Thit B Cng Hng T ht nhn MRI

(Magnetic Resonance Image)

1./ C s phng php
Cc nh khoa hc khai thc hin tng dao ng ca Hydro c trong cu trc no
lm du hiu nhn bit v th hin thnh nh ca cu trc. c c hnh nh
nh ta thng thy, ngi ta to ra hin tng cng hng tn hiu t my pht RF v
dao ng ring ca Hydro ri thu ly tn hiu in t cng hng sau khi tt ngun
cng bc. Cc phn mm s tnh ton v th hin li tn hiu theo ln, tn s,
pha. Nh thng s ny m trn nh thu c s c sng ti khc nhau to nn hnh
th ca c quan cn chp.
hiu hn v nguyn l hot ng th ta phi c mt s khi nim sau :

Trng thi c bn : Mi nguyn t tn ti iu kin nht nh no th gi l trng

thi. iu kin bnh thng ta gi trng thi ny l c bn.
Trng thi kch thch : Khi nguyn t nhn c s kch thch n s thay i trng thi.
Mi trng thi c ng vi mc nng lng l lng nng lng nguyn t c c.
Do c nng lng ln nn trng thi ny khng bn v nhanh chng gii phng nng
lng tr v trng thi c bn.
Thi gian sng : Thi gian t khi nguyn t t trng thi kch thch cho n khi thay
i qua trng thi khc. N dng ch thi gian tn ti ca trng thi no .
Thi gian hi phc : Mi trng thi l do s thay i ca nhiu yu t. Thi gian mt
yu t sau kch thch tr v gi tr gc no gi l thi gian hi phc.
S phn mc : Khi nguyn t trng thi th n khng ch tn ti mt gi tr nng
lng m c th tn ti gi tr nng lng cao hn hay thp hn mt cht nhng li
khng ln t mc nng lng khc,Ta gi hin tng ny l s phn mc nng
lng.
Lng cc : Vt c hai u mang hai loi in tch khc nhau. iu chng ta ni y
l lng cc nguyn t. Nh ta bit nguyn t gm ht nhn mang in dng v lp
v mang in m. Do mt electron phn ln tp trung vng no nn c th coi
nguyn t c hai cc tri du.
Bnh thng nguyn t (ht nhn) trng thi c bn. Bn thn nguyn t l lng cc
nn di tc ng ca t trng mnh nguyn t s nhn nng lng v chuyn ln
trng thi kch thch. trng thi ny nguyn t phn mc thnh hai trng thi theo
momen t. Tng tc ca hai trng thi c nng lng ng vi sng c tn s radio.
Nu ta tc ng vo y sng c tn s ng bng tn s ring ca tng tc hai trng
thi th xy ra hin tng cng hng. Khi ngng tc ng do thi gian sng thp
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nguyn t s phc hi trng thi. Mt lu l do t trng mnh vn cn nn trng thi

kch thch c xem nh trng thi nn. Khi phc hi trng thi, nguyn t pht ra sng
c nng lng ng vi tn s bng vi tn s sng RF kch thch. Xung sng t cc
nguyn t Hydro s c d bi mt cun cm v em x l to ra bc nh th hin
tn hiu thu c.
Ty tng hng, tng loi my m h thng thit b c nhng s khc bit v cu trc,
hnh th, chc nng nhng c bn gm thit b sau :
Cun cm to ra t trng ln vo c 0.2 n 7T. c t trng thng th ta dng
nam chm. Tuy nhin do hn ch v kch thc,khi lng m vic dng nam chm
cng ch t c 0.4T cho d ci tin c cht liu t. Ta cng c th dng nam chm
in. Nguyn tc ca nam chm in l cun dy qun quanh li st non. Khi c dng
in chy qua cun dy th sinh ra t trng. T trng ln i hi cun dy phi ln.
Khi cun dy ln ng ngha vi in tr ln. V vi dng in chy qua n s to
lng nhit rt ln. Do chng ta ch c th t c ln t mc no .
Khoa hc pht trin ngi ta dng ti cht siu dn oc lm lnh trong Heli lng. c
tnh ca cht ny l nhit thp th in tr s gim,khi nhit ta ra rt thp. Tuy
nhin do k thut cao v gi thnh ca Heli lng nn h thng MRI ny kh t
Trong h thng cn c nhiu loi cun cm khc na c chc nng b sung t trng,
lm tuyn tnh ho t trng ( cun gradien ), hay chc nng hiu chnh t
Mt b phn khng th thiu l t trng kch thch tn s radio. Thng th b phn
ny cng l b phn thu tn hiu. b phn ny gm phn c nh gn trong my c
chc nng iu khin, to xung, x l Phn di ng l cc coil ( cun dy ). Cc
cun dy c kch c khc nhau, hnh dng khc nhau ph hp vi vic chp cc cu
trc khc nhau.
Rt nhiu thit b c to ra c s dng trong vic chp nh chn on nhng MRI
thc s l thit b rt an ton do khng c nh hng ca bc x ion. MRI cho hnh
nh chi tit c bit i vi phn t mm, phn bit r cc du hiu nh nht
Ngoi u im th MRI vn cn nhng hn ch, chng hn MRI chng ch nh i vi
kim loi
2./ Nguyn l to nh
phng php chp nh cng hng t ht nhn MRI, ngi ta a i tng o
vo vng c t trng mt chiu rt mnh, hin nay ph bin l dng t trng sinh ra
do cun dy siu dn c dng in rt ln chy qua. Trong i tng c nhng nguyn
t m ht nhn c momen t tng t nh nhng thanh nam chm cc nh. Di tc
dng ca t trng ngoi, momen t ca ht nhn nguyn t quay o tng t nh
con quay di tc dng ca trng trng trn mt t. Nu ht nhn ang quay o
vi tn s w m c thm sng v tuyn cng tn s w tc dng, ht nhn s dao ng
cc mnh v c hin tng cng hng. l cng hng t ht nhn. Khi ngng tc
dng sng v tuyn, ht nhn s t trng thi dao ng cc mnh tr v trng thi dao
ng bnh thng. Ht nhn c momen t quay nh vy s sinh ra sng in t pht ra
khng gian xung quanh, c th o c sng in t nu t vo y mt cun
cm.

Nguyn l to nh
Vic ht nhn t trng thi quay o mnh do cng hng tr v trng thi quay o
bnh thng nhanh hay chm cn ty thuc vo cc nguyn t quanh ht nhn cn tr
chuyn ng quay t hay nhiu. V d, ht nhn ca nguyn t H trong phn t nc
(H2O) t trng thi cng hng quay v trng thi thng rt nhanh nu ang lu
thng trong mch dn, tri li quay v rt chm nu n ch thm t.
my MRI, ngi ta c th to ra s cng hng tng ng vi mt loi ht nhn
no (v d ht nhn hyr) trong tng th tch c milimet khi ca i tng v theo
di trng thi cng hng. Ln lt qut vng th tch c cng hng ny, ta s c
c hnh nh cng hng t ht nhn tng lp. C th theo di nh bit c
cu to bn trong ca i tng lc ang vn ng (bit c c dng chy hay
khng, chy ch no). C th dng MRI theo di vn ng mnh hay yu...
phn gii khng gian khong 3 mm v phn gii thi gian khong 3 giy. Ngi
ta pht trin phng php chp nh cng hng t chc nng (FMRI Function MRI)
nghin cu khng ch v cu to m cn v chc nng hot ng. Tuy nhin,
phng php ny kh tn km do phi dng hli lng lm lnh cun dy siu dn.
nh cu trc cc khoang vt liu mm xp th hin r hn v chi tit hn so vi nh
c to bng cc phng php khc. MRI gip nh gi c s vn ng cng nh
l cu trc ca nhiu t chc phc tp.
3./ Gradient
T trng Gradient l t trng bin thin tuyn tnh nn ta c th coi n thay i i
xng t m sang dng quanh gi tr 0 no . N c s dng kt hp vi cc t
trng trong h thng thit b. Khi t trng Gradient dng s lm tng t trng kt
hp vi n. Khi t trng Gradientt m s l gim t trng kt hp vi n.
Trong cu trc thit b MRI, Gradientt c to ra trn c ba trc khng gian : Ox, Oy,
Oz. Khi gi tr tnh ton s l cn ca tng bnh phng ba gi tr trn. Ta cng c
th xt ring tng gi tr t trng trn tng trc trong tnh ton ring hoc tm hiu
chc nng ca n.
Gradient c to ra nh cc cun dy. Chng i tng i mt. Dng in chy trong
cun ny ngc vi dng in chy trong cun kia. H hai cun dy s to ra hai vng
t m dng. Tng t trng ca h to ra vng t trng bin thin tuyn tnh. y
l vng c s dng trong thit b MRI.

Trong thit b MRI t trng Gradient ca ba trc tham gia vo ba chc nng khc
nhau nhm cung cp thng s cho vic to nh.
T trng Gradient trc Oz (song song vi t trng chnh) c chc nng chn lp.
Nh ta bit thit b MRI l thit b chp nh ct lp nn vic chn lp cn chp c
ngha rt quan trng. Mt lp chp l th hin s quan tm n i tng, do mt
bc nh phi th hin ng v tr cn quan tm. Ngoi ra bc nh tt phi l nh cha
nhiu thng tin nht. dy ca lp chp nh l vn trong chn lp. Ta cng khng
th c nh mng hn do nhiu yu t tc ng khc. Tt nhin ta cng c th tm cch
iu chnh b dy hp l khi ta nm vng nguyn tc v chn lp.
Tip theo ta bn n nguyn l chn lp. Gi tr t trng Gradient bin thin dc theo
v tr cu trc. S bin thin t trng lm tn s ring ca nguyn t dc theo cu trc
cng c gi tr bin thin. Khi pht sng radio kch thch th ch c mt khong tn s
ph hp iu kin cng hng, do ch c lp nh tng ng pht tn hiu m c th
thu nhn c. B dy lp gi l lp c chn. Nh vy chn c lp cn
chp ta ch vic tnh ton sao cho t trng Gradient kt hp t trng chnh lm cho
tn s ring ca nguyn t Hidro lp xp x tn s radio pht ra.
T trng Gradient dc trc ox c chc nng m ha tn s cho vic x l tn hiu.
Nh phn trn chng ta tha nhn nh hng ca t trng Gradient ny ln vic tng
gim t trng trn trc ox.Chnh iu ny khin cho tn s radio ca ngun pht c
gi tr ph thuc vo t trng Gradient dc trc ox, do cng ph thuc vo gi tr
ta x. Mt khc tn s tn hiu do nguyn t pht ra li t l vi tn hiu radio ca
ngun pht. Da trn mi quan h ny m khi ta o c gi tr tn s pht th c th
xc nh ta x.
T trng Gradient dc trc Oy c chc nng m ha pha cho x l tn hiu. Tng t
trn th gi tr pha tn hiu c quan h n ln Gradient cng nh ta y. Khi xc
nh gi tr pha ta c th tnh v tr y tng ng. Bn thn pha ca tn hiu l nh nhau
v bng pha ca tn s radio pht ra. thc hin m ha pha t trng Gradient trn
trc Oy s c kch thch trong thi gian nh lm thay i pha ca ton b lp
chp lm cho pha ca mi v tr c gi tr khc nhau. Sau ta tt t trng Gradient
trc oy th pha tn hiu s gi nguyn trng thi thay i v c thu nhn. Tn hiu thu
c s l gi tr tn s v pha. Nhng gi tr ny s c tnh ton xc nh chnh
xc ta (x,y) v biu din trn ma trn thng tin v cng ng vi mi ta .
T y qua nhiu thut ton x l khc to ra nh hon chnh.
Vy t trng Gradient c ng dng trong thu tn hiu v c vai tr trong qu trnh
chn lp ca MRI.
4./ Cu to
MRI l mt thit b hin i, c cu to phc tp, v nguyn tc to nh tng i kh.
hiu r v MRI, cn phi c kin thc chuyn su v vt l ht nhn. Do , chng
ta nn bt u tm hiu v MRI t vic n gin nht, l nhn s qua cc b phn ca
MRI. Sau chng ta s tm hiu su hn v c ch c c nh MRI.
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V mt phn cng, thit b MRI thng gm cc b phn ch yu nh sau :

Hnh 1. Cu to ca my chp cng hng t MRI

Hnh 2. Cu trc ct dc ca h thng cng hng t.

1. Mt nam chm (magnet) ln dng hnh tr, rng bn trong, ln bnh nhn c
th nm lt bn trong. Nam chm ny s to ra t trng B0 ng nht (c nh)
khng gian bn trong ng tr ny (Hnh 3). Chng ta thng nghe ni MRI 1.5T, th
1.5T (Tesla, n v o t thng) chnh l gi tr B0. Hin nay, thit b MRI dng trong
nghin cu c th t ti 7T. T trng B0 lm cho cc mmen t trong m (k hiu M,
magnetization) sp xp theo chiu ca B0. i vi cc h thng MRI kn, cng t
trng cao, phi dng nam chm siu dn (superconducting magnet) c cu to bn
trong nh Hnh 4.

Hnh 3. Hnh dng ngoi ca cun nam chm siu dn

Hnh 4. Cu to ca nam chm siu dn

2. Mt cun to t trng bin thin (the gradient coil) to ra cc t trng tnh theo
thi gian, nhng thay i theo khng gian (Hnh 5). Tng ng vi ba trc X, Y, Z l ba
cun dy X, Y, Z (X coil, Y coil, Z coil), to ra cc t trng bin thin Gx, Gy v Gz.
Cc t trng bin thin theo khng gian ny cn chn lp ct. Ngoi ra, n cn
xc nh v tr (thng qua vic m ho pha v m ho tn s t trng M) trong lp ct
c chn.

Hnh 5. Cun dy to t trng bin thin theo ba trc khng gian

3. Mt cun pht thu sng in t RF (radiofrequency coil) (Hnh 6), pht ra xung
in t B1 lm xoay t trng M ra khi chiu ca t trng B0 v thu nhn tn hiu
cng hng do qu trnh xoay ca t trng M v li chiu ban u di tc dng ca
B0. Cu to ca cun ny c th thay i tu thuc theo c quan cn quan tm t
c hnh nh tt nht v c quan .
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Hnh 6. Cu to ca cun pht thu sng in t

4. My tnh v cc ph kin qun l nam chm, b pht thu, v cun to t trng
bin thin; x l v lu tr tn hiu cng hng t; v ti to, lu tr v hin th
nh.
Nh vy, thit b MRI gm bn phn chnh: nam chm to t trng B0, cun dy to
t trng bin thin theo khng gian G (Gx, Gy, Gz), cun pht thu sng in t v h
thng my tnh x l. T trng B0 nhm lm cho cc mment t trong m sp xp
theo mt hng xc nh. Cc t trng Gx, Gy, Gz dng chn lp ct (khi cho mt
thnh phn mt gi tr xc nh) hoc xc nh v tr ca im cn kho st. B thu pht
RF to ra t trng B1 nhm to ra s thay i t trng ti mt v tr xc nh v thu
nhn t trng phn hi t m v tr ny (t trng M). Tn hiu thu c (t trng
M) t trong c th pht ra l rt nh. Do , thit b cn c li chn t (shield)
chng nh hng ca sng in t bn ngoi.
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