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Chu Nghia Da Van Hoa
Chu Nghia Da Van Hoa
Hon cnh ra i
Thut ng ch ngha a vn ha
ra i v c truyn b rng ri khu
vc Bc M t nhng nm 1960, khi ti
dy ln ln sng i c tha
nhn ca nhng ngi thuc cc cng
ng thiu s (xt trn phng din
lnh th, ngn ng, chng tc). Chnh
vic i hi s tha nhn i vi nn
vn ha thiu s, iu chnh nhng bt
cng v nh ra nhng phng tin
nhng khc bit vn ha cng tn ti
trong mt x hi l nhng ng lc thc
y ch ngha a vn ha - vi t cch
l mt hc thuyt - vt ra khi trng
hp ring bit ca Bc M v lan rng
ra nhiu nc trn th gii.
Ni dung khi nim ch ngha a
vn ha
C khng t quan nim v cch lun
gii khc nhau v khi nim ny, v vai
tr cng nh cc hu qu tim tng ca
vic p dng n. Xt t gc p dng,
ngi ta phn ra ba phng din c
quan h vi nhau v u nm trong ni
hm ca khi nim ch ngha a vn
ha, l: nhn khu hc, thc h
v cng lnh chnh tr (xem: 3).
Ch ngha a vn ha...
15
dng v phong cch sng, v ng thi
c gng t c s ng thun gia tt
c cc nhm v cc vn chnh tr.
Nh vy, mc tiu thng nht dn tc
v s n nh x hi vn cn, song ci
thay i y l cch thc t c n.
Khu hiu thng nht bng ng ha
c thay bng thng nht trong s a
dng. Theo , ch ngha a vn ha s
cung cp nhng gi tr mang tnh chia s
chung, ng thi tn trng nhng khc
bit (trong chng mc chng khng lm
tn hi n nhng gi tr chung nu
ra trc ) gn kt x hi thnh mt
khi thng nht v dung hp c cc li
ch khc nhau trong x hi.
Song, khng phi ai cng tn ng
vi nhng kin trn. Nhng ngi
phn i li cho rng, ch ngha a vn
ha nui dng nhng khc bit v to
ra mi e da lm phn ha x hi ch
khng c tc dng thng nht hay thc
y s on kt v lng yu nc. Bi
vy, theo h, ch ngha a vn ha l s
hy dit tinh thn dn tc (Edward
Shils), l mi nguy him thc s do n
khuy ln s phn khng v lng cm
th (Jr. Arthur Schlesinger), l s vt
b di sn lch s ca t nc nhm to
ra mt t nc khng thuc bt k nn
vn minh no v thiu ct li vn ha,
thiu bn sc dn tc (S. Huntington)...
Nh vy, c th thy, ch ngha a
vn ha lm dy ln s hoi nghi v kh
nng ca n vi t cch l cht keo kt
dnh khi i on kt dn tc trong
lng mt quc gia. Tuy nhin, nhng
ph phn, ch trch i vi ch ngha a
vn ha li ch yu nhm vo nhng
hu qu ca vic thc hin cc chnh
sch a vn ha, ch khng phi l ch
ngha a vn ha vi t cch l mt
lun thuyt. iu ny ng rng,
nhng nh hng tiu cc ca ch
16
ngha a vn ha l hon ton c th
trnh c, bi chng ph thuc phn
nhiu vo mc nhn thc v p dng
n vo thc tin, vo truyn thng vn
ha, ch chnh tr, bi cnh kinh t x hi ca mi nc.
Tm li, thut ng ch ngha a
vn ha, nh c cp trn, t
bn thn n l mt s pha trn. Ngi
ta c th nh ngha n nh mt lun
bt ngun t tnh a dng vn ha,
hoc t th ch ngha a nguyn
(pluralism) hin ang lan trn ti cc
nc cng nghip pht trin; hoc nh
l mt hnh thc ni lng ca ch ngha
a nguyn vn ha (cultural pluralism)
(xem: 9).
Chnh v s khng ng nht nh
vy trong quan nim v ch ngha a
vn ha nn vic phn bit n nh l
mt phn ng thc t trc tnh a dng
v nh l mt kha cnh ca trit l x
hi ng h nhng gi tr c th i vi
nhng khc bit vn ha l ht sc quan
trng. y l iu cn lu khi nghin
cu v ch ngha a vn ha.
Thc tin ca ch ngha a vn ha mt s nc
trn th gii
Mc d ch ngha a vn ha l sn
phm ca phng Ty nhm ng ph
vi cc ln sng nhp c mnh m, song
n cng c th c p dng bt c
nc no. y, chng ti ch yu tp
trung vo tm hiu thc tin p dng
ch ngha a vn ha hai nhm nc
chnh, c th l: 1/ Canada, Australia v
M (nhm cc nc phng Ty); v 2/
Malaysia, n v Cng ha Nam Phi
(nhm cc nc phi phng Ty).
Trng hp th nht. Canada,
Australia, v M c coi l nhng
trng hp tiu biu cho ch ngha a
vn ha theo m hnh u - M, l ni
Ch ngha a vn ha...
17
a dng hn v mt vn ha. Nhng
ngi theo ch ngha a vn ha c
bit ng h vic ni lng kim sot
nhp c v nhng chng trnh nh
gio dc song ng. Cc tng lp b
nn nh nhng ngi M gc Phi c
tha nhn bnh ng trong cc thit
ch gio dc.
Nhn chung, M, ch ngha a vn
ha c quan nim nh mt phm
cht chnh tr ng n. Tuy nhin,
vo nhng nm 1980 v 1990, cng bt
u xut hin cc kin ch trch i
vi ch ngha ny, t c cnh t ln
cnh hu.
sang mt bn nhng ch trch,
tranh lun c ba nc ny v ch
ngha a vn ha, c mt thc t khng
th ph nhn l, m hnh chnh sch a
vn ha v ang gp phn vo vic
n nh x hi v pht trin kinh t,
vn ha v chnh tr, v do - gip
nhng quc gia ny tr thnh cc
cng quc n nh trong khu vc v
trn th gii.
Trng hp th hai l Malaysia, n
, v Cng ha Nam Phi. y l
nhng nc c mt s nt tng ng
nh: th nht, ngay t u, x hi dn
s ca cc nc ny c hnh thnh
nn t nhiu nhm sc tc khc nhau;
th hai, u l cc x hi hu thuc a,
mi c lp, v ang trong qu trnh
hin i ha v hi nhp vi th gii;
th ba, nhng nc ny c bi cnh x
hi v c cu chnh tr ht sc phc tp,
c bit l c s phn chia ng cp x
hi kh r rng, song vn c nhng
thnh cng nht nh trong vic xy
dng nh nc dn tc v hi nhp vi
th gii.
Qua nhng tm hiu thc tin
Malaysia, n v Nam Phi, c th
18
thy, mc d cng l cc x hi a sc
tc v a vn ha, song ch ngha a
vn ha t thu ht c s ch ca
chnh gii cng nh gii nghin cu
khoa hc. Ch ngha a vn ha ng
vai tr kh m nht trong vic qun l
tnh a dng vn ha v sc tc; nu c
th n li mang mt m hng khc so
vi cc x hi phng Ty.
Nhng gii php c cc chnh
ph a ra nhm i ph v qun l
tnh a dng vn ha v sc tc th hin
trc ht vic thay i c cu chnh
tr, hin php, chnh sch; cc sng
kin v chng trnh hnh ng nhm
mang li nhiu quyn hn na cho cc
sc tc thiu s, hn ch s bt bnh
ng v mt kinh t, vn ha, x hi v
chnh tr gia cc sc tc; thc y qu
trnh ha hp dn tc v s c kt x
hi, gp phn vo cng cuc xy dng
t nc hng mnh v dn ch. Nhng
iu chnh v mt chnh sch v th ch
ca nhng nc ny phn no mang
li thnh cng trong vic gii quyt v
ngn nga xung t sc tc. y c th
coi l nhng cch tip cn mi mang m
hng ca ch ngha a vn ha
nhng quc gia ny, mc d cng cha
tht r rng.
Mc d c nhng thnh cng
nht nh trong vic n nh x hi v
pht trin kinh t song nhng quc
gia ny vn cn c s phn chia x hi,
s chnh lch giu ngho, mu thun
sc tc, s gia tng tnh trng bo lc...
Nhu cu i tha nhn bn sc ca cc
nhm sc tc trong x hi cng ngy
cng ln. y l nhng vn m cc
quc gia ny cn phi gii quyt nhm
n nh x hi, xy dng nn dn ch
v pht trin t nc trong giai on
hin nay.
S bin i ca cc x hi a sc
tc, a vn ha v mt nhn khu to
ra thch thc ln i vi cc nh hoch
nh chnh sch khi mong mun qun l
tnh a dng vn ha v sc tc m
khng lm gia tng bo lc v xung t;
v theo mt cch thc c li cho tt c
mi ngi. lm c nh vy, cn
phi chuyn hng trng tm t vic
tha nhn sang quyt nh v thc hin
chnh sch trn thc t. Kinh nghim
ca mt s nh nc chp nhn ly ch
ngha a vn ha lm chnh sch i
ph li tnh a dng sc tc cho thy
tnh hu dng v lu bn ng k ca
m hnh ny, bt chp nhng tranh ci
xung quanh n.
Mt iu cn lu l, trong qu
trnh chuyn dch t cc m hnh chnh
sch tru tng sang vic hoch nh
v thc hin chnh sch, bi cnh lch
s ca mi nh nc l khng th b b
qua.
Ch ngha a vn ha chng t
tnh hu dng ca n trong vic gii
quyt nhng vn lin quan ti cc
cng ng thiu s, song n ch yu
c vn dng cc nc cng nghip
phng Ty. S d c tnh trng nh vy
l v: th nht, vic thc hin chnh
sch a vn ha thng i hi mt
ngun kinh ph khng nh; th hai, vic
chp nhn ch ngha a vn ha nh l
mt m hnh chnh sch i hi th ch
chnh tr phi thay i mnh m theo
hng dn ch.
Tuy nhin, thc trng khng c
ngha l ch ngha a vn ha kh c
th p dng ti cc nc ang hoc
chm pht trin. Nhng nc ny c
th rt ra t ch ngha a vn ha
nhng sng kin v cng c cn thit v
Ch ngha a vn ha...
19
Vi tnh cht l mt chnh sch
trong vic gii quyt vn a dng
vn ha v sc tc, ch ngha a vn
ha ang thu ht c s quan tm,
ng h c bit ca cc t chc quc t,
nh y ban chu u hay UNESCO. Rt
nhiu chng trnh, d n c
UNESCO a ra nhn mnh n
chnh sch a vn ha trong lnh vc
qun l tnh a dng vn ha. V thc
tin cho thy, cho n gi, ch ngha a
vn ha ang t ra l mt m hnh
chnh sch hu dng trong vic qun l
tnh a dng vn ha v sc tc trong
bi cnh x hi hin nay, bt chp
nhng tranh ci xung quanh n.
iu cn lu khi nghin cu v
ch ngha a vn ha l: nn xem xt n
t gc mt m hnh chnh sch c
cc nh nc dn tc a ra nhm i
ph v qun l tnh a dng vn ha v
sc tc trong x hi. Bn cnh , ch
ngha a vn ha cng phi i mt vi
mt s vn t nhiu nghim trng.
Mt trong s l s khc bit ln gia
tng v hin thc, gia mc tiu c
tuyn b vi kt qu t c. T vic
nhn thc c tm quan trng ca
tnh a dng vn ha n vic ra
chnh sch v p dng n vo thc tin
l c mt qu trnh lu di, y kh
khn cn tr. V li, v cha c s nht
qun trong quan nim v ch ngha a
vn ha nn khng c mt cng thc
vn nng, mt chng trnh hnh ng
c th, c vch sn cc nh nc
lm theo v c c kt qu nh . Cc
iu kin c th nh bi cnh lch s,
chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha, x hi... l
nhng yu t khng lp li mi nc.
Chnh chng gp phn dn ti s
khc nhau trong nhn thc v p dng
chnh sch a vn ha vo thc tin, v
h qu l mc thnh cng trong vic
20
p dng m hnh chnh sch ny mi
nc l khc nhau, thm ch ngay c
cc nc phng Ty.
Vit Nam t lu phi gii quyt
vn v a dng vn ha. Chnh v
vy, ch ngha a vn ha khng phi
l iu "mi m" trong chnh sch i
on kt dn tc v ha hp dn tc ca
t nc. Tuy nhin, khi bc vo giai
on pht trin mi - gn vi hi nhp
quc t, chnh sch vn ha ca Vit
Nam cng ang phi i mt vi nhng
vn mi, nh s gia tng cc mi lin
h sc tc xuyn bin gii gia cc cng
ng bn trong vi bn ngoi.
Bi vy, s l c ch v cn thit nu
chng ta c th rt ra t ch ngha a
vn ha nhng sng kin v cng c cn
thit v thch hp vi mnh, qun l
hu hiu tnh a dng vn ha v sc
tc, thc y s n nh, thng nht
trong x hi v xy dng t nc.
Ti liu tham kho
1. Antonina Kolodii. The Idea and
Diverse Reality of Multiculturalism:
Are They Applicable to Newly
Independent States? Warsaw Special
Convention of the ASN, July 18-21,
2004.
http://www.politicalstudies.com/english/political/multic
ulturalism.html
2. Bhikhu
Parekh.
What
is
Multiculturalism?
http://www.indiaseminar.com/1999/484/484%20pare
kh.htm, ngy 5/7/2004.
3. Christine Inglis. Multiculturalism:
New Policy Responses to Diversity.
Management
of
Social
Transformations (MOST), UNESCO,
Policy
Paper
No.
4,
http://www.unesco.org/most/pp4.htm
4. David
Gress,
Rapporteur.
Multiculturalism in World History.
Proceedings of a History Institute for
secondary school educators and
junior college faculty organized by
the History Academy of the Foreign
Policy Research Institute, September
1999, Vol. 5, No. 8.
5. Jack Citrin, David O. Sears,
Christopher Muste, Cara Wong.
Multiculturalism in American Public
Opinion. British Journal of Political
Science, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr., 2001),
pp. 247-275.
6. John
Rex,
Gurharpal
Singh.
Pluralism and Multiculturalism in
Colonial and Post-Colonial Society
Thematic Introduction. International
Journal on Multicultural Societies
(IJMS), Vol. 5, No. 2, 2003, p.106118.
7. Steven Dijkstra, Karin Geuijen, Arie
de Ruijter. Multiculturalism and
Social
Integration
in
Europe.
International
Political
Science
Review / Revue internationale de
science politique, Vol. 22, No. 1,
Management
of
Social
Transformations.
Gestion
des
transformations sociales (Jan., 2001),
pp. 55-83.
8. UNESCO. Multiculturalism: A Policy
Response To Diversity. Management
Of Social Transformations MOST,
UNESCO,
1995,
http://www.unesco.org/most/sydpa
per.html
9. Kenan Malik. An equal or a plural
society?,
http://www.lausti.com/focus/2001/
malik.htm