International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Vo lu me 3, Issue 8, November 2014

1162

Efficient Packet Transfer and High Bandwidth Using Macro BSS and
Distributed Micro BSS in HCN
D.Vinoda (M.E)1 , N. Prem Kumar (Assistant Professor) 2 , C. Radhakrishnan (Assistant professor)3
Depart ment of Co mputer Science and Engineering,
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology , Trichy

Abstract Heterogeneous Cellular Networks (HCNs) can be implemented and configured based on the guidance of huge volume user action. Huge-volume user action will follow inhomogeneous distribution in wireless network which brings
enormous challenges to energy-efficiency in HCN. In this paper, we study the energy efficiency (EE) in HCNs. A solution for
the problem of this energy efficiency is formulated by configuring and deploying the base station. We also calculate density,
transmission power, BS static power and Quality of Service (QoS). For quantitative relationship we present many formulas
that establish the energy-efficient HCN. These results can be used to determine energy efficiency using BS density and BS
transmit power with the objective of achieving optimal. We also include control techniques micro BS sleep control,
bandwidth expansion control and bandwidth shrinking control. Simulation results are shown that valuate our theoretical
results and proposed control strategies that can lead to significant energy efficiency.
Keywords Heterogeneous Cellular Networks, Huge -Volume user behavior, Base Station, Macro Base Station, Micro Base
Station.

I.

INTRODUCTION

It has been detected that growing consumption of

energy leads to increase the content of CO2 in air. So we
need to reduce the use of energy. In wireless technology
the power required during the heavy traffic should be
reduced to achieve green wireless communication. For this
we have to reduce the power consumption required for the
base station. In wireless networks, there are two types of
domains available. One is spatial domain other is temporal
domain. Spatial domain deals with the region it should be
covered. Temporal domain deals with the time required
for delivering a packet. In time zone a large number of
users may request intensive traffic over the network in
peak hours. Such user behavior is referred to as the huge
volume user behavior. This will be having lots of
difficulties in energy consumption analysis. We will deal
this energy consumption problem in Heterogeneous
cellular Network.
A. Related work
The term heterogeneous network (HetNets) is
commonly used to refer the system with different os
specification and some of the key practical challenges are
interference management and load balancing across BSs.
It is not only the infrastructure that is heterogeneous in
modern networks, but also the user conditions and
particularly movement of user. While the conventional
cellular networks, also known as mobile networks, were
mainly deployed for outdoor usage, we can already see in
use cases: low mobility indoor users coexist with medium

and high mobility outdoor users. The mobility is closely

related to the quality of the channel state information
(CSI) that can be acquired at the BSs; high mobility
implies low-quality CSI. In conventional networks with
allocation of time resources, heterogeneous mobility
mainly affects the scheduling decisions. However, modern
cellular networks support multi-antenna transmission
where a multitude of users are served simultaneously
using the same time resources; inter-user interference is
then controlled by spatial precoding.
For effective spatial interference suppression, this
raises the question of how to take the user mobility into
account in the precoding design. The majority of the
existing literature on precoding with imperfect CSI
considers homogeneous CSI quality among the users,
which is not the case in HetNets

II.

OUR CONTRIBUTION

In this we are going to split the region into two,

where one is hotspot and other is non-spot region. They
both differ in terms of traffic volume and size of the
region.
A. BS Power Consumption
In a conventional BS, the power consumption
depends on the traffic load; it is mainly the PA power
consumption that scales down due to reduced traffic load.
This mainly happens when, e.g., the number of occupied
subcarriers is reduced in idle mode operation, and/or there
are sub frames not carrying data. Naturally this scaling

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Vo lu me 3, Issue 8, November 2014

over signal load largely depends on the BS type; for macro

BSs the PA accounts for 5560% of the overall power
consumption at full load, where as for low power nodes
the PA power consumption amounts to less than 30% of
the total. Fig. 1 shows BS power consumption curves for a
LTE system with 10MHz bandwidth and 22 MIMO
configuration. Three sectors are considered for macro BSs;
where as directional antennas are used for the smaller BS
types. While the power consumption Pin is load dependent
for macro BSs and to a lesser extent for micro BSs, there
is a negligible load dependency for Pico and Femto BSs.
The reason is that for low power BSs, the impact of the
PA is diminishing. Other components hardly scale with
the load in a state of the art implementation; although
some more innovative designs could lead to an improved
power scaling at low loads.
B. Location of BSs
The locations of BSs may have a significant
impact on the outage and throughput performance of a
network. However, the locations are usually unknown in
the analysis and the design of the HCNs. The spatial
stochastic process model is widely used to model the
locations of BSs, such as the Poisson Point Process (PPP)
and Poisson Cluster Process (PCP) . A tractable, flexible
and accurate model for a downlink HCN consisting of
multi-tier BSs was recently presented. Analytical results
of important metrics like the Signal-to Interference-plusNoise-Ratio (SINR), coverage probability and average rate
were obtained. In order to keep up with the exponential
traffic growth in cellular networks, the infrastructure is
becoming increasingly dense [1]; the conventional macro
base stations (BSs) are supplemented with small-cell BSs
that act as hotspots inside the macro cells.
An expression to quantitatively characterize huge
volume user behavior is presented for a scenario
where heterogeneous traffic demands in hotspot
regions and non-hotspot regions are taken into
account.
The quantitative relationship between huge
volume user behavior and HCN configuration for
energy efficient is presented in closed-form
formulas. These are to find the density and the
transmit power of BSs with the objective of
achieving optimal Energy-efficient.
Three energy-efficient control strategies for huge
volume user behavior are given, including micro
BS turn off control, coverage expansion control
and coverage shrinking control.
C. Heterogeneous Cellular Network Model
We are going to split the region into hotspot
region and non-hotspot region. These will be covered by

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2-tier heterogeneous cellular network. These are

differentiated using the traffic demands by the user at peak
hour.
The BSs in either macro or micro BS tiers
(denoted as k {M;m}) are assumed to have same spatial
density _k, transmit power Pk, SINR threshold _k, which
can be different in different tiers. Their locations are
modeled by independent PPPs denoted as _k. Without loss
of generality, we assume that a typical user is located at
the origin. x is denoted as the distance between a BS
located at point x and the typical user and h x is the channel
fading (power), which is assumed to follow exponential
distribution (Rayleigh fading).

Figure 1 Base station model and Trasffic Demands Spatial

Distribution
The path loss of desired or interference signals between
them is given by x . Thus the received power of the
typical user can be expressed as where is path
loss exponent. The total interference power consists of the
interference power from the BSs in the same tier and that
from BSs in other tiers. Consequently, the SINR of the
typical user associated with the BS located at point x in the
kth tier is:
SINRXK =

2 + ,

where the _2 n is the additive noise power. Note that the

channel fading here can be extended to the general case
that includes both small-scale fading and long-term
shadowing. The long-term shadowing effects can be
interpreted as a random displacement of the BSs . As a
result, transmit power of BSs should be scaled by E [X 2],
where X is the shadowing following any general
distribution as long as E[X 2_]< .
D. Traffic Rate Ratio v_m and EEopt

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Vo lu me 3, Issue 8, November 2014

It is difficult to obtain the optimal close-form

expression of EE using the user behavior coefficient h.
However, from, we can see that the EE opt depends on
two parameters: the area ratio m and the traffic rate ratio
v_m. According to the user behavior coefficient h also
depends on these two parameters. As a result, we try to
establish the connection between the optimal energy
efficiency EE opt and the large-scale user behavior by
changing m and _m respectively. Therefore, when m >
, the EE opt increases monotonically with traffic rate
ratio v_m and when m < , the EE opt decreases
monotonically with traffic rate ratio _m. Because m is the
ratio of the area of hotspot regions (denoted as Shp) to that
of non-hotspot regions (denoted as Snhp), i.e., m = Shp
/Snhp. Therefore, the condition Pm2_ > PM 2_ is
equivalent to /Shp< /Snhp , which means the static
power consumption per unit coverage area of micro BSs is
smaller than that of macro BSs and thus we have: { EE opt
increases with Shp< Snhp EEopt decreases with _m
/Shp> /Snhp. An important observation is that when
the traffic rate increases in hotspot regions, the optimal EE
does not always increase but depends on the static power
consumption per unit coverage area of macro BSs and
micro BSs.
EE vm =

, 1+
+ 2
1+ 2

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small area ratio m < 0:2 and increases with the traffic rate
_m under large area ratio m > 0:2, which is consistent. In
addition, the HCN EE first increases with m under small
m. Then HCN EE decreases under large m. These results
imply that the micro BSs should be turned on when HCN
EE increases with m and be put into sleep mode when
HCN EE decreases with m. The simulation results of HCN
EE achieved by the optimal mal configuration under
different values of traffic rate ratio. As can be observed
from the figure, the HCN EE does not always increase
with hotspot density _h. When _h is relatively small, the
HCN EE increases because the micro BS is more energyefficient than the macro BS in terms of guaranteeing the
coverage of hotspot regions. However, the interference of
the micro BS diminishes HCN EE severely with
increasing number of the micro BS and thus the HCN EE
decreases when _h becomes large. In addition, the
maximum value of HCN EE decreases with traffic rate
ratio _m, which is due to larger traffic rate in hotspot
regions requires larger transmit power of micro BS and
thus leads to more severe interference. The HCN EE
achieved by the optimal configuration under different
values. The HCN EE does not always increase with
hotspot density _h and the maximum value of HCN EE
decreases with traffic rate ratio v_m, since larger area of
hotspot regions also requires larger transmit power of
micro BS and leads to more severe interference.

Figure 2 Coverage exapansion and Shrinking control

E. Simulation result
Figure 3
In our simulation, we set the key parameters as
follows: _ = 4, Pedge = 0:05, = 10W and =
30W.The EE performance achieved by the HCN optimal
configuration and under different values of m and v_m is
shown , where both the theory curves and the Monte-Carlo
simulation results are presented. As can be observed from
the figure, the EE decreases with the traffic rate _m under

III.

CONCLUSION

We have characterized the heterogeneous degree

of huge-volume user behavior and presented closed-form
formulas that establish the quantitative relationship
between huge volume behavior and energy-efficient HCN
configuration. In addition, we have proposed three energy-

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Vo lu me 3, Issue 8, November 2014

efficient control condition of micro BSs for the special

case that the traffic demands and or the size of hotspot
regions are much lower than those of the non-hotspot
regions. Simulation results validate the theoretical analysis
and demonstrate that the proposed control strategies can
potentially lead to significant improvement of HCN EE.
These theoretical results can be used to determine the
density, the transmit power and the control conditions of
BSs for HCNs to achieve optimal EE. The possible
extensions of this work could include multiple antennas,
bandwidth allocation and interference cancelation.

1165

[10] J. Rao and A. Fapojuwo, A Survey of Energy

Efficient Resource Management Techniques for Multicell
Cellular Networks, IEEE Commun.
Surveys & Tutorials, May. 2014.
[11] H. S. Dhillon and J. G. Andrews, Downlink Rate
Distribution in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks under
Generalized Cell Selection, IEEE Commun. Lett., 2013,
avaliable a arxiv.org/abs/1306.6122.
[12] EARTH, energy aware radio and network
technologies project, , more information available at
www.ict-earth.eu/default.html.

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