDL nn chng c lit k trong bng h
thng sysobjects. Ct type trong sysobjects xc nh cc trigger vi ch vit tt TR. S
thc thi cc trigger c lu tr trong bng sysprocedures.
Truy vn di y tm cc trigger trong mt CSDL:
SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE type=TR

hin th thng tin v mt trigger ta thc hin th tc:

7UDQJ

Trn Nguyn Phong

sp_help

trigger_name

Cu lnh CREATE TRIGGER cho mi trigger c lu tr trong bng h thng

syscomments. Ta c th hin th li nh ngha trigger bng cch s dng th tc
sp_helptext.
V d 4.9: thc hin sp_helptext tgr_check ta c kt qu nh sau:
text
-------------create trigger tgr_check
on nhanvien
for insert,update
as
print '***** Ket qua sau khi cap nhat *****'
select * from nhanvien

II.5 Xo trigger
Ta c th xo mt trigger bng cch xo n hoc xo bng trigger. Khi mt
bng c xa, nhng trigger no c lin quan vi n cng ng thi b xa. DROP
TRIGGER mc nh cho php i vi ngi s dng bng trigger v khng th
chuyn cho ngi khc.
Ta c th xa mt trigger bng cch s dng cu lnh DROP TRIGGER

Giao trnh thc hanh SQL

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1.1 Xc nh bng bng mnh FROM ...................................................................................................12
1.2 Mnh WHERE.................................................................................................................................13
1.3 Danh sch chn trong cu lnh SELECT ............................................................................................14
1.4 Tnh ton cc gi tr trong cu lnh SELECT .....................................................................................16
1.5 T kho DISTINCT .............................................................................................................................16
1.6 To bng mi bng cu lnh SELECT ... INTO ..................................................................................17
1.7 Sp xp kt qu truy vn bng ORDER BY..........................................................................................17
1.8 Php hp v ton t UNION...............................................................................................................18
1.9 Php ni...............................................................................................................................................20
1.10 To cc dng thng k d liu vi COMPUTE ... BY........................................................................24
1.11 Thng k d liu vi GROUP BY v HAVING...................................................................................26
1.12 Truy vn con (subquery)..................................................................................................................27
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I.1. To cc th tc lu tr ........................................................................................................................35
I.2. Thng tin tr v t cc th tc lu tr.................................................................................................36
I.3. Cc qui tc s dng cho sp .................................................................................................................38
I.4 Xc nh tn bn trong cc th tc .......................................................................................................38
I.5 i tn cc th tc:..............................................................................................................................39
I.6. Xo th tc: .........................................................................................................................................39
II. S DNG CC TRIGGER 
II.1 To cc trigger....................................................................................................................................40
II.2 Cc gi tr null ngm nh v hin (implicit and explicit null values)................................................40
II.3 Vic i tn v cc trigger ..................................................................................................................41
II.4 Hin th thng tin v cc trigger .........................................................................................................41
II.5 Xo trigger .........................................................................................................................................42
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2.2 Cac ham v chui..........................................................................................................................44