del Present Simple slaba y acaba en 1 vocal + 1 consona egativa:sujeto + am / is/are + la particla not ola am) + un verbo terminado en ~ing. En conversa aren't watching TV, (No estamos viendo la tele *interogativa: Am / Is / Are + sujeto + un temiado en -ing. bbe studying *Respuestas breves: se pone el pronombre persona Sieta +e verbo to be, sin contraer en afirmatiao ntado on la partcula not en neg Au cling Jen? Yes, ou are istoylamando a Jen? Si. No ‘ *Conel Pesan Continuous sesulen us las sees ftpresones temporales: now (ahr), at the m fest momento), right now Gusto ahora Min) today (hoy), these days hoy en de Biden a principio a final dela fase er Pore ina His going home now. (Est yendose 8 25 ra, ahora etc Todas ahora) EL PRESENT ConniNuoUS CON VALOR DE FUTURO Frases inte Cando la pregunta expresau se espera quel espues algunosl We've got some algo de ‘un poco de (ono se raduce) Would you ike some ta?any (no sigunos/as Are there any sigo de Have you got any’ LOS CUANTIFICADORES Con nombres contables alot of muchovaloxas loren study here Un montsn de Tot af homewor Con nombres contabes en plural many zs Z muchoslas Many student play 0 a 8 tables. haven't got much rere much smoke? How many ..2. Nombrescontabes en plural. eCudmtes2s..? pow many chars ae there? jomires no contables ‘ando va con el verbo fo be sine para preguntar el precio de una cosa ed? How much ..? How much flour do you How much ist? EL PAST SIMPLE + Afirmativa: se a afiadiendo -ed a los vetbos requlaes yesigual en ‘nas. Los verbos iregulares Siguen ning eso hay g memoria, Puedes consuitar la ista de as Enlos siguientes casos, hay ortograficas para aad -ed: ‘ade | slaba y acaba en 1 vocal + 1 consonante, se dobla esta consonante: ue fjarse en estas reglas| ped ies de 2 sflabas y tiene el acento en|a ultima, se dobla ia utima consonante: = Si acaba en 1, se dobla es letra «Si acaba en e muda, solo se afiade -d: Negative: sujeto + did moto did't + (tha no fue a * Respe cido didn" te ppast Simple se Suen USA e525 eXpresiongs can Pa Sr gue levan ago ac) al nal dea cs st night semana pasa spn un da / fecha, n+ un at+ una r a nel pasa), yesterday (ayer. Pueden ra Pa olin el a5, pero Se en oven {Me lamaron hace tres das. Los usos del Past Simple os weer ecciones They went home yesterday pasadas Se fueron a casa ayer) We watched that i Dec qué se hizo en visited the the museum. (Visita tore. Luego fui al museo.) Ccontar acciones ast, people worked mare hours. (Ene! pasado, la gents tragjaba mas ores) EL PAST CONTINUOUS Afirmativa va Forma conta Iwas riding Iwas not riding | wasn’t riding You were riding Youwere not riding You weren't ding Hewas riding He wasnot riding He wasnt riding shewas riding She was not riding She wasn't ing It was riding wasn't ring Wewere riding Wewere not riding Weweren't riding You were not riding Youwerent riding They were riding They were not riding They werent riding Respuestas breves i It was not riding Interrogativa Afirmativa Negativa Was riding? Yes, | was No, | wasn't. Were you riding? Yes, youwere. No, you werent Was heriding? Yes, he was, No, he wasn't. Was she riding? Yes, she was. No, she wast Was itriding? Yes, it was. No, it wasn't ‘Were we riding? Yes, we were. No, we werent Were you riding? Yes, you were. No, you were) Were they riding? Yes, they were. No, they werenttaking pictures? (y I ss vere sr convea ah aldo raining yester ws ay? Ye iyo tcnendo ayer? 3h. / Ne a, yesterday morning Titermoon (ayer p afana / tarde), last night tosusos del Past Continuous lo.que estaba At eight o'clock lastnight, we Guimendownel were swimming, (Anoche 9 ls oe is ‘ocho, estabamos nadando,) ome aa mlongadas Soe was talking tober end whilefas she was driving. (Ela ona eae abn blo con's on eu mente conser) CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS ‘Pat Simple indica que la accion ocuri y termin6 ene tengo indcado en la frase, mientras que el Past Ganinuous habla de acciones prolongad casendo en el pasado Hedi his homevwork last Monday to os deberes el lunes pasado.) Hewas doing his homevvork yesterday afternoon. {Estwo haciendo los deberes ayer por i tarde.) * Cone ast Simple se suele utilizar when y con e Past Continuous las conjunciones while o as. We were listening to the news when Peter arrived. (ftsbamos escuchando las noticias cuando leg? cee WhilelAs we were listening to the news, Peter 20 Weta etabomes escuanco tas mois eae Fev) Grammar Appendix Up EL PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ASirmativa, ' - have talked ve talked "ou have tad Youre talhed He has talked Hors talked talked she's talked thas talked Ws talked We have talked we've talked You have talked Youve talked They have talked They've talked Negativa Forma contraida ‘have not talked haven't talked “You haven't talker He hasn't talked ‘he hase’ talked It hasn't talked We haven't talked You have not talked He has not talked She has not talked ‘thas not talked Wie have not talked ‘Youhave not talked You haven't talked They have not talked They havertt talked _ Respuestas breves Mave talked.’ Yes,:nave. No, Ihaven Have you talked...” Yes, youhave. No, you haven't Hashe talked ..7Yes,hiehas, No, he hasn't Has se talked ..?- Yes, shehas. No, she hasnt Hasittalked..2 Yes, (thas. No, ithasn’t Have we talked ..? Yes, we have. No, we havent Have you talked ..?- Yes, youhave, No, you haven't Have they talked ..?- Yes, they have, No, they haven't, + Afirmativa: su We have painted our bedroom, {Hemos pintado nuestra nabracion + Negativa:sujeto + has / have + la particula not o a contraccion n't + un verbo en patio. Bill hasn't been to Paris. (Bk No ha estado en Parts) o + has / have + un verbo en partkipio. + Interrogativa: Has / Have + sujeto + un verbo en particpo. Have you won any medals? (Has ganado alguna medalla?) «+ Respuestas breves: se pone el pronornbre personal sujeto + has {have sin contra enafrata o contrat om la pantcula not en negatva Have you moved house? Yes, we have, / Nu, ve haven't (z0s habéls mudado de casa? S.No.)DE LOS ADJETIVOS fees ss EL COMPARATIVO ou recently? m tately just, already, always, ever Los usos del Present Perfect Simple 2 has worked here since — 0 69 tt ative de inferioridad se + than forosincey e traduce 1999 have already finished. 'm E parativo de igualdad se el momento actual They have enjoyed their holiday. (Se lo han pasado bien ocuriron ens vacaciones) seetmery se waduce Te tan hasjust left the er et ane station. (tren acaba de at de Infinit) a estacnpeat ATIVO DE LOS ADJETIVOS ssadjetivos irregulares iroseguirringuna regia, hay que aprender sus formas ava y superlativa de memoria. jetvo «Comparative Superlative gord(overola) better best fadinaiva) — worse worst fares) farther/further farthest furthest Itle(oocte) less least 100..., (NOT)... ENOUGH ‘ova dlante del adjtivo e indica que la cualida a por este es excesva, Significa “dem: + Encanto, enough se pone detrds de ajetivo y sfica Fo) bastante” 0 "f)suficienterente elegant enough Eesti es (bastante /suftentemente eo ated ot + adjetivo + enough significa “no (lo) bastante” o 0) suficientemente are not practical enough 2s botas no son (lo) bastante /suicentemente Prat Stair de excursion.) Grammar Append ELFUTURO CON WiLL will ten YoU wil isten si sten He wil listen listen wil Iisten Shell sten wil isten Iettisten We wil listen wellisten You will listen You'll sten They ister Neg: Forma contraida ill not listen won't listen You will not listen fou won't listen Se will not listen e won't listen She will not listen twill not listen he won't listen ‘won't listen We will not listen Ne won't listen You will not listen You won't listen They will not listen They wor't listen Respuestas breves Afirmativa — Negativa will listen Yes, Lill No, won't ‘Will you listen ..?- Yes, you will Interrogativa No, you won't. Will elisten 2 Yes; he wil he won't Will shelisten 2 Yes, she will. No, she won't ‘ill it listen 2 Yes, it wil, No it won't Willwe listen ..? Yes, wewill. No, we won't. ‘ill you listen ..2- Yes, you wil Wil they listen No, you won't Yes, they will, No, they won't. «+ Afirmativa:sujeto + el ausiiar will + verbo en la forma ase Es igual en todas las personas. En la conwersacion, wil se contrae con el sjeto (Ny se pronancia como una sola + Negativa:sujeto + will + a particula not (0 la onaccion won't) + verbo en la forma base won't need (Wo necestards el cache + Interrogativa: Will+sujeto + verbo en la forma base. Will she come Venda con nosotros? « Respuestas breves: se pone el pronomire personal sujeto + will 0 won't wait yo live re No, [won't wirds en una ciudad? Si. / No,Grammar Appendix Los usos del futuro con will hhechos futures (im vendra a nvestro concer Predecitlo que se cree think it wil snow tight no) ‘que ccurea {Creo que nevard esta noche) Expcesardecisiones fm ted, Il take a tax repentinas (Estoy consada, Cogeré un tax) EL FUTURO CON BE GOING TO Afirmativa lam going to run You are going to run He is going to run She is going to run Itis going to run ‘We are going to run Youare going torun _You're going to run They are going torun _They're going torun _ Negativa y forma contraida- 1am not /'m not going to run ‘You are not / You aren’t/ You're not going to run He is not /He isn’t / He's not going to run She is not /She isn't/ She's not going to run Itis not /It isn't I's not going to run ‘We are not / We aren't/ We're not going to run ‘You are not / You aren’t/ You're not going to run 't/ They're not going to run rm going to run ‘You're going to run He's going to run She's going to run It's going to run \We're going to run -Respuestasbreves -Afirmativa Negative ‘Amgoingtorun? —Yes,lam. No, "m not, ‘Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren't Ishegoingtorun? _Yes,heis. No, he isn’t. Isshe going torun? Yes, shes. No, she isn't. Isitgoingtorun? Yes, it. No, it ian‘ No, we aren't. ‘Are we going to run? Yes, we are ‘Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren't. ‘Are they going to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren't, Signfica “ir/ no ira" + infntvo. « Afirmativa: sujeto + to be en presente + going to + verbo en la forma base. aul is going to wait at the bus stop. (Paul va a esperar nla parada de autobus) + Negativa: sueto + fo be en presente + not (n't) + going to + verbo en la forma base. They aren’t going to go to the art gallory (No van a ir ala galeria de arte.) tobe Interrogativa! mn frm poing t0 + Reape everbo to Be, 3 Het go con la particu tolive m0 ‘Are you 90199, ot ro con be going to ‘Ym going to paint the house (Woy a pntar la casa) Los usos det futur bar de intenciones. planes 0 decsiones seas Cain suena orgie 8°92. (aw tet Un be % « con willy be going to se suce ss con mtiones temporal: later (std), soon Oren an hour (entzo de Una Hor), tomorrow | fo préirno), in the future Todas pueden i al princi anal, next year Sree la trase, pero se suelen poner a in the future ple will ive in the m going to see Michael later fichael mas tarde ad, (oyaveraM CL PRIMER CONDICIONAL Se usa para hablar de acciones que oc condicign sefialada + Afirmativa: la condicin (oracion s dipresa con if+ Present Simple, y el resultado (orectn principal) suele ir en futuro con will. Iwill stay home if don’t finish my ho (Me quedaré en casa sino termino los debe coma entrela sise cumplela dina) se Sila condicién va primero, se pone ul coracion principal y la subordinada If don't finish my homework, | will stay home (Sino termino los deberes, me quedaré en casa) “+ Negativa: se puede negar el verbo en presente, el verbo en futuro 0 ambos. If you don’t come, | wll be sad. (Sino vienes, estaré triste.) Ifyou come, | won't be sad. (Sivienes, no estaré triste.) If you don't come, | won't be sad. (Sino vienes, no estaré triste.) * Interrogativa: Will + sujeto + predicado de la orac6n principal + oracién subordinada, Will he come to the theatre if he feels better? (eVendré al teatro si se siente mejor?)an/CANT eit canst answimn econ swim pycan swim can swim an\ swim? ‘anyou swim? ante swim? Can she swim? Can ve swim’ {Ganyou swim (an they swim? Can exresa habi * Afirmativa: 5 jeto + can + ve He cannot swim She cannot swim Itcannot swim cannot swim You cannot swim They cannot swim Respuestas bi he can Yes, it can, Yes, we can Yes, you can Yes, they can. 1d 0 capacidad pa can't swim, You can't swim He can't swim, She can't swim Itean't swim We can't swim You can't swim hey can't swim No, Lean't, you can't No, he can’t No, she can’t No, it can’t No, we can’t No, you can't. No, they cant edi permis 3 forma base COULD /couLpn'T Ould sing You could sing Ould sing She could sing could sing We could sing OU could sing They could sing Could sing? Could you sing? Could he sing? Could she sing? Could it sing Could we sing? Could yo Could Could expresa ey sing? + Afiemativa (Robert sabia + Negativa: couldn't + vert (No pudierr + Interrogativa He could not sing could not sing could not sing uld not sing yestas bre could Yes, he could. could could could could could Could + sujeto + + Respuestas breves! Puedes coger mi teleono) * Negativa: sujeto + cannot o la forma contraida Yerbo en la forma base. ‘annot play INo sé tocar e! piane en la form * Interrogativa: Can + sujeto + verb + could 0 co coulde't sing couldn't sing couldn't sing N couldn’tsing couldn't ws couldn't couldn't 1 couldn't couldn't wwe couldn't couldn'tSHOULD / SHOULDN'T I should use shoulder use ou should use ‘Yu shouldn't use should use shouldn't use 1 should use She shoulda’ use should use Itshouldn' use You sho shouldn't use use You shouldn't use They should use They shouldn't use Should use? Yes, should, _ No, shouldn't Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn Should he use? Yes, he should Should she use? Yes, she should. i, he shouldn't. 2, she shoulda’ Shouldituse? Yes, tshould, No, it shouldn't. Should we use? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn't Should you use? Yes, you should, No, you shouldn't. Should they use? Yes, they should, No, they shouldn't Should se usa para dar consejos y para dec lo que se + Atirmativa; sujeto + shoul + verbo en la forma base (Deberias lamar * Negativa: svjeto + should not o shoulin’t a ma habitual es la segunda) + verbo en la forma base aes (No deberian en + interrog: tiva: Should + syjeto + verbo enla forma + Respuestas breves: se pone el pronomire personal sujeto + should 0 shouldn't Should we leave rould y (Deberiamos nos a assis en punto? SL. /No MUST/ MUSTN'T Afirmativa Negativa must tell | mustn't tell You must tell You mustn't tell He must tell He mustn't tell She must tell She must tell It must tell it mustn't tel We must ral We mustn't tell You mustn't tell They musta’t tel You must tell They must tel HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Ihave to go You have to go He has to-go She has to go thas to go. We have to go fou have to go They have to go They don’t have Interrogativa a ve. ve, dane Do thave wo yy’ Do you have to go’ youdo. No, youdontt Does he have togo? Yes, hedoes. No, he doesnt Does she have to go? Yes, she does. Does it have to.go? Yes, it does. Dowehavetogo? Yes, we do. Do youhave togo? Yes, you do. Do they have to.go? Yes, they do. * Afirmativa: sujeto + have / has to + verbo en base. Sigifca “tener que” y expresa, como mus ‘biigacion o necesid have tos uge y, pe que must no tiene (enemos que enviie foaesotion Los usos de la voz pasiva IAVOZ PASIVA EN PRESENTE Y EN PASADO Gem amlislare selpa 10 principal re opened en fede wm /were Como pasar una frase activa a pasiva to be en el mismo tiempo que tenia pal en acta, y exe ve »y opened a shop af Pasva: A shop was opened 3 fe st imativa: sujeto + to be c sto por su correspondiente fr te fue construdo et carta usually, SOMeDITES, es. Sl verbo este wea lastnight week, at-+ ura hora, on +un dia Pietra in + un ato in the past, yesterday, ecLOS ADVERBIOS DE MODO y,secombia lay El comparativo de los adverbios + Sieve par arr dc more ess + asverbio + th (Lo escucha realzan de la misma Los adverbios irregulares Alo seguir ninguna rela, ha estos adve Forma paertics comparativa Adjetivo fast (apidame faster than hard (ro, mich) ard than high ako) hight). ———_—igher han farlepnla) far ee farther further than geod veal) wal dt batter than tds) badly na) worse than (ical cond mds jos que eyo.) (Sam habla francés peor qe mibenmanc) SUBJECT / OBJECT QUESTIONS: + Los pronombresinteragativos who, what y which se san para pedir informacion sobre el sujeto 0 sobre e complemento directo. = 51 hacen de cujeto arden de Lac palabras en la pregunta es igual que el de una frase afirmatva What makes you feel happy? (qué te hace sentir feliz?) do, REPASO ry day, on Mondays, et a always, usually, often, never, ee now, these days righ rors soon, later, tonight, next year, Past Simple 9. 94) Expresaracciones pas Usos DEO ue Se izoe wn ° Contar aciones pasadas consec CContar como eran a 3525 en oto tempo. Expresiones terporaes:a week ago, lastnight, yesterday, ek Past Continuous (ver pag. 9 ‘Acciones que estaban en progreso en el pasad Acciones que eran simulténeas en e pasado. Erpresiones temporales: at half past two, lastnight, ee Usoslater, soon, in the future, et if/ Unless + Present Simple uro con will xpresar habilidad o capacidad en el thos _Cepresar imposibilidad en el pasado Hacer una peticion de forma ed Should | Shouldn't Dar consejos. Decir lo que se deberia ono hacer Must | Mustn’t Cbligacin y necesidad 0 converienc de algo mitido 0 90 as prohbicion, que algo no est@ Pet debe hacer por no ser convenient? Have to | Don't have to hn, Obligacon o necesdad de he + 2190 memo en de sujeto, el orden d pregunta es igual que el de una frase afirmativa hacen de complemento, el orden de las palabra (ue el de una frase nterroga rcunst tiempo 0 caus), 231 que eH ‘orden sujeto-verbo o se emplea do, does 0 did. Cuantificadores y determinant Nomires contables en singular: a / an Nombres contables en plural: some, any, @ lot of, many Nomires no contables: some, any, 2 fot of, much (5 adjetivos Comparativ De superioridad: er/ more .. than = "mas. QU De inferioridad: les... than - “menos. Ue De igualdad: (not) as... as - “(no) tan .. come De superioridad: the -est/ most... -“el/ la /o més, De inferioridad: the least. -“el/la/Jo mene: 00 .- “demasiado. enough - "(o) (co) bastante /suficentemente. Los adverblos de modo Desctben la forma en que se realiza la accion y con el fe responde a How. ?(2COmo..2) sieve para comparar dos accones: ‘more / less + adverbio + than as + adverbio + a5