()

:
, ,


, 2015


'
67
, .
1 3,
, Euler Bernoulli, Timoshenko,
.
4
, 5
.
6
, ,
.

..,
. ,


.
... .
,
. ,
... . .
,
, , ,
,
. ,
, .

, 2015

() [-02]

II


1o - i i ................................................1
1.1 ..........................................................................................................1
1.2 ..............................................1
1.3 .....................................1
1.3.1 ( ): .....1
1.3.2 (
Hooke ): ...............................................................2
1.3.3 ( ) : .....3
1.3.4 .....................................................4
2o - ..............................................5
2.1 ..........................................................................................................5
2.2 Euler - Bernoulli .....................................5
2.2.1 Euler Bernoulli ..............................................5
2.2.2 Euler Bernoulli .......................................6
2.2.3 Euler Bernoulli ................................6
2.2.4 .....................................................6
2.2.5 .......................................................................................7
2.3 Timoshenko ...........................................7
2.3.1 Timoshenko ...................................7
2.3.2 Timoshenko ..............................................8
2.3.3 Timoshenko ......................................8
2.3.4 .....................................................9
2.3.5 .......................................................................................9
3o - ............................................10
3.1 (Saint-Venant) .........................10
3.1.1 .........................................10
3.1.2 ............................11
3.1.3 ....................11
3.1.4 ...................................................12
3.1.5 .....................................................................................12
3.2 ...................................12

III

3.2.1 ...............................12
3.2.2 ........................13
3.2.3 .................13
3.2.4 ...................................................14
3.2.5 .....................................................................................14
4o -
.............................................................15
4.1 - .....................15
4.2 ..........................16
4.3 ...................18
4.4 ..........................................................................................19
5o - ................20
5.1 .........................................................20
5.1.1 . ....................20
5.1.2 . ..................................20
5.1.3 .....................................21
5.1.4
, ......................................................21
5.2 .....................................................22
6o ..........................................................23
6.1 .....................................23
6.1.1 ..............................................................................................23
6.1.2 RHS 500X300X20 .....................24
6.1.3 ..................................................................25
6.2 ...............................................32
6.2.1 ..............................................................................................32
6.2.2 ............................33
6.2.3 ..................................................................35
6.3 ........................................................................40
6.4 ..........................................................................................41

IV

Oxy ........................ 2

............................................. 3

Euler - Bernoulli .................................................... 5

Euler - Bernoulli Timoshenko ............ 7

....................................... 9

.... 10

()
() ................................................................... 15

........................... 16

,
Euler-Bernoulli (Saint-Venant)[
1212] ............................................................................................... 20

10

( 2020) ................................................................................ 21

11

............................. 24

12

RHS500X300X20 ................... 24

13

w(x) , ........................... 26

14

v(x) , ..... 26

15

u(x) ,
.......................................................................................... 27

16

v(x) ,
.......................................................................................... 27

17

xP ..... 28

18

yP ( y) .......... 28

19

zP ( z) .......... 29

20

xS ... 29

21

.......................................................................................................... 30

22

max=4.90MPa,
.............................................................................................. 31

23

................................................................................. 31

24

........................ 32
V

 25

.......................................................... 33

26

... 34

27

w(x) , .................... 35

28

x(x), ........ 35

29

y(x) ......... 36

30

xP ..... 36

31

yP ( y) .......... 37

32

zP ( z) .......... 37

33

xS ... 37

34

1,85.
............................................................................................ 38

35

1,85.
....................................................................................... 39

36

CPU RAM ,
(131.262
solid elements) .................................................................................. 40

37

CPU RAM ,
(30 )
.......................................................................................................... 40

VI

 & ()

1 o - i i
1.1

.
,

. ,
15 15 ,
.

1.2

u=u (x,y,z)

xx

xx

v=v (x,y,z)

yy

yy

w=w (x,y,z)

zz

zz

xy

xy

yz

yz

xz

xz

, :
, :

1.3
1.3.1

( ):
=

-1-

1o - i i

Oxy

,
. ,
(u,v,w),
,

.
1.3.2
(
Hooke ):
=

(1 + ) (1 2 )

(1 + ) (1 2 )

(1 + ) (1 2 )
=

(1 )

(1 )

+ (

(1 )

2 (1 + )

2 (1 + )

2 (1 + )

-2-

 & ()

,
. , :
,
( [](x,y,z)= [E] ).
, ,
( xx= Eyy= Ezz= E ).
( ),
(
, )
,
.
1.3.3

( ) :
=0

=0

=0

=0

=0

=0

-3-

1o - i i
1.3.4

(
). ,
,
, ,
.
,
:
Neumann,
.
Dirichlet,
.
, .
,
.
, ,
.

-4-

 & ()

2 o -
2.1
,
(dx, dy, dz), (L, b,
h). Ox ().
(ij),
(Pij)

.

2.2 Euler - Bernoulli

2.2.1

Euler Bernoulli

, :

Euler - Bernoulli

()
( )( xxyy, zz yyzz 0 ).

, ( i,i=)
, , ( yy zz0 ).
-5-

2o -

( Ox)
, ( , = ( ) ( , , )), (

xyxz0 ,

) (

yz0 ) .
2.2.2

Euler Bernoulli

,
, :

( )

( )

2.2.3

= z(x)

= y(x)

Euler Bernoulli

15 , ,
, () :

( )

( yy)

( )

( zz)

2.2.4

= z 2 dA

yy

= y 2 dA

zz

Euler-Bernoulli,
, .
, ,
:

-6-

 & ()

2.2.5

Euler Bernoulli
. ,

. ,
Euler Bernoulli.

2.3 Timoshenko
2.3.1

Timoshenko

Stephen Timoshenko, ,
Euler Bernoulli,
. ,
xy ( Oy) xz (
Oz).

Euler - Bernoulli Timoshenko

-7-

2o -
2.3.2

Timoshenko

T , :

( )

( )

=
=

2.3.3

= z(x)

2 (1 + )
2 (1 + )

= y(x)

Timoshenko

15 ,
, () :

( )

( )

A:

G:

Poisson

( yy)

( zz)

=
:

(0<<1)

, ,
.
,
.
. , ,
, .
-8-

 & ()

,
.

2.3.4

,
:

2.3.5

, , (G),
xy xz .

-9-

3o -

3 o -
3.1 (Saint-Venant)
3.1.1

()
( )( xxyy, zz yyzz 0 ).

, ( i,i=)
, , ( yy zz0 ).

( yz0 ) .

( Ox)
.
. ,

( ),
( xx0 ) ( xx 0 ).

x
x

= ).

- 10 -

 & ()

3.1.2

s(y,z) S .
s u(y,z)
(

= 1) :

T , :

=
=

( , )

2 (1 + )
2 (1 + )

x ()

3.1.3

s
( =0), :

- 11 -

3o -
3.1.4

,
:

Saint-Venant .
3.1.5

3.2
3.2.1

Saint-Venant . ,

, , .
( xx0 xx 0 )
(

= f(x) ),

.

, .

y,z ( ), x,y,z. ,

,
.

- 12 -

 & ()

3.2.2

T , :

=
=

=
=

2 (1 + )

2 (1 + )

+ )+

x ()
=
( , ),
S .

u(y,z) , (

= 1)

.
= ( , , ),
S .

u(x,y,z) ,
(

= 1) .
3.2.3

,
( =0) It, Cs,
:

( Saint-Venant)

- 13 -

3o -

( )
=

Saint-Venant .
=(
=
3.2.4

( ) ,

,
:

3.2.5

- 14 -

 & ()

4 o

4.1 -
,
,
, .
, .
, , .

(),
(),
(), ... ( 7).

()

E
E
P
S
xy
xy
Txy

P
S

S
T

P
S
S
T
P () xx xx xy xz
S () xx xx xy xz
T

0
xz
xz
xz
x
y
z
x
y
z
SP
SS

()

E
P
xy

P P
xx
()
xx
P
xy xz 0 P
P , P
x
y
z
xz CY
C

S
S
xx
S S
xx
xy xz 0
x
y
z

S
xy

S
xz

()
()

()
( )( xxyy, zz yyzz 0 ).

, ( i,i=)
, , ( yy zz0 ).

( yz0 ) .

- 15 -

4o -

()
. ,
(), .

4.2
T ,

( ).
Sxyz, S
( )
. ()
. CXYZ
C
.
,
( )
. ,
, :

- 16 -

 & ()

( S)

( , )

( S)

( , , )

( CZ)

( , )

( C)

( , )

, ( ,
( , ),
( , ),
).
( , ) . ,
, :
( , )=

( , )

( , )=

( , )

( , )=

( , )+

( , )

( , )=

( , )+

( , )

( , )=

( , )+

( , )

( , )=

( , )+

( , )

,
, :

= ( )
( )+

( )+
( , )

( , )
( )+

( )
( , )

( )

( )

( )

= ( )+ ( )
( , ) ( )+
+

- 17 -

4o -

w
x

v
x

+
x

+ (

)
x
y

+(

)
x
y

+ (

=E
=

2 (1 + )

2 (1 + )

4.3
,
.

- 18 -

 & ()

4.4
Euler - Bernoulli
Saint-Venant,
, , ,

- 19 -

5o -

5 o -

5.1
5.1.1

,
,
.
5.1.2

(. ),
.
, .
,
, :
{ } = [ ]{ }

(5.1.1)

{ }
, { }
, [ ]
.

9 ,
Euler-Bernoulli (Saint-Venant)[ 1212]

- 20 -

 & ()

10
( 2020)
5.1.3

,
(5.1.1),
{ } ,
{ } , [ ]

.
5.1.4

,
, ,
.
, . ,
Euler Bernoulli,
:

i = y, z,

j=z, y

- 21 -

(5.1.2)

5o -

5.2
,
,
. , .

{ } = [ ]{ }

: .
: .

: .

: .
: .

: (
, , .).

: o i

- 22 -

 & ()

6 o
6.1
6.1.1

(= 210GPa, v= 0.3) ,
(
ux, uy, uz) ( 11),
RHS500X300X20 ( 12), o ,
10 /m
1m/m.

Euler-Bernoulli Timoshenko,
(solid elements).
astran v.8.5 FEMAP for Windows v11.0.1.
Euler-Bernoulli Timoshenko,
30 (10 ),

131.262 , , (solid elements).
, ,
, ,
500 .

.

- 23 -

6o

11
6.1.2

RHS 500X300X20

RHS 500X300X20, b=300mm, h=500mm 20mm
( 12),
( 1).

12 RHS500X300X20

- 24 -

 & ()

1 RHS500X300X20

Iyy
Izz
Ay
Az
It
Cs

6.1.3

3.03340 -2
1.01042 -3
4.49194 E-4
8.94076 E-3
1.82493 E-2
9.80216 E-4
9.03594E-7

m2
m4
m4
m2
m2
m4
m6

8.94667 E-7

m6

2.85448 E-6

m4

1.48675 E-7

m4

-7.57998 E-9

m5

7.80773 E-10

m5

-4.27323 E-10

m5

-5.82498 E-10

m5

3.14321 E-8

m6

Euler-Bernoulli
,
,
,
( 13 16).

- 25 -

6o

[m]
0
-0.00002

w(x) [m]

-0.00004
-0.00006
-0.00008
-0.0001
-0.00012
-0.00014
-0.00016

FEM-131.262 solid elements (hexa, 8-noded)

Bernoulli BT
Timoshenko BT
GWBT
13 w(x) ,

[m]
0

v(x) [m]

-0.00005

-0.0001
-0.00015
-0.0002
-0.00025
-0.0003
-0.00035
-0.0004
-0.00045

FEM-131.262 solid elements (hexa, 8-noded)

Bernoulli BT
Timoshenko BT
GWBT
14 v(x) ,

- 26 -

 & ()
[m]

-0.00007
u(x) [m]

-0.00006
-0.00005
-0.00004
-0.00003
-0.00002
-0.00001

0.5

1.5

2.5

FEM-131.262 solid elements (hexa, 8-noded)

Bernoulli BT
Timoshenko BT
GWBT
15 u(x) ,

[m]
0
v(x) [m]

0.5

1.5

2.5

-0.00005
-0.0001
-0.00015
-0.0002
-0.00025
-0.0003

FEM-131.262 solid elements (hexa, 8-noded)

Bernoulli BT
Timoshenko BT
GWBT
16 v(x) ,

( 17 20),
.
,
(
x, y, z, x ) ( ) .
- 27 -

6o

17 xP

18 yP ( y)
xP

- 28 -

 & ()

19 zP ( z)

20 xS

- 29 -

6o

()

Euler Bernoulli Timoshenko,

, ,
.
,
( 21). ,
,
.
, ,
, Euler-Bernoulli
37%,

11% ( 21).

21

- 30 -

 & ()

max[MPa]

4
3
2
1
0
-1

ux

yy

zz

nx

ny

nz

xx -0.34946 3.46621 0.222543 0.596707 0.829138 -0.00276 0.13961

22 max=4.90MPa,

23

- 31 -

6o

24

6.2
6.2.1

, (= 32GPa,
v= 0.2), ( 25), (
26), , 50 /m
600
.

:
= 80
= 20 (4

+ 4 ),

t [0 , 1]

Euler-Bernoulli Timoshenko,
(solid elements).
astran v.8.5 FEMAP for Windows v11.0.1.
Euler-Bernoulli Timoshenko,
60 ,
- 32 -

 & ()

85.317 ,
, (solid elements).



.

Pz= 600.0 KN D

h1=20.0 m

15.0 m

l2=20.0 m

15.0 m

l2=20.0 m
l1=80.0 m

25
6.2.2

,
15,20. 3,45 ( 26),
( 2).

- 33 -

6o

26

1.12800000E+01
1.86582458E+01
1.69128155E+02
6.77123923E+00
2.51949388E+00
4.27703700E+01
6.28917900+01

m2
m4
m4
m2
m2
m4
m6

5.93901373E+01

m6

1.03406453E+00

m4

3.31586366E+00

m4

1.91801014E-02

m5

-2.52900456E+00

m5

4.30514488E-03

m5

3.60455513E+00

m5

1.05797152E+01

m6

Iyy
Izz
Ay
Az
It
Cs

- 34 -

 & ()

6.2.3

Euler-Bernoulli
,
,
,
( 27 29).
[m]

0
0

20

40

60

80

w(x) [m]

-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03

FEM-85.317 solid elements (tetra, 10-noded)

Bernoulli BT
Timoshenko BT
GWBT

27 w(x) ,

[m]

x(x) [rad]

-0.0001 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

-0.0002
-0.0003
-0.0004
-0.0005
-0.0006
-0.0007
-0.0008
-0.0009
FEM-85.317 solid elements (tetra, 10-noded)
Bernoulli BT
Timoshenko BT
GWBT

28 x(x),

- 35 -

6o
[m]
0.0008

y(x) [rad]

0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

-0.0002
-0.0004
-0.0006
-0.0008

Bernoulli BT
Timoshenko BT
GWBT

29 y(x)

( 30 33),
.
(
x, y, z, x ) .

2683.2

2683.2

-1689.7
30 xP

- 36 -

 & ()

741.7

741.7

-142.0
31 yP ( y)

xP

88.9

88.9

-69.3
32 zP ( z)

8.47

-35.7

-35.7

33 xS

- 37 -

6o

()

,
Euler-Bernoulli
18%,

6,5% ( 34 35).

34 1,85.

- 38 -

 & ()

35 1,85.

- 39 -

6o

6.3

, , ,
.
,
, , .
.
,
, ,
.

,
. ,
, , ,
.

131.262 (solid elements), ,
.

36 CPU RAM ,
(131.262 solid elements)

37 CPU RAM ,
(30 )

- 40 -

 & ()

,
(solid elements),
:

()
. ,
, (pre-processing),
.

H ( )


(, , , .).

(dofs),
.

(shear-locking,
membrane-locking
phenomena),

(shell elements)
, .

, .

, (postprocessing),
, , , , ..
.

6.4

, Euler
Bernoulli Saint-Venant Timoshenko Saint-Venant (
1212),
( 2020)
(131.262 ,
- solid elements 85.317 , ,
-solid elements).
- 41 -

6o
:

,
,
Euler Bernoulli Timoshenko.

,
Euler Bernoulli Timoshenko,
,
,
( 21 35).

.

(max),
Euler Bernoulli Timoshenko 37%
,
11%
.
, ,

,

, .

- 42 -

. (2013), , ,
Timoshenko, Euler Bernoulli, ,
, ,
, 2013.

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Programming For Engineers and Scientists. Springer Wien New York.
Chang, P. and Hijazi, H. (1989). General Analysis of Asymmetric Thin-Walled
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Constant Depth. Journal of Structural Engineering, 113(1), 20-35.
Dezi, L. and Mentrasti, L. (1985). Nonuniform Bending-Stress Distribution (Shear Lag).
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Composite Beams of Arbitrary Cross Section using the Boundary Element Method.
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Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing.
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Factors in Timoshenko Beam Theory. International Journal of Solids and
Structures, 50, 1681-1688.
El Fatmi, R. (2007). Non-uniform Warping Including the Effects of Torsion and Shear
Forces. Part-II: Analytical and Numerical Applications. International Journal of
Solids and Structures, 44, 5930-5952.
El Fatmi, R. (2007a). Non-uniform Warping Including the Effects of Torsion and Shear
Forces. Part-I: A General Beam Theory. International Journal of Solids and
Structures, 44, 5912-5929.
El Fatmi, R. (2007b). Non-uniform Warping Including the Effects of Torsion and Shear
Forces. Part-II: Analytical and Numerical Applications. International Journal of
Solids and Structures, 44, 5930-5952.
El Fatmi, R. and Ghazouani, N. (2011). Higher Order Composite Beam Theory built on
Saint-Venants Solution. Part-I: Theoretical Developments. Composite Structures,
93, 557-566.
Eurocode 3 (2004): Design of Steel Structures Part 1.5: Plated Structural Elements,
European Committee for Standardization, prEN 1993-1-5.

- 43 -


Eurocode 4 (2004): Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures Part 1.1: General
Rules and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardization, prEN
1994-1-1.
Eurocode 4 (2004): Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures Part 2: General
Rules and Rules for Bridges, European Committee for Standardization, prEN 1994-2.
FEMAP for Windows (2008). Finite element modeling and post-processing software. Help
System Index, Version 10.
Ferradi, M.K., Cespedes, X. and Arquier, M. (2013). A higher Order Beam Finite
Element with Warping Eigenmodes. Engineering Structures, 46, 748-762.
Gara, F., Ranzi, G. and Leoni, G. (2011). Simplified Method of Analysis Accounting for
Shear-lag Effects in Composite Bridge Decks. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research, 67, 1684-1697.
Genoese, A., Genoese, A., Bilotta, A. and Garcea, G. (2013). A Mixed Beam Model with
Non-Uniform Warpings Derived from the Saint Vennt Rod. Computers and
Structures, 121, 87-98.
Ghazouani, N. and El Fatmi, R. (2010). Extension of the non-uniform warping theory to
an orthotropic composite beam. Comptes Rendus Mecanique, 338, 704-711.
Ghazouani, N. and El Fatmi, R. (2011). Higher Order Composite Beam Theory built on
Saint-Venants Solution. Part-II: Built-in Effects Influence on the Behavior of EndLoaded Cantilever Beams. Composite Structures, 93, 567-581.
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879-891.
Katsikadelis, J.T. (2002). The Analog Equation Method. A Boundary only Integral
Equation Method for Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Problems in General Bodies.
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 27, 13-38.
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Katsikadelis, J.T. (2002b). The Analog Equation Method. A Boundary only Integral
Equation Method for Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Problems in General Bodies.
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 27, 13-38.

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