"!$# %& ')(*+

This chapter is under heavy construction. Please ignore. If you want to

contribute and add any results of experiments, to this chapter, please do so.
You can help especially if you have photos showing these effects.
In the previous chapters a simple model describing the flow in nozzle was
explained. In cases where more refined calculations have to carried the gravity or
other forces have to be taken into account. Flow in a vertical or horizontal nozzle
are different because the gravity. The simplified models that suggests themself
are: friction and adiabatic, isothermal, seem the most applicable. These models
can served as limiting cases for more realistic flow.
The effects of the gravity of the nozzle flow in two models isentropic and
isothermal is analyzed here. The isothermal nozzle model is suitable in cases
where the flow is relatively slow (small Eckert numbers) while as the isentropic
model is more suitable for large Eckert numbers.
The two models produces slightly different equations. The equations results in slightly different conditions for the chocking and different chocking speed.
Moreover, the working equations are also different and this author isnt aware of
material in the literature which provides any working table for the gravity effect.

115

Insert dimensional analysis,

and point out that Ec number is relatively small and, for
example, Ec=0.1 is already
large number

116

7.1


 )

CHAPTER 7. NOZZLE FLOW WITH EXTERNAL FORCES

Isentropic Nozzle (

put cv. figure

The energy equation for isentropic nozzle provides

external
work or
potential
difference,
i.e.

 

    
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  X )    )

(7.1)

Utilizing equation (4.27) when

leads to

(7.2)

For the isentropic process

at any point of the flow. The equation (7.2) becomes

when the

(7.3)

The continuity equation as developed earlier (mass conservation equation

isnt effected by the gravity)

'A'

\  ' '  , ] ]  

^$

)

 
) ^. [_
Q  
)  ] Q ] )N`  Xa)b
"
)  _Xc [ "
)  ].=[
,] )N`  
 )

Substituting
from equation (7.4), into equation (7.2) moving
yields
hand side, and diving by

'

(7.4)
to the right

(7.5)

Rearranging equation (7.5) yields

d Q \ c [>e "
)  ]#1. [
 ] )  
 )

(7.6)

And further rearranging yields

(7.7)

7.1. ISENTROPIC NOZZLE (

%$

117

,] )   
 )  `
   )A
  c    Q c [  ] Qc  ]  .B. Xc *
Q\
:=:
 d  c  [ e   c [  _ ] Q  ]  . [  
`
Q\
 
)   Q c [  _ ].=[

Q\

Equation (7.7) can be rearranged as



Equation (7.10) dimensionless form by utilizing




(7.8)

and is the nozzle length

 


(7.9)

And the final form of equation (7.10) is

(7.10)

$ Q  Q $ A Q $,$I$I$,$ $ Q






%)
The term    is considered to be very small (
for standard situations. The dimensionless number,    sometimes referred as
Ozer number determines whether gravity should be considered in the calculations.
Nevertheless, one should be aware of value of Ozer number for large magnetic
fields (astronomy) and low temperature, In such cases, the gravity effect can be
considerable.
As it was shown before the transition must occur when
. Consequently, two zones must be treated separately. First, here the Mach number is

discussed and not the pressure as in the previous chapter. For
(the subsonic branch) the term !  is positive and the treads determined by gravity and


the area function.

or conversely,

For the case of

therefore

; CC 

c
"

c
^ $ c

;9 [ ]
_ ]Q  
_ ] Q  ]
Q ]
_ ]Q  
Q
Q

  . [   ` $    c [  $
 . [   ` $    c [  $
[

;
9
 . [   ` $    c [  $
c
[
%

$
\
Q
c
_ , ]  . X[ * ` %$
%$

#"

"

%$

(the supersonic branch) the term

#"

c  Q
c Q

%$

! 


is negative and

  c [: 

'&

For the border case

, the denominator
, is zero either
)
or ( )
 +
 *
And the
is indeterminate. As it was shown in chapter ??

the flow is chocked (
) only when

,

(7.11)

118

CHAPTER 7. NOZZLE FLOW WITH EXTERNAL FORCES

*

CC %$

look for experimental picture

demonstrating this point by
changing the direction of the
flow from experimental to vertical

It should be noticed
is zero, e.g. horizontal flow, the equa) that when
tion (7.11) reduced into
that was developed previously.
The ability to  manipulate the location provides a mean to increase/decrease the flow rate. Yet this ability since Ozer number is relatively very
small.

Meta
o work out the example:
Calculate the location of the flow rate when the gravity is taken into account.
The nozzle dimensions are shown in the attached figure.

Meta End

 

C $

This condition means that the critical point can occurs in several locations
)

that satisfies equation (7.11). Further, the critical point, sonic point is )
If
is a positive function, the critical point happen at converging part of the nozzle
(before the throat) and if
is a negative function the critical point is diverging
part of the throat. For example consider the gravity,
a flow in a nozzle
vertically the critical point will be above the throat.

7.2

 

Isothermal Nozzle

   \