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To cite this article: Ivaldo P. Jankowsky & Maringela Gonalves Luiz (2006): Review of Wood Drying Research in Brazil:
19842004, Drying Technology: An International Journal, 24:4, 447-455
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930600611893
Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
INTRODUCTION
The main sources of wood in Brazil are the dense
tropical forest or Amazonian forest, covering 412 million
hectares concentrated in the northern region, and the fast
growing forests, over 4.7 million hectares in the southeastern and southern regions.
Tropical forest is characterized by hundreds of different
hardwood tree species, growing at an estimated rate of
3.0 m3=ha.year, and only 60% (around 245 million hectares)
of the forest can be considered as suitable for technical and
economical exploration. Planted forests concentrate a few
species, mainly from genus Eucalyptus (63%) and Pinus
(35%), growing at rates from 25.0 to 100.0 m3=ha.year and
are managed as an agricultural plantation.
Wood-based products from tropical species are almost
exclusively plywood and lumber, although round wood
from Eucalyptus planted forests are mainly directed to
energy and pulp industries, and from Pinus forests, to produce plywood and lumber. Lumber production in 2002 was
around 14.4 million m3 of tropical species and 7.9 million
m3 of pine.[1] From the produced saw wood, 10.0% of
tropical and 26.0% of pine was exported as lumber or
manufactured products.
Correspondence: Ivaldo P. Jankowsky, Department of Forest
Sciences, ESALQ, USP, P.O. Box 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba-SP,
Brazil; E-mail: jpjankow@eslaq.usp.br
447
448
449
FIG. 1. Prediction of moisture content for Tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis) lumber using two combined linear equations to correct moisture meter readings (I.P. Jankowsky, unpublished data).
A recent unpublished report analyzing wood moisture content in flooring industries all around Brazil demonstrates a
general improvement in quality standard of dried lumber
(Table 1).[24]
Conventional kiln drying follows a drying schedule set
according to lumber characteristics as dimensions, specific
gravity, tendency to show defects or degrade, and desired
TABLE 1
Moisture content variation of Jatoba lumber, measured in Brazilian flooring industries[24]
Lumber moisture content (%)
Industry
number
Region of
Brazil
Average
Minimum
Maximum
Quality
standard
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
South
South
Southeast
Southeast
Southeast
North
North
North
North
North
North
North
North
North
8.6
7.0
7.5
9.1
6.6
7.7
8.4
7.8
7.7
10.0
8.1
5.7
6.5
7.7
5.1
5.1
4.7
6.9
5.5
6.5
6.4
5.7
6.8
7.7
7.1
4.4
5.9
5.7
14.5
10.3
9.0
12.2
9.5
16.5
10.8
18.9
9.5
18.8
16.1
9.5
7.8
9.9
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Very Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Very Good
Poor
Poor
Good
Very Good
Very Good
450
451
TABLE 2
General recommendation to kiln drying of lumber
Temperature (C)
Initial
Final
Drying
potential
Literature
reference
40.0
40.0
42.0
40.0
40.0
>45.0
65.0
65.0
66.0
60.0
60.0
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.72.5
2.1
26
27
28
46
47
50
452
FIG. 2. Distribution of collapse severity index in Eucalyptus grandis clones. Severity index ranges from 1 (no collapse) to 5 (severe) (I.P. Jankowsky,
unpublished data).
453
TABLE 3
Kiln schedule parameters suggested to kiln drying of tropical lumber up to 30 mm thick (Jankowsky, I.P.;
Galina, I.C.M.; Luiz, M.G., unpublished data)
Temperature (C)
Lumber species
Common name
Scientific name
Initial
Final
Drying
potential
Andiroba
Angelim pedra
Canelas
Cardeiro
Cedro
Cedrorana
Cerejeira
Cumaru
Cupiuba
Freij
o
Grapia
Ipe
Jacareuba
Jatob
a
Louro gamela
Louro pardo
Mandioqueira
Marup
a
Massaranduba
Mogno
Muiracatiara
Parapar
a
Pau marfim
Quaruba
Quarubarana
Rosadinho
Sucupira
Tatajuba
Tauari
Tauari vermelho
Virola
Carapa guianensis
Hymenolobium excelsum
Ocotea sp.
Scleronema micranthum
Cedrela fissilis
Cedrelinga catenaeformis
Torresea cearensis
Dypterix odorata
Goupia glabra
Cordia goeldiana
Apuleia leiocarpa
Tabebuia sp.
Calophyllum brasiliense
Hymenaea courbaril
Ocotea rubra
Cordia trichotoma
Qualea sp.
Simarouba amara
Manilkara huberi
Swietenia macrophylla
Astronium lecointei
Jacaranda copaia
Bauforodendrum riedelianum
Vochysia sp.
Erisma uncinatum
Micropholis sp.
Bowdichia nitida
Bagassa guianensis
Couratari sp.
Cariniana micrantha
Virola sp.
4045
4045
4045
4045
55
4550
50
4045
4045
50
4045
4045
40
4045
4045
5055
4550
4550
40
5055
4550
4550
4045
4045
4550
45
4045
4045
55
4045
4550
6570
6570
6070
6570
6570
6065
6570
6570
60
6570
6065
6070
60
6070
60
6570
70
6570
60
7080
6065
6070
6065
6065
6570
6570
6065
6570
6570
6065
6570
2.02.5
2.03.0
1.52.0
2.02.5
2.53.5
2.02.5
2.03.0
2.02.5
2.02.5
2.02.5
1.72.5
1.72.5
1.52.0
1.82.5
1.52.0
2.53.5
2.03.0
2.03.0
1.72.3
2.53.5
2.02.5
2.02.5
1.72.5
2.02.5
2.33.0
2.03.0
2.02.5
2.02.7
2.33.0
1.72.5
2.02.7
454
and moisture transfer rates in the interface between concrete and wood flooring (illustrated in Fig. 4) and its effect
on flooring dimensional change after installation.
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