Bi thc tp 3: Tm hiu phng php phn tch nguyn t da vo

nguyn l kch thch pht tia X bng proton (PIXE)

I. MC CH
Lm quen vi phng php PIXE : chun nng lng, xc nh cc nguyn t c mt trong
mu chun mng v mu mng.
Lm quen vi phn mm x l GUPIX
II. GII THIU CHUNG
Phng php phn tch nguyn t da vo nguyn l kch thch pht tia X bng
proton (tn ting anh: Proton Induce X-Ray Emission, vit tt: PIXE) l mt trong cc
phng php phn tch khng ph hy mu tin tin, c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh
vc nh y hc, kho c, mi trng Cc u im ni bt ca phng php ny l:
- C th phn tch ng thi nhiu nguyn t trong di in tch nguyn t Z rng.
- nhy phn tch cao, c ppm.
- Thi gian phn tch ngn (ch cn vi pht).
- Kh nng xc nh phn b trn b mt bng k thut PIXE, kh nng phn tch trc
tip ngoi mi trng chn khng.
Nguyn l c bn ca phng php PIXE da trn s to thnh tia X c trng khi chm
ht ion bn vo bia, c nng lng c trng cho mi nguyn t. to ra tia X c trng,
ht tch in (proton) bn vo bia s ion ha cc nguyn t bng tng tc Coulomb. Cc
proton ny s to ra cc l trng cc lp in t nm su bn trong nguyn t. Mt
ht electron t lp ngoi s nhy vo lp l trng y.

Hnh 1. a) Minh ha qu trnh to tia X c trng bng ngun kch thch bn ngoi (chm
ht proton ). b) Minh ha qu trnh pht electron Auger.
Trong khong thi gian rt ngn nguyn t b kch thch s kh kch thch tr v trng
thi c bn bng cch pht ra mt photon vi nng lng nht nh hoc gin tip
bng cch truyn nng lng cho mt electron (gi l electron Auger). Nng lng ca
tia X pht ra bng vi hiu nng lng lin kt gia lp cha electron trc khi nhy vo
chim ch v lp cha l trng m electron chim ch.
Da vo cu trc cc lp, phn lp electron trong nguyn t, ngi ta quy c gi tn cc
vch tia X c trng pht ra khi in t nhy n cc lp K, L, M (lp trong cng) ca
nguyn t l tn ca cc lp tng ng. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn bit cc vch ph
tng ng bng cch gn thm ch ci hy lp , , v mt ch s theo sau ,

Mn : Thc tp my gia tc

Bi thc tp 3: Tm hiu phng php phn tch nguyn t da vo

nguyn l kch thch pht tia X bng proton (PIXE)

nhng k hiu ny thng phn nh cng tng i ca mi vch, v d vch 1c

cng mnh nht trong dy. V d v cch k hiu ny: K1, L2.

Hnh 2. S ngun gc cc vch tia X c trng

Hnh 3. Ph PIXE ca mu a cht

Ph PIXE bao gm 2 thnh phn: Cc nh tng ng vi tia X c trng nm trn nn
bc x hm lin tc (Nh cc nh thp c xy trn sn i).Mi nguyn t s pht ra cc
vch tia X vi nng lng hon ton xc nh c trng cho nguyn t .T cng ca
Mn : Thc tp my gia tc

Bi thc tp 3: Tm hiu phng php phn tch nguyn t da vo

nguyn l kch thch pht tia X bng proton (PIXE)

cc vch tia X c trng(din tch nh ph tr phng),ta c th xc nh c hm lng

cc nguyn t c trong mu.
Cc loi mu v hng phn tch

III.

Trong phn tch PIXE, c th phn tch cc loi mu sau:

- Mu dy (Thick target), mu ny c chia lm 2 loi:
+ Bit ma trn mu, cn tm hm lng cc nguyn t vt: Ma trn mu to thnh t
nhng nguyn t chnh m tng hm lng ca chng > 99.9 %.
+Khng bit ma trn mu, dng cho nhng mu dy hon ton khng bit thng tin.
- Mu mng.(Thin target): i vi loi mu ny hiu ng ma trn c th b qua.
- Mu va (Intermediate target): Mu khng stop hon ton chm tia, nhng vn
lm suy gim nng lng chm tia, tng t cng c hai trng hp nh mu dy
- Mu lp (thng t khi s dng)
- Hiu ng ma trn mu lin quan n: S mt mt nng lng ca chm ion, v s suy
gim ca tia X trong mu.
3.1. Mu "mng"
Vi nhng mu mng n mc nng lng hao ph ca chm tia ti v s suy gim ca tia
X sinh ra trong mu l khng ng k, khng c hiu ng ma trn mu v cc i lng Iz
ph thuc tuyn tnh vi Cz. C th chun mt h o PIXE bng cch s dng cc mu chun
"mng ". chnh xc ch cn ph thuc vo chnh xc ca cc hm lng mu chun v
ca vic khp ph. mu cng phi mng v c th c cc tp cht ty ; cc phoi lm
bng polycarbonate vi dy vi micron l mt loi tt c dng. Phng php phn tch
mu mng ny c ng dng rng ri trong phn tch son kh (aerosol) bng phng php
PIXE.
Xt mt trng hp n gin trong phn tch PIXE, khi chm proton c gia tc bn
vo bia c dy sao cho nng lng ca chm tia mt mt khng ng k khi i qua
bia. i vi mu loi ny, ngi ta thng quan tm n hm lng nguyn t trn mt
n v din tch(cn gi l mt mt),n v thng l g / cm2 hay s nguyn t/cm2.
i vi mt nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t Z trn bia, ta c:
- Xc sut ion ha ca chm proton i vi tng lp(K,L,M..) c trng bi tit din

ion ha(n v barn) ph thuc vo nng lng chm proton ti E0, s s kin ion ha
c to ra bi Np ht proton trn bia c mt mt Nt (s nguyn t /cm2) l:
Yion ha N p z ( E0 ) Nt
- Xt theo n v mt mt g / cm2 , cng thc trn c th vit thnh:

Yionization N p z ( E0 )

N AV M A ( Z )
Az

N AV l s Avogadro.

M A ( Z ) l khi lng ca nguyn t trn mt n v din tch( g / cm2 ).

Az l khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t Z trn mu.

Mn : Thc tp my gia tc

Bi thc tp 3: Tm hiu phng php phn tch nguyn t da vo

nguyn l kch thch pht tia X bng proton (PIXE)

Xc sut s kin ion ha th gy ra qu trnh pht tia X c trng cho tng lp

in t (K,L,M) gi l hiu sut hunh quang z , s s kin dn n pht tia X c trng l:
Yfluorescense= Yionization z
Gi bz l h s t l v cng c trng cho mt vch tia X xc nh trn ton b s
tia X c pht ra t mt lp (V d t l gia s tia X c trng K pht ra trn tng s tia
X c trng pht ra t lp K).Khi s tia X c trng pht ra tng ng vi mt vch tia X
xc nh l:
Ycharacteristic= Yfluorescense bz

- Cc tia X c trng pht ra c ghi nhn bi detector o tia X,thng s dng

detector Si(Li),detector HpGe hay Silicon drift detector (SDD). Mi loi detector c mt
hiu sut ghi ni xc nh int rinsic :

int rinsic =
S bc x ghi nhn c trn ph PIXE chnh l din tch nh ph tia X ( tr phng) S.
Ngoi ra, tng ng vi mi hnh hc o xc nh mt gi tr gc c (n v steradian)
tng ng vi "gc nhn" t im pht bc x (trong trng hp khong cch xa, c th coi
l ngun im) ti vng nhy ca detector.
S
Det2
R
SDet:Din tch tinh th ca Detector.
R:Khong cch t mu ti Detector.
khong gia bia v detector, ngi ta thng t vo mt tm foil mng ngn
khng cho cc ht proton tn x t bia i n detector (v c th lm hng detector hoc gy
ra nhiu khng mong mun).Tm foil mng ny s gy ra s suy gim v cng tia X ti
detector. Gi T l h s suy gim. Kt hp hai iu kin k trn:

4
Trong I=I0.T vi I0 l cng tia X trc khi i qua foil, v I l cng tia X sau
khi i qua foil. i vi tm foil lm bng vt liu Mylar, gi tr T c xc nh gn ng
bi cng thc:
S bc x ti vng nhy ca detector= Ycharacteristic T

470.168x

T e E
Vi E nng lng ca tia X tng ng (n v KeV); x l b dy ca foil (n v mm).
- Kt hp cc cng thc trn,ta thu c cng thc xc nh hm lng ca mt nguyn
t Z trn mu mng da vo din tch nh ph tng ng S nh sau:
4 Az SH
M A ( z)
N p z ( E0 ) N AV z bz int rinsicT
2.9897

y ta thm vo h s hiu chnh H lin quan n sai s h thng ca h o.

Mn : Thc tp my gia tc

Bi thc tp 3: Tm hiu phng php phn tch nguyn t da vo

nguyn l kch thch pht tia X bng proton (PIXE)

Cng chm ion tch in +q trong h my gia tc thng c o bi b m in

tch, t gi tr in tch Q (n v C) thu c mi php o, s ht proton ti bia c tnh
bi:
Q
Np
eq
-19
Trong e=1.60217646 10 C l gi tr in tch nguyn t.

IV.
Phn mm GUPIX
GUPIX l chng trnh khp bnh phng ti thiu phi tuyn i vi ph PIXE v sau
chuyn i din tch cc nh thnh hm lng nguyn t ca tia X trong ph.
-S dng phn mm GUPIX phn tch hm lng nguyn t trong mu mng:
Bc 1: khi ng phn mm GUPIX bng cch click vo biu tng GUPIX trn mn
hnh desktop
Bc 2: m ph cn phn tch v ci t cc thng s
Click file => New project => m file .PIX.
Click setup => solution type => chn Fixed Matrix solution i vi mu mng
hoc mu dy bit ma trn mu v chn interated Matrix solution i vi mu dy cha
bit ma trn mu
Click setup => setup v ci t cc thng s th nghim
Click Fit => spectrum Details v ci t cc thng s
Click sample => sample Structure => chn loi mu cn phn tch
Click sample => chn cc gii php tng ng v in cc nguyn t
Bc 3 : Chy chng trnh
Click Gupix => run
Kt qu c lu trong cc file Data ca GUPIX
V.
Thc nghim:Quan st ph PIXE trn mu chun,thc hin php chun nng
lng cho h o.
Dng c th nghim:
My gia tc tnh in Tandem 5SDH-2, nng lng cc i 3.4 MeV i vi ion c
in tch bng 1.
H o ph tia X bao gm: Detector Silicon Drift (SDD), phn gii nng lng
138 eV ti nh 5.9 KeV ca Mn, h compact gm th nui, tin khuch i, khuch i, b
phn tch a knh (MCA), my tnh thu thp d liu.
Detector c t gc 32.8 so vi hng chm tia.
Bia s dng:
Mu chun mng cha NaCl c mt mt 45.8 g / cm2 c cy trn b
mt Mylar dy 3.5 m .

Mt mu mng do sinh vin t chun b ( mu git nc)

Mn : Thc tp my gia tc

Bi thc tp 3: Tm hiu phng php phn tch nguyn t da vo

nguyn l kch thch pht tia X bng proton (PIXE)

Cc bc tin hnh:
Thit lp h o nh hnh v, kim tra cc kt ni.
Khi ng h my gia tc, gia tc chm tia vi cc thng s sau:
Loi chm tia: H+
Nng lng: 2591 KeV
Cng chm tia: 5 nA,
3. iu chnh v tr ca detector SDD thch hp (theo ch dn ca g.v hng dn),ghi li
thng s v gc khi tng ng vi v tr .
4. Ghi li thng s b dy ca foil Mylar (c t sn).
5. Bt nt ngun ca b compact ca detector SDD ln.
6. a mu NaCl v mu o x l vo bung chiu mu (theo ch dn ca GVHD).
7. Khi ng chng trnh thu thp d liu RC43:
T mn hnh chnh,click chn chng trnh RC43, 2 ca s s xut hin sau .
Chn ca s NEC RC43 ANALYTICAL DATA COLLECTION, vo mc
DATA COLLECTION, chn Collect data.
Ca s Full Energy Data Collection s xut hin, b chn phn MCAs
displayed 3 la chn RBG, RBS v NRA.
1.
2.

Thc hin cc thao tc sau i vi 2 mu o:

iu chnh cng chm tia theo cc gi tr yu cu tng ng vi mi mu.
S dng ca s Manipulator tin hnh iu chnh v tr ca mu sao cho v tr chm
tia c nh du trn mn hnh nm trn mu v gc gia chm tia v php tuyn
mt phng mu =0 (theo ch dn ca g.v hng dn).
10. t trc gi tr tng in tch ghp ca chm ht trn ca s Full Energy Data
Collection, charge uC. t tn file d liu ty Filename.
8.
9.

Mn : Thc tp my gia tc

Bi thc tp 3: Tm hiu phng php phn tch nguyn t da vo

nguyn l kch thch pht tia X bng proton (PIXE)

11. Kim tra li mt ln na cc thng s cn thit tin hnh th nghim.

12. Trn ca s Full Energy Data Collection, click vo nt Manual collect bt
u cho chm proton chiu vo mu. Quan st ph PIXE thu c, ch ra vng nn
lin tc v cc nh tia X c trng.
13. Khi gi tr bn phi trong Charge uC v 0, php o kt thc, chng trnh s t ng
lu li file c cha ph PIXE mt th mc nht nh.
Ghi nhn li cc thng s ca th nghim v ph PIXE thu c.
S dng phn mm phn tch Gupix phn tch s liu va thu c.
Thc hin ln lt i vi mu chun NaCl v mu o
Bi tp
1. T ph PIXE thu c ca mu NaCl, thc hin php chun nng lng
cho h o s dng cc vch ph ca Na; Vch
ca Cl . Nng lng ca tng vch
c th c tra cu trong bng gi km ti liu ny.
2. T gi tr chun nng lng va tm c, xc nh(nh tnh) cc nguyn t c
th c mt trn ph PIXE thu c ca mu o, ngoi ra xc nh cc nguyn t cn li
(contamination) trn ph PIXE thu c ca mu NaCl.
3. So snh gi tr hm lng thu c vi gi tr thc t ca mu NaCl
Cu hi
1. Nu c ch pht bc x hm to nn nn lin tc trong ph PIXE.
2. Trnh by c ch hm ca tia X trong vt liu (lin quan trc tip n bi ton s
dng foil Mylar).
3. Trnh by cc qu trnh xy ra khi s dng bia l mu dy (Gi : Nng lng
chm proton khi i su vo trong mu s thay i).

Mn : Thc tp my gia tc