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Sound & Noise Control
Sound & Noise 3

1
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
Right to alterations reserved.
Noise Control Principles
Sound Noise Control Principles

Sound is such a common part of everyday life that we There are three distinct stages to the noise control process:
rarely appreciated all of its functions. It provides enjoyable 1. Source.
experiences such as listening to music or to the singing of 2. Transmission.
birds. It enables spoken communication and it can alter of 3. Reception.
warn us - for example, with the ringing of a telephone, or
a wailing siren. Sound also permits us to make quality Noise control problem involves examining the noise
evaluations and diagnoses - the chattering valves of a car, sources,( fan noise, duct noise, diffuser noise, and building
a squeaking wheel, or a heart murmur. noise) the sound transmission paths, and the receivers.
3 For most HVAC systems, the sound sources are associated
with the building mechanical and electrical equipment.
2 Noise travels from the source to the receiver through many
Sound & Noise possible sound transmission paths,(structure-borne path
through floor, airborne path through supply air system,
Yet, too often in our modern society, sound annoys us. duct breakout from supply air duct, airborne path through
Many sounds are unpleasant or unwanted - these are return air system, and airborne path through mechanical
called noise. However, the level of annoyance depends equipment room wall). Sound sources are the components
not only on the quality of the sound, but also our attitude that either generate noise, like electric motors, or produced
towards it. For example the type of music enjoyed by some noise when air passes by them, like dampers or diffusers.
people could be regarded as noise by others, especially if Sound receivers are generally the occupant of the building.
it is loud. But sound doesn't need to be loud to annoy. A
creaking floor, a scratch on a record, or the intermittent The noise control engineers are most often constrained to
sound of a dripping tap can be just as annoying as loud modifying the sound transmission paths as a means of
thunder. The judgement of loudness will also depend on achieving the desired sound levels in occupied areas of a
the time of the day. For example, a higher level of noise will building.
be tolerated during the day than at night.
Good Acoustic Design

Adequate noise control control in a duct system is not
difficult to achieve during thedesign of the system, providing
the basic noise control principles are understood. Despite
the addition of noise control items in more and more
building designs, complaints about HVAC system noise
are still common. Investigations into noise complaints by
acoustical professionals have found that, in many cases,
the correct equipment and materials were used, but they
were not properly integrated into a quiet system. Virtually
every survey on building comfort finds that excessive
HVAC system noise levels are responsible for more
complaints than any other aspect of the building
environment. To minimize the possibility that design
decisions could cause noise problems, the design team
must consider the acoustical impacts of all design decisions,
whether they are part of the schematics, design
development, working drawings, or construction
administration phases of the project.
Therefore, noise control design should begin during the

schematic and design development phases and continue
throughout the entire design process.

Definitions
Definitions
Attenuation after the method of testing where a section of ductwork is
The reduction of sound level per unit distance by divergence, replaced by an attenuator between two test rooms. One
diffusion, absorption, or scattering. room contains the noise source and the other the sound
level measuring equipment. The difference in recorded
A-weighted Sound Level noise level is said to be the insertion loss due to the
The sound level measured using the A-weighting network insertion of the attenuator in the system.stem.
of a sound level meter. For broadband sounds, the A-
weighted sound level indicates approximate relative Noise Outlet
loudness. Usually a grille or a diffuser. Any opening acting as a 3
terminal element on either an extract or supply system.
Background Noise 3
It is the irreducible noise level measured in the absence of Octave Bands
any building occupants when all of known sound sources Subdivisions of the frequency range each identified by its
have been turned off. mid (or centre) frequency. By international agreements
these comprise 63, 125, 250, 500, 1k, 4k, and 8k Hz. and
Breakout Noise sometimes 31.5 Hz.
The transmission of fan or air system noise through duct
walls. Regenerated Noise
Noise in addition to that produced by the fan, caused by air
Criteria passing over fixed duct elements such as blades on grilles,
Noise levels which are subjectively or objectively acceptable dampers, air turns, splitters in attenuators, etc.
in a given environment. The most commonly used criteria
are Noise Criteria Curves (NC Levels), Noise Rating Reverberant SPL
Curves(NR Levels) and dB(A). Noise which is transmitted by reflection off room surfaces.
Decibel (dB) Reverberant Time

Commonly, the unit used to measure sound. It is used to A measurement of the acoustic "reflectiveness" of a room.
quantify both sound pressure level and sound power level.
Sound Power Level (SWL)
Direct SPL A theoretical assessment of sound produced at source
Noise which is transmitted directly from a source (i.e. a calculated from the measured sound pressure levels at
grille or diffuser) without reflection. known distances from the source under known acoustic
conditions.A level which depends only on the source and
Ductborne Noise is independent of the environment or location.The sound
Noise which is transmitted along ductwork, botk upstream power level of a fan is therefore very useful information
and downstream of a fan. since any level quoted can be compared directly with data
from any other manufacturer.
Flanking Noise (Breakout)
Noise transmitted through a barrier, often a fan casing or Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
ductwork. Any indirect noise path which tends to devalue A measured sound level which is an indication only of the
noise control measures used to reduce tansmission along noise produced at source since environmental factors
the more obvious paths. such as reverberation and distance from the source have
affected the meassurement. The sound pressure level of
Frequency (Hz.) a fan is not very useful since environmental factors apparent
The pitch of sound. The number of sound pressure waves when the unit was measured may or may not be present
arriving at a fixed point per second. in the actual location of the plant.
Insertion Loss
A measure of the noise reduction capability of an attenuator
(sometimes of a partition) so named

Sound
Basic Principles of Sound

Noise is an unavoidable part of everyday life and This description only aims at providing information about
technological development has resulted in an increase in a few simple rules and hints, which together with common
noise level from machines, factories, traffic etc. It is therefore sense can be enough for simple installations.
important that steps towards a reduction in noise are
taken, so that noise is not something we have to accept. In To take a simple analogy: noise transmission consists of
connection with this fight against noise, you must have waves in a medium, i.e. air, which we can not see. This is
some basic knowledge about how and where is noise very similar to the way waves spread on water.
generated, transmitted and attenuated in system in order
3 to be able to select the proper principle and products. Let us examine the analogy, to make the comparison
clearer:
4 This description does not claim to teach you how to
calculate and attenuate noise in a ventilation system -
there are books available on this.
Source Distribution
Waves on water Waves on water
We throw a stone onto completely calm water. Waves on water spread out in increasing concentric circles
from the centre, where the stone hit the water.
Waves in air Waves in air

We fire a starter's gun. Sound waves spread out in the air, in all directions, in an
increasing ball from the centre, i.e. the gun.

Sound
Energy transport Obstruction in the way

Waves on water Waves on water
Kinetic energy is transmitted from molecule to molecule in If waves in water encounter the side of a boat or jetty, they
the water. They bounce against each other. Molecules will be reflected at the same angle as they met the
move back and forwards. Energy spreads from the source. obstruction.
Wave in air Wave in air

Kinetic energy is transmitted from molecule to molecule in If waves in air encounter a wall, they will be reflected at the
the air. They bounce against each other, and move back same angle as they met the obstruction. 3
and forwards. Energy spreads from the source.
v 5
Distance
Waves on water
When waves depart from the centre, where the stone hit,
the wave height becomes lower and lower, until they are
invisible. The water is calm again. In the same way as when you bounce a ball on the wall.
Waves in air
When sound waves depart from the source, the starter's
gun, wave movement drops off and the sound becomes Energy losses
weaker and weaker until it can no longer be heard. Waves on water
The reflected wave height is lower than the incident wave.
Some of the kinetic energy is absorbed in the collision with
the jetty side (and is converted into heat).
Waves in air
The reflected wave movement is lower than the incident
Intensity wave. Some of the kinetic energy is absorbed in the
Waves on water collision with the wall 9and is converted into heat).
The energy which started the wave propagation, or the
power needed to keep it going, is distributed across and
increasing area as the distance, the radius, increases.
Wave in air
The energy which started the wave propagation, or the
power needed to keep it going, is distributed across an
increasing volume as the distance, the radius, increases.
The ball moves more slowly when it bounces back than

when it hit the wall.

Sound
Absorption
Sound can be absorbed
When sound waves meet a soft, porous wall (mineral wool 1.0
etc.), the vibrating molecules penetrate the surface layer,
Mineral W
and are then braked by friction against the material fibres. ool 100 m
m
m mm
The part of the energy which is thus absorbed is converted m l2
0 oo
l5
to heat in the material, and the rest is reflected back into the
oo eral W
room. This type of damping, where the sound is braked by l W Min
0.5 ra
3 the soft surface layer, is referred to as porous absorption.
M
in
e
r
6 te floo
The sound absorption ability of different materials varies.
on c oncre
This property is expressed as teh sound absorption factor arpet
Soft c
a of the material. Wind
ow gla
ss
Concrete
r 0
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 Hz
i=a+r
a
a
α=
i i
If nothing is absorbed, everything is reflected, then a = 0

which makes α = 0:
0
i=0+r α= =0
i
If nothing is absorbed, everything is absorbed, then r = 0

which makes a = 1:
a
i=a+0 α= =1
a
An open window can be said to have a = 1, all sound from

the room which arrives at the window disappears out!
In hard materials, such as concrete or marble surfaces,

virtually no sound energy is absorbed, everything is reflected
and the a value is near to zero. In rooms with hard
surfaces, the sound bounces for a long time before it dies
out. The room has a long reverberation time and we get a
strong, unpleasant echo. The sound level caused by
normal sound sources becomes high.
In soft materials, such as thick mineral wool boards, the

opposite happens. The a value is close to 1. Sometimes,
excessively damped, soft rooms are unsuitable "You can't
hear what you say". Avoid extremes - the reverberation
time in a room should be chosen to suit the activities there.

Sound
Frequency and Wave Lengths

As we see in the tables above, the damping ability varies A young person with normal hearing can hear sounds at
with the frequency of sound. It could be a good idea to frequencies from 20-20 000 Hz, i.e. (in air) at wavelengths
describe the concept of frequency in greater detail. ranging from 17 m (at 20 Hz) to app. 17 mm (at 20 kHz).
A sound source influences the surrounding air, and makes

it vibrate. The character of the sound depends on the
variations in pressure which occur in the air.
Let us assume that the sound source is a vibrating plate -

the changes in pressure, or the sound will then have the
3
same frequency as the vibrations in the plate. The strength
Infra Ultra
7
of the sound will depend on the amount that the plate
vibrates, i.e. the amplitude of the movement. Let us start Sound Sound
Audible Sound
off with that:
20 Hz 20 000 Hz
If there is only one note, of a single frequency, the pressure We perceive changes in sound frequency on a logarithmic
will vary sinusoidally, so a pure note is referred to as a sine scale, i.e. it is the relative frequency and not the difference
wave. in Hz which determines how a change in note is perceived.
A doubling of frequency is perceived as being the same,
irrespective of whether it is a change from 100 to 200 Hz,
1000 to 2000 Hz or 10 to 20 kHz.
Infra Audible Sound Ultra

Sound Sound
Logarithmic scale
The characteristics of sound propagation are: 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz
• frequency (f),
which is measured in Hertz, Hz, (s-1), (and specifies The logarithmic scale is usually sub-divided into octaves.
the number of times a second that a new sound wave i.e. in scales where the top note is twice the frequency of
arrives). the bottom note. This has been customary in music for a
• wave length (λ, "lambda"), long time.
which is measured in metres, m, (and specifies the
distance between two similar points on the curve).
and
• speed of sound (c)

which is measured in m/s, (and specifies the speed of
movement of the sound wave).
Infra Audible Sound Ultra
These three variables have the following relationship: Sound Sound
c=f•λ Logarithmic scale
The speed of sound in air is also a function of pressure and
temperature. 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz
At normal air pressure and + 20oC:

c ≈ 340 m/s.

Sound
Frequency and Wave Lengths

The dB unit, which is used in many different applications,
is generally defined as: 10 · log (X/X0 ), where X is the unit
measured, i.e. the sound pressure, and X0 is a reference
level expressed in the same units. The reletionship of X/X0
is thus dimensionless. The reference level from which the
dB unit is specified, is given instead. This means that you
generally express the level in dB (above X0).
3 Our perception of sound

Infra Audible Sound Ultra We react differently to two sounds which have the same
8 Sound Sound sound pressure level and different frequencies.
Logarithmic scale
20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz
Border frequency for octave band

11300
1406
2820
5640
176
352
704
22
44
88
16 31.5 63 125 250 500Hz 1 2 4 8 16 Hz
The concept of decibel

The stronger the sound is, the harder the particles of air will
bump into each other.
Curves which describe how people normally perceive
p sounds of varying strength and frequency have been
[Pa] constructed through experiments on large numbers of
volunteers. These so-called hearing level curves are
designated by the sound pressure level for each curve at
a frequency of 1 kHz. The unit used for the curves is the
phon.
0
Hearing level curves
Sound pressure level dB (over 20 µPa)
Hearing level (phon)
140 140
130 130 130
120 120 120
110 110 110
Sound pressure changes in the audible area can vary 100 100 100
within very wide limits. Some sounds are so weak that we 90 90 90
80
can not hear them. The so-called audible limit varies with 80 80
70 70 70
frequency and is 20 mPa at about 1000 Hz.
60 60 60
50 50 50
Other sounds are so loud that we risk hearing damage. 40
40 40
The pain limit, the sound pressure which causes pain in 30 30 30
your ears also varies with frequency, but is about 20 Pa at 20 20 20
1000 Hz. This means that it is a million times louder than 10 10 10
Hearing Threshold
the weakest sound we can perceive. 0 0
20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000

We also perceive changes in sound pressure on a 15000
logarithmic scale. A sound level concept using the decibel Frequence (Hz)
(dB) as the unit, has been created to express comparable Example:
values.
The sound pressure level 70 dB at 50 Hz is normally
perceived as being as loud as 50 dB at 1000 Hz.

Sound
Sound Levels
3
9
Several methods are used to compare the disturbance
caused by two different sounds, and where the perception
of the ear to noise has been modelled.
The simplest way is to compare their "weighted" sound

levels. The incoming sound is filtered in an electronic filter
to reduce the components, mostly the low-frequency
components, where the ear is not so sensitive, and amplify
the components between 1 and 4 kHz, where we are most
sensitive.
Sound meters usually have three electronic filters, A-, B-

and C-filter. The A-filter is mostly used these days, where
the result, the "weighted" sound level, is expressed in dB
(A).
Attenuation dB (above 20 µPa)
0 C A
-10
B C B
-20
-30
-40 A
-50
-60
2 5 102 2 5 103 2 5 104 2 Hz
31 63 125 250 500 1 2 4 8 16 kHz

Noise Control for HVAC Systems
Acoustic Design Procedures

Good acoustical design requires broad cooperation in the 8. If the NC level exceeds the design goal, determine the
areas of architecture, structural, mechanical, electrical octave frequency bands in which the corresponding sound
engineering, and acoustics. Delaying the acoustical design pressure levels are exceeded and the sound paths that are
until after the structural system design is essentially associated with these octave frequency bands.
complete sometimes leaves the design team with little
flexibility in selecting and locating cost-effective noise
control equipment and materials. 9. Redesign the system, adding additional sound
attenuation to the paths which contribute to the excessive
3 In order to effectively deal with each of the different sound
sources and related sound paths associated with an
sound pressure levels in the critical room.
10 HVAC system, the following design procedures are

suggested : 10. Repeat steps 4 through 9 until the desired design goal
is achieved.
1. Determine the design goal for HVAC system noise for
each critical area according to its use and construction.
Use Table 14 to specify the desirable NC levels. 11. Steps 3 through 10 must be repeated for every room
that is to be analyzed.
2. Relative to equipment that radiates sound directly into

a room, select equipment that will be quiet enough to meet 12. Make sure that noise radiated by outdoor equipment
the desired design goal. will not disturb adjacent properties.
3. If central or roof-mounted mechanical equipment is 13. With respect to outdoor equipment, use barriers when
used, complete an initial design and layout of the HVAC noise associated with the equipment will disturb adjacent
system, using acoustical treatment where it appears properties.
appropriate.
14. If mechanical equipment is located on upper floors or

4. Starting at the fan, appropriately add the sound is roof-mounted, vibration isolate all reciprocating and
attenuations and sound power levels associated with the rotating equipment. It may be necessary to vibration
central fan, and duct elements between the central fan isolate mechanical equipment that is located in the
and the critical room to determine the corresponding basement of the building.
sound pressure levels in the room. Be sure to investigate
the supply and return air paths. Investigate possible duct
sound breakout when central fans are adjacent to the
critical room or roof-mounted fans are above the critical
room.
5. If the mechanical equipment room is adjacent to the

critical room, determine the sound pressure levels in the
room associated with sound transmitted through the
mechanical equipment room wall.
6. Add the sound pressure levels in the critical room that

are associated with all of the sound paths between the
mechanical equipment room or roof-mounted unit and the
critical room.
7. Determine the correspondin NC level associated with

the calculated total sound pressure levels in the critical
room.

Roomside Analysis
A sound analysis should be carried out starting from the At low frequencies some of the sound power on reaching
fan or noise source having ducted connections to the room the critical noise outlet is reflected back along the duct. The
of interest. degree of attenuation due to this phenomenon is dependent
It is strongly recommend that sound level requirements for on frequency and the total area of the outlet. The attenuation
NC 30 or below be calculated out by Safid so as to ensure from Table 6 is inserted in line c.
a complete check against noise criteria levels.
The total duct attenuation is obtained from lines b and c
and is inserted in line d.
The Sound Power Level leaving the critical outlet is obtained

3
Fan In-duct Sound Power Level (SWL) from: e=a-d 11
Obtain from the fan manufacturer's catalogue information,
or calculate the approximate In-duct Sound Power Level
from Table 1.
Calculate the Room Effect
In both case the approximate duty of the fan needs to be
known. In a room the sound pressure waves will reach the listener
These figures are inserted in line a. along two paths:
Some manufacturers present noise data as a Sound
Pressure Level which needs to be converted by applying 1. Directly, reducing as the (distance)2 from the noise
the relevant correction factor. source, known as the Direct Sound Pressure Level.
2. By multiple reflections off the room surfaces and room

contents, which will depend upon the size of the room and
the reverberation time, known as the Reverberant Sound
Pressure Level.
Duct system between the fan To estimate the Direct Sound Pressure Level.
and the critical noise outlet. Calculate the percentage of the total sound leaving the
critical noise outlet. This is approximately equal to the
Select the most critical noise outlet in the duct system,
percentage of the fan air volume which passes through the
normally the noise outlet nearest to the fan, and estimate
critical outlet.
the sound power reduction which occurs along the duct
path to this outlet and the outlet itself.
Table 7 gives the factors to be inserted in line f.
Using the following information assess the total duct
attenuation.
Estimate the distance between the nearest listening position
and the critical outlet, and using Table 8, insert the distance
Straight unlined sheet metal ducts provide a degree of
factors in line g. Unless the specification states otherwise,
attenuation. This is frequency dependent and varies with
the commonly applied distance is 1.5 meters.
the minimum duct dimension and duct length.
Approximate attenuation of straigth unlined rectangular
By examining the position of the nearest outlet in relation
sheet metal ducts per meter run is shown in Table 2.
to the walls and ceiling of the room will affect the resultant
To avoid noise breakout problems in the duct attenuation
sound pressure level, due to directivity. Select the location
taken should be limited to approximately 15dB.
type (A, B, or C) using Table 9, which is closest to matching
Circular sheet metal duct attenuation shown in Table 3.
the position of the critical outlet in the room.
Bends provide attenuation as shown in Tables 4 and 5.
Using the charts for the chosen location type and outlet
Duct and bend attenuation figures should be entered
area, insert the factors obtained in line h.
against lines b.

Roomside Analysis
Required Insertion Loss

The factors tabulated at each Octave Band in lines f, g and The specification will usually give a design criteria for
h are now added together in line i, to give the total Direct various area function; where one is not given, Table 14 can
Factors. be used.
The Direct Sound Pressure Level in the room is equal to The required or selected criterion is inserted in line q.
the sum of the Sound Power Level leaving the Critical
Outlet in line e and the total Direct Factors shown in line i. If the Combined Sound Pressure Level exceeds the
Criterion in any Octave Band, then the difference is the
3 To estimate the Reverberant Sound Pressure Level. Insertion Loss required from the attenuator (line r).
12 For the fan system in question, Calculate the percentage To allow the possible addition of noise from other sources
of the sound emerging from all the noise outlets in the room a safety margin of typically 3dB may be added.
served by the fan.
The attenuator can now be selected to meet the parameters
This approximates to the percentage of the fan air volume of insertion loss, physical size and the pressure loss. The
serving the room under investigation. Insertion Loss figures are placed in line s as a final check.
Using Table 10 insert the factor in line k. The above analysis method takes no account of
regenerated noise from attenuators or ductwork elements.
The amount of reflection or absorption of the sound
emerging from the noise outlets depends upon the volume Similarly, it is not possible to deal with the method of
and the reverberation time (which is a function of the selecting attenuators for high pressure systems which
amount of absorption) of the room. Table 11 and 12 give commonly have terminal devices that generate noise and
the factors related to these which are inserted in lines l and often have some attenuation capability.
m respectively.
The factors tabulated at each Octave Band in lines k,l and

m are now added together in line n, to give the Total
Reverberant Factors.
The Reverberant sound Pressure level (line o) in the room

is equal to the sum of the Sound Power Level leaving the
Critical Outlet (line e) and the Total Reverberant Factors
(line n).
To arrive at the Combined Sound Pressure Level, it is

necessary to logarithmically sum the Reverberant Sound
Pressure Level and the Direct Sound Pressure Level. This
can be simplified by using Table 13. The combined pressure
level can then be entered in line p.

Roomside Analysis
Table 1: In-duct SWL of the fan

Overall Sound Power Level dB re 110 - 112 Watts
130
120
Pa
3200
110 Pa 3
1600
100 800 P
a 13
a
400 P
a
90 200 P
a
80 100 P
50 Pa
a
70 251 P
60
50
0.1 1.0 10 100
Volume flow cubic metres per second
Spectrum Correction
Octave Centre frequency, fm in Hz
63 125 200 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Forward Curved Centrifugal -2 -7 -12 -17 -22 -27 -32 -37
Backward Curved Centrifugal -7 -8 -7 -12 -17 -22 -27 -32
Axial -5 -5 -6 -7 -8 -8 -14 -17

Roomside Analysis
Table 2: Attenuation of straight unlined rectangular sheet metal ducts - dB/m

Minimum Octave Centre frequency, fm in Hz
Duct
Dimensions
S in mm 63 125 200 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
S
000 - 200 0.6 0.6 0.45 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
201 - 400 0.6 0.6 0.45 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
401 - 800 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
3 801 - 1600 0.3 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
14
Table 3: Attenuation of straight unlined circular or round sheet metal ducts - dB/m
Duct Octave Centre frequency, fm in Hz
Dimensions
S in mm
63 125 200 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
S 000 - 180 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
181- 380 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
381 - 760 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
761 - 1520 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Table 4: Attenuation of mitred bends without turning vanes or with

short chord turning vanes (rectangular ducts) - dB
Duct
Dimensions
S in mm 63 125 200 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
S 000 - 200 0 0 0 0 6 8 4 3
201- 400 0 0 0 6 8 4 3 3
401 - 800 0 0 6 8 4 3 3 3
801 - 2000 0 6 8 4 3 3 3 3
Table 5: Attenuation of radiussed bends or mitred bends with long

chord turning vanes (circular or rectangular ducts) - dB
Duct
S Dimensions
S in mm 63 125 200 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
000 - 250 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3
251- 500 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3
501 - 1000 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3
S 1001 - 2000 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3

Roomside Analysis
Table 6 : Outlet Reflection, dB Table 7 : Percentage of total

OUTLET Octave Centre Frequency, fm in Hz
sound factors, dB
AREA
63 125 250 500 1k -20 1%
-cm2
-19
20 -18
15 3 2
10 6 -17
100 19 -16
14 2
5 -15 3
9
18 -14 4
3
13
8 4 -13 5 15
17
-12
12 1
-11
16 7 3 -10 10
11
-9
15
6 -8
10 20
2 -7
14
500 5 -6
9
13 -5
4 -4
8 -3 50
12
1 -2
1000 7
11 3 -1
0 100
10 6
2
9 0 Table 8 : Distance Factors, dB
5
-10
8 4 1 -11 1meters
-12
7 0
3 -13
5000
6 -14
1.5
2 -15
0
5 -16
1 -17 2
10000 4 -18
-19
-20
3
-21
-22
-23 4
-24
-25 5
-26 6
-27
Direct -28 7
-29 8
Reverberant 9
-30

Roomside Analysis
Table 9: Directivity Factor, dB Table 10: Percentage of total

sound factors, dB
-20 1%
B C -19
-18
-17 2
A
-16
-15 3
3 -14 4
16 -13 5
-12
-11
-10 10
-9
-8
-7 20
-6
-5
Type Junction of two Octave
room surfaces -4
B Centre
-3 50
frequency,
Outlet area, cm 2
in Hz -2
-1
10 100 1000 10000 100
0
+6 +7 +8 63
+6 +7 +8 125
+6 +7 +8 +9 250
+6 +7 +8 +9 500
+7 +8 +9 1k
+7 +8 +9 2k
+7 +8 +9 4k
+8 +9 8k
Type Centre of Octave

C one room surface Centre
frequency,
Outlet area, cm2 in Hz
10 100 1000 10000 100000

+3 +4 +5 +6 +7 63
+3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 125
+3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 250
+3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 500
+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 1k
+5 +6 +7 +8 +9 2k
+7 +8 +9 4k
+8 +9 8k

Roomside Analysis
Table 11: Room Volume Factor, dB Table 12: Reverbation time

factors, dB
+10
+9 3
+8 -11
+7 5 -10
+6 -9
+5 -8
+4 10 -7 3
+3 -6 17
+2 -5
+1 20 -4
0 -3 Average furnishing
-1 -2
-2 -1
-3 50 0 Limited furnishing
-4 +1
-5 +2
-6 100 +3 No furnishing
-7 +4
-8 +5
-9 200 +6 Very hard surface
high ceilings
-10 +7
-11 +8
-12 +9
-13 500 +10
-14 +11
-15
-16 1000
Table 13: Addition of Sound
-17
Pressure Levels, dB
-18
-19 2000
-20
Difference in SPLs Add to Larger SPL
-21
0 to 1 +3
-22
5000 2 to 3 +2
-23
4 to 9 +1
-24
10 and above +0
-25
-26 100000
-27
-28

Design Criteria
Table 14: Recommended design criteria for various area functions

Situation NC
Section 1 - Studios and Auditoria
Sound Broadcasting (drama) 15
Sound Broadcasting (general), TV (general), Recording Studio 20
TV (audience studio) 25
Concert Hall, Theatre 20 - 25
Lecture Theatre, Cinema 25 - 30
3 Section 2 - Hospitals
18 Audiometric Room 20 - 25
Operating Theatre, Single Bed Ward 30 - 35
Multi-bed Ward, Waiting room 35
Corridor, Laboratory 35 - 40
Wash Room, Toilet, Kitchen 35 - 45
Staff Room, Recreation Room 30 - 40
Section 3 - Hotels
Individual Room, Suite 20 - 30
Ballroom, Banquet Room 30 - 35
Corridor, Lobby 35 - 40
Kitchen, Laundry 40 - 45
Section 4 - Restaurants, Shops and Stores
Restaurant, Department Store (upper floor) 35 - 40
Club, Public House, Cafeteria, Canteen, Retail Store (main floor) 40 - 45
Section 5 - Offices
Boardroom, Large Conference Room 25 - 30
Small Conference Room, Executive Office, Reception Room 30 - 35
Open Plan Office 35
Drawing Office, Computer Suite 35 - 45
Section 6 - Public Buildings
Court Room 25 - 30
Assembly Hall 25 - 35
Library, Bank, Museum 30 - 35
Wash Room, Toilet 35 - 45
Swimming Pool, Sports Arena 40 - 50
Garage, Car Park 55
Section 7 - Ecclesiastical and Academic Buildings
Church, Mosque 25 - 30
Classroom, Lecture Theatre 25 - 35
Laboratory, Workshop 35 - 40
Corridor, Gymnasium 35 - 45
Section 8 - Industrial
Warehouse, Garage 45 - 50
Workshop (light engineering) 45 - 55
Workshop (heavy engineering) 50 - 65
Section 9 - Private Dwelling (Urban)
Bedroom 25
Living Room 30
Roomside Analysis
Calculation Sheet
Customer Octave centre frequency, fm in Hz
Project 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Fand duty
Type
System In-duct sound power a
Duct/Bend Width x Height Length/Angle Type
b
3
19
Outlet reflection x cm2 c

Total duct attenuation (b + c) d
SWL leaving system e
Percentage leaving outlet f
Distance from outlet g
Directivity h
Total direct factors (f + g + h) i
Direct SPL j
Percentage reaching room k
Room volume l
Reverberation time m
Total reverberant factors (k + l + m) n
Reverberant SPL o
Combined SPL p
Criterion q
Required insertion loss r
Selected insertion loss s
Selection Code: NC55 74 67 62 58 56 54 53 52

NR55 79 70 63 58 55 52 50 49
NC50 71 64 58 54 51 49 48 47
NR50 75 65 59 53 50 47 45 43
NC45 67 60 54 49 46 44 43 42
NR45 71 61 54 48 45 42 40 38
NC40 64 57 50 45 41 39 38 37
NR40 67 57 49 44 40 37 35 33
NC35 60 52 45 40 36 34 33 32
NR35 63 52 45 39 35 32 30 28
NC30 57 48 41 35 31 29 28 27
NR30 59 48 40 34 30 27 25 23
NC25 54 44 37 31 27 24 22 21
NR25 55 44 35 29 25 22 20 18
NC20 51 40 33 26 22 19 17 16
NR20 51 39 31 24 20 17 14 13

Room Analysis
Figure 1 : Duct System For Fan Noise Calculation Example
Plantroom
3
20
Fan
1 700x600 300
650x
700x600
2
3
4 600x350
6
7
5
9 10 VD
350x350
SLD1 SLD1
0.195 M/S 0.195 M/S
250Ø 11
VD 250Ø
300x300 300x300
SLD1 VD
SLD1
0.195 M/S 0.195 M/S
VD 250Ø 250Ø
300x150 300x150
SLD1
SLD1 0.195 M3/S
0.195 M3/S 250Ø
VD 250Ø
VD
Office Area
FCH = +3.00

Roomside Analysis
Details For Calculation Example

The simple duct system shown in figure 1 will be entered Roomside Calculation
on calculation sheet to show the steps to be followed to
determine whether sound attenuating materials are required System Element
to reduce the fan noise in a duct system. Ref Type W H Length/Type
1 Duct 700 600 2 metres
For the duct system described in figure1, the sound power 2 Bend 700 600 Radiused
level produced by the fan is known from manufacturer's 3 Duct 700 600 5 metres
data. Calculate the sound pressure level in office area, at 4 Duct 600 350 2 metres
the nearest occupied position to a supply ceiling slot linear
diffuser, which is given to be 1.5 meters from the diffuser
5 Bend 600 350 Radiused 3
and directly in line with its axis, and the diffusers are 7 Bend 600 350 Radiused 21
located in the ceiling. 8 Duct 600 350 2 metres
9 Bend 350 350 Radiused
11 Outlet 2 slot diffuser 1200 mm long,
FAN DETAILS
Type : Centrifugal
Duty : 2.26 m3/s at 600 Pa.
Sound Power Level at mid frequency Octave Bands
Hz 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

dB 86 91 87 92 88 88 82 74
ROOM DETAILS
Room Volume : 300 m3
Room Height : 3m
Outlet : Slot diffuser 1200m long
each slot 15mm wide
each slot diffuser handles
0.195 m3/s
ROOM CRITERION
NC 35 at 1.5 metres from the noise outlet.
Office area

Roomside Analysis
Calculation Sheet
Customer Octave centre frequency, fm in Hz
Project 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Fand duty 2.26 m3/s @ 600 Pa.
Type Centrifugal
System Supply In-duct sound power 86 91 87 92 88 88 82 74 a
Duct/Bend Width x Height Length/Angle Type
Duct 700 x 600 2 metres Rect. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 b
3 Bend 700 x 600 Radiussed 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3
22 Duct 700 x 600 5 metres Rect. 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1
Duct 600 x 350 2 metres Rect. 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Bend 600 x 350 Radiussed 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3
Bend 600 x 350 Radiussed 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3
Bend 350 x 350 Radiussed 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3
2
Outlet reflection 3 x 120 360 cm 14 10 6 2 0 0 0 0 c
Total duct attenuation (b + c) 25 21 18 15 13 14 14 14 d
SWL leaving system 61 70 69 77 75 74 68 60 e
Percentage leaving outlet 8% -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 f
Distance from outlet 1.5 m -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 g
Directivity Type C 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 h
Total direct factors (f + g + h) -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -17 -16 i
Direct SPL 39 49 49 58 57 57 51 44 j
Percentage reaching room 51% -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 k
3
Room volume 300 m -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 l
Reverberation time 1 sec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 m
Total reverberant factors (k + l + m) -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 n
Reverberant SPL 47 56 55 63 61 60 54 46 o
Combined SPL 48 57 56 64 62 62 56 48 p
Criterion NC 35 60 52 45 40 36 34 33 32 q
Required insertion loss +3dB 0 8 14 27 29 31 26 19 r
Selected insertion loss 8 14 20 37 47 32 26 24 s
Selection Code: NC55 74 67 62 58 56 54 53 52
SA20-150 / 900L x 700W X 600H NR55 79 70 63 58 55 52 50 49
NC50 71 64 58 54 51 49 48 47
NR50 75 65 59 53 50 47 45 43
NC45 67 60 54 49 46 44 43 42
NR45 71 61 54 48 45 42 40 38
NC40 64 57 50 45 41 39 38 37
NR40 67 57 49 44 40 37 35 33
NC35 60 52 45 40 36 34 33 32
NR35 63 52 45 39 35 32 30 28
NC30 57 48 41 35 31 29 28 27
NR30 59 48 40 34 30 27 25 23
NC25 54 44 37 31 27 24 22 21
NR25 55 44 35 29 25 22 20 18
NC20 51 40 33 26 22 19 17 16
NR20 51 39 31 24 20 17 14 13

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Sound & Noise 3

Sound Noise Control Principles

Good Acoustic Design

Therefore, noise control design should begin during the

Right to alterations reserved.

Decibel (dB) Reverberant Time

Right to alterations reserved.

Basic Principles of Sound

Waves in air Waves in air

Right to alterations reserved.

Energy transport Obstruction in the way

Wave in air Wave in air

The ball moves more slowly when it bounces back than

Right to alterations reserved.

If nothing is absorbed, everything is reflected, then a = 0

If nothing is absorbed, everything is absorbed, then r = 0

An open window can be said to have a = 1, all sound from

In hard materials, such as concrete or marble surfaces,

In soft materials, such as thick mineral wool boards, the

Right to alterations reserved.

Frequency and Wave Lengths

A sound source influences the surrounding air, and makes

Let us assume that the sound source is a vibrating plate -

Infra Audible Sound Ultra

• speed of sound (c)

At normal air pressure and + 20oC:

Right to alterations reserved.

Frequency and Wave Lengths

3 Our perception of sound

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