APPLICATION

MAGNETIC

OF

LEVITATION
BY: Hamid
Yaghoubi
(Director of Japan Maglev
Technology)
( info@maglev.ir)

Abstract :
Magnetic Levitation is a technology
that has been experimented with
intensely over the past couple decades.
It wasnt until the last ten years when
scientists began to develop systems that
would use magnetic levitation as a
means of transport. This paper outlines
the methods behind magnetic levitation,
as well as the technologies implemented
using the levitation. The implementation
of a large-scale transportation system
using magnetic levitation has huge social
as well as economical effects. These
aspects are looked at in a number of
situations to see if the effort in producing
a system using magnets is worth the
time and effort in researching.
S ome forces in this world are
almost invisible to the naked eye and
most people throughout the world do not
even know they exist. On one side you
could say that some of these forces are
abstract feelings inside of a human being
that have been given names from man.
These forces could be things like
emotion, guilt, and even ecstasy. On the
other side you have solid concrete
principles of how the world works. These
too have been given names by man, but
these principles are not abstract and
have solid ground in science.
These
different principles are things like gravity,
electricity, and magnetism. Magnetism
has been a part of the earth since the
beginning whether people realize it or
not. It is due to the magnetism of the
earth that the world spins and thus
creates things like gravity.
The
magnetism is created by the processes
within the core of the earth. The earths
iron-ore core has a natural spinning
motion to it inside which creates a
natural magnetic force that is held
constant over the earth. This creates
magnetic forces that turn the earth into a
large bar magnet. The creation of North
and South poles on the earth are due to
this field.

From this magnetic field, we see things

such as the aurora borealis. This is a small
electromagnetic storm in the atmosphere
which creates a display for all to see. Not
only does magnetism provide us with
amazing natural displays, but it also
provides for us amazing applications to
society.
One of these applications is
magnetic levitation.
Magnetic levitation
uses the concept of a magnets natural
repulsion to poles of the same kind. This
repulsion has been harnessed and controlled
in an environment to help create a system
of transportation that is both economically
sound and faster then most methods of
transportation at this point.
In 1965 the Department of Commerce
established
the
High
Speed
Ground
Transportation Act.
Most early work on
developing
Maglev
technology
was
developed during this time. The earliest
work was carried out by the Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Ford, Stanford Research
Institute, Rohr Industries, Boeing Aerospace
Co., and the Garrett Corporation. In the
United States, though, the work ended in
1975 with the termination of Federal Funding
for high-speed ground transportation and
research. It was at that time when the
Japanese and German developers continued
their research and therefore came out with
the first test tracks.
In 1990, legislative action directed the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to implement
and prepare a plan for a National Maglev
program. The Department of Transportation
(DOT), Department of Energy (DOE), and the
Army Corp developed what is know as the
National Maglev Initiative which was a two
year 25 million dollar program to assess the
engineering, economic, environmental and
safety aspects of Maglev.
Maglev trains move more smoothly and
more quietly than wheeled mass
transit systems. They are relatively
unaffected by weather. The power needed
for levitation is typically not a large
percentage of its overall energy
consumption; most goes to overcome drag,
as with other high-speed transport. Maglev

trains hold the speed record for rail

transport. Vacuum tube train systems
might allow maglev trains to attain still
higher speeds, though no such vacuum
tubes have been built commercially yet.

important uses
technology.

of

magnetic

levitation

Keywords: Maglev, Magnetic levitation,

Technology, Levitation, Suspension, Practical
Applications
History of Magletic levitation:

Introduction:
The name maglev is derived from
Magnetic Levitation. Magnetic levitation
is a highly advanced technology. It has
various cases, including clean energy
(small and huge wind turbines: at home,
office, industry, etc.), building facilities
(fan),
transportation
systems
(magnetically levitated train, Personal
Rapid Transit (PRT), etc.), weapon (gun,
rocketry), nuclear engineering (the
centrifuge of nuclear reactor), civil
engineering
(elevator),
advertising
(levitating everything considered inside
or above various frames can be
selected),
toys
(train,
levitating
spacemen over the space ship, etc.),
stationery (pen) and so on. The common
point in all these applications is the lack
of contact and thus no wear and friction.
This
increases
efficiency,
reduce
maintenance costs and increase the
useful life of the system. The magnetic
levitation technology can be used as a
highly advanced and efficient technology
in the various industrial. There are
already many countries that are
attracted to maglev systems. Many
systems have been proposed in different
parts of the worlds, and a number of
corridors have been selected and
researched. Maglev can be conveniently
considered as a solution for the future
needs of the world. This research
chapter tries to study the most

In Gullivers Travels (1726), Jonathan Swift

described the maglev island of Laputa,
which was capable of achieving levitation
heights of several kilometers. In Dick Tracy
and Spiderman comics, magnetic levitation
also achieved considerable heights.
In 1842, Samuel Earnshaw, an English
clergyman and scientist, proved another
important limitation of magnetic levitation.
He
showed
that
stable
contact-free
levitation by forces between static magnets
alone was impossible; the levitated part
would be unstable to displacements in at
least one direction.
In march 1912 ,engineer and inventor Emile
Bachelot had just learned he had been
granted a US patent for his Levitated
Transmitting Apparatus ,and he gave a
public demonstration in New York of a model
maglev train, with the hopes of exciting
investors with the promise of high-speed
ground transportation in New York of a
model maglev train, with the hopes of
exciting investors with the promise of highspeed ground transportation.
One of the first major applications of
magnetic levitation was in supporting
airplane
models
in
wind
tunnels.
Researchers had found that mechanical
support structures sometimes interfere with
airflow enough to produce more drag than
the drag force on the model. The solution
developed by Gene Covert and his MIT
colleagues in the 1950s was magnetic
levitation (although they called it a
magnetic
suspension
and
balance
system). Another means of using a moving
magnet to circumvent Earnshaws rule and
achieve full levitation is to move the magnet
in the presence of an electrical conductor,
thereby inducing eddy currents in the
conductor and associated repulsive forces on
the magnet. This is the basis of the
electrodynamic approach to maglev trains

proposed by James Powell and Gordon

Danby in the 1960s and developed most
extensively by Japan National Railway.
Strong superconducting electromagnets
on the cars induce eddy currents in the
conducting track that produce levitation
once the cars reach sufficient speed.
Levitation via induction and eddy-current
repulsion can also be achieved with AC
fields. This was the basis of the maglev
train promoted in 1912 by Bachelet. One
important
industrial
application
of
levitation via induction and AC fields is
levitation melting, which allows the
melting and mixing of very reactive
metals without the need for a crucible.
In 1983, Roy Harrigan received a patent
for a levitation device that consisted of
a small spinning magnet floating above a
large base magnet, and Bill Hones of
Fascinations,
Inc.,
later
developed
Harrigans idea into a successful
commercial product called the Levitron.
As with the rotor of the electric meter,
the spinning magnet of the Levitron was
pushed upward by the repulsion forces
between like poles. But it floated fully
contact-free, getting around Earnshaws
rule because it was not a static magnet
it was spinning. At first glance, it seems
that it is simple gyroscopic action that
keeps the spinning magnet from tipping
over, but detailed mathematical analysis
by several prominent scientists soon
showed that the stability of the Levitron
is a bit more complicated than that.

In
the
1930s,
German
scientists
demonstrated
levitation
of
highly
diamagnetic graphite and bismuth,
and after the development of high-field
superconducting
electromagnets,
levitation
of
even
much
weaker
diamagnets like water, wood, and plastic
was accomplished. This was little noticed
until 1997, when Andre Geim and
colleagues
used
a
16-tesla
superconducting magnet to magnetically
levitate a small living frog, their flying
frog finally drawing worldwide attention
to the wonder of diamagnetic levitation.
(Geim, winner of a 2010 Nobel Prize in
Physics for research on graphene, was

awarded an Ig Nobel Prize ten years earlier

for frog levitation, an award he and corecipient Sir Michael Berry accepted with a
call for more science with a smile.)
Superconductors
are
much
more
diamagnetic than frogs, and even much
more diamagnetic than graphite and
bismuth.
They
are
super-diamagnets.
Levitation of a permanent magnet above a
superconductor was first demonstrated by V.
Arkadiev in 1945, and the levitation of
magnets above superconductors became
much easier and more common after the
1987
discovery
of
high-temperature
superconductors, materials superconducting
at liquid-nitrogen temperature. Magnetic
bearings based on repulsive forces between
permanent magnets and high-temperature
superconductors have been developed for a
number of potential applications, including
energy-storage flywheels and model maglev
trains
(carrying
nitrogen-cooled
superconductors on cars floating above
permanent-magnet tracks).
Jane Philbrick, a visiting artist at MIT,
designed and built her Floating Sculpture,
an arresting array of twelve large levitated
balls that became a prominent part of her
solo exhibition at a Swedish art museum in
2009 and was on view in New York City in
spring 2011.
The technology most commonly associated
with the term maglev in the mind of the
general public is high-speed maglev trains,
first proposed a century ago by Bachelet.
About twenty years later, Werner Kemper of
Germany proposed a train magnetically
levitated by a feedback-controlled attractive
force, and after many decades of
development, his idea eventually evolved
into the
Transrapid system used in the Shanghai
maglev train in 2003.
Japan National Railway remains committed
to construction of a roughly 300-km highspeed maglev line between Tokyo and
Nagoya by about 2025. A basic design
similar to the Kemper-Transrapid approach
was used to construct a low-speed urban
maglev at Nagoya that has been in
successful operation since 2005, and China
is currently building a similar urban line in

Beijing. The advantage of low-speed

urban maglev is a smooth, quiet, safe,
reliable, cost-effective (low maintenance
and operating costs) ride. Therefore,
Bachelets 1912 dreams of carloads of
passengers whizzing on invisible waves
of electro-magnetism through space
anywhere from 300 to 1,000 miles an
hour is being achieved.

support other than magnetic fields. The

fields are used to reverse or counteract the
gravitational pull and any other counter
accelerations.
Maglev
can
create
frictionless,
efficient,
far-out-sounding
technologies. The principle of magnetic
levitation has been known for over 100
years, when American scientists Robert
Goddard and Emile Bachelet first conceived
of
frictionless
trains.
But
though
Magnetic levitation, the use of upward
magnetically-levitated
trains
have
been
the
magnetic forces to balance the pervasive
focus
of
much
of
the
worldwide
interest
in
downward force of gravity, has already
maglev,
the
technology
is
not
limited
to
found many other important uses in
train travel (Yaghoubi et al., 2012
science and technology. Maglev today
Transportation Engineering (Magnetically
helps circulate blood in human chests,
Levitated Trains, Personal Rapid Transit
manufactures integrated circuits with
(PRT), etc.)
multi-million-dollar
photolithography
systems, measures fine dimensions with - Environmenal Engineering (Wind Turbines)
sub-atomic resolution, enhances windApplications of Magnetic Levitation Technology:
tunnel and plasma research, melts and
mixes reactive high-temperature metals,
simulates the sense of touch in haptics - Aerospace Engineering (Spacecraft, Rocket,
etc.)
systems, cools our laptop computers,
Military Weapons Engineering (Rocket, Gun,
enriches uranium and other isotopes in
etc.)
centrifuges, stores energy in spinning
Nuclear Engineering (Centrifuge)
flywheels, and floats spinning rotors with
low friction
in countless rotating - Civil Engineering and Building Facilities
(Bearing, Elevator, Lift, Fan, Compressor,
machines around the world. The future
Chiller, Pump, Gas Pump, etc.)
of maglev remains very bright. Fighting
the forces of gravity and friction is one of
the things that magnets do best - Biomedical Engineering (Heart Pump, etc.)
- Chemical Engineering (Analyzing Foods
(Livingston, 2011).
and Beverages, etc.)
- Electrical Engineering (Magnet, etc.)
- Architectural Engineering and Household
Appliances (Lamp, Chair, Sofa, Bed, Washing
Machine, etc.)
- Automotive Engineering (Car, etc.)

Magnetic Levitation technology:

Magnetic levitation is a method by which
an object is suspended in the air with no

Fig :

Magnetic levitation eleavator

Origin of magnetic levitation:

Magnetic levitation is the use of
magnetic fields to levitate a (usually)
metallic object. Manipulating magnetic
fields and controlling their forces can
levitate an object.
In this process an object is suspended
above another with no other support but
magnetic fields.
The electromagnetic force is used to
counteract the effects of gravitation. But
it has also been proved that it is not
possible to levitate using static,
macroscopic, `classical' electromagnetic
fields.The forces acting on an object in
any combination of gravitational,
electrostatic, and magnetostatic fields
will make the object's position unstable.
The reason a permanent magnet
suspended above another magnet is
unstable is because the levitated magnet
will easily overturn and the force will
become attractive. If the levitated
magnet is rotated, the gyroscopic forces
can prevent the magnet from
overturning.
Several possibilities exist to make
levitation viable.It is possible to levitate
superconductors and other diamagnetic
materials, which magnetise in the
opposite sense to a magnetic field in
which they are placed.
A superconductor is perfectly
diamagnetic which means it expels a
magnetic field (Meissner-Ochsenfeld
effect). Other diamagnetic materials are
commonplace and can also be levitated
in a magnetic field if it is strong
enough.Diamagnetism is a very weak
form of magnetism that is only exhibited
in the presence of an external magnetic
field.

The induced magnetic moment is very small

and in a direction opposite to that of the
applied field. When placed between the
poles
of
a
strong
electromagnet,
diamagnetic materials are attracted towards
regions where the magnetic field is weak.
Diamagnetism can be used to levitate light
pieces of pyrolytic graphite or bismuth
above a moderately strong permanent
magnet.
As
water
is
predominantly
diamagnetic, this property has been used to
levitate water droplets and even live
animals, such as a grasshopper and a frog.
Superconductors are perfect diamagnets and
when placed in an external magnetic field
expel the field lines from their interiors
(better than a diamagnet). The magnet is
held at a fixed distance from the
superconductor or vice versa. This is the
principle
in
place
behind
EDS
(electrodynamic suspension) maglev trains.
The EDS system relies on superconducting
magnets.
Superconductors produce a supercurrent
that creates a perfect mirror of a constant
magnets poles. This mirror provides the
magnet with a stable repulsion that causes
the magnet to levitate called the Meissner
effect. The superconductor, in order to have
zero electrical resistance, must be cooled in
liquid nitrogen. Without resistance the
superconductor is able to mirror the constant
magnet almost instantly. This allows the
magnet to be able to spin, wobble, or
bounce without the magnet shooting away
or slamming to the ground
Applying a voltage across a wire leads to an
electric current in the wire. This electrical
current has an analogy with a disk sliding
down a board of organized pegs (Fig. 8)

made famous in the popular game

"Plinko" seen on the game show The
Price-is-Right. The moving disk is
analogous to an electron moving through
a lattice o of ions (the pegs). The
gravitational pull on the disk when the
board is tilted (which leads to the disk
falling through the array of pegs) is
analogous
to
applying
a
voltage
difference to move electrons through a
material.

Fig :A Sample of superconductor

As the disk falls through the array, the
disk scatters off the pegs and slows
down, in analogy with the way that
electrons scatter off the ions in a
material. The electron scattering events
lead to a resistivity - an intrinsic property
of the material related to the frequency
of these scattering events which resist
the flow of the electrons. Now, if we
remove all the pegs, the disk will fall
unimpeded. This unimpeded flow is
exactly analogous to what happens when
a material becomes superconducting -

electrons no longer scatter. Some materials

become superconducting below a critical
temperature TC, which is different for each
material. A material which becomes
superconducting below a certain
temperature TC has a resistivity which goes
to zero below TC, and electrons flow
unimpeded.

A
second
salient
feature
of
superconductivity
involves
magnetic
behavior known as the Meissner effect.
When a magnetic field is applied over a
superconductor at temperatures above TC,
magnetic field lines penetrate directly
through the material just as magnetic fields
penetrate through any standard material
such as paper or copper. However, when the
material is cooled through TC and enters the
superconducting state, magnetic field lines
are expelled from the superconducting
material
(assuming
a
small
enough
magnetic field strength) (Fig. 10). This is
what is known as the Meissner effect.
Although the initial resistive properties of
superconductors were discovered in 1911,
the Meissner effect was not discovered until
years later in 1933 by Meissner and
Oschenfeld.

Fig: Magnetic field lines penetrate

through
a
superconductor
at
a
temperature
above
its
critical
superconducting transition temperature
(T > TC). b) When the superconductor is
cooled below its critical transition
temperature (T < TC), magnetic field
lines are expelled from the interior of the
superconductor due to the Meissner
Effect.

A form of maglev called Diamagnetic

levitation can be used to levitate light
materials, water droplets and even live
animals. It has been used to succesfully
levitate a frog in 2000. The magnetic
fields required for this are very high,
typically in the range of 16 tesla.
The Meissner effect corresponds to
perfect diamagnetism for small enough
magnetic fields. Diamagnetism is a
property of many materials; when an
external magnetic field is applied to a
diamagnetic material, the diamagnetic
material sets up its own internal
magnetic field to partially cancel the
externally applied field.

The diamagnetic properties of water

have been shown through impressive
demonstrations where strawberries and
frogs have been levitated in air above
strong magnets.
Application of Magnetic levitation
technology:
MAGLEV (Magnetically levitated trains):
Among useful usages of magnetic
levitation
technologies,
the
most
important usage is in operation of

magnetically levitated trains. Maglev trains

are undoubtedly the most advanced
vehicles currently available to railway
industries. Maglev is the first fundamental
innovation in the field of railroad technology
since the invention of the railroad.
Magnetically levitated train is a highly
modern vehicle. Maglev vehicles use noncontact magnetic levitation, guidance and
propulsion systems and have no wheels,
axles and transmission. Contrary to
traditional railroad vehicles, there is no
direct physical contact between maglev
vehicle and its guideway. These vehicles
move along magnetic fields that are
established between the vehicle and its
guideway. Conditions of no mechanical
contact and no friction provided by such
technology makes it feasible to reach higher
speeds of travel attributed to such trains.
Manned maglev vehicles have recorded
speed of travel equal to 581km/hr. The
replacement of mechanical components by
wear-free
electronics
overcomes
the
technical
restrictions
of
wheel-on-rail
technology. Application of magnetically
levitated trains has attracted numerous
transportation industries throughout the
world. Magnetically levitated trains are the
most recent advancement in railway
engineering specifically in transportation
industries.
Maglev
trains
can
be
conveniently considered as a solution for
transportation needs of the current time as
well as future needs of the world. There is
variety of designs for maglev systems and
engineers keep revealing new ideas about
such systems. Many systems have been
proposed in different parts of the worlds,
and a number of corridors have been
selected and researched (Yaghoubi, 2008).

Fig :Maglev track and Japanese highspeed maglev train(inside).

Magnetic Bearings:
Magnetic levitation is not just for far-out
technologies; it is already being used in
down-to-earth applications. Industrial
equipment such as pumps, generators,
motors, and compressors use levitation
to support moving machinery without
physical contact. The same bearings
used to support maglev trains are used
in electric power generation, petroleum
refining, machine-tool operation, and
natural gas pipelines. These bearings
also eliminate the need for lubrication,
which is important in machines where
lubricants
can
be
a
source
of
contamination, or in evacuated tubes
where lubrication would fail. Magnetic
bearings tend to be complex and
custom-tailored to the machine. These
low-friction parts could play increasingly
important roles in industrial applications.

Coil currents are feedback controlled in

order to accomplish stable levitation. This
feedback control enables active damping of
rotor vibration and very stiff support at the
cost of sensors and the electronic control
system. The maximum load of active
magnetic bearings is limited by the
saturation flux density of the iron used. A
common rule of thumb for load is 100 psi
times the cross sectional journal area in
square inches. Thus for a 2 inch diameter
bearing occupying 2 inches axially on a
rotor, the peak load is approximately 400
lbs. The load can be increased significantly
through design optimization and the use of
cobalt-based ferrous materials. Permanent
magnet
bearings
are
comprised
of
cylindrical arrays of permanent magnets.
Permanent magnet bearings are compact
and inexpensive, but they have roughly half
the load capability (50 psi times the cross
sectional journal area in square inches).
At additional cost, Halbach arrays can
be used in permanent magnet bearings to
increase the load capability to about 90 psi.
Permanent magnet bearings have little
inherent damping, are lower in stiffness than
active bearings, and are unstable in the
axial direction. The axial instability is usually
controlled with an active magnetic bearing
as in design for blood pumps.
Maglev Wind Turbine :

Magnetic bearings use magnetic

fields to levitate spinning rotors and
other components. Consequently there is
no contact, essentially zero friction or
drag, and no wear. Magnetic bearings
are used in energy storage flywheels to
enable ultra high-speed operation in a
vacuum, in blood pumps to enhance
reliability and biocompatibility, and in
machine tool spindles for research and in
micro-positioning. Magnetic bearings are
designed using electromagnets and
permanent magnets.
Electromagnet-based bearings are
referred to as Active Magnetic Bearings.

Standard wind turbines convert only 1

percent of wind energy into usable power,
and part of that glaring inefficiency stems
from the loss of energy due to friction as the
turbine
spins.
Researchers
at
the
Guangzhou Energy Research Institute have
estimated
that
magnetically
levitated
turbines could boost wind energy generation
by as much as 20 percent over traditional
turbines. The researchers proposed using a
colossal turbine with vertical blades that are
suspended above the base of the turbine
using neodymium magnets. Because the
moving parts would not touch, the turbines
would be virtually frictionless and could
capture energy from winds as slow as 1.5
meters (5 feet) per second. Maglev turbines
could
lower the price of wind energy to less than 5
cents per kilowatt-hour, which is on par with

coal-generated electricity and only about

half the typical cost of wind power. The
researchers say that a 1-gigawatt
maglev turbine may require 100 acres of
land, but it could supply electricity to
750,000 homes. In comparison, it would
cost much more to build a wind farm of
similar
capacity
using
traditional
turbines, and it would require 64,000
acres of land to house the 1000 turbines.

Fig :

Maglev Turbine

Maglev Fan:
The maglev fan provides superior
performance, low noise and long life. By
using magnetic levitation forces, these
fans feature zero friction with no contact
between shaft and bearing. With
excellent rotational stability, the maglev
fan eliminates vibration and typical
wobble
and
shaking
typically
experienced in fan motors. The maglev
fan
also
provides
excellent
high
temperature endurance that results in
long life. And, the maglev fan models
also feature all-plastic manufacture of
major items for optimal insulation
resistance and electrostatic discharge
(ESD) performance. The maglev fan
offers a true solution to equipment and
systems cooling, with the promise of
lower cost of ownership and long service
life. The maglev fan overcomes the
problems of noise, abrasion, and short
service life that beset traditional fan
motors. The maglev motor fan features
zero friction and no contact between the
shaft and bearing during operation. The
maglev fan design is based on magnetic
principles and forces that not only propel

the fan but also ensure stable rotation over

its entire 360 degrees of movement.
Utilizing the attraction of the
magnetic levitation force, maglev eliminates
the wobbling and shaking problems of
traditional motor fans. With this new
technology, the maglev fan propeller is
suspended in air during rotation so that the
shaft and bearing do not come into direct
contact with each other to create friction.
The result is a new and improved fan with a
low
noise
level,
high
temperature
endurance, and long life.
Maglev fans can be used in various
industries and products that require highlevel heat transfer, such as notebook
computers, servers, projectors, and stereo
systems. Traditional fans apply the principle
of like-pole repulsion to rotate. But with no
control exerted over blade trajectory, the
fan blades tend to produce irregular
shuddering and vibrations. After long-term
use, the shaft will cause severe abrasion on
the bearings, distorting them into a horn
shape. The worn-out fan then starts to
produce mechanical noises and its life-time
is shortened. The unique feature of the
maglev fan is that the path of the fan blades
during operation is magnetically controlled.
The result is that the shaft and bearing have
no direct contact during operation and so
experience no friction no matter how the fan
is
oriented.
This
means
that
the
characteristic abrasion noises of worn-out
components are not produced and also
allows a service life of 50,000 hours or even
longer at room temperature.

Fig :

Maglev fan

In the traditional DC
design, the impeller
Rotor) by means of a
through the bore

brush-less fan motor

rotor (simply called
shaft which extended
of oil-impregnanted

bearing, or Sleeve bearing, pivotally

held in the center position of motor
stator. A suitable air gap was maintained
between the rotor and the stator. Of
course, there must be gap between
shaft and bearing bore, otherwise, the
shaft would be tight-locked and unable
to rotate. The stator assembly (stator)
after connected to power supply will
generate induced magnet flux between
rotor and stator.
Compresser,Chiller,Pump,Gas pump:
Maglev chillers, geothermal heat pumps,
etc. cost effectively maximize energy
savings
while
reducing
the
environmental impact of air conditioning
systems in existing facilities.

Fig: Maglev compresser and Maglev chiller

Maglev Gas pump
The adixen ATP 2300 M is a 5 active axis
maglev turbomolecular pump
Its pumping capacity, above 1750 l/s in H2,
make it suitable for the HDPCVD Dielectric
and Ion Implant applications. Features
include low level of vibration, high
compacity (less than 300 mm high), and a
low power consumption
Maglev Elevator :
Instead of wheels and rails, the maglev
elevator will use magnetic forces for
movement. This translates into quieter,
smoother, and a more comfortable ride no
matter the direction. It can travel up to 984
feet/minute, a number that is relatively
slower when compared to standard lifts.
The basic difference between a mechanical
or a hydraulic elevator and a Maglev
elevator
is
that
it
is
based
on
electromagnetic
suspension.
Two
electromagnetic systems will be used in the
maglev elevator. One system of axial wires
and circular coils attached to the elevator
will counteract the effect of gravity,
suspending the elevator. The coils would be
repelled by the wires thus ensuring higher
stability (making sure that the coils dont hit
against the wire). The coils would have a
surface current going radially outwards on
which the force would act in the vertical
direction. These coils would be strongly
connected to the capsule, thus levitating the
capsule. Another system of ElectroDynamic
Suspension (EDS) (only the motion part)
would be used to move the elevator up or
down. The principle of the motion is that
there will be electromagnet coils on the
undercarriage of the elevator and also on
the outer frame. These coils will attract or
repel (as per the relative position of the
elevator) the capsule, thus culminating in
motion. The relative position of the
electromagnets and the capsule would be
calculated using IR proximity detectors,
whose output would be fed to the control
system, which will regulate the direction of
current in the outer electromagnets, thus
achieving attraction or repulsion. The lift
would also have buffer zones at the bottom
and the top which will have a very high
perpetual repelling magnetic field thus

ensuring the safety of the elevator.

Fig: Motion system of the elevator

There is less friction due to no contact
between the pulley and the suspension
rope. Therefore higher speeds can be
attained, which is useful in tall
skyscrapers. Also the power required for
the elevator would be reduced. Due to
the use of electromagnetism , the
elevator can have a higher weight to
power ration than a normal elevator.
The safety system using electric buffers
would be a failsafe. Such a design would
be better suited to electrical 21st century
than a mechanical elevator.
In a normal elevator, the power provided
from the source would be required to do
two kinds of work. The first would be the
work required to raise the elevator (or
retard it) and the second would be the
work done against friction. In maglev
elevator, the power from the source is
not
wasted
upon
friction,
which
minimizes losses. As the working of the
elevator is based on the principle laws
of
electromagnetism
(creation
of
magnetic field due to current, force on a
conductor due to magnetic field), the
elevator design can be practically
attained and is feasible.

Maglev Cars:
This futuristic Citroen Maglev race car
concept is part of the industrial designers
research to develop a race car that you can
drive outside the race track. Considering by
the time we reach 2030 most cars would be
electric, this race car is also designed to be
totally electric with ultra light body material.
The driver seat is located at the center of
this three-wheeled futuristic vehicle, the
lower center gravity will avoid accidental roll
over at high speed.

Fig:
Moreover, the construction of the
elevator (exterior frames and the
capsule) would be difficult but quite
possible within the timeframe.

Fig : Magnetic elevation elevator

Maglev Car

Fig: Futuristic Citroen maglev race car

Nissan iV is perhaps the most serious
bid for victory in LA Design Challenge.
The project implemented by a team of
13 people headed by Alfonso Albeysoy
(head of Nissan Design America), and
about all his fancy, well-designed. Body
Nissan iV will be grown on beds an
idea similar to the offer designers
Mercedes-Benz, but more elaborate.
Body panels will create the fastest
growing of GMO ivy, spud nanorobots.
Twisted and hardened saliva spider plant
is a natural composite material, ultralight and very durable. Cap Cab
nissanovtsy want to make out again
super lightweight material (99% lighter
than glass), while possessing the
properties of solar batteries. Flat biobatteries will provide Nissan iV reserve
of 1200 miles (1930 km), and the
technology of supercapacitors will
recover 60% of the consumed energy.
Nissans patented concentric wheel
without the hub, not only do their direct
role roll, but also include elements of
the steering and suspension. In the node
based on the principle of magnetic
levitation.
Security System
Safety
Shield, which came up for Nissan iV,
uses the principles of fish behavior in a
flock, so that developers are hoping to
completely avoid accidents and reduce
the weight of the machine, since the
passive elements were not needed.

Fig: Nisaan iv maglev car

Maglev Room :
The maglev room is an interactive art
experiment proposed and created by Sean
Bennett. The room is painted white and is
completely empty except for the levitating
object/s. Inside the walls of the room are a
series
of
ceramic
yttrium
based
superconductors set up in a grid pattern.
These superconductors can be moved left,
right, up, and down in order to move the
objectThe room is filled with over 100 three
inch neodymium magnetic balls that are
levitated and moved around the room by
the superconductors. Neodymium magnets
are a type of rare-earth magnet known to
be the most powerful type of permanent
magnets.

Fig : Maglev room

Fig: Maglev lamp
Maglev lamp :
Maglev lamps are extremely low in
power consumption. To levitate and
illuminate, the lamps are packed with
futuristic electromagnetic components
and LEDs. This lamp can be dimmed but
never ignored.
Among all the many possible uses of
maglev technology the home gadgets
stand out, mainly for being affordable. At
995 you can get a hold of a maglev
lamp which does give light just as an
ordinary lamp, except maybe for the LED
lights, and is functioning probably as
your most technologically advanced
decoration. The lamp is slashed into two
parts, the top part surreally floating
above the bottom part due to the
electromagnetic
components.
This
Angela Jansen designed lamp is the
combination of past and future. The
design takes styling cues from old
fashioned lamps, but the technology
involved brings it to the future. The lamp
comes in two shapes, Silhouette and
Eclipse, one seems to have been
already sold out. The power consumption
cut to minimal, 3W if only the levitation
is on, and 15W if the LEDs come alive as
well. Until maglev trains are running all
over the world, there are a few toys like
this maglev lamp to play with.

Maglev city :
Our planet can be a crowded, polluted,
crazy place. But a new design concept
proposes that
we rise above it all, literally, by moving to
a magnetically levitated island in the sky,
complete with green forests, mountains,
and urban centers. The concept, called
Heaven and Earth, was created by Chinese
architect Wei Zhao and won an honorable
mention in eVolo's 2012 Skyscraper
Competition. Zhao has proposed that the
massive donut-shaped platform could hold
magnets on its underside that would
repulse the earth's magnetic field to hold
the island aloft. The floating platform would
rotate, generating energy as it spins and
theoretically fueling a completely
sustainable society.

Fig: Maglev city

Conclusion:
The name maglev is derived from Magnetic
Levitation. Magnetic levitation is a highly
advanced technology. It has various cases,
including clean energy (small and huge
wind turbines: at home, office, industry,
etc.), building facilities (fan), transportation
systems (magnetically levitated train,
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), etc.), weapon
(gun, rocketry), nuclear engineering (the
centrifuge
of
nuclear
reactor),
civil
engineering
(elevator),
advertising
(levitating everything considered inside or

above various frames can be selected),

toys (train, levitating spacemen over the
space ship, etc.), stationery (pen) and
so on. The common point in all these
applications is the lack of contact and
thus no wear and friction. This increases
efficiency, reduce maintenance costs
and increase the useful life of the
system.
The
magnetic
levitation
technology can be used as a highly
advanced and efficient technology in the
various industrial. There are already
many countries that are attracted to
maglev systems. Many systems have
been proposed in different parts of the
worlds, and a number of corridors have
been selected and researched. Maglev
can be conveniently considered as a
solution for the future needs of the
world. This research chapter tried to
study the most important uses of
magnetic levitation technology.

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