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Conf. Dr. B. A. Voiculescu

CURS 1: MEDICINA DEZVOLTARII UMANE


INTRODUCERE IN EMBRIOLOGIE, CELULE
GERMINALE PRIMORDIALE
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DE AICI INCEPE TOTUL FIECARE DINTRE NOI A


FOST CANDVA UN OU

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PRIMA SAPTAMANA
Zigot- diviziuni mitotice- rezulta blastomere
Embrionul cu 32 de blastomere= morula
Prin compactare si cavitatie, din morula se
formeaza blastocistul sau blastula
Blastocistul ajunge in cavitatea uterina si
elimina zona pellucida
Incepe implantarea pe peretele posterior al
uterului

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PRIMA SAPTAMANA

BLASTOCISTUL
O

masa interna de celule= embrioblast, din


care se va forma embrionul

masa externa de celule= trofoblast, ce va


forma anexele embrionare

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INITIEREA IMPLANTARII

1 zona pellucida
2 trofoblast
3 hipoblast
4 blastocel
5 epiblast
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SAPTAMANA A 2- A

Trofoblastul se diferentiaza in:


sincitiotrofoblast

(extern)
citotrofoblast (intern)

Embrioblastul:
Se

subdivide in hipoblast si epiblast, formand


discul bilaminar
Hipoblastul- celulele migreaza de-a lungul
citotrofoblastului, formand sacul yolk primar
Epiblastul formeaza cavitatea amniotica
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SAPTAMANA A 2-A

Mezodermul extraembrionar
Origine

controversata- din citotrofoblast/ epiblast/


citotrofoblast + epiblast
Migreaza intre citotrofoblast si sacul yolk/ cav
amniotica
Caviteaza, fomand:
Cavitatea

corionica
Mezodermul somatic (sub CT)
Mezodermul visceral ( in jurul embrionului)
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SAPTAMANA A 2- A
La sfarsitul saptamanii implantatia se termina,
embrionul e alcatuit din:
2 cavitati emisferice
-

Amniotica (dorsala)
Yolk= vezicula ombilicala (ventrala)

Hipoblast + epiblast= disc embrionar didermic

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DISCUL BILAMINAR
Epiblast= strat germinal dorsal
Hipoblast= strat germinal ventral

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SAPTAMANA A 3-A
Formarea liniei primitive- mediana, de-a lungul
axei cranio- caudale- prin proliferarea si
migrarea celulelor epiblastice
Capatul anterior al liniei primitive- incepe sa se
adanceasca si formeaza santul primitiv, ce are
la extremitatea craniala nodul primitiv
(extremitate cefalica)

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SAPTAMANA A 3-A
Are loc formarea discului trilaminar prin
aparitia celei de-a treia foite embrionaremezoblastul
Procesul= gastrulatie, dar noul termen preferat
este tranzitie epitelio- mezenchimala
Mezoblastul se formeaza din celulele
epiblastice, care migreaza prin linia primitiva

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MIGRAREA CELULELOR EPIBLASTICE


Primele care migreaza, inlocuiesc celulele
hipoblastice si formeaza endoblastul definitiv
Alte celule migreaza in directie craniala prin
nodul primitiv si formeaza:

Placa

precordala
Procesul notocordal

Cea mai mare parte dintre celule migreaza


intre hipoblast si epiblast si formeaza
mezoblastul intraembrionar
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DISCUL TRILAMINAR
STRATUL GERMINAL DORSAL= ECTOBLAST/
ECTODERM
STRATUL MIJLOCIU (AL TREILEA IN ORDINEA
FORMARII)= MEZOBLAST/ MEZODERM
STRATUL VENTRAL= ENDOBLAST/ ENDODERM

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RETINETI

EPIBLASTUL ESTE PRECURSOR PENTRU:

- ECTOBLAST/ ECTODERM
- MEZOBLAST/ MEZODERM intraembrionar +/ - extraembrionar
- ENDOBLAST DEFINITIV/ ENDODERM intraembrionar (visceral)

HIPOBLASTUL ESTE PRECURSOR PENTRU:

- ENDODERM EXTRAEMBRIONAR (VEZICULA OMBILICALA SI


ALANTOIDA)

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CELULE GERMINALE PRIMORDIALE


celula progenitoare care va forma gametii la
ambele sexe
la toate speciile de vertebrate, morfologia si
proprietatile histochimice sunt asemanatoare
CGP- celule mari, rotunde, cu un nucleu mare,
heterocromatic
citoplasma bogata in ribozomi si mitocondrii
(activitate metabolica intensa- sinteza proteica),
aparatul Golgi si RER slab reprezentate.

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CGP
La om, citoplasma contine numeroase granule
de glicogen si lipide.
Prezinta o intensa activitate fosfataz- alcalina
pozitiva.
Nu se cunoaste rolul acestei enzime in celuele
germinale, insa este importanta pentru
identificarea lor.

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ORIGINE EMBRIONARA
Originea lor este in epiblastul proximal in
saptamana a 2- a.
Aparitia este conditionata de prezenta unor
factori de crestere secretati de ectoderm
extraembrionar si endoderm visceral
De la origine migreaza catre crestele genitale

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BMP
Bone morphogenic protein
grup de factori de crestere ai marii familii TGF-b
- transforming growth factor
BMP1 nu face parte din aceast familie
20 de proteine- GM= 10 si 30 kDa
Se fixeaza de un receptor heteromeric (BMP-R),
aflat pe membrana celulei tinta- dou
subunitti tip I si dou subunitti tip II.

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BMP
Subunittile tip II sunt kinaze ce pot fosforila
un rest serinic sau treoninic de pe subunitatea
tip I adiacent
In citoplasma celulei tinta

SARA-

proteina adaptoareo nou fosforilare a unui


grup de proteine
R-smad- proteina aflata in stare nefosforilata,
inactiva

Prin intermediul SARA, R- Smad se fosforileaza


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BMP
R-smad fosforilate formeaz complexe cu
proteine adiacente numite Co- smad.
Complexul se deplaseaz n nucleu, unde se
leag de secvente specifice din ADN (elemente
de rspuns ale BMP) si activeaz anumite
gene, ce determina sinteza unor proteine
specifice- initiaza diferentierea celulelor
epiblastice in CGP

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IMPORTANTA BMP SI A CAII SALE

Cile de semnal ce implic BMP, BMP-R si


Smad sunt importante n :
diferentierea

CGP,
dezvoltarea cordului,
dezvoltarea SNC,
dezvoltarea cartilajului,
sistemului nervos enteric,
dezvoltarea osoas postnatal.

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CALE DE SEMNALIZARE BMP


Receptorii reglati de
Smad sau R-Smad se
asociaz cu receptorul
de tip 1, printr-o protein
adaptoare numit SARA
(Smad Anchor for
Receptor Activation).

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INDUCTIE CGP
Factori secretati de ectoderm si endoderm sunt
decizionali in diferentierea celulei epiblastice in
CGP
Celulele epiblastului proximal nu sunt
restrictionate la linia germinala primordiala,
dand nastere si unor celule somatice de la
nivelul alantoida si s-ar parea ca si al
mezodermului extraembrionar

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INDUCTIE CGP

Ectodermul secreta
BMP4,

semnalul inductor primar- interactiune


Smad 5
Apoi BMP4 si BMP8b- Smad 1, -5- diferentiere si
localizare- doar 40 de celule epiblastice se vor
diferentia in CGP

Endodermul secreta
BMP2-

diferentiere

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INITIEREA MIGRARII
Sub actiunea factorilor BMP, celulele
precursoare CGP exprima proteina fragilis
(IFITM), care:
marcheaza initierea diferentierii ca celule
germinale primordiale
are rol de adeziune intercelulara
Odata cu formarea celulelor fragilis + incepe
separarea de celule somatice, formandu-se o
aglomerare de precursori CGP

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INDUCTIE CGP

Apoi, o parte din celulele fragilis + exprima


proteina stella, detectata exclusiv la linia
germinala primordiala

La nivelul celulelor fragilis, stella + nu sunt


exprimate proteinele Hox 1, specifice celulelor
somatice

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INDUCTIE CGP- BLIMP 1


In afara de factorii mai sus amintiti, care induc
diferentierea cel epiblastice in CGP, exista un
represor transcriptional numit Blimp1 (Prdm1)
Inhiba sinteza factorilor somatici la nivelul
precursorilor CGP
Soarecii mutanti Blimp1 negativi- se formeaza in
jur de 20 de celule primordiale (in loc de 40),
asemanatoare CGP, dar care nu au proprietatile
acestora: migrare, proliferare si represia genelor
somatice (Hox1)

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MIGRARE

In saptamana a 3- a, CGP migreaza din


ectodermul primar in peretele sacului vitelin,
prin miscari ameoboidale.

Apoi ajung la baza alantoidei.

Astfel, au devenit extraembrionare, fiind


asezate in endodermul si mezodermul peretelui
sacului vitelin.
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MIGRARE

Intre saptamanile 4- 6, ajutate de curbarea


cranio- caudala si laterala a embrionului,
celulele germinale primordiale migreaza din
nou in embrion

Migreaza de-a lungul peretelui alantoidei si a


intestinului primitiv posterior (metenteron)

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MIGRARE

Dupa ce traverseaza mezenterul dorsal,


colonizeaza crestele gonadale.

In cursul acestei calatorii, celulele se multiplica


mitotic, astfel incat se pare ca ating un numar
de zeci de mii in momentul in care populeaza
crestele gonadale.

Mecanismele migrarii sunt incomplet intelese


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Migrarea celulelor germinale primordiale


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Pasul 1. CGP la soarece, cu originea in epiblastul proximal, migreaza de la linia


primitiva la endoderm (viitorul intestin dorsal)
Pasul 2. CGP migreaza de-a lungul endodermului
Pasul 3. CGP migreaza bilateral catre peretele posterior al abdomenului
Pasul 4. CGP ajung in crestele genitale
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TIPURI DE MIGARE

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MECANISMELE MIGRARII

Sunt incomplet intelese, dar se realizeaza pe


doua cai:
1.

adeziune controlata, care implica existenta unui


receptor pe CGP si a unei substante cu rol de
ligand, secretate de tesuturile caii de migrare

2.

prin chemotactism, ce implica secretia unor


factori chemotactici de catre tesuturile tinta (ex,
creasta gonadala)- CGP se deplaseaza catre
concentratia maxima a acestor substante
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INITIEREA MIGRARII

CGP capata motilitate la scurt timp dupa


formare

In momentul initierii migrarii, CGP capata


morfologie caracteristica- devin polarizate si
prezinta pseudopode/ extensii citoplasmatice

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MORFOLOGIE, POLARITATE

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INITIERE

La soarece, migrarea directionata necesita initial o


activitate repelenta a factorului IFITM1 (interferon- induced
transmembrane protein) exprimat de mezoderm

Are rol de respingere a celulelor din mezoderm in


endoderm si implicit in activarea comportamentului
migrator (CGP evita tesuturile ce exprima IFITM1)

IFITM= fragilis

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CALEA MIGRATORIE

In intestinul posterior
prin IFITM3 si E- caderina

Supravietuirea si proliferarea CGP- cuplul C-kit/ Steel

IFITM3- exprimata in CGP, rol necunoscut (insa in mod sigur


are rol in migrare)
E- caderina- molecula de adeziune exprimata in intestin, nu
de CGP in acest stadiu- rol in mentinerea CGP in intestin
C- kit- receptor- pe CGP
Steel- ligandul c- kit- pe tesuturile somatice

La soarece, in stadiul E9,5- parasesc intestinul

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PGC SUNT MOBILE, IN INTESTIN; CELULELE


NOTOCORDULUI SE MISCA SPRE POSTERIOR PE
MASURA CE EMBRIONUL CRESTE

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CGP PARASESC INTESTINUL SI MIGREAZA


CATRE CRESTELE GENITALE

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CALEA MIGRATORIE

Catre crestele genitale


Dupa

ce parasesc intestinul, se impart in doua


grupuri- pentru fiecare creasta

Migreaza

din intestin individual, dar interactioneaza


intre ele prin extensii subtiri citoplasmatice- retea
de celule migratorii

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CALEA MIGRATORIE
SDF1-

secretat de mezenchim si de crestele


genitale, reprezinta un factor chemotactic pentru
CGP

CXCR4-

receptorul pentru SDF1- pe CGP

Pe

langa rolul in migrare, SDF1 are rol si in


supravietuirea celulelor- cele ce parasesc ruta mor

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PGC IMPARTITE IN DOUA GRUPURI MIGREAZA


CATRE CRESTELE GENITALE

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OPRIREA MIGRARII
Se pare ca aceleasi molecule care au ghidat
migrarea, prezente in cantitate mare la nivelul
crestelor gonadale, determina si oprirea lor
Cantitati mari de SDF1 reprezinta un semnal stop
Celulele devin rotunde, isi pierd polaritatea, adera
intre ele, de celulele somatice din jur si de
matricea extracelulara prin molecule de adeziuneE-caderina si integrina B1, exprimate de CGP

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VA MULTUMESC!
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