BE-2102

INTRODUCTION

The Cell
Cell Theory:
All organisms are composed of cells
A cell is the smallest unit of living matter
Cells come only from preexisting cells

All living organisms are composed of cells that have a

fundamentally similar chemistry and operate according to the
same basic principles

Cells
A cell is a membrane-bounded unit that contains DNA and cytoplasm.
All organisms are cells or aggregates of cells, descendants of the first cells.
Cells Are Small
The relative surface area of small cells enables more rapid communication
between the cell interior and the environment.

Eukaryotic cells are far more complex than bacterial cells

Bacteria Are Simple Cells, small, and lack membrane-bounded organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells Have Complex Interiors,i.e. compartmentalized by
membranes.

Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes

(A) A nerve cell from the
cerebellum (a part of the brain that
controls movement). This cell has a huge
branching tree of processes, through which
it receives signals from as many as
100,000 other nerve cells.
(B) Paramecium. This protozoana single
giant cellswims by means of the beating
cilia that cover its surface.
(C) A section of a young plant stem in which
pectin is stained orange and cellulose red.
The outermost layer of cells is at the top of
thephoto.
(D) A tiny bacterium, Bdellovibrio
bacteriovorus, that uses a single terminal
flagellum to propel itself. This bacterium
attacks, kills, and feeds on other, larger
bacteria.
(E) A human white blood cell (a neutrophil)
approaching and engulfing a red blood cell.

The size of cells and their contents

This diagram shows the
size of human skin cells,
organelles, and molecules.
In general, the diameter of
a human skin cell is 20 m
or 2 10-2 mm,

a mitochondrion is 2 m or
2 10-3 mm,
a ribosome is 20 nm or 2
10-5 mm,
a protein molecule is 2 nm
or 2 10-6 mm
an atom is 0.2 nm or 2
10-7 mm.

BASIC PROPERTIES OF CELLS

CELLS ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX

AND ORGANIZED

CELLS POSSES A GENETIC

PROGRAM AND THE MEANS TO
USE IT

CELLS ARE CAPABLE OF

PRODUCING MORE OF
THEMSELVES

CELLS ACQUIRE AND UTILIZE

ENERGY

CELLS CARRY OUT A VARIETY OF

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CELLS ENGAGE IN NUMEROUS

MECHANICAL ACTIVITIES

CELLS ARE ABLE TO RESPOND TO

STIMULI

CELLS ARE CAPABLE OF SELFREGULATION

Ciri-ciri Hidup vs
Properties of Cells
CIRI-CIRI HIDUP:
Memiliki struktur dan hidup alive
Membutuhkan Nutrisi
Melakukan aktivitas metabolisme
Membutuhkan, mengkonversi &
memanfaatkan energi
Melakukan pergerakan
Mengalami pertumbuhan &
perkembangan
Memperbanyak diri/bereproduksi
Merespon stimulus
Memiliki sistem pengaturan diri/self
regulation

PROPERTIES OF CELLS
Cells are highly complex and
organized
Cells posses a genetic program
and the means to use it
Cells are capable of producing
more of themselves
Cells acquire and utilize energy
Cells carry out a variety of
chemical reactions
Cells engage in numerous
mechanical activities
Cells are able to respond to
stimuli
Cells are capable of selfregulation

Basic structures of a cell:

Basic components of
a cell:
Cell membrane
Genetic material
Ribosomes

Cytosol

Mycoplasma

 A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma

membrane and is usually encased in a
rigid cell wall
The cell wall
may be
covered by a
sticky capsule

Prokaryotic
flagella

Ribosomes
Capsule
Cell wall

Inside the cell

are its DNA
and other parts

Plasma
membrane

Pili

Nucleoid region
(DNA)
Figure 4.4

The Prokaryotic Cells

bacteria contain essentially no organellesnot

even a nucleus to contain their DNA. They often
have a tough protective coat, called a cell wall,
surrounding the plasma membrane, which
encloses a single compartment containing the
cytoplasm and the DNA.

Origin of
Mitochondria
& Chloroplast

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells

An eukaryotic cell compared to prokaryotic cells

 An animal cell
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Nucleus

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

Flagellum
Not in most
plant cells

Lysosome
Centriole
Ribosomes

Peroxisome

Microtubule
Cytoskeleton

Intermediate
filament
Microfilament

Figure 4.5A

Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Microtubule
Not in
animal
cells

Central
vacuole

Intermediate
filament

Chloroplast
Microfilament
Cell wall

Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.5B

Cytoskeleton

The most complex eukaryotic cell

Viruses

Cell parts

Macromolecules of Cells

Proteins in
the cell

Proteins in the cell membranes

Biochemical
reactions

Essential Concepts
Cells

are the fundamental units of life. All present-day cells are

believed to have evolved from the same ancestral cell that existed
more than 3 billion years ago.

All cells, and hence all living things, grow, convert energy from one
form to another, sense and respond to their environment, and
reproduce themselves.
All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane that separates the
inside of the cell from the environment.
All cells contain DNA as a store of genetic information and use it to
guide the synthesis of proteins.

Essential Concepts
Cells

in a multicellular organism, though they all contain the same DNA,

can be very different. They use their genetic information to direct their
biochemical activities according to cues they receive from their
environment.

Cells of animal and plant tissues are typically 520 mm in diameter and
can be seen with a light microscope, which also reveals some of their
internal components, or organelles. The electron microscope permits the
smaller organelles and even individual molecules to be seen

Bacteria, the simplest of present-day living cells, are procaryotes:

although they contain DNA, they lack a nucleus and other organelles

Essential Concepts
The nucleus is the most prominent organelle in most plant and animal
cells. It contains the genetic information of the organism, stored in the
structure of DNA molecules. The rest of the cells contents, apart from
the nucleus, constitute the cytoplasm.
Within the cytoplasm, plant and animal cells contain a variety of
internal membrane-enclosed organelles with specialized chemical
functions.
Mitochondria carry out the oxidation of food molecules. In plant cells,
chloroplasts perform photosynthesis.
The endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes permit
cells to synthesize complex molecules for export from the cell and for
insertion in cell membranes, and to import and digest large molecules.

Essential Concepts
The remaining intracellular component, excluding the membrane
enclosed organelles, is the cytosol. This contains a concentrated
mixture of large and small molecules that carry out many essential
biochemical processes.
A system of protein filaments called the cytoskeleton extends
throughout the cytosol. This governs cell shape and movement and
enables organelles and molecules to be transported from one
location to another in the cytoplasm.
Free-living single-celled eucaryotic microorganisms include some of
the most complex eucaryotic cells known, and they are able to swim,
mate, hunt, and devour food. Other types of eucaryotic cells, derived
from a fertilized egg, cooperate to form large, complex multicellular
organisms such as ourselves, composed of thousands of billions of
cells.

Essential Concepts
.
Although

the minimum number of genes needed for a viable cell is

probably about 300450, most cells contain significantly more.

Despite their size, eucaryotic genomes are remarkably economical in

terms of numbers of genes. The Drosophila genome programs the
development of a complex organism with about 14,000 genesthree
times the number in E. coli.