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A number is a mathematical object used to count, label, and measure. In mathematics, the
definition of number has been extended over the years to include such numbers as 0, negative
numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and complex numbers.
Mathematical operations are certain procedures that take one or more numbers as input and
produce a number as output. Unary operations take a single input number and produce a single
output number. For example, the successor operation adds 1 to an integer, thus the successor of 4
is 5. Binary operations take two input numbers and produce a single output number. Examples of
binary operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation. The
study of numerical operations is called arithmetic.
A notational symbol that represents a number is called a numeral. In addition to their use in
counting and measuring, numerals are often used for labels (telephone numbers), for ordering
(serial numbers), and for codes (e.g., ISBNs).
1. Whole Number
Definition of Whole Numbers
In other words, whole numbers is the set of all counting numbers plus zero.
For example:
95,163,578,1250,2500,
2. real numbers
Definition of Real Numbers
Real numbers consist of the natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational, and
irrational numbers.
Natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, decimal numbers, rational numbers, and
irrational numbers are the examples of real numbers.
Integers
, 10.3, 0.6,
, 3.46466466646666...,
3. rational numbers
Definition of Rational Numbers
, 10.3, 0.6,
.
4. irrational number
Definition of Irrational Number
5. prime number
Definition of a Prime Number
A prime number is a positive integer that has exactly two factors, 1 and the number itself.
6. fraction
Definition of Fraction
, where q 0.
Examples of Fraction
32
256
32
numerator, 256
denominator
a. decimal fraction
Definition of Decimal Fraction
Decimal fraction can be easily converted into decimal by inserting a decimal separator in
the value of the numerator at the position from the right in accordance with the power of
ten of the denominator.
are the examples of decimal fractions. These decimal fractions can be expressed as
0.089 without the denominators.
256
=0.05
5120
2160
=1,3333333 1,34
1620
b. mixed fraction
Definition of Mixed Fraction
An improper fraction can be converted into a mixed fraction and vice versa.
53
32
3
4
3
4
6
7
is a fraction.
is a fraction.
Mathematical operations
The most common are add, subtract, multiply and divide (+, -, , ). But there are
many more, such as squaring, square root, etc.If it isn't a number it is probably an
operation.
1. addition
1. Definition of Addition
Addition is an operation that finds the total number when two or more numbers are put
together.
In other words, addition is the process to find the sum of two or more numbers.
Addition is written using the plus sign "+" between the terms; that is, in infix
notation. Sum is the result that you get when you addition one number from another.
For example,
1. 3100 + 573 = 3673
Sum
Sum
Sum
2. Propertie
Commutativity
Addition is commutative, meaning that one can reverse the terms in a sum left-to-right, and the
result is the same as the last one. Symbolically, if a and b are any two numbers, then
a + b = b + a.
The fact that addition is commutative is known as the "commutative law of addition". This
phrase suggests that there are other commutative laws: for example, there is a commutative law
of multiplication. However, many binary operations are not commutative, such as subtraction
and division, so it is misleading to speak of an unqualified "commutative law".
Associativity
A somewhat subtler property of addition is associativity, which comes up when one tries to
define repeated addition. Should the expression
"a + b + c"
be defined to mean (a + b) + c or a + (b + c)? That addition is associative tells us that the choice
of definition is irrelevant. For any three numbers a, b, and c, it is true that
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
For example:
(211 + 92) + 310 = 303 + 310 = 613 = 211 +402 = 211 + (92 + 310).
Not all operations are associative, so in expressions with other operations like subtraction, it is
important to specify the order of operations.
Identity element
When adding zero to any number, the quantity does not change; zero is the identity element for
addition, also known as the additive identity. In symbols, for any a,
a + 0 = 0 + a = a.
2. Subtraction
Definition of Subtraction
In other words, subtraction is the process of finding how many are left when some are
taken away.
For example:
1. 1300 570 = 730
1300
minuend
570
subtrahend
730
difference
3. Multiplication
1. Definition of Multiplication
Multiplication of two numbers is the repeated addition of one number to the number of
times equal to the other number.
Multiplication is often written using the multiplication sign "" between the
terms; that is, in infix notation. The result is expressed with an equals sign.
Write the smaller number, 9, under the larger number, 765, and then calculate the
multiplication.
6885 is the product of 765 and 9, and is both a multiple of 765 and a multiple
of 9.
2. 65 x 78 = 5070
5070 is the product of 65 and 78, and is both a multiple of 65 and a
multiple of 78.
3. 156 x 138 = 21528
4. 5000 x 23 =115000
2. Properties
Multiplication of numbers 0-10. Line labels = multiplicand. X axis = multiplier. Y axis
= product.
For the real and complex numbers, which includes for example natural numbers, integers and
fractions, multiplication has certain properties:
Commutative property
The order in which two numbers are multiplied does not matter:
.
Ex: 210 x 75 = 75x 210
Associative property
234 + 674
121
Identity element
The multiplicative identity is 1; anything multiplied by one is itself. This is
known as the identity property:
3245
1 = 3245
Zero element
Any number multiplied by zero is zero. This is known as the zero property of
multiplication:
Ex: 586
0=0
There are a number of further properties of multiplication not satisfied by all types of numbers.
Negation
Negative one times any number is equal to the additive inverse of that
number.
, such that
4. division
1. Definition of Division
Division is an operation that tells us the number of groups that can be made out of a
number of items or the number of items that should be there in a group.
The symbol denotes division.
Dividend: In a division problem, the number that is to be divided is called the dividend In
the division number sentence 8 2 = 4, 8 is the dividend.
Divisor: In a division number sentence, the number that divides the dividend is called the
divisor.
In the division number sentence 8 2 = 4, 2 is the divisor.
Quotient: Upon division, the number obtained other than the remainder is called the
quotient.
In the division number sentence 8 2 = 4, 4 is the quotient.
For example:
1. 3600 40 = 90
3600 : dividend
40 : divisor
90 : quotient
2.
2. Notation
Division is often shown in algebra and science by placing the dividend over the divisor with a
horizontal line, also called a vinculum or fraction bar, between them. For example, a divided by
b is written
This can be read out loud as "a divided by b", "a by b" or "a over b". A way to express division
all on one line is to write the dividend (or numerator), then a slash, then the divisor (or
denominator), like this:
This is the usual way to specify division in most computer programming languages since it can
easily be typed as a simple sequence of ASCII characters.
A typographical variation halfway between these two forms uses a solidus (fraction slash) but
elevates the dividend, and lowers the divisor:
a
Any of these forms can be used to display a fraction. A fraction is a division expression where
both dividend and divisor are integers (although typically called the numerator and
denominator), and there is no implication that the division must be evaluated further. A second
way to show division is to use the obelus (or division sign), common in arithmetic, in this
manner:
Example
1.
2250
=450
5
2.
6500
=260
25
3. 875000 25 = 35000