Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas

Department of Mathematics,
Atmiya Institute of Tech. and Science,
Rajkot (Guj.) - INDIA

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Periodic Function

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Periodic Function

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.
The smallest positive number T , for which this relation holds, is
called the period of f (x).

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Periodic Function

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.
The smallest positive number T , for which this relation holds, is
called the period of f (x).
If T is the period of f (x) then

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Periodic Function

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.
The smallest positive number T , for which this relation holds, is
called the period of f (x).
If T is the period of f (x) then
f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Periodic Function

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.
The smallest positive number T , for which this relation holds, is
called the period of f (x).
If T is the period of f (x) then
f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )
f (x) = f (x T ) = f (x 2T ) = . . . = f (x nT )

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Periodic Function

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.
The smallest positive number T , for which this relation holds, is
called the period of f (x).
If T is the period of f (x) then
f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )
f (x) = f (x T ) = f (x 2T ) = . . . = f (x nT )
f (x) = f (x nT ), where n is a positive integer

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Periodic Function

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.
The smallest positive number T , for which this relation holds, is
called the period of f (x).
If T is the period of f (x) then
f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )
f (x) = f (x T ) = f (x 2T ) = . . . = f (x nT )
f (x) = f (x nT ), where n is a positive integer
Eg. Sinx, Cosx, Secx and Cosecx are periodic functions with period
2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Periodic Function

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.
The smallest positive number T , for which this relation holds, is
called the period of f (x).
If T is the period of f (x) then
f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )
f (x) = f (x T ) = f (x 2T ) = . . . = f (x nT )
f (x) = f (x nT ), where n is a positive integer
Eg. Sinx, Cosx, Secx and Cosecx are periodic functions with period
2
tanx and cotx are periodic functions with period .

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Even & Odd functions

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (x) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Even & Odd functions

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (x) = f (x).

Eg. x2 and cosx are even function.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Even & Odd functions

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (x) = f (x).

Eg. x2 and cosx are even function.
Z c
Z c
f (x)dx = 2
f (x)dx ; if f (x) is an even function.
c

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Even & Odd functions

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (x) = f (x).

Eg. x2 and cosx are even function.
Z c
Z c
f (x)dx = 2
f (x)dx ; if f (x) is an even function.
c

A function f (x) is said to be odd if f (x) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Even & Odd functions

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (x) = f (x).

Eg. x2 and cosx are even function.
Z c
Z c
f (x)dx = 2
f (x)dx ; if f (x) is an even function.
c

A function f (x) is said to be odd if f (x) = f (x).

Eg. x3 and sinx are odd function.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Even & Odd functions

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (x) = f (x).

Eg. x2 and cosx are even function.
Z c
Z c
f (x)dx = 2
f (x)dx ; if f (x) is an even function.
c

A function f (x) is said to be odd if f (x) = f (x).

Eg. x3 and sinx are odd function.
Z c
f (x)dx = 0 ; if f (x) is an odd function.
c

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

eax sin bx dx =

eax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 + b 2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

eax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 + b 2
Z
eax
eax cos bx dx = 2
(a cosbx + b sinbx) + c
a + b2
Z

eax sin bx dx =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

eax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 + b 2
Z
eax
eax cos bx dx = 2
(a cosbx + b sinbx) + c
a + b2
Z c+2
h cos nx ic+2
sin nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c
Z

eax sin bx dx =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

eax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 + b 2
Z
eax
eax cos bx dx = 2
(a cosbx + b sinbx) + c
a + b2
Z c+2
h cos nx ic+2
sin nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c

c+2
Z c+2
sin nx
cos nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c
Z

eax sin bx dx =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

eax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 + b 2
Z
eax
eax cos bx dx = 2
(a cosbx + b sinbx) + c
a + b2
Z c+2
h cos nx ic+2
sin nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c

c+2
Z c+2
sin nx
cos nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c
Z c+2
Z
1 c+2
sin mx cos nx dx =
2sin mx cos nx dx
2 c
c
Z

eax sin bx dx =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

eax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 + b 2
Z
eax
eax cos bx dx = 2
(a cosbx + b sinbx) + c
a + b2
Z c+2
h cos nx ic+2
sin nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c

c+2
Z c+2
sin nx
cos nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c
Z c+2
Z
1 c+2
sin mx cos nx dx =
2sin mx cos nx dx
2 c
c
Z
1 c+2
=
[sin (m + n)x + sin (m n)x] dx
2 c
Z

eax sin bx dx =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

eax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 + b 2
Z
eax
eax cos bx dx = 2
(a cosbx + b sinbx) + c
a + b2
Z c+2
h cos nx ic+2
sin nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c

c+2
Z c+2
sin nx
cos nx dx =
= 0, n 6= 0
n
c
c
Z c+2
Z
1 c+2
sin mx cos nx dx =
2sin mx cos nx dx
2 c
c
Z
1 c+2
=
[sin (m + n)x + sin (m n)x] dx
2 c

c+2
1 cos (m + n)x cos (m n)x
=
+
= 0, n 6= 0
2
m+n
mn
c
Z

eax sin bx dx =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c

1
2

N. B. Vyas

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c

1
2

1
2

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

c+2

[cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x] dx

c

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c
1
2

1
2

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

c+2

[cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x] dx


c+2
sin (m n)x
1 sin (m + n)x
+
= 0, m 6= n
=2
m+n
mn
c
Z c+2
sin mx sin nx dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c
1
2

1
2

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

c+2

[cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x] dx


c+2
sin (m n)x
1 sin (m + n)x
+
= 0, m 6= n
=2
m+n
mn
c
Z c+2
sin mx sin nx dx = 0
c
Z c+2
sin nx cos nx dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c
1
2

1
2

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

c+2

[cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x] dx


c+2
sin (m n)x
1 sin (m + n)x
+
= 0, m 6= n
=2
m+n
mn
c
Z c+2
sin mx sin nx dx = 0
c
Z c+2
sin nx cos nx dx = 0, n 6= 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c
1
2

1
2

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

c+2

[cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x] dx


c+2
sin (m n)x
1 sin (m + n)x
+
= 0, m 6= n
=2
m+n
mn
c
Z c+2
sin mx sin nx dx = 0
c
Z c+2
sin nx cos nx dx = 0, n 6= 0
c
Z c+2
cos2 nx dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c
1
2

1
2

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

c+2

[cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x] dx


c+2
sin (m n)x
1 sin (m + n)x
+
= 0, m 6= n
=2
m+n
mn
c
Z c+2
sin mx sin nx dx = 0
c
Z c+2
sin nx cos nx dx = 0, n 6= 0
c
Z c+2
cos2 nx dx =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c
1
2

1
2

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

c+2

[cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x] dx


c+2
sin (m n)x
1 sin (m + n)x
+
= 0, m 6= n
=2
m+n
mn
c
Z c+2
sin mx sin nx dx = 0
c
Z c+2
sin nx cos nx dx = 0, n 6= 0
c
Z c+2
cos2 nx dx =
Zc c+2
sin2 nx dx

c
N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

Z

c+2

cos mx cos nx dx =
c
1
2

1
2

c+2

2cos mx cos nx dx
c

c+2

[cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x] dx


c+2
sin (m n)x
1 sin (m + n)x
+
= 0, m 6= n
=2
m+n
mn
c
Z c+2
sin mx sin nx dx = 0
c
Z c+2
sin nx cos nx dx = 0, n 6= 0
c
Z c+2
cos2 nx dx =
Zc c+2
sin2 nx dx =

c
N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg.
x3 e2x dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg.
x3 e2x dx
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
e
e
e
e
3
2
=x
3x
+
6x

6
2
(2)2
(2)3
(2)4

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg.
x3 e2x dx
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
e
e
e
e
3
2
=x
3x
+
6x

6
2
(2)2
(2)3
(2)4
1
= e2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg.
x3 e2x dx
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
e
e
e
e
3
2
=x
3x
+
6x

6
2
(2)2
(2)3
(2)4
1
= e2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin n = 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg.
x3 e2x dx
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
e
e
e
e
3
2
=x
3x
+
6x

6
2
(2)2
(2)3
(2)4
1
= e2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin n = 0 and cos n = (1)n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg.
x3 e2x dx
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
e
e
e
e
3
2
=x
3x
+
6x

6
2
(2)2
(2)3
(2)4
1
= e2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin n = 0 and cos n = (1)n


sin n + 12 = (1)n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg.
x3 e2x dx
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
e
e
e
e
3
2
=x
3x
+
6x

6
2
(2)2
(2)3
(2)4
1
= e2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin n = 0 and cos n = (1)n




sin n + 12 = (1)n and cos n + 12 = 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Some Important Formula

(Leibnitzs Rule)To integrate the product of two
functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 u0 v2 + u00 v3 u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg.
x3 e2x dx
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
 2x 
e
e
e
e
3
2
=x
3x
+
6x

6
2
(2)2
(2)3
(2)4
1
= e2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin n = 0 and cos n = (1)n




sin n + 12 = (1)n and cos n + 12 = 0
where n is integer.
N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval

c < x < c + 2 is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval

c < x < c + 2 is given by

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval

c < x < c + 2 is given by

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1 c+2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
c

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval

c < x < c + 2 is given by

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1 c+2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
c
Z
1 c+2
f (x) cos nx dx
an =
c

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval

c < x < c + 2 is given by

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1 c+2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
c
Z
1 c+2
f (x) cos nx dx
an =
c
Z
1 c+2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
c

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 1: If c = 0, the interval becomes 0 < x < 2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 1: If c = 0, the interval becomes 0 < x < 2

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 1: If c = 0, the interval becomes 0 < x < 2

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 1: If c = 0, the interval becomes 0 < x < 2

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 1: If c = 0, the interval becomes 0 < x < 2

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 2: If c = , the interval becomes <<

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 2: If c = , the interval becomes <<

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 2: If c = , the interval becomes <<

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1
f (x) dx
where a0 =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 2: If c = , the interval becomes <<

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1
f (x) dx
where a0 =

Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Corollary 2: If c = , the interval becomes <<

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1
f (x) dx
where a0 =

Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx

Z
1
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 1: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
odd function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 1: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
odd function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 1: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
odd function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx = 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 1: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
odd function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx = 0

Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx = 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 1: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
odd function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx = 0

Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx = 0

because cos nx is an even function , f (x)cos nx is an odd
function

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 1: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
odd function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx = 0

Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx = 0

because cos nx is an even function , f (x)cos nx is an odd
functionZ
Z
1
2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx =
f (x) sin nx dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 1: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
odd function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx = 0

Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx = 0

because cos nx is an even function , f (x)cos nx is an odd
functionZ
Z
1
2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx =
f (x) sin nx dx

0
because sin nx is an odd function , f (x)sin nx is an even
function
N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 2: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
even function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 2: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
even function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 2: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
even function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
Z
1
2
where a0 =
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 2: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
even function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
Z
1
2
where a0 =
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx

0
Z
Z
1
2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx =
f (x) cos nx dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 2: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
even function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
Z
1
2
where a0 =
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx

0
Z
Z
1
2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx =
f (x) cos nx dx

0
because cos nx is an even function , f (x)cos nx is an even
function

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 2: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
even function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
Z
1
2
where a0 =
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx

0
Z
Z
1
2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx =
f (x) cos nx dx

0
because cos nx is an even function , f (x)cos nx is an even
functionZ
1
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx = 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Special Case 2: If the interval is c < x < c and f (x) is an
even function i.e. f (x) = f (x). Let C =

X
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos nx +
bn sin nx
2
n=1
n=1
Z
Z
1
2
where a0 =
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx

0
Z
Z
1
2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx =
f (x) cos nx dx

0
because cos nx is an even function , f (x)cos nx is an even
functionZ
1
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx = 0

because sin nx is an odd function , f (x)sin nx is an odd
function
N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

2
x
Ex. Obtain Fourier series of f (x) =
in the
2
interval 0 x 2. Hence deduce that
2
1
1
1
= 2 2 + 2 ...
12 1
2
3


N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

2
x
Ex. Obtain Fourier series of f (x) =
in the
2
interval 0 x 2. Hence deduce that
2
1
1
1
= 2 2 + 2 ...
12 1
2
3


N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z
1 2 ( x)2
a0 =
dx
0
4

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z
1 2 ( x)2
a0 =
dx
0
4

2
1 ( x)3
1
=
( 3 3 )
=
4
(3) 0
12

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z
1 2 ( x)2
a0 =
dx
0
4

2
1 ( x)3
1
=
( 3 3 )
=
4
(3) 0
12
2
=
6

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 3. an =

f (x) cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) cos nx dx
Step 3. an =
0
Z
1 2 ( x)2
an =
cos nx dx
0
4

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) cos nx dx
Step 3. an =
0
Z
1 2 ( x)2
an =
cos nx dx
0
4
1
= 2
n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 4. bn =

f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z
1 2 ( x)2
sin nx dx
bn =
0
4

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z
1 2 ( x)2
sin nx dx
bn =
0
4
=0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]
2


2 X 1
x
=
cos nx
+
2
12 n=1 n2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]
2


2 X 1
x
=
cos nx
+
2
12 n=1 n2
2
1
1
1
=
+ 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . . .
12 1
2
3

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]
2


2 X 1
x
=
cos nx
+
2
12 n=1 n2
2
1
1
1
=
+ 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . . .
12 1
2
3
Putting x = , we get

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]
2


2 X 1
x
=
cos nx
+
2
12 n=1 n2
2
1
1
1
=
+ 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . . .
12 1
2
3
Putting x = , we get
2
1
1
1
1
0=
2 + 2 2 + 2 ...
12 1
2
3
4

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]
2


2 X 1
x
=
cos nx
+
2
12 n=1 n2
2
1
1
1
=
+ 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . . .
12 1
2
3
Putting x = , we get
2
1
1
1
1
0=
2 + 2 2 + 2 ...
12 1
2
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
= 2 2 + 2 2 + ...
12
1
2
3
4

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Expand in a Fourier series the function f (x) = x

in the interval 0 x 2.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Expand in a Fourier series the function f (x) = x

in the interval 0 x 2.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =

Z 2
1
x dx
a0 =
0

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =

Z 2
1
x dx
a0 =
0
 2
1 x2
=
4 2 0

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =

Z 2
1
x dx
a0 =
0
 2
1 x2
=
4 2 0
= 2

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 3. an =

f (x) cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
an =
x cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
an =
x cos nx dx
0
 
 
2
sin nx
cos nx 
x

n
n
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
an =
x cos nx dx
0
 
 
2
sin nx
cos nx 
x

n
n
0
=0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 4. bn =

f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) sin nx dx
Step 4. bn =
0
Z
1 2
bn =
x sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) sin nx dx
Step 4. bn =
0
Z
1 2
bn =
x sin nx dx
0
2
=
n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]

X
2
2
+0+
sin nx
f (x) =
2
n
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]

X
2
2
+0+
sin nx
f (x) =
2
n
n=1
=

X
sin nx
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2]

X
2
2
+0+
sin nx
f (x) =
2
n
n=1
=

X
sin nx
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Determine the Fourier series expansion of the

function f (x) = xsin x in the interval 0 x 2.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Determine the Fourier series expansion of the

function f (x) = xsin x in the interval 0 x 2.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
0
Z
1 2
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z
1 2
a0 =
x sin x dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z
1 2
a0 =
x sin x dx
0
1
= [x cos x + sin x]2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z
1 2
a0 =
x sin x dx
0
1
= [x cos x + sin x]2
0

1
= (2 cos 2 + sin 2 0 + sin 0)

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z
1 2
a0 =
x sin x dx
0
1
= [x cos x + sin x]2
0

1
= (2 cos 2 + sin 2 0 + sin 0)

2
a0 =
= 2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 3. an =

f (x) cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
an =
x sin x cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
an =
x sin x cos nx dx
0
Z 2
1
x (2 sin x cos nx) dx
=
2 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
an =
x sin x cos nx dx
0
Z 2
1
x (2 sin x cos nx) dx
=
2 0
Z 2
1
x (sin (n + 1)x sin (n 1)x) dx
=
2 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
an =
x sin x cos nx dx
0
Z 2
1
x (2 sin x cos nx) dx
=
2 0
Z 2
1
x (sin (n + 1)x sin (n 1)x) dx
=
2 0
Z 2
Z 2
1
1
=
x sin (n + 1)x dx
x sin (n 1)x dx
2 0
2 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
an =
2

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

N. B. Vyas

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

Fourier Series

Example

1
an =
2
If n = 1

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

N. B. Vyas

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

Fourier Series

Example

1
an =
2
If n = 1

Z
0

1
a1 =
2

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

x sin 2x dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
an =
2
If n = 1

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

Z 2
1
a1 =
x sin 2x dx
2 0



2
1
cos 2x
sin 2x
=
x
+
2
2
4
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
an =
2
If n = 1

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

Z 2
1
a1 =
x sin 2x dx
2 0



2
1
cos 2x
sin 2x
=
x
+
2
2
4
0
1
=
2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example
1
an =
2

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

N. B. Vyas

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

Fourier Series

Example
1
an =
2
If n 6= 1

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

N. B. Vyas

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

Fourier Series

Example
1
an =
2
If n 6= 1

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

2
 
 
1
cos (n + 1)x
sin (n + 1)x
an =
x

2
n+1
(n + 1)2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example
1
an =
2
If n 6= 1

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

2
 
 
1
cos (n + 1)x
sin (n + 1)x
an =
x

2
n+1
(n + 1)2
0
 
 
2
1
cos (n 1)x
sin (n 1)x
x

2
n1
(n 1)2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example
1
an =
2
If n 6= 1

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

2
 
 
1
cos (n + 1)x
sin (n + 1)x
an =
x

2
n+1
(n + 1)2
0
 
 
2
1
cos (n 1)x
sin (n 1)x
x

2
n1
(n 1)2
0


1
2
2
=

+0+
0
2
n+1
n1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example
1
an =
2
If n 6= 1

Z
0

1
x sin (n + 1)x dx
2

x sin (n 1)x dx
0

2
 
 
1
cos (n + 1)x
sin (n + 1)x
an =
x

2
n+1
(n + 1)2
0
 
 
2
1
cos (n 1)x
sin (n 1)x
x

2
n1
(n 1)2
0


1
2
2
=

+0+
0
2
n+1
n1
2
= 2
n 1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 4. bn =

f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z
1 2
=
x sin x sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z
1 2
=
x sin x sin nx dx
0
Z 2
1
=
x (2sin nx sin x) dx
2 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z
1 2
=
x sin x sin nx dx
0
Z 2
1
=
x (2sin nx sin x) dx
2 0
Z 2
1
=
x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx
2 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2
If n = 1

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2
If n = 1

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

1
b1 =
2

Z
0

1
(x cos 2x) dx +
2

N. B. Vyas

x dx
0

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2
If n = 1

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

Z 2
Z 2
1
1
b1 =
(x cos 2x) dx +
x dx
2 0
2 0
 

2
1
sin 2x
cos 2x x2
=
x

+
2
2
4
2 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2
If n = 1

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

Z 2
Z 2
1
1
b1 =
(x cos 2x) dx +
x dx
2 0
2 0
 

2
1
sin 2x
cos 2x x2
=
x

+
2
2
4
2 0
b1 =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2
If n 6= 1

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2
If n 6= 1

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

 
 
2
sin (n + 1)x
cos (n + 1)x
1
x

bn =
2
n+1
(n + 1)2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2
If n 6= 1

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

 
 
2
sin (n + 1)x
cos (n + 1)x
1
x

bn =
2
n+1
(n + 1)2
0
 
 
2
1
sin (n 1)x
cos (n 1)x
+
x
+
2
n1
(n 1)2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
bn =
2
If n 6= 1

x (cos (n + 1)x + cos (n 1)x) dx

0

 
 
2
sin (n + 1)x
cos (n + 1)x
1
x

bn =
2
n+1
(n + 1)2
0
 
 
2
1
sin (n 1)x
cos (n 1)x
+
x
+
2
n1
(n 1)2
0
=0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , a1 , an (n > 1), b1 and

bn (n > 1) in (1), we get the required Fourier series of f (x) in
the interval [0, 2]

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , a1 , an (n > 1), b1 and

bn (n > 1) in (1), we get the required Fourier series of f (x) in
the interval [0, 2]

2 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx)
2
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , a1 , an (n > 1), b1 and

bn (n > 1) in (1), we get the required Fourier series of f (x) in
the interval [0, 2]

2 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx)
2
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series for the periodic function

f (x)= ; < x < 0
= x; 0 < x <

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series for the periodic function

f (x)= ; < x < 0
= x; 0 < x <

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx

Z
1
f (x) cos nx dx
an =

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx

Z
1
f (x) cos nx dx
an =

Z
1
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx

Z
1
f (x) cos nx dx
an =

Z
1
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =

f (x) dx

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1
Step 2. Now a0 =
f (x) dx

Z 0

Z
1
=
f (x) dx +
f (x) dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1
Step 2. Now a0 =
f (x) dx

Z 0

Z
1
=
f (x) dx +
f (x) dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() dx +
x dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1
Step 2. Now a0 =
f (x) dx

Z 0

Z
1
=
f (x) dx +
f (x) dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() dx +
x dx

0

=
2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1
Step 2. Now a0 =
f (x) dx

Z 0

Z
1
=
f (x) dx +
f (x) dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() dx +
x dx

0

=
2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 3. an =

f (x) cos nx dx +

N. B. Vyas

f (x) cos nx dx
0

Fourier Series

Example

Z
Z
1 0
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx +
f (x) cos nx dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() cos nx dx +
x cos nx dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
Z
1 0
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx +
f (x) cos nx dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() cos nx dx +
x cos nx dx

0
"

0
1
sin nx
=
+

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
Z
1 0
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx +
f (x) cos nx dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() cos nx dx +
x cos nx dx

0
"
#

0
 

 cos nx 
1
sin nx
sin nx
=
+ x
(1)

n
n
n2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
Z
1 0
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx +
f (x) cos nx dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() cos nx dx +
x cos nx dx

0
"
#

0
 

 cos nx 
1
sin nx
sin nx
=
+ x
(1)

n
n
n2

0
=

(1)n 1
n2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 4. bn =

Z

Z
f (x) sin nx dx +

N. B. Vyas


f (x) sin nx dx

Fourier Series

Example

Z 0

Z
1
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx +
f (x) sin nx dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() sin nx dx +
x sin nx dx

0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z 0

Z
1
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx +
f (x) sin nx dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() sin nx dx +
x sin nx dx

0
"

0
1
cosnx
=
+

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z 0

Z
1
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx +
f (x) sin nx dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() sin nx dx +
x sin nx dx

0
"

0
 
 
 #
1
cosnx
cos nx
sin nx
=
+ x

n
n
n2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z 0

Z
1
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx +
f (x) sin nx dx

0
Z 0

Z
1
=
() sin nx dx +
x sin nx dx

0
"

0
 
 
 #
1
cosnx
cos nx
sin nx
=
+ x

n
n
n2

0
=

1 2(1)n
n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (, )

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (, )

X
+
f (x) =
(an cos nx + bn sin nx)
4
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (, )

X
+
f (x) =
(an cos nx + bn sin nx)
4
n=1




X
X (1)n 1
1 2(1)n
=
+
cos nx +
sin nx
4
n2
n
n=1
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (, )

X
+
f (x) =
(an cos nx + bn sin nx)
4
n=1




X
X (1)n 1
1 2(1)n
=
+
cos nx +
sin nx
4
n2
n
n=1
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series for the periodic function

f (x)= 2; < x < 0
= 1; 0 < x <

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series for the periodic function

f (x)= 2; < x < 0
= 1; 0 < x <

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series for the periodic function

f (x)= k; < x < 0
= k; 0 < x <

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series for the periodic function

f (x)= k; < x < 0
= k; 0 < x <
1 1 1

Hence deduce that 1 + + . . . =

3 5 7
4

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series of the function

f (x)= x; 0 x <
= 2 ; x =
= 2 x ; < x < 2
3 2
1
1
1
Hence deduce that
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
8
1
3
5

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
where a0 =
f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
where a0 =
f (x) dx
0
Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
where a0 =
f (x) dx
0
Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

a0 X
f (x) =
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2
n=1
Z
1 2
where a0 =
f (x) dx
0
Z
1
an =
f (x) cos nx dx
0
Z
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z

Z 2
1
x dx +
(2 x) dx
=
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z

Z 2
1
x dx +
(2 x) dx
=
0

" 

2 #

x2
1
x2
=
+ 2x

2 0
2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
f (x) dx
Step 2. Now a0 =
0
Z

Z 2
1
x dx +
(2 x) dx
=
0

" 

2 #

x2
1
x2
=
+ 2x

2 0
2
=

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example
1
Step 3. an =

Z

Z
f (x) cos nx dx +

N. B. Vyas


f (x) cos nx dx

Fourier Series

Example
Z

Z 2
1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx +
f (x) cos nx dx
0

Z

Z 2
1
x cos nx dx +
(2 x) cos nx dx
=
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example
Z

Z 2
1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx +
f (x) cos nx dx
0

Z

Z 2
1
x cos nx dx +
(2 x) cos nx dx
=
0

 

 cos nx 
sin nx
1
x
(1)
=

n
n2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example
Z

Z 2
1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx +
f (x) cos nx dx
0

Z

Z 2
1
x cos nx dx +
(2 x) cos nx dx
=
0

 

 cos nx 
sin nx
1
x
(1)
=

n
n2
0



2

1
sin nx
cos nx 
(1)
+ (2 x)

n
n2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example
Z

Z 2
1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos nx dx +
f (x) cos nx dx
0

Z

Z 2
1
x cos nx dx +
(2 x) cos nx dx
=
0

 

 cos nx 
sin nx
1
x
(1)
=

n
n2
0



2

1
sin nx
cos nx 
(1)
+ (2 x)

n
n2





cos n
1
1
=
0+
0+ 2

n2
n

 

1
cos 2n
cos n 
+
0
0

n2
n2
2 [(1)n 1]
=
n2
N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

1
Step 4. bn =

f (x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z

Z 2
1
=
x sin nx dx +
(2 x) sin nx dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z

Z 2
1
=
x sin nx dx +
(2 x) sin nx dx
0


 

cos nx 
sin nx
1
=
x
(1)

n
n2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z

Z 2
1
=
x sin nx dx +
(2 x) sin nx dx
0


 

cos nx 
sin nx
1
=
x
(1)

n
n2
0


2


1
cos nx
sin nx
(1)
+ (2 x)

n
n2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Z
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin nx dx
0
Z

Z 2
1
=
x sin nx dx +
(2 x) sin nx dx
0


 

cos nx 
sin nx
1
=
x
(1)

n
n2
0


2


1
cos nx
sin nx
(1)
+ (2 x)

n
n2

=0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series of

f (x)= 1; < x < 2
= 0 ; 2 < x < 2
= 1 ; 2 < x <

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series