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Enabling poor rural people


to overcome poverty

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Enabling poor rural people


to overcome poverty

Water and the Rural Poor


Interventions for improving
livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa

Edited by:
Jean-Marc Faurs and Guido Santini
FAO Land and Water Division

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS


Rome, 2008

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145%
140%
135%

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130%

Area cultivated

125%

Livestock (ruminants)

120%
115%
110%
105%

1960

100%

Millions

Rural population

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90%

Area cultivated (ha)

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85%

Livestock (ruminants)

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95%

80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

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population, livelihood patterns,
cropping patterns, topography.

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5XVdaT'
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70
65
Other rural population

60

Rural poor population

55
50

% of rural
population

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28%

Pastoral

52%

Agropastoral

16

42%

Cerealbased

21

32%

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26

39%

Rootcropbased

15

31%

Highland Temperate

15

49%

Highland Perennial

11

33%

24%

10

34%

Tree crop
Forestbased

45

Million

Million

Livelihood zone

Large Commercial and Smallholder

8%

40

Ricetree crop

45%

35

Coastal Artisanal Fishing

26%

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Arid

Pastoral

Agropastoral

Cereal
based

Cereal
root crop

Rootcrop
based

Highland
Temperate

Highland
Perennial

Tree crop

Forest
based

Large
Commercial
and
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Ricetree
crop

Coastal
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Irrigated and rainfed areas


% of rainfed cropland in % of total area
10 - 25%
25 - 50%
> 50%
Irrigation in % of total area
< 1%
1 - 5%
5 - 10%
10 - 25%
25 - 50%
50 - 75%
> 75%
Country boundaries
Rivers
Waterbodies

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Cultivated land

520

% of
Million ha total land

Livelihood zone

500

Arid

1.5

0.3%

480

Non cultivated

Pastoral

10.2

3.8%

460

Cultivated

Agropastoral

42.5

19.9%

Cerealbased

36.0

14.7%

Cerealroot crop

51.6

16.3%

Rootcropbased

28.8

10.3%

400

Highland Temperate

10.3

23.4%

380

Highland Perennial

7.1

22.1%

Tree crop

13.7

18.7%

Forestbased

11.0

4.2%

340

Large Commercial and Smallholder

15.3

12.4%

320

Ricetree crop

2.7

8.7%

Coastal Artisanal Fishing

3.6

9.4%

440
420

360

300

Million ha

280
260
240
220

"

200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40

Arid

Pastoral

Agropastoral

Cereal
based

Cereal
root crop

Rootcrop
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crop

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1 200
1 105

1 100

Cultivated land (ha/1 000 people)


1 003

1 000

Livestock (head/1 000 people)


915

889

900
800

760

747

700
600

628

591

568

547

500

462
412

400

373

372
333

377

342

335

300
200

"

216

185

233
191
141

143

114

126

100
0

Arid

Pastoral

Agropastoral

Cereal
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root crop

Rootcrop
based

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based

Large
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and
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Ricetree
crop

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Irrigated area

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Livelihood zone
Arid

45 000

780

50.5%

1 202

11.8%

917

2.2%

Cerealbased

624

1.7%

Rainfed

Cerealroot crop

448

0.9%

Irrigated

Rootcropbased

187

0.6%

Highland Temperate

174

1.7%

Highland Perennial

54

0.8%

116

0.8%

40 000

1 000 ha

% of cultivated
land

Agropastoral

Pastoral

55 000
50 000

1 000 ha

35 000

Tree crop

30 000

Large Commercial and Smallholder 1 418

Forestbased

25 000

92

0.8%
9.3%

Ricetree crop

694

25.7%

Coastal Artisanal Fishing

374

10.3%

20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
0
Arid

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Pastoral

Agropastoral

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Cereal
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root crop

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based
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Tree crop

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based

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crop
and
Smallholder

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Artisanal
Fishing

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Irrigated ares
Livelihood zone

1 000 ha

% of irrigation
potential

Arid

780

37%

1 202

59%

Agropastoral

917

40%

Cerealbased

624

12%

Cerealroot crop

448

6%

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1 000

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900

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<1%
~10%

Large-scale farmers (commercial)


Emerging smallholders
(market-oriented)

Traditional farmers
(smallholder, mainly subsistence)

75-80%

Highly vulnerable
population (survival)

10-15%

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Large-scale farmers (commercial)


Improve political, fiscal and legal environment,
large-scale infrastructure investments, supervision
Emerging smallholders (market-oriented)
Cost-sharing on irrigation investment, improve market
access, land tenure, credit

75-80%

10-15%

Traditional farmers (smallholder, mainly subsistence)


Irrigation investment, improve market access,
land tenure, increase resilience
to climate shocks, targeted subsidies

Highly vulnerable population (survival)


Social, vulnerability reduction
programmes, basic services,
rural employment, highly subsidized

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Rural banks: term loans (< 3 years), leasing

Traditional farmers (smallholder, mainly subsistence)


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cooperatives: mostly seasonal loans, subsidies

75-80%

Highly vulnerable population (survival)


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