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LIN T (CONJUNCTIONS)
1. nh ngha:Lin t l t dng ni cc t loi, cm t hay mnh .
2. Phn loi:Lin t c chia lm hai loi chnh:
a. ng lp (song song):
Dng loi lin t ny ni nhng cc t loi hoc cm t/ nhm t cng mt loi, hoc nhng mnh
ngang hng nhau (tnh t vi tnh t, danh t vi danh t ...):
V d:
He and I are students.
She is beautiful and kind.
They are learning to read and write.
b. Lin t ph thuc:
Loi lin t ph thuc ni kt cc nhm t, cm t hoc mnh c chc nng khc nhau - mnh
ph vi mnh chnh trong cu.
3. Nhng lin t ng lp (song song):
Nhng lin t ng lp gm:
AND
V d: She is a good and loyal wife.
I have many books and notebooks.
BOTH ... AND
V d: She is both good and loyal.
They learn both English and French.
AS WELL AS
V d: He has experience as well as knownledge.
NO LESS THAN
V d: You no less than he are very rich.
NOT ONLY ... BUT (ALSO)
V d: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese.
I like playing not only tennis but (also) football.
OR
V d: Hurry up, or you will be late.
EITHER...OR
V d: He isn't either good or kind.
I don't have either books or notebooks.
NEITHER ... NOR
V d: He drinks neither wine nor beer.
She has neither husband nor children.
BUT

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V d: He is intelligent but very lazy.

She is ugly but hard-working.
THEN
V d: You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry.
The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't been watered for long.
CONSEQUENTLY
V d: You didn't work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam.
HOWEVER
V d: He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily.
It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar.
NEVERTHELESS
V d: She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks.
STILL, YET
V d: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen.
She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her.
OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE
V d: We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam.
ONLY
V d: Go where you like; only do not stay here.
THEREFORE
V d: He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished.
4. Nhng lin t ph thuc (chnh ph):
Nhng lin t ph thuc:
FOR
V d: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
WHEREAS
V d: He learns hard whereas his friends don't.
Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.
WHILE
V d: Don't sing while you work.
Don't talk while you eat.
BESIDES, MOREOVER
V d: We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention
to physical exercise.
He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window.
SO

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V d: He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students.

It rained very hard; so, we didn't go out that night.
HENCE
V d: I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book.
He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson.
- Lin t ni mnh (nh trng ng):
a. Thi gian (Time):
AFTER
V d: A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard.
The ship was checked carefully after she had been built.
AS
V d: He came her, as the clock struck six.
They left as the bell rang..
AS SOON AS
V d: I will phone you as soon as I come home.
They will get married as soon as they finish university.
BEFORE
V d: Don't count your chickens before they are hatchd.
He talks as if he were very wise.
.
V d: He has been very weak, since he was taken sick.
AS LONG AS
V d: No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends.
I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back.
UNTIL
V d: People do not know the value of health until they lose it.
WHEN
V d: When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes.
WHILE
V d: Make hay while the sun shines.
Step while you dance.
b. Ni chn (Places):
WHERE
V d: The bed room is the best place where I do my homework.
WHEREVER
V d: His mother follows him wherever he goes.
I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me.

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c. Th cch (Manner):
AS
V d: Do as I told you to do.
AS IF
V d: He talks as if he knew everything about her.
He dances as if he were a professional dancer.
d. So snh (Comparisons):
AS
V d: He is as tall as his brither.
This bag is as expensive as that one.
THAN
V d: She is more beautiful than her sister.
She looks fatter than his friend.
e. L do (Reasons):
AS
V d: As it rained very hard, we stopped they games.
BECAUSE
V d: We could not pass the test because we didn't learn hard.
I didn't meet her because she had left earlier.
SINCE
V d: I must go since she has telephoned three times.
f. Mc ch (Purposes):
THAT
V d: I work hard that I may succeed in life.
SO THAT
V d: We went very early so that we could catch the last bus.
IN ORDER THAT
V d: We learn French in order to study in France .
g. iu kin (Conditions) :
IF
V d: I will phone him if I have his phone number.
UNLESS (IF NOT)
V d: You will be late unless you set off now.
Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams.
PROVIDED THAT
V d: I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault.
You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket..

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IN CASE
V d: You should take an umbrella in case it rains.
Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost.
h. S tng phn, tri ngc:
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
V d: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her.
AS
V d: Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy.
EVEN IF
V d: Even if my watch is right, we will be too late.
NOT WITH STANDING THAT
V d: He is poor not with standing that he works very hard.
_____________________
I.7. Lin t v cch s dng
1. Lin t kt hp (coordinating conjunctions)

Dng loi lin t ny ni nhng cc t loi hoc cm t/ nhm t cng

mt loi, hoc nhng mnh ngang hng nhau (tnh t vi tnh t, danh
t vi danh t...)
Gm c: for, and, nor, but, or, yet
V d:

She is a good and loyal wife.

Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt.
He is intelligent but very lazy.
She says she does not love me, yet I still love her.
We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam.
He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an
admission of guilt.
Ch : khi dng lin t kt hp ni hai mnh , chng ta thm du phy
sau mnh th nht trc lin t
Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic
requirements.
2. Tng lin t (correlative conjunctions)

Mt vi lin t thng kt hp vi cc t khc to thnh cc tng lin t.

Chng thng c s dng theo cp lin kt cc cm t hoc mnh c
chc nng tng ng nhau v mt ng php
Gm c: both . . . and(va.va), not only . . . but also (khng chm
cn), not . . . but, either . . . or (hoc ..hoc..), neither . . . nor

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(khng.cng khng), whether . . . or , as . . . as, no sooner. than(va

mi.th)
V d:

They learn both English and French.

He drinks neither wine nor beer.
I like playing not only tennis but also football.
I don't have either books or notebooks.
I can't make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait
until the prices go down.
3. Lin t ph thuc (subordinating conjunctions)

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Loi lin t ph thuc ni kt cc nhm t, cm t hoc mnh c chc

nng khc nhau - mnh ph vi mnh chnh trong cu.
V d nh cc lin t sau v ngha km theo ca chng:

As
1. Bi v: As he is my friend, I will help him.
2. Khi: We watched as the plane took off.
After: sau khi
After the train left, we went home.
Although/ though: mc d
Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.
Before: trc khi
I arrived before the stores were open.
Because: bi v
We had to wait, because we arrived early.
For: bi v
He is happy, for he enjoys his work.
If: nu, gi nh
If she is here, we will see her.
Lest: s rng
I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
Ch : s dng ng t nguyn th trong mnh lest
Providing/ provided: min l
All will be well, providing you are careful.
Since
1. T khi: I have been here since the sun rose.
2. Bi v: Since you are here, you can help me.
So/ so that
1. Bi vy: It was raining, so we did not go out.
2. (= in order that): I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.
Supposing (= if)
Supposing that happens, what will you do?
Than: so vi
He is taller than you are.
Unless: tr khi
Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
Until/ till: cho n khi
I will wait until I hear from you.
Whereas
1. Bi v: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
2. Trong khi (ngc li): He is short, whereas you are tall.

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Whether: hay khng

I do not know whether she was invited.
While
1. Khi: While it was snowing, we played cards.
2. Trong khi (ngc li): He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. Mc d: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
As if = in a similar way
She talks as if she knows everything.
As long as
1. Nu: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
2. Khi: He has lived there as long as I have known him.
As soon as: ngay khi
Write to me as soon as you can.
As though = in a similar way
It looks as though there will be a storm.
In case: Trong trng hp...
Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
Or else = otherwise: nu khng th
Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.
So as to = in order to:
I hurried so as to be on time.
Ch : Ngoi lin t, chng ta c th s dng cc trng t lin kt nh therefore,
otherwise, nevertheless, thus, hence, furthermore, consequently
V d:
We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by traffic.
I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best.
We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset.
4. Phn bit cch s dng ca mt s lin t v gii t c cng ngha.
Lin t
because
although
while

Gii t
because of
despite
during

S khc bit gia chng l: lin t + mt mnh , trong khi gii t +

mt danh t hoc ng danh t
V d:
They were upset because of the delay
They were upset because they were delayed.
Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves.
Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves.
We stayed indoors during the storm.
We stayed indoors while the storm raged.

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