PHYSICS

By Prof. Amandeep
Singh
9888110770
DATE: 18/08/2015

Hand-out
Work power and
energy
` CLASS
1.

- XI

Work
In Physics, work is said to be done whenever a force acts
on a body and it displaces body parallel to its direction.

Cos is +ive
Work = +ive
So when external force
favours the motion of
body, then work done by
that external force is
positive
Example:
a) While weightlifting work done by mans lifting
force is +ive

Let F = Constant force on the body

S = Displacement of body in the direction of force
Then mathematically
W=F
S
When displacement of body is not in the direction of force,
then
W = Component of force in the direction of displacement
x displacement

W = (F cos

F . S

S =

When a spring is stretched, work done by the external

(stretching) force is positive.

c)

While free fall, work done by gravity is +ive

When

> 90

It means force (or its

component) is anti-parallel to displacement

Cos is -ive
Work = negative

F . S

W=

b)

So when external force

opposes the motion of
body, then work done by
that external force is ive

So work is a Scalar
quantity
When force acting on body is not constant i.e. work done
by variable force

Consider variable force

displaces a body through

Example:
a) While weightlifting work done by gravity is
negative

small displacement ds (for small displacement ds , force

can be assumed constant).
Small work done, dW =

F.
dS

Total amount of work done will be obtained by integrating

above equation from initial to final limit
s2

dW

b)

When a spring is stretched, work done by the

spring force is negative

c)

While pushing box on the floor, work done by

friction is negative

ds
F .
s1

s2

W=

ds
F .
s1

W = Area under F S
curve
When
2.

W=

When

= F S cos

< 90

= 90

It means force is perpendicular

to the displacement of body

Nature of work done

F . S

. It means force (or its component)

is parallel to displacement

Cos 90

=0

Work = 0
Example:

Hand-out
Work power and
energy
a)

When a coolie travels on a horizontal platform with

a load on his head, work done by the coolie is zero.
(When he walks on stairs, then W

b)

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep
Singh
9888110770

0)

When a body moves in a circle the work done by

the centripetal force is always zero because it acts
perpendicular to the motion of body

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep
Singh
9888110770
Kinetic energy is measured in terms of work required to

Hand-out
Work power and
energy
3.

Units of force
Absolute units

[SI ] = 1 Nm or joule (J)

1 J = 1Nm
A.

[C.G.S ] = dyn cm or erg (J)

1 erg = 1 dyn cm

Consider a body of mass

10

105

dyn) (100cm) =

107

is at rest. Let a constant

while displacing it by s
dyn cm =

CONSERVATIVE AND NON- CONSERVATIVE FORCES

Conservative force
Force said to be conservative if work done by or against
the force in moving a body depends only on the initial and
final positions of the body and not on the path followed

v u
v2

erg

Ques: Does work depend on frame of reference?

4.

force F acts on it and increases its speed from 0 to

Relationship between J and erg

1 J = 1Nm = (

produce the motion or destroy the motion of body.

Examples

Bullet fired from gun can pierce through the target

due to its kinetic energy

Moving air can run wind mills due to their K.E

Expression for kinetic energy

a=

= 2as

= 2as

v2
2s

because u = 0

-----

Work done on by constant force F on particle W = F.S =

(ma) s
W=

v
2s

1
2

m v2

This work done is measure of kinetic energy

1
2

K.E =

Let a force F moves a body from A to B via 3 paths. Force

F is said to conservative when work done by force is
independent of path taken to move body from A to B

W A B1

W A B2

W A B3

Example of conservative forces are : Gravitational forces,

Electrostatic forces, Elastic forces etc
Ques: Prove that work done by or against
conservative force in moving a body in closed path is
zero.
Ques: Prove that gravitational force is conservative in
nature

mv

Expression for kinetic energy when force is variable

(Calculus method)
Consider a body of mass

is at rest. Let a variable

force F acts on it and increases its speed from 0 to

while displacing it by s
Small amount of work done by variable force, dW = F ds
dW =

ma

ds =

dv
dt

ds

v dv
To find total work done, integrate within limits

Non- Conservative forces

A force is said to be non-conservative if amount of work
done by or against the force in moving a body from one
position to another, depends on the path followed
Work done by or against Non-conservative forces in
moving a body in any closed path is

. Because

W=

W=

there is some net loss of Energy.

5.

6.

All dissipative forces (i.e. which involve loss of energy in

form of heat or sound) are non-conservative. Example:
Force of friction, viscous Forces etc

W=

MECHANICAL ENERGY
It is energy associated with motion, position or
configuration of an object
It is of two types: Kinetic energy and potential energy

K.E =

Kinetic Energy
It is energy possessed by the body due to its motion.

v dv

v
v
0
2
m

1
2

m v2

This work is a measure of K.E of the system

1
2

m v2

B. Work energy principle

It states that net work done by all the forces (internal
+external) acting on the body = Change in K.E of the body.

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep
Singh
9888110770

Hand-out
Work power and
energy
(It is applicable only when whole of the work done has been
used to increase K.E of the system only)
W=

W=

K f K i

Potential energy of a body at any point is defined as

amount of work done in bringing the body from zero level
to that point against the field without acceleration.

K.E

Types of potential energies

Gravitational P.E
P.E associated with
system due to separation
between two bodies that
attract each other via
gravitational force

Proof

Consider a body of mass

is moving with initial

velocity u . Let a constant force F acts on it and increases its

speed from 0 to
2

v u

U=

mgh

U=

U=

-----

W=

v 2u 2
1
2

W=

x 12

1
2

u2

A.

Gravitational potential energy (due to earth gravity)

v2

1
2

Consider a body of mass

If work done on system by a force is +ive, then

at height

above the

earths surface.
To find gravitational P.E associated with the body, we have
to find work required to bring the body from zero level to
that height

i.e. Positive work increases K.E of system

If work done on system by a force is -ive, then

Kf <K i

Let ground is taken as zero level. At any point weight mg

of body acts downwards, so equal amount of force is
required in upward direction to take the body from ground

i.e. negative work decreases K.E of system

to height

against the field without accelerating.

Relationship between Kinetic energy and momentum

1
2

K=

mv

1
2m

m v

p=

W = F S = mgh
This work done is a measure of gravitational potential
energy of the earth-body system
U = mgh

p2
2m

2m K

It's clear that a single particle cannot have K.E without

having momentum and vice-versa Graphs
NOTE: For system of particles
Momentum is a vector quantity whereas kinetic energy is
a scalar quantity. If the kinetic energy of a system is zero
then linear momentum definitely will be zero but if net
momentum of a system is zero then kinetic energy may or
may not be zero. AIEEE 2003
7.

x 22

or

Kf >K i

C.

K(

x2

K f K i

W=

v 2u2
2s

1
2

Work done on by constant force F on particle W = F.S =

(ma) s

1
2

P.E due gravity of earth

= 2as

v u
2s

a=

while displacing it by s

Elastic P.E
P.E associated with the
system due to
compression or extension
of an elastic object

POTENTIAL ENERGY (U)

P.E is the energy possessed by a body or a system by
virtue of its position or configuration in a field of
conservative force.

B.

Elastic Potential energy

Whenever spring is stretched or compressed, a restoring
force comes into picture to bring it to the normal position.
This restoring force obey Hooks law
According to Hookes law

this restoring force is proportional to the

displacement

and

Its direction is always opposite to the displacement.

Restoring force,

FS

x
4

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep
Singh
9888110770
Show that law of conservation of mechanical energy is

Hand-out
Work power and
energy

FS

where K is called spring

valid in case of freely falling body

constant or FORCE constant

Within elastic limit restoring force = Applied external
force
To find elastic potential energy is stretched of compressed
spring
Consider a massless spring having force constant K. Let

this spring is displaced by

by applying external

force F.
Potential energy stored in spring will equal to work done
by external force F in stretching spring from x = 0 to x =

against the restoring force

At Point A
Since restoring force is variable (because it depends on
displacement)
Small amount of work required to displace spring by small

displacement d

dW = F d

K.E = 0
U=

mgh
--------

T.E =

mgh

We know within elastic limit magnitude of restoring force

= magnitude of external force F
So F = k

x dx

1
2

U=

u=0

v2
KB

h
mgh

+ mg

mg

)=

=2g

K.E =

(H-

mgx

=2g

v2
m(2g

mg

u2

mgx

)=

T.E =
(H-

1
2

u = 0 and s =

1
2

v2

=2g

P.E =

=2g

This work done in displacing spring from x = 0 to x =

u2

v2

To find total work done, integrate above equation within

limits
W=k

v2

At Point C

Put in equation --------

dW = k

=0

At Point B

P.E = 0
T.E =

mgh

gives measure of P.E stored in spring.

1
2

So clearly total mechanical energy of body is always constant

during free fall. During free fall potential energy is
continuously being converted into kinetic energy of the body.

x2

Ques: Draw variation of P.E and K.E of body during free

fall
Ques: Show that potential energy stored in spring is
given by area under F-

8.

curve

CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

For a body in presence of conservative forces, the sum of
kinetic and potential energies at any point remains
constant throughout the motion. This is known as the law
of conservation of mechanical energy.
K + U = constant
Note: It is not valid if non-conservative forces (e.g.
friction) are also acting.

Ques: Is mechanical energy also conserved when spring

is stretched and released, assuming no friction present.
Also find K.E and P.E of spring at different positions.

9.

Power
Power of a body is defined as the rate at which the body
can do the work or work is done on the body.
Average power (

Pavg

Instantaneous power, P =

Work
time

dW
dt
5

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep
Singh
9888110770

Hand-out
Work power and
energy

F . S
t

P=

Total momentum
of system is
conserved
Total energy is
conserved
K.E is conserved

[SI units]: J/s or Watt

[Practical unit]: horse power (hp) = 746 W
[P] = [

M 1 L2 T 3

10. Einsteins mass-energy equivalence

Einstein discovered that mass can be converted into
energy and vice-versa.
E=m

c2

where c = speed of light

c2

If mass 'm' disappears, energy E = m

appears

Only
conservative
forces are
involved during
collision
E.g.
Collisions
between sub
atomic particles

If Energy E disappears , mass m =

E
c2

appears

Examples
a) Annihilation of matter
Electron and Positron comes close to each other,
they annihilate (destroy) each other producing
energy (2

e.g.
Bullet fired into
wooden block
and bullet
remain
embedded in it
and both moves
together

0<e<1

e=0

There is one more type of collision called super-elastic

collision or explosive collisions: During the collision there is
increase in K.E. This occurs if there is release of P.E on an
impact.

gamma ray photons)

(-e) + (+e) -----> 2

b)

e=1

inelastic collision
Total momentum
of system is
conserved
Total energy is
conserved
Loss of K.E is
maximum

Total momentum
of system is
conserved
Total energy is
conserved
K.E is not
conserved
Part of K.E is
converted into
heat, sound
energies etc.
Non-conservative
forces are also
involved along
with conservative
forces
e.g.
Collision between
car and bus
Collisions taking
place in daily
lives

rays
12. 1-D Elastic collision
1-D collision means before and after collision particles
moves in a straight line

Energy generation in stars and sun is due to the

conversion of mass into energy

Principle of conservation of energy

It states that total energy + total mass of the universe
remains constant. If one part of universe loses energy or
mass, other part must gain equal amount of energy or
mass
11. COLLISIONS
A collision is said to occur between two bodies, either if
they physically collide against each other or if path of one
is affected by the force exerted by other
NOTE:
a) For collision to occur, actual physical contact is not
necessary. e.g. In Rutherford's experiment,

particles get scattered due to electrostatic repulsion

between
b)

- particles and nucleus from the

distance
During collisions we ignore external forces like friction and
gravity (because during collision impulsive forces are
much larger than external forces). So momentum
remains conserved

Perfectly Elastic
collision
If during collision
there is no loss of
K.E it is called
Perfectly elastic
collision

Inelastic collision
If during collision
there is some
loss of K.E , it is
called Perfectly
inelastic collision
Some energy is
lost as heat etc.

Perfectly
inelastic collision
When two bodies
stick together
after collision
and move as a
single body with
common
velocity, this
type of collision
is called
Perfectly

Consider two elastic bodies having masses

m2
u1

m1

moving in straight line with initial velocities

u2

collide head on elastically . Let after

collision their velocities become

v1

and

v2

v1

u2

Linear Momentum is conserved

m1

u1

m2

v2

m1

u1

m2

u2

m1

m2

----------
-

v1

) =

v2

-----------
Kinetic Energy is conserved

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep
Singh
9888110770

Hand-out
Work power and
energy

1
2

m1

m1

v1

m1
v2

u12
1
2

u1

u2

v1

)(

v2

1
2

m2

m2

v2

)(

u1

u2

+
)

u22

1
2

v1

v1

) =

m2

----------

u1

u2

u2

v2

v2

m2

u2

+
-

v1

v1

m1

moving in straight line with initial velocities

u1

u2

collide head on . Let after collision two

bodies stick to each other and move with common

velocity

v2

13. 1-D perfectly inelastic collision

Consider two elastic bodies having masses

Dividing equation by

u1

Special cases

Linear Momentum is conserved

------

m1

u1

m2

u2

m1

=(

m2

u1
A.

Relative velocity of approach = Relative velocity of

separation
Coefficient of restitution (e)
It is defined as ratio of relative velocity of approach to
relative velocity of separation

v 2v 1
v 2v 1

e=

B.

1
2

To find expression of final velocity

v1

u1

u2

v1

1
2

u22

m2

K.E after collision

(m1+ m2 ) v

Loss in K.E = (

u2

1
2

1
2

)-

From equation

v2

u12

m1

1
2

For 1-D elastic collision, e = 1

For perfectly elastic collisions, e = 0
Because bodies stick to each other after collision. i.e.
relative velocity of separation is zero in that case.

K.E before collision

Loss in K.E =

m1
(m1+ m2 ) v

u12

m2

m1 m2
m1 +m2

1
2

1
2

( u1u 2)

Put in equation

v1

m1 m 2
m1+ m2

2 m2
m1 +m2

C.

u1

Special case

When target (

m2

) is at rest and body of mass

m1

collide and stick to it

u2

u2

--------

To find expression of final velocity

=0

v2

From equation

v1

u1

u2

v2

Put in equation

v2

2 m1
m1 +m2

m2m1
m1+ m2
u1

u2

Loss in K.E =

is lost by

m1

m1 m2
m1 +m 2

1
2

( u1 )

(This K.E

only)

----------

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep
Singh
9888110770

Hand-out
Work power and
energy
% age loss in K.E of

m1

K . Elost by m1
Initial K . E of m1

x
% age loss in K.E of

100

% age loss in K.E of

m1

1 m1 m2
2
u1 )
(
2 m1+ m2
1
m1 ( u1 )2
2

m1

m2
m1 +m 2

x 100

x 100