C++

C++ (pronounced as cee plus plus, /si pls pls/) is a general-purposeprogramming language. It
has imperative, object-oriented and genericprogramming features, while also providing facilities for low-level
memory manipulation.
It is designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems,
with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. [3] C++ has also been found useful in many
other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications,
[3]
including desktop applications, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web search or SQL servers), performance-critical
applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes), and entertainment software.[4] C++ is a compiled language,
with implementations of it available on many platforms and provided by various organizations, including
the FSF,LLVM, Microsoft, Intel and IBM.

Cobra (programming language)

Cobra is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.[1] Cobra is designed by Charles Esterbrook,
and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Monoplatforms.[2] It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and
other programming languages.[3] It supports both static and dynamic typing.[4][5] It has support for unit tests and
contracts.[4] It has lambda expressions, closures, list comprehensions, and generators.[6]
Cobra is an open-source project; it was released under the MIT License on February 29, 2008.[7][8]
Updates are posted to the Cobra news forum with progress on features, fixes, documentation and related projects
since the last update.[9]

COBOL
COBOL (/kobl/, an acronym for common business-oriented language) is acompiled English-like computer
programming language designed for business use. It is imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented.
COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. In
1997, Gartner Group estimated that there were a total of 200 billion lines of COBOL in existence, which ran 80% of
all business programs.[5][better source needed] COBOL is still widely used in legacy applications deployed on mainframe
computers, such as large-scale batch and transaction processing jobs. But due to its declining popularity and the
retirement of experienced COBOL programmers, programs are being migrated to new platforms, rewritten in
modern languages or replaced with software packages.[6] Most programming in COBOL is now purely to maintain
existing applications.[7]

dBase
dBase (also stylized dBASE) was one of the first database management systems for microcomputers, and the most
successful in its day.[2] The dBase system includes the core database engine, a query system, a forms engine, and
a programming language that ties all of these components together. dBase's underlying file format, the .dbf file, is
widely used in applications needing a simple format to store structured data.
dBase was originally published by Ashton-Tate for microcomputer operating system CP/M in 1980, and later ported
to Apple II and IBM PC computers running DOS. On the PC platform, in particular, dBase became one of the bestselling software titles for a number of years. A major upgrade was released as dBase III, and ported to a wider
variety of platforms, adding UNIX, and VMS. By the mid-1980s, Ashton-Tate was one of the "big three" software
publishers in the early business software market, the others being Lotus Development and WordPerfect.

FoxPro
FoxPro is a text-based procedurally oriented programming language and DBMS, and it is also an objectoriented software programming language, originally published by Fox Software and later by Microsoft, for MSDOS, Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX. The final published release of FoxPro was 2.6. Development continued
under the Visual FoxPro label, which in turn was discontinued in 2007.
FoxPro was derived from FoxBase (Fox Software, Perrysville, Ohio), which was in turn derived from dBase III
(Borland), then dBase II (Ashton Tate). dBase II was the first commercial version of a database program written by
Wayne Ratliff, called Vulcan, running on CP/M.

FoxPro is a Database Management System (DBMS) and a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS),
since it extensively supports multiple relationships between multiple DBF files (tables). However it
lacks transactional processing.
Sold and supported by Microsoft, there is an active worldwide community of FoxPro users and programmers.
FoxPro 2.6 for UNIX (FPU26) has even been successfully installed on Linux and FreeBSD using the Intel Binary
Compatibility Standard (ibcs2) support library.

Java (programming language)

Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that isconcurrent, class-based, object-oriented,[12] and
specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application
developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA),[13] meaning thatcompiled Java code can run on all platforms that
support Java without the need for recompilation.[14] Java applications are typically compiled to bytecodethat can run
on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. As of 2015, Java is one of the most popular
programming languages in use,[15][16][17][18] particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million
developers.[citation needed] Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since
beenacquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java
platform. The language derives much of its syntaxfrom C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of
them.
The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally
released by Sun under proprietary licences. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java
Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others
have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for
Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets).

A++
A++ stands for abstraction plus reference plus synthesis which is used as a name for the minimalistic
programming language that is built on ARS. ARS is an abstraction from the Lambda Calculus, taking its three basic
operations, and giving them a more general meaning, thus providing a foundation for the three major programming
paradigms: functional programming, object-oriented programming and imperative programming.
ARS Based Programming is used as a name for programming which consists mainly of applying patterns derived
from ARS to programming in any language.
A++ was developed in 2002 with the purpose to serve as a learning instrument rather than as a programming
language used to solve practical problems. Dr. Barry and Dr. Hamm came to this conclusion when taking
suggestions from a local elementary school where they often applied their techniques.
It is supposed to be an efficient tool to become familiar with the core of programming and with programming patterns
that can be applied in other languages needed to face the real world.

ALGOL W
ALGOL W is a programming language. It was based on a proposal for ALGOL X by Niklaus Wirth and C. A. R.
Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60 in IFIP Working Group 2.1. When the committee decided that the proposal was
not a sufficient advance over ALGOL 60, the proposal was published as A contribution to the development of
ALGOL.[1] After making small modifications to the language[2] Wirth supervised a high quality implementation for
theIBM/360 at Stanford University that was widely distributed.[3]

It represented a relatively conservative modification of ALGOL 60, addingstring, bitstring, complex

number and reference to record datatypes and call-by-result passing of parameters, introducing
the while statement, replacingswitch with the case statement, and generally tightening up the language.
The implementation was written in PL/360, an ALGOL-like assembly language designed by Wirth. The
implementation included influential debugging and profiling abilities.
ALGOL W's syntax is built on a subset of the EBCDIC character set. In ALGOL 60 reserved words are distinct
lexical items, but in ALGOL W they are merely sequences of characters, and do not need to be stropped. Reserved
words and identifiers are separated by spaces.[3] In these ways ALGOL W's syntax resembles that of Pascal and
later languages.
The Algol W Language Description[4] defines Algol W in an affix grammar that resembles BNF. This grammar was a
precursor of the Van Wijngaarden grammar.[1][5]

BLISS
BLISS is a system programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University by W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell,
and A. N. Habermann around 1970. It was perhaps the best known systems programming language right up
until Cmade its debut a few years later. Since then, C took off and BLISS faded into obscurity. When C was in its
infancy, a few projects within Bell Labs were debating the merits of BLISS vs. C[citation needed].
BLISS is a typeless block-structured language based on expressions rather than statements, and includes
constructs for exception handling, coroutines, and macros. It does not include a goto statement.
The name is variously said to be short for "Basic Language for Implementation of System Software" or "System
Software Implementation Language, Backwards". It was sometimes called "Bill's Language for Implementing
System Software", after Bill Wulf.
The original Carnegie Mellon compiler was notable for its extensive use ofoptimizations, and formed the basis of the
classic book The Design of an Optimizing Compiler.
DEC developed and maintained BLISS compilers for the PDP-10,[1] PDP-11,[1]VAX,[1] DEC PRISM,[2] MIPS,[1] DEC
Alpha,[1] and Intel IA-32,[1] and used it heavily in-house into the 1980s; most of the utility programs for
the VMS operating system were written in BLISS-32. After its acquisition of DEC, Compaq developed and
maintained a BLISS compiler for Intel IA-64.[1]

Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is a multi-paradigm, high levelprogramming language, implemented on the .NET
Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its originalVisual Basic language. Although the
".NET" portion was dropped in 2005, this article uses "Visual Basic .NET" to refer to all Visual Basic languages
releases since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and the classic Visual Basic. Along with Visual C#, it is
one of the two main languages targeting the .NET framework.
Microsoft's integrated development environment (IDE) for developing in Visual Basic .NET language is Visual
Studio. Most of Visual Studio editions are commercial; the only exceptions are Visual Studio Expressand Visual
Studio Community which are freeware. In addition, .NET Framework SDK includes a freeware commandline compiler called vbc.exe. Mono also includes a command-line VB.NET compiler.

Syntax[edit]
VB.NET uses statements to specify actions. The most common statement is an expression statement, consisting of
anexpression to be evaluated, on a single line. As part of that evaluation, functions or subroutines may

be called and variablesmay be assigned new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements,
VB.NET provides several control-flow statements identified by reserved keywords. Structured programming is
supported by several constructs including one conditional execution construct ( If Then Else End If )
and three iterative execution (loop) constructs ( Do Until Loop , For To , and For Each ) .
The For To statement has separate initialization and testing sections, both of which must be present. (See
examples below.) The For Each statement steps through each value in a list.