Chapter 2: Load, Stress and Strain

When I am working on a problem, I never think

about beauty. I only think of how to solve the
problem. But when I have finished, if the solution
is not beautiful, I know it is wrong.
Richard Buckminster Fuller

Image: A dragline lifts a large load in a

mining operation.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

1. Selecting a suitable type of machine element from
consideration of its function (Joinning, Transmission,
etc)

2. Estimating the size of the machine element that is

likely to be satisfactory (standart bolt, material,etc)
3. Evaluating the machine elements performance
against the requirements (horse power, torsion,etc)
4. And then modifying the design and the dimensions
until the performance is wear to whichever optimum
is considered most
important
Text Reference: Figure 1.4, page 21
1998 McGraw-Hill
Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

A Machine Element is
Considered to have FAILED

1. When it becomes completely inoperable

2. When it is still operable but is unable to perform
its intended function satisfactorily
3. When serious deterioration has made it unrealiable
or unsafe for continued use, necessitating its
immediate removal from service for repair or
replacement
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 1.4, page 21

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Head tube sepeda patah

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Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Objectives
Design and Analysis of machines and machine elements.
Since machine elements carry loads, it follows that an
analysis of loads esessential in machine element design.
Proper selection of a machine element often is a simple
matter of calculating the stress or deformations expected
in service and then choosing a proper size so that critical
stresses or deformations are not exceeded. The first step
in calculating the stress or deformation of a machine
element is to accurately determine the load.
1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Critical Section
To determine when a machine element will fail, the
designer evaluates the stress, strain, and strength at the
critical section
1. Considers the external loads applied to a machine
2. Considers the external loads applied to an element
within the machine
3. Locates the critical section within the machine
element

4. Determines the loading at the critical section

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.1, page 30

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

A Simple Crane

Figure 2.1 A simple crane and

forces acting on it. (a) Assembly
drawing; (b) free-body diagram
of forces acting on the beam.
1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.1, page 30

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Load Classification
Any applied load can be classified with respect to time in
the following ways :
1. Static load-Load is gradually applied and equilibrium
is reached in a relatively short time. The structure
experiences no dynamic effects
2. Sustained load-Load, such as the weight of a
structure, is constant over a long time
3. Impact load-Load is rapidly applied. An impact load
is usually attributed to an energy imparted to a system
4. Cyclic Load-Load can vary and even reverse itselft in
sign and has a characteristic period with respect to
time
1998 McGraw-Hill
Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Load Classification

The load can also be classified with respect to the area

over which it is applied :
1. Concentrated load-Load is
applied to an area much
smaller than the loaded member,
as presented for nonconformal surfaces
2. Distributed load-Load is spead along the entire area,
such as the weight of a structure, is constant over a
long time

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Load Classification
Load can be further classified with respect to location
and method of application. Also coordinate direction
must be determined before the sign of the loading can
be established :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Normal Load
Shear load
Bending Load
Torsion Load
Combined Load

1998 McGraw-Hill

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Load Classification

Figure 2.2 Load classified as to location and method of application. (a) Normal,
tensile (b) normal, compressive; (c) shear; (d) bending; (e) torsion; (f) combined
1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Sign Convention

Figure 2.3 Sign convention used

in bending. (a) y coordinate
upward; (b) y coordinate
downward.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.3, page 32

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Lever Assembly

Figure 2.4 Lever assembly and results.

(a) Lever assembly; (b) results showning
(1) normal, tensile, (2) shear, (3)
bending, (4) torsion on section B of lever
assembly.
1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Supports and Reactions

Table 2.1: Four types of support with their

corresponding reactions.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Table 2.1, page 35

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Static Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of
forces, to prevent the body from translating (moving)
along straight or curved path, and a balance of
moments, to prevent the body from rotating
Px = 0

Py = 0

Pz = 0

Mx = 0

My = 0

Mz = 0

Static equilibrium for x-y plane

Px = 0
1998 McGraw-Hill

Py = 0

Mz = 0
Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Pindah ke MechanicHandout
Support an Reaction
LOAD dalam merancang komponen harus
ditentukan oleh si Perancang
LOAD memiliki besar, arah dan garis Gaya
LOAD Unitnya kg, N

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Ladder Free Body Diagram

Figure 2.5: Ladder having contact with the house

and the ground while having a painter on the ladder.
Used in Example 2.4. The ladder length is l.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

External Rim Brake and Forces

Figure 2.6 External rim brake and forces acting on it. (a) External rim brake; (b)
external rim brake with forces acting on each part. (Linear dimensions are in
millimeters.)

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Sphere and Forces

Figure 2.7 Sphere and forces acting on it. (a)

Sphere supported with wires from top and a
spring at the bottom; (b) free-body diagram of
forces acting on the sphere. Figure used in
Example 2.6.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Beam Supports

Figure 2.8 Three types of beam support. (a) Simply supported; (b) cantilevered; (c)
overhanging.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.8, page 39

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Simply Supported Bar

Figure 2.9 Simply supported bar with (a) midlength load and reactions; (b) free-body
diagram for 0<x<l/2; (c) free body diagram for l/2<x<l; (d) shear and bending moment
diagrams.
1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Singularity Functions (Part 1)

Table 2.2 Six singularity and load intensity functions with corresponding graphs and
expressions.
1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Singularity Functions (Part 2)

Table 2.2 Six singularity and load intensity functions with corresponding graphs and
expressions.
1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Table 2.2, page 43

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Shear and Moment Diagrams

Figure 2.10 (a) Shear and (b) moment diagrams for Example 2.8.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.10, page 44

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Simply Supported Beam

Figure 2.11 Simply supported beam. (a) Forces acting on beam when P1=8kN, P2=5kN;
w0=4kN/m; l=12m; (b) free-body diagram showing resulting forces; (c) shear and (d)
moment diagrams of Example 2.9.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.11, page 46

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Example 2.10

Figure 2.12 Figures used in Example 2.10. (a) Load assembly drawing; (b) free-body
diagram.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.12, page 48

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

General State of Stress

Figure 2.13 Stress element showing general state of three-dimensional stress with
origin placed in center of element.
1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.13, page 49

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

2-D State of Stress

Figure 2.14 Stress element showing two-dimensional state of stress. (a) Three
dimensional view; (b) plane view.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Equivalent Stresses

Figure 2.15 Illustration of equivalent stresss states; (a) Stress element oriented in the
direction of applied stress. (b) stress element oriented in different (arbitrary)
direction.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.15, page 52

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Stresses in Oblique Plane

Figure 2.16 Stresses in oblique plane at angle .

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.16, page 52

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Mohrs Circle

Figure 2.17 Mohrs circle

diagram of Eqs. (2.13) and
(2.14).

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.17, page 55

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Results from Example 2.13

Figure 2.18 Results from Example

2.13 (a) Mohrs circle diagram;
(b) stress element for principal normal
stresses shown in x-y coordinates;
(c) stress element for principal stresses
shown in x-y coordinates.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.18, page 57

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Mohrs Circle for Triaxial Stress State

Figure 2.19 Mohrs circle for triaxial stress state. (a) Mohrs circle representation;
(b) principal stresses on two planes.
1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.19, page 59

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Example 3.5

Figure 2.20 Mohrs circle diagram for

Example 3.5. (a) Triaxial stress state when
1=23.43 ksi, 2=4.57 ksi, and 3=0; (b)
biaxial stress state when 1=30.76 ksi and
2=-2.760 ksi; (c) triaxial stress state when
1=30.76 ksi, 2=0, and 3=-2.76 ksi.
1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.20, page 60

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Stresses on Octahedral Planes

Figure 2.21 Stresses acting on octahedral planes. (a) General state of stress. (b)
normal stress; (c) octahedral shear stress.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.21, page 61

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Normal Strain

Figure 2.22 Normal strain of cubic element subjected to uniform tension in x

direction. (a) Three dimensional view; (b) two-dimensional (or plane) view.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.21, page 64

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Shear Strain

Figure 2.23 Shear strain of cubic element subjected to shear stress. (a) Three
dimensional view; (b) two-dimensional (or plane) view.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.23, page 65

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Plain Strain

Figure 2.24 Graphical depiction of plane strain element. (a) Normal strain x; (b) normal
strain y; and (c) shear strain xy.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.24, page 66

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Strain Gage Rosette

Figure 2.25 Strain gage rosette used

in Example 2.17.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.25, page 68

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Honeycomb Expansion Process

Figure 2.26 Expansion process used in

honeycomb materials. [From Kalpakjian (1991)]

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.26, page 68

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Glue Spreader Case Study

Figure 2.27 Glue spreader case study. (a) Machine; (b) free body diagram; (c) shear
diagram; (d) moment diagram.

1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.27, page 69

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

Snowmobile with Drive Guard

Figure 2.28 Illustration used in case study. (a) Snowmobile; (b) guard with
instrumentation.
1998 McGraw-Hill

text reference: Figure 2.28, page 70

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

TUGAS 2
Perkirakan beban yang
diperhitungkan/dipertimbangkan pada disain
alat yang anda pilih di tugas 1 dan berapa
besarnya dan menurut anda gimana cara
memperkirakan besar beban tersebut

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

ULANGAN Reaksi Tumpuan

29 September 2011
P2 = 1 kN
P1 = 1 kN

1m

P3 = 1 kN
60

1m

A
1,5 m

1,5 m

1,5 m

1,5 m

Hitung Besar Reaksi Tumpuan di A dan B dengan

menggunakan Metode Grafis dan Teoritis
1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid

ULANGAN N,V,M
6 Oktober 2011
q2 = 2 N/cm

q1 = 1 N/cm
P = 1 kN

45
1,0 m

1,0 m
2,0 m

2,0 m

Gambar diagram N,V,M dari konstruksi sederhana diatas

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson, Schmid