Professional Documents
Culture Documents
plural:
the girls [\ g|lz]= fetele
the boys [\ Boiz] = bieii
the trees [\ trIz] = copacii
the cats [\ kEts]= pisicile
feminin (feminine)
(she = ea)
actress = actri
spinster = celibatar
barmaid = barmani
girl = fat
bride = mireas
sister = sor
mam/mammy = mami
countess = contes
mother = mam
gentlewoman = doamn
goddess = zei
grandmother = grandma = bunic
heroine = eroin
wife = soie
queen = regin
lass = fat
landlady = proprietreas
woman = femeie
mistress = stpn
nun = clugri
niece = nepoat
mamma/mammy = mama
policewoman = poliist
princess = prines
saleswoman = vnztoare
madam = doamn
daughter = fiic
governess = guvernant
aunt = mtu
comun (common)
(he/she = el/ea)
associate = asociat/asociat
architect = arhitect/arhitect
artist = artist/artist
beginner = nceptor/nceptoare
author = autor/autoare
child = copil/copil
buyer = cumprtor/cumprtoare
client = client/client
companion = nsoitor/nsoitoare
cook = buctar/buctreas
cousin = verior/verioar
customer = client/client
fork = furculi
glory = glorie
helicopter = elicopter
honour = onoare
house = cas
impression = impresie
indifference = indiferen
kangaroo = cangur
land = pmnt
legend = legend
light = lumin
march = mar
medal = medalie
microbe = microb
minaret = minaret
monkey = maimu
mouse = oarece
mushroom = ciuperc
masculin (masculine)
(he = el)
boy friend = prieten
brother - in - law = cumnat
bull = taur
cock = coco
dog = cine
drake = roi
father - in - law = socru
fisherman = pescar
fox = vulpoi
gipsy/gypsy = igan
grandson = nepot
horse = cal
host = gazd
lion = leu
lord = domn
man-servant = servitor
Mr. = domnul
negro = negru
ox = bou
peasant = ran
pirate = pirat
postman = pota
schoolboy = colar
soldier = soldat
son - in - law = ginere
steward = stevard
tom cat = pisoi
turkey cock = curcan
usher = plasator
waiter = chelner
neutru (neuter)
(it = el/ea)
net = plas
novel = roman
number = numr
feminin (feminine)
(she = ea)
girl friend = prieten
sister - in - law = cumnat
cow = vac
hen = gin
bitch = cea
duck = ra
mother - in - law = soacr
vixen = vulpe
gipsy/gypsy woman = iganc
granddaughter = nepoat
mare = iap
hostess = gazd
lioness = leoaic
lady = doamn
maid - servant = servitoare
Miss/Mrs. = domnioara/doamna
negress = negres
cow = vac
peasant woman = ranc
-
schoolgirl = colri
-
occupation = ocupaie
ocean = ocean
oil = ulei
page = pagin
panic = panic
part = parte
pear = par
petal = petal
piano = pian
pig = porc
pot = oal
root = rdcin
scorpion = scorpion
shark = rechin
sparrow = vrabie
sphere = sfer
stage = scen
stick = b
sun = soare
tea = ceai
telephone = telefon
etc.
passenger = pasager/pasager
manager = manager/manager, director/directoare
philosopher = filozof
physiologist = fiziolog
pilot = pilot
player = juctor/juctoare
playwright = dramaturg
printer = tipograf/tipograf
prisoner = prizonier/prizonier
purchaser = cumprtor/ cumprtoare
supporter = suporter/suporter
reader = cititor/cititoare
reporter = reporter/reporter
rival = rival/rival
scholar = nvat/nvat
scientist = savant/savant
smoker = fumtor/fumtoare
spectator = spectator/spectatoare
spouse = so/soie
successor = succesor/succesoare
superintendent = supraveghetor/ supraveghetoare
theorist = teoretician/teoretician
weaver = estor/estoare
welder = sudor/sudori
worker = muncitor/muncitoare
writer = scriitor/scriitoare
Substantivele terminate n y formeaz pluralul prin simpla adugare la sfritul lor a literei s dac n faa lui y se afl
o vocal :
boy - boys = biat biei
play - plays = pies - piese
day - days = zi - zile
toy - toys = jucrie - jucrii etc
Substantivele care se termin n f sau ff formeaz pluralul prin adugarea lui s :
chief - chiefs = ef - efi
cliff - cliffs = stnc - stnci
grief - griefs = suprare/mhnire - suprri/mhniri
Dar iat i excepii:
calf - calves = viel - viei
half - halves = jumtate - jumti
knife - knives = cuit - cuite
leaf - leaves = frunz - frunze
life - lives = via - viei
Substantivele terminate n o formeaz pluralul astfel:
a) - unele adaug terminaia es :
hero - heroes = erou - eroi
mosquito - mosquitoes = nar - nari
negro - negroes = negru - negri
b) - altele adaug doar litera s :
casino - casinos = cazino - cazinouri
cuckoo - cuckoos = cuc - cuci
embryo - embryos = embrion- embrioni
kangaroo - kangaroos = cangur - canguri
10
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
singular
a boy = un biat
a girl = o fat
of a boy = a boy's = al, a , ai, ale unui biat
of a girl = a girl's = al, a, ai, ale unei fete
(to) a boy = unui biat
(to) a girl = unei fete
a boy = un biat
a girl = o fat
boy ! = biete !, biatule !
girl ! = fat !
plural
boys = biei
girls = fete
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
4. demonstrative (Demonstrative)
5. cantitativ/nehotrte (Quantitative-Indefinite)
11
12
13
14
This is the very book I needed. = Aceasta este chiar cartea de care aveam nevoie.
1.3.1.5. Adjective cantitative/NEHOTRTE (The Quantitative/INDEFINITE Adjectives)
some = unii, unele, nite, vreun, vreo
Se folosete n propoziiile afirmative. Cnd apare n propoziiile interogative se sper s se obin un rspuns afirmativ.
I see some people in the street. = Vd nite oameni pe strad.
Come to see us some Sunday ! = Vino/venii pe la noi ntr-o (zi de) duminic !
Do you see some people in the street ? = Vezi nite oameni pe strad ?
I should drink some water, not some wine. = A bea nite ap, nu nite vin.
I know him to some degree. = l cunosc ntr-o oarecare msur.
Some agree with me and some don't. = Unii sunt de acord cu mine, iar alii nu.
They will find out the truth some day. = Ei vor afla adevrul ntr-o bun zi.
This matter has some importance. = Chestiunea aceasta are oarecare importan.
You will meet some person or other. = Vei ntlni o persoan sau alta.
any- n propoziiile afirmative = orice, fiece
He can come at any hour of the day. = El poate veni la orice or din zi.
You may like any book. = i poate plcea orice carte.
You can/may come any time. = Poi veni oricnd.
any ? - n propoziiile interogative = orice ?, fiece ?, vreun ?, vreo ?
Do you like any book ? = i place orice carte ?
Have you got any friends ? = Ai vreun prieten ?, Ai ceva prieteni ?
Can you lend me any of those books ? = mi poi mprumuta vreuna dintre crile acelea?
any - n propoziiile negative = nici un, nici o
I cannot find any excuse. = Nu pot gsi nici o scuz.
We do not see any house. = Noi nu vedem nici o cas.
He does not see any boy. = El nu vede nici un biat.
no - numai n propoziiile negative = nici un, nici o
n limba englez se folosete o singur negaie n propoziie.
I see no boy, no girl and no house. = Nu vd nici un biat, nici o fat i nici o cas.
No man could do it. = Nici un om n-o putea face.
He will spare no pains. = El nu va crua nici un efort.
no admittance = intrarea interzis
no smoking = fumatul interzis
I can find no other solution. = Nu pot gsi nici o alt soluie.
few = puini, puine
I see few boys, few girls and few houses. = Eu vd puini biei, puine fete i puine case.
few of us/you/them = puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele
a few = puini/destui, puine/destule
I have a few books. = Am puine/suficiente cri.
He has a few friends. = Are puini/destui/ceva prieteni.
quite a few = a good few = some few = many, a large number = muli/multe
He has got quite a few friends. = Are destui/muli prieteni.
little = puin, puin; mic, mic, mici
I drink little tea and little coffee. = Eu beau puin ceai i puin cafea.
He has little time for reading. = El are puin timp pentru citit.
The little boy drinks little lemonade. = Bieelul bea puin limonad.
the little ones = cei mici
15
16
pozitiv
abject
abject/josnic
abrupt
abrupt
active
activ
comparativ de
superioritate
bigger
mai mare
drier
mai uscat
easier
mai uor
fatter
mai gras
greater
mai mare
happier
mai fericit
harder
mai tare
hotter
mai fierbinte
kinder
mai amabil
longer
mai lung
nicer
mai plcut
shorter
mai scurt
smaller
mai mic
stronger
mai tare
taller
mai nalt
thicker
mai gros
thinner
mai subire
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the biggest
cel mai mare
the driest
cel mai uscat
the easiest
cel mai uor
the fattest
cel mai gras
the greatest
cel mai mare
the happiest
cel mai fericit
the hardest
cel mai tare
the hottest
cel mai fierbinte
the kindest
cel mai amabil
the longest
cel mai lung
the nicest
cel mai plcut
the shortest
cel mai scurt
the smallest
cel mai mic
the strongest
cel mai tare
the tallest
cel mai nalt
the thickest
cel mai gros
the thinnest
cel mai subire
very big
foarte mare
very dry
foarte uscat
very easy
foarte uor
very fat
foarte gras
very great
foarte mare
very happy
foarte fericit
very hard
foarte tare
very hot
foarte fierbinte
very kind
foarte amabil
very long
foarte lung
very nice
foarte plcut
very short
foarte scurt
very small
foarte mic
very strong
foarte tare
very tall
foarte nalt
very thick
foarte gros
very thin
foarte subire, etc.
17
amiable
prietenos
attractive
atrgtor
beautiful
frumoas
curious
curios
foolish
prost(esc)
huge
uria/imens
severe
sever/aspru
sincere
sincer
skilled
priceput
sociable
sociabil
unfit
nepotrivit
unjust
injust/nejust
urbane
manierat
untidy
dezordonat
More amiable
mai prietenos
more attractive
mai atrgtor
more beautiful
mai frumoas
More curious
Mai curios
more foolish
mai prost(esc)
more huge
mai imens
more severe
mai sever
More sincere
Mai sincer
More skilled
mai priceput
More sociable
mai sociabil
more unfit
mai nepotrivit
more unjust
mai injust
More urbane
mai manierat
more untidy
mai dezordonat
very amiable
foarte prietenos
very attractive
foarte atrgtor
very beautiful
foarte frumoas
very curious
foarte curios
very foolish
foarte prost(esc)
very huge
foarte imens
very severe
foarte sever
very sincere
foarte sincer
very skilled
foarte priceput
very sociable
foarte sociabil
very unfit
foarte nepotrivit
very unjust
foarte injust
very urbane
foarte manierat
very untidy
foarte dezordonat
Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritate adjectivele cu comparaie analitic se
ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very, extremely, awfully, quite etc.
1.3.2.3. Adjective cu comparaie mixt (sintetic i analitic)
pozitiv
able
capabil
ample
amplu
empty
gol
strange
ciudat
stupid
stupid
etc.
comparativ de
superioritate
more able
abler
mai capabil
more ample
ampler
Mai amplu
more empty
emptier
mai gol
More strange
stranger
Mai ciudat
more stupid
stupider
Mai stupid
superlativ
relativ
the most able
the ablest
cel mai capabil
the most ample
the amplest
cel mai amplu
the most empty
the emptiest
cel mai gol
the most strange
the strangest
cel mai ciudat
the most stupid
the stupidest
cel mai stupid
superlativ
absolut
very able
foarte capabil
very ample
foarte amplu
very empty
foarte gol
very strange
foarte ciudat
very stupid
foarte stupid
18
good/well
bun/bine
bad/ill
ru
little
puin/mic
much/many
mult/muli
old
btrn/vechi
near
aproape
late
trziu
comparativ de
superioritate
better
mai bun/bine
worse
mai ru
less
mai puin/mic
more
mai mult/muli
far
older/elder
mai btrn/ vechi
nearer
mai aproape
later
Mai trziu
latter = ultimul
din doi
farther/further
departe
in
n interior
mai departe
inner
mai n interior
out
n exterior
outer/utter
mai n exterior
up
sus
upper
mai sus
beneath
dedesubt
hind
din spate
nether
mai dedesubt
hinder
mai din spate
fore
n fa
former
Mai n fa
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the best
cel mai bun/bine
the worst
cel mai ru
the least
cel mai puin/mic
the most
cel mai mult/cei mai
muli
the oldest/eldest
cel mai btrn/ vechi
the nearest
cel mai aproape
the latest
cel mai trziu
the last = ultimul
very good/well
foarte bun/bine
very bad/ill
foarte ru
very little
foarte puin/mic
very much/many
foarte mult/muli
very old
foarte btrn/vechi
very near
foarte aproape
very late
foarte trziu
very far
foarte departe
19
20
a good/great deal older (than) ...= cu mult mai btrn/vechi (ca/dect) ...
a good/great deal earlier (than) ...= cu mult mai devreme (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal later (than) ...= cu mult mai trziu (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal easier (than) ...= cu mult mai uor (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more difficult (than) ... = cu mult mai dificil (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more beautiful (than) ...= cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more interesting (than) ...= cu mult mai interesant (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more important (than) ...= cu mult mai important (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more beautifully (than) ...= cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more carefully (than) ...= cu mult mai atent/prudent (ca/dect)...
1.3.2.10 Structuri constnd din dou comparative de superioritate (cu ct... cu att...)
the earlier, the better = cu ct mai devreme, cu att mai bine
The earlier you come, the better it is. = Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme, cu att mai bine.
The more you learn, the more you forget. = Cu ct nvei mai mult, cu att uii mai mult.
the later, the worse = cu ct mai trziu, cu att mai ru
The later you arrive, the worse it is. = Cu ct ajungi mai trziu, cu att este mai ru.
The more beautifully Alice will sing, the more money she will get. = Cu ct Alice va cnta mai frumos, cu att mai muli
bani va ctiga.
His flat is a little cheaper than yours. = Apartamentul lui este puin mai ieftin dect al tu.
Your flat is a lot cheaper than mine. = Apartamentul tu este mult mai ieftin dect al meu.
Our flat is somewhat cheaper than theirs. = Apartamentul nostru este ntructva/puin mai ieftin dect al lor.
1.3.2.11. Superlativul absolut
Se formeaz cu adverbele: very (foarte), extremely (extrem de), quite (total, complet, cu totul), perfectly (perfect), extraordinary (extraordinar de), inconceivably (incredibil de), exceedingly (excesiv/nemaipomenit de), fantastically (fantastic
de), enormously/ immensely (enorm/imens de), tremendously/ awfully (ngrozitor/teribil de), infinitely (infinit de), terribly
(teribil de), terrifically (nfiortor de) etc.
awfully hot = ngrozitor/cumplit de cald
We are awfully sorry. = Ne pare nespus de ru
They have changed enormously. = Ei s-au schimbat enorm.
quite well = foarte bine
extremely well = extrem de bine
very well = foarte bine
exceedingly good = excesiv de bun
infinitely small = infinit/nemsurat de mic
exceedingly difficult = excesiv de greu, din cale afar de dificil
perfectly well = perfect de bine
a matchless playwright = un dramaturg fr pereche
terribly boring = teribil/nfiortor de plictisitor
quite right = perfect adevrat/just
enough - adjectiv
enough food = food enough = hran suficient/destul
to have money enough = to have enough money = a avea destui bani
enough - adverb de comparaie
I am warm enough. = mi este destul de cald.
The exercise is difficult enough. = Exerciiul este destul de greu.
What is good for you is good enough for me. = Ce este valabil pentru tine este perfect valabil i pentru mine.
Enough este singurul adverb de comparaie care st dup adjectivul pe care l determin.
This beer is good enough. = Berea aceasta este destul de bun.
1.3.2.12. Comparaia adjectivelor compuse
POZITIV
well-paid
bine pltit
good-looking
artos
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
better-paid
mai bine pltit
better-looking
mai artos
the best-paid
cel mai bine pltit
the best-looking
cel mai artos
21
SUPERLATIV
ABSOLUT
very well-paid
foarte bine pltit
very good-looking
foarte artos
sweet-natured
bun la suflet
short-sighted
miop
John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. = John este mult mai atent/prudent dect Bill.
Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. = Bill este mult mai puin prudent dect John.
He is a little less careful than his brother. = El este puin mai puin prudent dect fratele lui.
He loves her more than I (do). = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu.
He loves her more than me. = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine.
They know her better than I (do). = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine.
They know her better than me. = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.
22
23
24
25
26
27
anyone
= oricare - You may/can ask anyone. = Poi ntreba pe careva/ oricine.
= oricare? - Can I ask anyone? = Pot ntreba pe oricare/careva?
= oricare - I cannot ask anyone. = Nu pot ntreba pe oricare/ nimeni.
no one = nobody = nimeni;
none= not one/any = nici unul/una
You can ask no one. = Nu poi ntreba pe nimeni.
everybody = toi, toat lumea, fiecare
I saw everybody laughing. = I-am vzut pe toi rznd.
everything = totul, tot
He can understand everything. = Poate nelege tot.
somebody else = altcineva
I see somebody else. = Vd pe altcineva.
anybody else
= oricine altcineva - Give it to anybody else! = D-i-o oricui altcuiva !
= oricine altcineva ? - Could you play with anybody else? = Puteai juca cu oricine altcineva ?
= nimeni altcineva - I was not seen by anybody else. = N-am fost vzut de nimeni altcineva.
nobody else = nimeni altcineva
Nobody else can do it. = Nimeni altcineva n-o poate face.
something else = altceva
We must buy something else. = Trebuie s cumprm altceva.
anything else = orice altceva:
They may do anything else. = Ei pot face orice altceva.
nothing else = nimic altceva
I saw nothing else. = N-am vzut nimic altceva.
1.4.1.10. Pronumele reciproce (Reciprocal Pronoun)
each other = unul pe cellalt (dou persoane)
The two neighbours help each other. = Cei doi vecini se ajut unul pe cellalt.
one another = unul pe cellalt (minimum trei persoane)
The three brothers help one another. = Cei trei frai se ajut unul pe cellalt.
1.4.2. Declinarea pronumelui personal
n schema care urmeaz este inclus i cazul genitiv dei pronumele personal n cazul genitiv este pronume posesiv, nu personal.
N.
G.
D.
A.
N.
G.
D.
A.
I = eu
my = meu
mine = al meu
(to) me = mie
me = pe mine
you = tu
your = tu
yours = al tu
(to) you = tie
you = pe tine
we = noi
our = nostru
ours = al nostru
(to) us = nou
us = pe noi
he = el
his = lui
his = al lui
(to) him = lui
him = pe el
numrul singular
she = ea
it = el/ea
her = ei
its = lui/ei
hers = al ei its = al lui/ei
(to) her = ei (to) it = lui/ei
her = pe ea it = pe el/ea
numrul plural
you = voi/dv.
they = ei/ele, dnii/dnsele
your = vostru/dv.
their = lor, dnilor/dnselor
yours = al vostru/dv.
theirs = al lor, al dnilor/dnselor
(to) you = vou/dv.
(to) them = lor, dnilor/dnselor
you = pe voi/dv.
them = pe ei/ele, pe dnii/ dnsele
1.5.1. Clasificare
5. fracionare (Fractional Numerals)
6. adverbiale (Adverbial Numerals)
7. multiplicative (Multiplicative Numerals)
8. nehotrte (Indefinite Numerals)
28
29
30
31
every other hour = hourly = din dou n dou ore = la fiecare dou ore
every three hours = din trei n trei ore = la trei ore o dat
every five hours = din cinci n cinci ore, la interval de cinci ore
I see groups of five children. = Vd grupuri de cte cinci copii.
1.5.1.7. Numeralul adverbial (The Adverbial Numeral)
once = o dat
firstly = n primul rnd
twice = de dou ori
ten times = de zece ori
secondly = n al doilea rnd
four times = de patru ori
three times = de trei ori
thirdly = n al treilea rnd
They would go swimming three times a week. = Mergeau s noate de trei ori pe sptmn.
1.5.1.8. Numeralul nehotrt (The Indefinite Numeral)
a number of = un numr de
tens of = zeci de
a lot of = o mulime/grmad de
hundreds of = sute de
lots of = many = muli, multe
thousands of = mii de
Lots of people are walking in the park. = Muli oameni se plimb prin parc.
Tens of people are swimming in the lake. = Zeci de oameni noat n lac.
1.5.1.9. Exprimarea orei
Ct este ceasul/ora? (What time is it?, What's the time?)
minute = minut
quarter = sfert
half = jumtate
watch = ceas de mn
past = i
clock = ceas de perete
to = fr
face = cadran
long hand = orar
alarm clock = ceas detepttor
short hand = minutar
second hand = secundar
It is five (minutes) past twelve. = Este doisprezece i cinci (minute).
It is ten (minutes) past twelve. = Este doisprezece i zece (minute).
It is a quarter past twelve. = Este doisprezece i un sfert.
It is half past twelve. = Este doisprezece i jumtate.
It is a quarter to one. = Este unu fr un sfert.
It is ten (minutes) to one. = Este unu fr zece (min.).
It is two o'clock. = Este ora dou.
it is fast = grbete, o ia nainte, merge nainte
it is slow = ntrzie, rmne/merge n urm
My watch is five minutes slow. = Ceasul meu merge/rmne cu cinci minute n urm.
Your watch is five minutes fast. =Ceasul tu o ia nainte cu cinci minute.
My watch keeps a good time. = Ceasul meu merge bine.
His watch goes wrong. = Ceasul lui merge greit/prost.
1.5.1.10. Uniti de msur (Measures)
1 inch (in.) = 2,54 cm = 1/36 yard = 1/12 foot
1 furlong= 10 chains = 200,11 m
12 inches = 1 foot = 30,48 cm = 0,3048 m
1 rod = 5,029 m
3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard = 91 cm = 0,91 m = 1 yd
1 league = 3 miles
1 mile = 1,760 yards = 1609,35 m
1 fanthom= 6 feet = 1,82 m
1 mile = 80 chains
1 cable = 608 feet = 185,31 m
1 link = 7.92 inches = 20,1168 cm
1 sea mile = 6,080 feet = 1851,85 m
1 chain = 100 links = 20,1168 m
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts = 8 pints - England = 4,544 litres ; United States = 3,784 litres
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timp, aspect, numr, persoan, diatez i mod. Timpul verbului este categoria gramatical prin care se precizeaz momentul
desfurrii aciunii. Exist trei timpuri de baz: prezent, trecut i viitor. Aspectul exprim gradul de ndeplinire a aciunii. n
limba englez exist dou aspecte:
a) - aspectul comun, prin care se exprim o aciune general, o aciune terminat sau o aciune de scurt durat.
I play tennis. = Eu joc tenis (n general sau de obicei).
b) - aspectul continuu, care exprim o aciune n desfurare - deci o aciune neterminat.
I am playing tennis. = Joc tenis (acum).
Diateza realizeaz relaia dintre subiect i complementul direct. Exist trei diateze: activ, pasiv i reflexiv.
n cazul diatezei active aciunea subiectului se ndreapt asupra complementului direct.;
The boy is reading the lesson. = Biatul citete lecia.
n cadrul diatezei pasive aciunea svrit de subiectul logic se rsfrnge asupra subiectului gramatical.
The lesson is read by the boy. = Lecia este citit de biat.
Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c n limba englez diateza pasiv se formeaz cu verbul auxiliar to be plus participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat (adic a III-a form de baz a verbului de conjugat). Verbul to be se conjug, iar verbul
de conjugat la participiul trecut nu-i modific forma.
La diateza reflexiv aciunea se rsfrnge asupra autorului ei, adic asupra subiectului.
The cat washes itself. = Pisica se spal.
Modul este categoria gramatical a verbului prin care se precizeaz felul aciunii i anume dac aciunea este real, sigur,
ireal, probabil, posibil, imposibil.
n limba englez exist patru moduri personale (Finite Forms) i trei moduri nepersonale (Non - Finite Forms).
MODURI
NEPERSONALE
2.
modale
to be
to have
to do
shall
will
to let
can (to be able to)
may (to be permitted / allowed to)
TRECUT
SIMPLU
was / were
had
did
should
would
let
could
might
PARTICIPIU
TRECUT
been
had
done
let
-
(must)
shall
should
will
would
33
= a fi
= a avea
= a face
= trebuie s
= a vrea
= a lsa
= a putea, a ti
= a avea voie s =
(a-i fi permis s)
= trebuie,
(a trebui s) =
(a fi obligat s)
= a trebui s,
a se cuveni s
= a dori, a vrea
3. principale
regulate
ought to
dare
need
to be to
to ask
to like
to answer
to use
etc.
to go
(ought to)
need
was, were to
used to
asked
liked
answered
used
been to
asked
liked
answered
used
- went
- gone
= a merge
to see
etc.
shall
will
can
- saw
- seen
= a vedea
= ar trebui s
= a ndrzni
= obinuia s
= a urma s
= obinuia s
= a ntreba
= a-i plcea
= a rspunde
= a ntrebuina
neregulate
4. auxiliar
- modale
should
would
could etc.
Verbele auxiliare ajut celelalte verbe s-i formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiv, timpurile compuse, unele moduri.
Ele devin instrumente gramaticale pierzndu-i sensul lexical.
Eu am o carte = Eu posed o carte.
n exemplul de mai sus verbul am (a avea) n limba romn este verb principal, dar n exemplul: Eu am citit o carte, verbul am este auxiliar, cci ajut verbul citit s-i formeze timpul perfect compus. Este clar c nu putem spune: Eu posed citit o
carte, n care verbul a poseda s fie sinonim cu verbul a avea.
Verbele modale dau verbelor principale mpreun cu care se folosesc nuane lexicale speciale. n exemplul I must go.
= Eu trebuie s merg, verbul must exprim obligaia efecturii aciunii. Verbul can implic nuana capabilitii i permisiunii,
iar verbul may ideea de permisiune i posibilitate.
He may come. = El poate veni. = Lui i este permis s vin.
He can speak English. = El tie/poate vorbi englezete;
Verbele modale se mai numesc defective cci nu au forme proprii fie pentru infinitiv prezent, fie pentru trecut, fie
pentru participiul trecut, situaie n care se nlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor. Ele nu au particula infinitival to i nu folosesc
aceast particul dup ele (excepii: used to, ought to). Ca i verbele auxiliare ele formeaz interogativul schimbndu-i locul
cu subiectul propoziiei. Verbele auxiliare i modale din limba englez au i forme prescurtate/contrase. Unii gramaticieni includ
verbele auxiliare i modale ntr-o singur categorie - aceea de verbe speciale. Ele formeaz negativul prin simpla adugare a
negaiei not dup ele i interogativul schimbndu-i locul cu subiectul n propoziie.
Verbele can, may, must, ought to, dare, need i used to sunt auxiliare n ntrebrile disjunctive.
I cannot go. = Eu nu pot merge.
I am not at home. = Eu nu sunt acas.
Verbele auxiliare i modale contribuie la formarea ntrebrilor disjunctive (Tag/Tail Questions), cele care se traduc n
limba romn prin nu-i aa ?, aa-i ?
You are at home, aren't you ? = Eti acas, nu-i aa ?
You are not at home, are you ? = Nu eti acas, nu-i aa ?
He learns English, doesn't he ? = nva englezete, nu-i aa ?
Tot ele particip la formularea rspunsurilor scurte ale ntrebrilor generale. ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot primi
rspunsuri scurte: da, nu.
"Are they at home " ? "Yes"; "Yes, they are". = Sunt ei acas ? Da. ; Da, sunt.
Particip la completarea structurii and so...
"They are in the park"."And so are we". = Ei sunt n parc. i noi.
"Paul can speak English"."And so can Alice". "And so can we". = Paul tie s vorbeasc englezete. i Alice (tie). i noi
(tim).
"Paul cannot ski". "Neither can we". = "We can't either". = Paul nu tie s schieze. Nici noi (nu tim).
"They saw the house". "But I didn't". = Ei au vzut casa. Dar/ns eu nu. Dar eu n-am vzut-o.
Verbele auxiliare i cele modale, mult folosite n vorbire, se ntlnesc i n limbajul care exprim o surpriz (mai ales neplcut).
"He won't come with us". = El nu va veni cu noi.
"Oh, he won't, won't he" ? = Zu (dom'le) ? = Chiar aa ?
"John can't give you the money today". "Oh, he can't, can't he" ?= John nu-i poate da banii astzi.- Nu mai spune !; Cum
aa ?; Zu dom'le ?
Verbele modale, ca i verbele auxiliare, nu primesc terminaia s la persoana a III-a singular i nu au aspectul continuu.
1.6.2. Modurile personale ale verbelor
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N ||
I-N
am I not ? = aren't I ? = nu sunt eu ?= eu nu-s ?
are you not ? = aren't you ? = nu eti tu ?
is he/she/it not ? = isn't he/she/it ? = nu este el/ea ?
are we not ? = aren't we ? = nu suntem noi ?
are you not ? = aren't you ? = nu suntei voi ?
are they not ? = aren't they ? = nu sunt ei/ele ?
Funciile verbului TO BE
1. a) verb auxiliar pentru formarea aspectului continuu : I am reading. = Eu citesc (acum).
b) verb auxiliar pentru formarea diatezei pasive
I am seen. = Eu sunt vzut.
2. verb modal: to be to = a urma/trebui s = a fi s;
I am to read. = Trebuie/urmeaz s citesc.
3. verb principal - atunci cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc; We are at home. = Noi suntem acas.
They are in the park. = Ei/Ele sunt n parc.
TO HAVE = a avea
I have = I've = I have got [got] = I've got = eu am
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = tu ai
he/she/it has = he's/she's/it's = he/she/it has got = he's/she's/it's got = el/ea are
we have = we've = we have got = we've got = noi avem
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = voi avei
they have = they've = they have got = they've got = ei/ele au
N ||
I have not (I haven't) = I have not (haven't) got = eu nu am
you have not (you haven't) = you have not (haven't) got = tu nu ai
he/she/it has not (he/she/it hasn't) = he/she/it has not (hasn't) got = el/ea nu are
we have not (we haven't) = we have not (haven't) got = noi nu avem
you have not (you haven't) = you have not (haven't) got = voi nu avei
they have not (they haven't) = they have not (haven't) got = ei/ele nu au
sau
I do not have = I don't have = eu nu am
you do not have = you don't have = tu nu ai
he/she/it does not have = he/she/it doesn't have = el/ea nu are
we do not have = we don't have = noi nu avem
you do not have = you don't have = voi nu avei
they do not have = they don't have = ei/ele nu au
I ||
have I? = have I got? = do I have? = eu am ? = am e ?
have you? = have you got? = do you have ? = tu ai ? = ai tu?
has he/she/it? = has he/she/it got? = does he/she/it have? = el/ea are?
have we? = have we got? = do we have? = noi avem? = avem noi?
have you? = have you got? = do you have? = voi avei? = avei voi?
A ||
35
have they? = have they got? = do they have? = ei/ele au? = au ei/ele?
I - N ||
have I not? = haven't I? = have I not (haven't I) got? = do I not (don't I) have? = eu nu am? = eu n-am ? = nu am eu ?
have you not? =haven't you? =have you not (haven't you) got? =do you not (don't you) have? = tu nu ai= tu n-ai? =nu ai tu
?
has he/she/it not ? = hasn't he/she/it? = has he/she/it not (hasn't he/she/it) got? = does he/she/it not (doesn't he/she/it)
have ? = el/ea nu are ? = nu are el/ea ?
have we not? =haven't we? = have we not (haven't we) got? = do we not (don't we) have ? = noi nu avem ? = noi n-avem ?
= nu avem noi ?
have you not ? = haven't you ? = have you not (haven't you) got ? = do you not (don't you) have ?= voi nu avei ?= voi navei ?= nu avei voi ?
have they not ? = haven't they ? = have they not (haven't they) got ? = do they not (don't they) have ? = ei/ele nu au ? =
nu au ei/ele ?
Funciile verbului TO HAVE
1. verb auxiliar pentru formarea timpurilor The Present Perfect i The Past Perfect
I have come for two hours. = Am venit de dou ore.
I had come for two hours. =Venisem de dou ore.
2. verb modal: to have to = must = trebuie
I must sing. = I have to sing. = Eu trebuie s cnt. = Eu am de cntat.
He had to learn every day. = El trebuia s nvee n fiecare zi.
3. verb principal: a) to have = to possess = a avea/poseda
We have a house. = We possess a house. = Avem o cas. = Posedm o cas.
They have had that house for ten years. = Ei au casa aceea de zece ani.
b) to have = a mnca, a bea, a servi, a se distra etc.
We have breakfast at eight o'clock. = Servim micul dejun la ora opt.
TO DO = a face
A ||
I do= eu fac
we do = noi facem
you do = tu faci
you do = voi facei
he/she/it does = el/ea face
they do = ei/ele fac
N ||
I do not do (I don't do) = eu nu fac
we do not do (we don't do) = noi nu facem
you do not do (you don't do) = tu nu faci
you do not do (you don't do) = voi nu facei
he/she/it does not do (doesn't do) = el/ea nu face
they do not do (they don't do) = ei/ele nu fac
I ||
do I do ? = eu fac ?
do we do? = noi facem ?
do you do ? = tu faci ?
do you do ? = voi facei ?
does he/she/it do? =el/ea face ?
do they do? = ei/ele
I N ||
do I not do ? = don't I do ? = eu nu fac ? = nu fac eu ?
do you not do ? = don't you do ? = tu nu faci ? = nu faci tu ?
does he/she/it not do? = doesn't he/she/it do? = ea/el nu face? = nu face el/ea?
Ca verb auxiliar, verbul to do nu se traduce. Traducerea lui ns, ca i traducerea verbelor to be i to have s-a fcut totui
pentru motive practice.
Funciile verbului TO DO
1. verb auxiliar
Do you understand ? = nelegi ?
He does not understand. = El nu nelege.
2. verb de ntrire (emfatic)
I do like grammar. = mi place gramatica foarte mult.
3. verb principal
We did an exercise. = Noi am fcut un exerciiu.
Well begun is half done. (prov.) = Lucrul bine nceput jumtate e fcut.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA TIMPUL PREZENT
La prezent, verbele modale au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele.
A||
36
N ||
I cannot (swim) = I can't (swim) = I am not able to (swim) = I aren't able to (swim) = eu nu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s
(not) etc.
I || Can I (swim) ? = Am I able to (swim) ? = pot/tiu eu s (not) ? = sunt eu n stare s (not) ? etc.
I - N || Can I not (swim) ? = Can't I (swim) ? = Am I not able to (swim) ? = Aren't I able to (swim) ? = eu nu tiu/pot s
(not) ? = eu nu sunt n stare s (not) ? etc.
Verbul CAN exprim:
a) abilitatea sau capacitatea:
can = to be able to = to know how to = to have the ability/power/skill to = a putea/ti = a fi n stare s = a ti cum s
I can speak five languages. = tiu s vorbesc cinci limbi.
He cannot speak French. = El nu tie s vorbeasc franuzete.
b) - posibilitatea - la afirmativ i interogativ
They can be in the park. = Ei pot fi n parc.
They can have been in the park. = Se poate/Este posibil ca ei s fi fost n parc.
- imposibilitatea - la negativ:
They can't be in the park. = Ei nu pot fi n parc.
This story cannot be true. = Povestea aceasta nu poate fi adevrat.
She can't be under thirty. = Nu poate avea sub treizeci de ani.
He can't have said that. = El nu poate s fi spus asta. = Nu se poate ca el s fi spus asta.
c) o invitaie sau o rugminte:
Can you shut the window, please? = Poi, te rog, s nchizi fereastra ?
Can you possibly come to my birthday party ? = Poi cumva veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere ?
How can you possibly ask such a thing ? = Cum poi ntreba aa ceva ?
d) permisiunea (n limbajul colocvial) i devine sinonim cu may, dar pentru politee se prefer may.
can = may = to be free to = to have permission to = to be allowed/permitted to = a putea, a fi liber s, a avea permisiunea s
You can/may use my umbrella. = Poi folosi umbrela mea.
I can swim in that lake. = I am free to swim in that lake. = Pot nota n lacul acela. = Sunt liber s not n lacul acela.
- la negativ can exprim interdicia sau imposibilitatea - (can't = be forbidden/ prohibited to)
cannot = to be incapable/unable to = a fi incapabil s
You can't go on the trip. = Nu poi merge n excursie.
It can't be six o'clock. = Nu poate fi ora ase.
MAY = to be permitted/allowed to= a avea voie s, a-i fi permis/ ngduit s
A || I may (go) = I am permitted/allowed to (go) = eu am voie/pot s (merg) = mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc
N|| I may not (go) = I am not permitted/allowed to (go) = eu nu am voie s (merg) = mie nu-mi este permis/ngduit s
(merg) etc.
Forma mayn't este considerat desuet i, n consecin, practic nefolosit.
I || May I (go)? = am I permitted/allowed to (go)?=eu am voie/pot s (merg)? = mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
I-N || May I not (go) ? = am I not permitted/allowed to (go) ? = eu nu am voie/nu pot s (merg) ? = mie nu-mi este permis/
ngduit s (merg)? etc.
Verbul MAY exprim:
a) - permisiunea n prezent "May I come in" ? = Pot intra , Pot s intru ?; "Yes, you may." = Da, poi; "Yes, of course" =Da, desigur =Da,
bineneles.
"You may leave if you like," John said. = Poi pleca dac doreti, zise el.
devine n vorbire indirect:
John said that I might leave if I liked. = John said that I was allowed to leave if I liked. = John a zis c pot pleca dac
doresc. = John a zis c-mi este ngduit s plec dac doresc.
- interdicia se exprim prin may not:
You may not use my umbrella. = Nu poi folosi umbrela mea.
b) posibilitatea:
He may come late if the traffic's heavy. = El poate veni trziu dac circulaia este intens.
He may have come yesterday. = Este posibil ca el s fi venit ieri.
She may be learning her lessons. = Ea poate i nva leciile.
He may not be able to pay his rent. = Poate c el nu este n stare s-i plteasc chiria.
c) probabilitatea / incertitudinea sau curiozitatea:
What may he be ? = Ce poate fi el ?
I may have left my umbrella on the train. = Probabil/Poate mi-am uitat umbrela n tren.
He may come . = Probably he comes. = El poate veni. = Probabil el vine.
37
38
I ||
Will I (learn) ? = eu vreau s (nv) ? = vreau eu s (nv) ? etc.
I - N ||
Will I not (learn) ? = Won't I (learn) ? = eu nu vreau s (nv) ? etc.
Prin verbul modal will se adreseaz o invitaie sau o dorin.
Will you have a cup of tea ? = Doreti/Vrei o ceac de ceai ?
You may come to see us if you will. = Poi veni pe la noi dac vrei.
OUGHT TO = ar trebui s, s-ar cuveni s (obligaie moral)
I ought to go = eu trebuie s merg = eu se cuvine s merg; You ought to go = tu ar trebui s mergi = tu s-ar cuveni s mergi; He/she ought to go = el/ea ar trebui s mearg = el/ea se cuvine s mearg etc.
N ||
I ought not to go = I oughtn't to go = eu nu ar trebui s merg = eu n-ar trebui s merg etc.
I ||
Ought I to go ? = ar trebui eu s merg ? = s-ar cuveni eu s merg ? etc.
I - N||
Ought I not (oughtn't I) to go ? = eu nu ar trebui s merg ? = n-ar trebui eu s merg ? etc.
A ||
You ought to tell her the truth. = Se cuvine s-i spui adevrul.
You ought to have told her the truth. = S-ar fi cuvenit s-i spui adevrul.
- ought to este sinonim cu should i exprim recomandarea, necesitatea sau obligaia moral.
You ought to help your parents if they are very old. = Se cuvine s-i ajui prinii dac sunt foarte btrni.
You oughtn't to take his umbrella without asking for permission. = Tu nu trebuie s-i iei umbrela fr s ceri voie.
He knew he ought to help us. = tia c trebuie s ne ajute.
DARE = a ndrzni, a se ncumeta
(exist ns i verbul principal to dare - dared/durst - dared = a ndrzni)
A || La afirmativ verbul dare se conjug n maniera verbelor principale: I dare = eu ndrznesc; you dare = tu ndrzneti
he/she/it dares = el/ea ndrznete etc.
N || I dare not go = I daren't go = I don't dare (to) go = eu nu ndrznesc s merg etc.
I || Dare I go ? = do I dare (to) go? = ndrznesc eu s merg ? = eu ndrznesc s merg ? etc
I-N || Dare I not go ? = don't I dare (to) go? = nu ndrznesc eu s merg ? = eu nu ndrznesc s merg? etc .
- dare (to) = to be brave enough to = a ndrzni = a fi suficient de curajos pentru a
I dare go there alone. = ndrznesc s merg acolo singur.
- dare = to take the risk of = a ndrzni, a risca s, a nfrunta
They dare all the dangers. = Ei nfrunt toate pericolele.
- dare = to provoke somebody into a demonstration of courage
Dare you jump over that fence ? = ndrzneti s sari peste gardul acela ?
- dare + say = ndrznesc s spun
I dare say you can't swim across that lake. = ndrznesc s spun c nu poi traversa lacul acela not.
NEED = a fi nevoie/necesar s, a trebui s
N || I need not go = I needn't go = eu nu este nevoie s merg etc.
I || Need I go ? = este nevoie s merg eu? etc.
I-N || Need I not (needn't I) go ? = nu este nevoie s merg eu ?= eu nu este nevoie s merg ? etc.
- necesitate/nevoie
La afirmativ need se folosete cu adverbele hardly, scarcely, only:
I need hardly tell you something. = Simt o mare nevoie s-i spun ceva.
You need only be present. = Este nevoie s fii doar prezent.
Verbul need la negativ presupune lipsa obligaiei sau necesitii.
I needn't tell you everything. = Nu este nevoie s-i povestesc totul.
I needn't go yet. = nc nu este nevoie s plec.
- NEEDN'T - n vorbirea indirect:
"You needn't come until I tell you", he said. = - Nu este nevoie s vii pn nu-i spun eu, a zis el. devine n vorbire indirect:
He said that I needn't come until he told me. = El a zis c nu este nevoie s vin pn nu-mi spune el.
TO BE TO = a fi/trebui/urma s
You are to be there at six o'clock. = S fii acolo la ora ase. = Trebuie/Urmeaz s fii acolo la ora ase.
What am I to do now ? = Ce urmeaz/trebuie s fac eu acum ?
What is to be done now ? = Ce este de fcut acum ?
I should have told you if we had been to go there. = i-a fi spus dac noi ar fi fost s mergem acolo.
TO HAVE GOT TO = trebuie (folosit mult n limbajul colocvial american)
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40
TO WILL
A ||
I am willing to (read) = eu vreau s (citesc) etc.
N ||
I am not (I aren't) willing to (read) = eu nu vreau s (citesc) etc.
I ||
Am I willing to (read)? = eu vreau s (citesc)? = vreau eu s (citesc) ? etc.
I - N ||
Am I not willing to (read)? = aren't I willing to (read)? = eu nu vreau s (citesc)? = nu vreau eu s (citesc) ?
etc.
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR LA PREZENT - DIATEZA PASIV - ASPECTUL COMUN
TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut
A ||
I am seen = eu sunt vzut()
you are seen = tu eti vzut()
he/she/it is seen = el/ea este vzut()
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
41
Are you not seen ? = aren't you seen ? = tu nu eti vzut/() ? = nu eti tu vzut/()?
Is he/she/it not seen ? = isn't he/she/it seen ? = el /ea nu este vzut() ? = nu-i el/ea vzut() ?
Are we not seen ? = aren't we seen ? = noi nu suntem vzui/vzute ? = nu suntem noi vzui/vzute?
Are you not seen ? = aren't you seen ? = voi nu suntei vzui/ ? = nu suntei voi vzui/vzute?
Are they not seen ? = aren't they seen ? = ei/ele nu sunt vzui/vzute ? = nu-s ei/ele vzui/vzute?
F. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR LA PREZENT - DIATEZA PASIV - ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO BE BEING LOOKED AT = a fi privit()
A ||
I am being looked at = eu sunt privit()
You are being looked at = tu eti privit()
He/she/it is being looked at = el/ea este privit()
We are being looked at = noi suntem privii/privite
You are being looked at = voi suntei privii/privite
They are being looked at = ei/ele sunt privii/privite
N ||
I am not being looked at = I aren't being looked at = eu nu sunt privit()
You are not being looked at = you aren't being looked at = tu nu eti privit()
He/she/it is not being looked at = he/she/it isn't being looked at = el/ea nu este privit() etc.
I ||
Am I being looked at ? = sunt eu privit() ? etc
I-N ||
Am I not being looked at ?= aren't I being looked at ? = eu nu sunt privit() ? etc.
Today he is being a good boy. = Astzi/azi el este biat cuminte.
G. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE LA TIMPUL PREZENT - ASPECTUL COMUN
TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra/amuza
A ||
I enjoy myself = eu m distrez
we enjoy ourselves = noi ne distrm
You enjoy yourself = tu te distrezi
you enjoy yourselves = voi v distrai
He enjoys himself = el se distreaz
they enjoy themselves = ei/ele se distreaz
She enjoys herself = ea se distreaz
It enjoys itself = el/ea se distreaz
N ||
I do not enjoy myself = I don't enjoy myself = eu nu m distrez etc.
I ||
Do I enjoy myself ? = eu m distrez ? = m distrez eu ? etc.
I - N ||
Do I not enjoy myself ? = don't I enjoy myself ? = eu nu m distrez ? etc.
H. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE LA TIMPUL PREZENT - ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO BE ENJOYING ONESELF = a se distra/amuza
A ||
I am enjoying myself = eu m distrez/amuz (n acest moment, acum) etc.
N ||
I am not enjoying myself = eu nu m distrez/amuz etc.
I ||
Am I enjoying myself ? = eu m distrez/amuz ? = m distrez/amuz eu ? etc.
I - N || Am I not enjoying myself ? = aren't I enjoying myself ? = eu nu m distrez/amuz ? = nu m distrez/amuz eu ? etc.
RECAPITULARE: SCHEMA CONJUGRII VERBELOR LA MODUL INDICATIV, TIMPUL PREZENT, ASPECTUL COMUN.
AFIRMATIV
(A)
VERBE AUXILIARE
VERBE MODALE
VERBE PRINCIPALE
NEGATIV
(N)
I am = eu sunt etc.
I am not = eu nu sunt
I can (go) = eu pot s I cannot (go) = I can't
(merg) etc.
(go) = eu nu pot s (merg)
etc.
I go = eu merg etc
I do not go = I don't go =
eu nu merg etc.
INTEROGATIV
(I)
INTEROGATIVNEGATIV (I-N)
Am I ? = eu sunt ?
Can I (go) ? = pot eu
s (merg) ?etc.
Am I not ? = eu nu sunt ?
Can I not (go)? = Can't I
(go)? = eu nu pot s (merg)?
etc.
Do I go ? = eu merg ? Do I not go ? = Don't I go ?
= eu nu merg ? etc.
= etc.
42
2. trecut terminat n momentul vorbirii: Where have you been ? = Unde ai fost (pn acum) ?
3. trecut neterminat:
He has learned English for three years. = nva englezete de trei ani.
How long have you learned English? = De ct timp nvei tu englezete?
Since when have you learned English ? = De cnd nvei tu englezete?
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA TIMPUL THE PRESENT PERFECT
Verbele auxiliare nu se conjug la Present Perfect . Verbele to be, to have i to do se pot conjuga la acest timp atunci
cnd ele sunt verbe principale, aa cum se vede mai jos:
TO BE = a fi
A ||
I have been = I've been = eu sunt = eu s
you have been = you've been = tu eti
he/she/it has been= he's/she's/it's been = el/ea este = el/ea i/e
we have been = we've been = noi suntem
you have been = you've been = voi suntei
they have been = they've been = ei/ele sunt
N ||
I have not been = I haven't been = eu nu sunt = eu nu-s
you have not been = you haven't been = tu nu eti
he /she/it has not been = he/she/it hasn't been = el/ea nu este = el/ea nu-i = el/ea nu e
we have not been = we haven't been = noi nu suntem
you have not been = you haven't been = voi nu suntei
they have not been = they haven't been = ei/ele nu sunt = ei/ele nu-s
I ||
have we been?= noi suntem? = suntem noi?
have I been? = eu sunt? = sunt eu?
have you been? = tu eti? = eti tu ?
have you been? = voi suntei? = suntei voi?
has he/she/it been? = el/ea este/e/i?
have they been? = ei/ele sunt? = sunt ei/ele?
I - N ||
43
44
TO DO - DID - DONE
I did = eu am fcut, eu fceam
we did = noi am fcut, noi fceam
you did = tu ai fcut, tu fceai
you did = voi/dv. ai fcut, voi / dv. fceai
they did = ei/ele au fcut, ei / ele fceau
he/she/it did = el / ea a fcut, el/ea fcea
N ||
I did not do = I didn't do = eu nu am fcut, eu nu fceam etc.
I ||
Did I do? = eu am fcut ?, eu fceam ? etc.
I N ||
Did I not do? = didn't I do? = eu nu am fcut ?, eu nu fceam ? etc.
A ||
SHOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past, persoana I singular i plural, precum i pentru formarea modului
condiional (prezent i perfect)
WOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past pers. II - III i condiional. El l poate nlocui pe should la pers. I
sg. i pl. att la timpul The Future in the Past ct i la modul condiional.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA PAST TENSE
COULD
A ||
N ||
I ||
I N ||
45
46
NEED
Se folosete la negativ i interogativ urmat de infinitiv fr particula to. Needn't urmat de infinitiv perfect exprim c s-a
petrecut ceva nenecesar.
You needn't have gone there. = Nu era necesar/nevoie s fi mers acolo.
I knew I need not repeat the question. = tiam c nu e nevoie s repet ntrebarea.
You needn't have cooked our dinner because we are going to dine out with friends tonight. = Nu era necesar s fi pregtit
cina pentru c vom cina cu prietenii n ora disear.
He didn't need to get up so early. = It was not necessary for him to get up so early. = Nu era necesar/nevoie ca el s se
scoale aa devreme.
N ||
I need not (go) = I needn't (go) = eu nu era nevoie s (merg) etc.
I ||
Need I (go) ? = eu era nevoie/necesar s merg ? = era necesar s (merg)? etc.
I - N ||
Need I not (go)? =needn't I (go)? = eu nu era necesar/nevoie s (merg)? = n-aveam eu nevoie s (merg)
?
USED TO = WOULD
A nu se confunda acest verb cu verbul principal regulat to use - used - used = a ntrebuina, a folosi. Se traduce n limba
romn prin timpul imperfect, iar sensul i este dat de verbul principal pe lng care funcioneaz n propoziie.
A ||
I used to (play) = I would (play) = eu jucam = eu obinuiam s (joc)
You used to (play) = you would (play) = tu jucai = tu obinuiai s (joci)
He/she used to (play) = he/she would (play) = el/ea juca = el/ea obinuia s (joace) etc
N ||
I use(d)n't to (play) = I wouldn't (play) = eu nu obinuiam s (joc) etc
I ||
Use(d) I to (play) ? = would I (play) ? = obinuiam eu s (joc) ? etc
I-N ||
Use(d)n't I to (play) ? = wouldn't I (play) ? = eu nu obinuiam s (joc) ? etc
- to be used to = a fi obinuit/nvat cu/s
He was used to their dogs. = El era obinuit/nvat cu cinii lor.
He was used to catch fish. = El era nvat/obinuit s prind pete.
- to get used to = a se nva/obinui cu
We got used to these working conditions. = Trebuia s ne obinuim cu aceste condiii de munc.
There used to be some tents on this ground last summer, use(d)n't there ? = Erau nite corturi pe terenul acesta vara trecut,
nu-i aa ?
- didn't use to - este form colocvial; use(d)n't to este forma literar
Alte structuri modale:
had better = mai bine s
We had better arrived there earlier than later. = Mai bine s ajungem acolo mai devreme dect mai trziu.
would rather ... than...= a prefera s ... dect s ...
I would rather walk than take a taxi. = A prefera s merg pe jos dect s iau un taxi.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SEE - SAW - SEEN (verb principal neregulat)
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
47
I - N ||
A ||
I was seen = eu am fost vzut()
you were seen = tu ai fost vzut()
he/she/it was seen = el/ea a fost vzut()
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
48
rivit()
49
TO DO - DID - DONE
I had done = eu fcusem
we had done = noi fcusem
you had done = tu fcusei
you had done = voi fcusei
he/she/it had done = el/ea fcuse
they had done = ei/ele fcuser
N ||
I had not done = I hadn't done = eu nu fcusem etc.
I ||
had I done ? = eu fcusem ? = fcusem eu ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not done ? = hadn't I done ? = eu nu fcusem ? = nu fcusem eu ? etc.
A ||
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
I had had to (play) = eu trebuise s (joc)
you had had to (play) = tu trebuise s (joci)
he/she/it had had to (play) = el/ea trebuise s (joace)
we had had to (play) = noi trebuise s (jucm)
you had had to (play) = voi trebuise s (jucai)
they had had to (play) = ei/ele trebuise s (joace)
N ||
I had not had to (play) = I hadn't had to (play) = eu nu trebuise s (joc) etc.
I ||
had I had to (play) ? = trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not had to (play) ? = hadn't I had to (play) ? = eu nu trebuise s (joc) ? = nu trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
A ||
50
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
TO BE ASKED = a fi ntrebat
I had been asked = eu fusesem ntrebat
you had been asked = tu fusesei ntrebat
he/she had been asked = el/ea fusese ntrebat()
we had been asked = noi fusesem ntrebai
you had been asked = voi fusesei ntrebai
they had been asked = ei/ele fuseser ntrebai/ntrebate
N ||
I had not been asked = I hadn't been asked = eu nu fusesem ntrebat etc.
I ||
had I been asked ? = eu fusesem ntrebat ? = fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not been asked ? = hadn't I been asked ? = eu nu fusesem ntrebat ? = nu fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
Exist cazuri cnd The Past Perfect se traduce prin The Past Tense.
I was at home when he had come to see me. = Eram acas cnd a venit el pe la mine.
n exemplul : El a zis c ne ateapt de cinci minute. - verbul ateapt din limba romn, care este la prezent se traduce n
limba englez prin Past Perfect: He said that he had been waiting for us for five minutes.
A ||
TO HAVE
I shall/will have = I'll have = eu voi avea = eu o s am
you will have = you'll have = tu vei avea = tu o s ai
he/she/it will have = he'll/she'll/it'll have = el/ea va avea = el/ea o s aib
51
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
TO DO
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
52
N ||
I shall/will not be permitted/allowed to (go) = I shan't/won't be permitted/ allowed to (go) = eu nu voi avea voie s (merg)
= eu nu voi putea s (merg) = mie nu-mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) = eu n-o s am voie s (merg)
you will not be permitted/allowed to (go) = you won't be permitted/allowed to (go) = tu nu vei avea voie s (mergi) = tu nu
vei putea s (mergi) = ie nu-i va fi permis/ngduit s (mergi) = tu n-o s ai voie s (mergi)
he/she/it will not be permitted/allowed to (go) = he/she/it won't be permitted/ allowed to (go) = el/ea nu va avea voie s
(mearg) = el/ea nu va putea s (mearg) = lui/ei nu-i va fi permis/ngduit s (mearg) = el/ea n-o s aib voie s (mearg) etc.
I ||
shall/will I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = eu voi avea voie s (merg) ? = voi avea eu voie s (merg) ? = mi va fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? =eu o s pot (merge) ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = shan't/won't I be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? = eu nu voi avea voie s
(merg) ? = eu nu voi putea s (merg) ? = eu nu voi putea (merge) ? = mie nu-mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
MUST - MUST - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A ||
I shall/will have to (go) = I'll have to (go) = eu va trebui s (merg) = eu o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will have to (go) = you'll have to (go) = tu va trebui s (mergi) = tu o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will have to (go) = he'll/she'll/it'll have to (go) = el/ea va trebui s (mearg) = el/ea o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
we shall/will have to (go) = we'll have to (go) = noi va trebui s (mergem) = noi o s trebuiasc s (mergem)
you will have to (go) = you'll have to (go) = voi va trebui s (mergei) = voi o s trebuiasc s (mergei)
they will have to (go) = they'll have to (go) = ei/ele va trebui s (mearg) = ei/ele o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
N ||
I shall/will not have to (go) = I shan't/won't have to (go) = eu nu va trebui s (merg) = eu n-o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will not have to (go) = you won't have to (go) = tu nu va trebui s (mergi) = tu n-o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will not have to (go) = he/she/it won't have to (go) = el/ea nu va trebui s (mearg) = el/ea n-o s trebuiasc s
(mearg) etc.
I ||
shall/will I have to (go) ? = eu va trebui s (merg) ? = va trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N ||
shall/will I not have to (go) ? = shan't/won't I have to (go) ? = eu nu va trebui s (merg) ? = nu va trebui eu s (merg) ? = eu
n-o s trebuiasc s (merg) ? etc.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL COMUN
TO SPEAK
A ||
I shall/will speak = I'll speak = eu voi vorbi = eu o s vorbesc
you will speak = you'll speak = tu vei vorbi = tu o s vorbeti
he/she will speak = he'll/she'll speak = el/ea va vorbi = el/ea o s vorbeasc
we shall/will speak = we'll speak = noi vom vorbi = noi o s vorbim
you will speak = you'll speak = voi vei vorbi = voi o s vorbii
they will speak = they'll speak = ei/ele vor vorbi = ei/ele o s vorbeasc
N ||
I shall/will not speak = I shan't/won't speak = eu nu voi vorbi = eu n-o s vorbesc
you will not speak = you won't speak = tu nu vei vorbi = tu n-o s vorbeti
he/she will not speak = he/she won't speak = el/ea nu va vorbi = el/ea n-o s vorbeasc etc.
I ||
shall/will I speak ? = eu voi vorbi ? = voi vorbi eu ? = eu o s vorbesc ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not speak ? = shan't/won't I speak ? = eu nu voi vorbi ? = nu voi vorbi eu ? = eu n-o s vorbesc
? = n-o s vorbesc eu ? etc.
TO DARE - DARED - DARED
I shall/will dare = I'll dare = eu voi ndrzni = eu o s ndrznesc
you will dare = you'll dare = tu vei ndrzni = tu o s ndrzneti
he/she/it will dare = he'll/she'll/it'll dare= el/ea va ndrzni = el/ea o s ndrz- neasc
we shall/will dare = we'll dare = noi vom ndrzni = noi o s ndrznim
you will dare = you'll dare = voi vei ndrzni = voi o s ndrznii
they will dare = they'll dare = ei/ele vor ndrzni = ei/ele o s ndrzneasc
N ||
I shall/will not dare = I shan't/won't dare = eu nu voi ndrzni = eu n-o s ndrznesc etc.
I ||
shall/will I dare ? = eu voi ndrzni ? = voi ndrzni eu? = o s ndrznesc eu? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will/will I not dare ? = shan't/won't I dare ? = eu nu voi ndrzni ? = nu voi ndrzni eu ? = eu n-o s
A ||
53
54
scris scrisoarea.
I shall/will have been = eu voi fi fost
I shall/will not have been = eu nu voi fi fost
Shall/Will I have been ? = voi fi fost eu ? = eu voi fi fost ?
Shall/Will I not have been ? = eu nu voi fi fost ? = nu voi fi fost eu ?
I shall/will have had to = eu va fi trebuit s etc.
CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA VIITOR ANTERIOR
TO COME = a veni
A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
55
56
A ||
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
TO DO = A FACE
if I did = dac eu a face
if we did = dac noi am face
if you did = dac voi ai face
if you did = dac tu ai face
if he/she/it did = dac el/ea ar face
if they did = dac ei/ele ar face
I ||
did I do = s fac eu = de-a face eu etc.
N ||
if I did not do = if I didn't do = dac eu nu a face = dac eu n-a face etc.
I-N ||
did I not do = didn't I do = s nu fac eu = de n-a face eu etc.
A ||
vI ||
57
is/ngduit s
might they (go) = were they permitted/allowed to (go) = s aib ei/ele voie s (mearg) = de le-ar fi lor
permis/ngduit s
if I might not (go) = if I mightn't (go) = if I were not permitted/allowed to (go) = if I weren't
permitted/allowed to (go) = dac eu n-a avea voie s (merg) = dac mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s
N ||
(merg)
I-N ||
to
voie s
might I not (go) = mightn't I (go) = were I not permitted/allowed to (go) = weren't I permitted/allowed
(go) = s nu am eu voie s (merg) = s nu-mi fie mie permis/ngduit s (merg) = de n-a avea eu
(merg) = de nu mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg ) etc.
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
if I had to (go) = dac eu ar trebui s (merg)
if you had to (go) = dac tu ar trebui s (mergi)
if he/she/it had to (go) = dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
if we had to (go) = dac noi ar trebui s (mergem)
if you had to (go) = dac voi ar trebui s (mergei)
if they had to (go) = dac ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
I ||
had I to (go) = s trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
had you to (go) = s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) = de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it to (go) = s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg)
had we to (go) = s trebuiasc noi s (mergem) = de-ar trebui noi s (mergem)
had you to (go) = s trebuiasc voi s (mergei) = de-ar trebui voi s (mergei)
had they to (go) = s trebuiasc ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar trebui ei/ele s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not to (go) = if I hadn't to (go) = dac eu nu ar trebui s (merg) = dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not to (go) = hadn't I to (go) = s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
SHALL - SHOULD - 0
if I should (go) = dac eu ar trebui s (merg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (merg) eu
if you should (go) = dac tu ar trebui s (mergi) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mergi) tu
if he/she/it should (go) = dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mearg) el/ea etc.
I ||
should I (go) = s trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
should you (go) = s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) = de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
should he/she/it (go) = s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg) etc.
N ||
if I should not (go) = if I shouldn't (go) = dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
should I not (go) = shouldn't I (go) = s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
WILL - WOULD - 0
A ||
if I would (go) = dac eu a vrea s (merg)
if you would (go) = dac tu ai vrea s (mergi)
if he/she/it would (go) = dac el/ea ar vrea s
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
58
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
N ||
A ||
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
I ||
voi
had he/she/it been = s fi fost el/ea = de-ar fi fost el/ea
e
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
if I had not been = if I hadn't been = dac eu nu a fi fost = dac eu n-a fi fost etc.
had I not been = hadn't I been = s nu fi fost eu = de n-a fi fost eu etc.
TO HAVE - HAD - HAD
if I had had = dac eu a fi avut
if you had had = dac tu ai fi avut
if he/she/it had had = dac el/ea ar fi avut
59
TO DO - DID - DONE
if I had done = dac eu a fi fcut
if we had done = dac noi am fi fcut
if you had done = dac tu ai fi fcut
if you had done = dac voi ai fi fcut
if he/she/it had done = dac el/ea ar fi fcut
if they had done = dac ei/ele ar fi fcut
I ||
had I done = s fi fcut eu = de-a fi fcut eu
had we done = s fi fcut noi = de-am fi fcut noi
had you done = s fi fcut voi = de-ai fi fcut voi
had you done = s fi fcut tu = de-ai fi fcut tu
had he done = s fi fcut el/ea = de-ar fi fcut el/ea had they done = s fi fcut ei/ele = de-ar fi fcut ei/ele
N ||
if I had not done = if I hadn't done = dac eu nu a fi fcut = dac eu n-a fi fcut etc.
I-N ||
had I not done = hadn't I done = s nu fi fcut eu = de n-a fi fcut eu etc.
A ||
60
v
mergei=
N ||
mis/ngduit
I-N ||
(mearg) = s-i fi fost lui/ei permis/ngduit s (mearg) = de-ar fi avut el/ea voie s (mearg) = de-ar fi putut
el/ea s (mearg) = de i-ar fi fost lui/ei permis/ngduit s (mearg)
had we been permitted/allowed to (go) = s fi avut noi voie s (mergem) = s fi putut noi s (mergem) = s
ne fi fost nou permis/ngduit s (mergem) = de-am fi avut noi voie s (mergem) = de-am fi putut noi s
(mergem) = de ne-ar fi fost nou permis/ngduit s (mergem)
had you been permitted/allowed to (go) = s fi avut voi voie s (mergei) = s fi putut voi s (mergei) = s
fi fost vou permis/ngduit s (mergei) = de-ai fi avut voi voie s (mergei) = de-ai fi putut voi s
de v-ar fi fost vou permis/ngduit s (mergei)
had they been permitted/allowed to (go) = s fi avut ei/ele voie s (mearg) = s fi putut ei/ele s (mearg) =
s le fi fost lor permis/ngduit s (mearg) = de-ar fi avut ei/ele voie s (mearg) = de-ar fi putut ei/ele s
mearg = de le-ar fi fost lor permis/ngduit s (mearg)
if I had not been permitted/allowed to (go) = if I hadn't been permitted/ allowed to (go) = dac eu nu a
(n-a) fi avut voie s merg = dac eu nu a (n-a) fi putut s (merg) = dac mie nu mi-ar fi fost pers (merg) etc.
had I not been permitted/allowed to (go) = hadn't I been permitted/allowed to (go) = s nu fi avut eu voie
s (merg) = s nu fi putut eu s (merg) = s nu-mi fi fost mie permis/ngduit s (merg) = de n-a fi avut eu
voie s (merg) = de n-a fi putut eu s (merg) = de nu mi-ar fi fost mie permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
if I had had to (go) = dac eu ar fi trebuit s (merg)
if you had had to (go) = dac tu ar fi trebuit s (mergi)
if he/she/it had had to (go) = dac el/ea ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
if we had had to (go) = dac noi ar fi trebuit s (mergem)
if you had had to (go) = dac voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
if they had had to (go) = dac ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
I ||
had I had to (go) = s fi trebuit eu s (merg) = de-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg)
had you had to (go) = s fi trebuit tu s (mergi) = de-ar fi trebuit tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it had to (go) = s fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg)
had we had to (go) = s fi trebuit noi s (mergem) = de-ar fi trebuit noi s (mergem)
had you had to (go) = s fi trebuit voi s (mergei) = de-ar fi trebuit voi s (mergei)
had they had to (go) = s fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not had to (go) = if I hadn't had to (go) = dac eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not had to (go) = hadn't I had to (go) = s nu fi trebuit eu s (merg) = de n-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg)
etc.
A ||
A ||
I ||
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A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
TO HAVE = a avea
I should/would have = I'd have = eu a avea
you would have = you'd have = tu ai avea
he/she/it would have = he'd/she'd/it'd have = el/ea ar avea
we should/would have = we'd have = noi am avea
you would have = you'd have = voi ai avea
they would have = they'd have = ei/ele ar avea
I should/would not have = I shouldn't/wouldn't have = eu nu a (n-a) avea etc.
should/would I have ? = eu a avea ? = a avea eu ? etc.
should/would I not have ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have ? = eu nu a (n-a) avea? etc.
TO DO = a face
I should/would do = I'd do = eu a face
we should/would do = we'd do = noi am face
you would do = you'd do = tu ai face
you would do = you'd do = voi ai face
he/she/it would do = he'd/she'd/it'd do = el/ea ar face
they would do = they'd do = ei/ele ar face
N ||
I should/would not do = I shouldn't/wouldn't do = eu nu a (n-a) face etc.
I ||
should/would I do ? = eu a face ? = a face eu ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not do ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I do ? = eu nu a (n-a) face ? = nu a (n-a) face eu ? etc.
A ||
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MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A ||
I should/would have to (go) = I'd have to (go) = eu ar trebui s (merg)
you would have to (go) = you'd have to (go) = tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it would have to (go) = he'd/she'd/it'd have to (go) = el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should/would have to (go) = we'd have to (go) = noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you would have to (go) = you'd have to (go) = voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they would have to (go) = they'd have to (go) = ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N ||
I should/would not have to (go) = I shouldn't/wouldn't have to (go) = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I ||
should/would I have to (go) ? = eu ar trebui s (merg) ? = ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not have to (go) ? = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? = n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
63
A ||
64
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
A ||
65
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
A ||
66
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
MUST - O - O = TO HAVE TO
I should/would have had to (go) = eu ar fi trebuit s (merg)
you would have had to (go) = tu ar fi trebuit s (mergi)
he/she/it would have had to (go) = el/ea ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
we should/would have had to (go) = noi ar fi trebuit s (mergem)
you would have had to (go) = voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
they would have had to (go) = ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
N ||
I should/would not have had to (go) = eu nu ar fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I ||
should/would I have had to (go) ? = eu ar fi trebuit s (merg) ? = ar fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have had to (go)? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have had to (go)? = eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit
s (merg) ? = nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
SHALL - SHOULD - O
A ||
I should have (come) = eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) = tu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
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N ||
I ||
I - N ||
WILL - WOULD - O
I would have (come) = eu voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) = tu voiai s fi (venit)
he/she/it would have (come) = el/ea voia s fi (venit)
we would have (come) = noi voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) = voi voiai s fi (venit)
they would have (come) = ei/ele voiau s fi (venit)
N ||
I would not (wouldn't) have (come) = eu nu voiam s fi (venit) etc.
I ||
would I have (come) ? = voiam eu s fi (venit) ? etc.
I - N ||
would I not (wouldn't I) have (come) ? = eu nu voiam s fi (venit) ? etc.
A ||
OUGHT TO
I ought to have come = eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = eu se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come = tu s-ar fi cuvenit s vii = tu se cuvenea s fi venit
he/she/it ought to have come = el/ea s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = el/ea se cuvenea s fi venit
we ought to have come = noi s-ar fi cuvenit s venim = noi se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come = voi s-ar fi cuvenit s venii = voi se cuvenea s fi venit
they ought to have come = ei/ele s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = ei/ele se cuvenea s fi venit
N ||
I ought not (oughtn't) to have come = eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit etc.
I ||
ought I to have come ? = eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? = eu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
I - N ||
ought I not (oughtn't I) to have come ? = eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? = eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
A ||
Did he/she tell you why you ought to do it ? = i-a spus el/ea ie de ce trebuie (se cuvine/cade) s-o faci ? = i-a spus
el/ea ie de ce trebuia (se cuvenea/cdea) s-o faci ?
Did he/she tell you that you ought to have done it ? = i-a spus el/ea ie c se cuvine/cuvenea s-o fi fcut ?
Ought your friend to have been an engineer ? = Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fie inginer? = Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fi
fost inginer ?
If I were you I should/would learn more. = Dac a fi n locul tu a nva mai mult.
If I had seen you I might have helped you. = Dac te-a fi vzut a fi putut s te ajut.
Had I known him I should/would have helped him. = S-l fi cunoscut, l-a fi ajutat.
Even if they had been there, they couldn't have helped us. = Chiar dac ei ar fi fost acolo nu ar fi putut s ne ajute.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT - DIATEZA ACTIV
TO READ = a citi
A ||
I should/would have read = eu a fi citit
we should/would have read = noi am fi citit
you would have read = tu ai fi citit
you would have read = voi ai fi citit
he/she would have read = el/ea ar fi citit
they would have read = ei/ele ar fi citit
N ||
I should/would not have read = I shouldn't/wouldn't have read = eu nu a fi citit = eu n-a fi citit etc.
I ||
should/would I have read ? = eu a fi citit ? = a fi citit eu ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have read ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have read ? = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi citit ? = nu a (na) fi citit eu ? etc.
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT- DIATEZA PASIV
TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut
A ||
I should/would have been seen = eu a fi fost vzut()
you would have been seen = tu ai fi fost vzut()
he/she/it would have been seen = el/ea ar fi fost vzut()
we should/would have been seen = noi am fi fost vzui/vzute
you would have been seen = voi ai fi fost vzui/vzute
they would have been seen = ei/ele ar fi fost vzui/vzute
N ||
I should/would not have been seen = I shouldn't/wouldn't have been seen = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost
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I ||
I - N ||
vzut() etc.
should/would I have been seen ? = eu a fi fost vzut() ? = a fi fost eu v- zut() ? etc.
should/would I not have been seen ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have been seen ? = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost
vzut() ? = nu a (n-a) fi fost eu vzut() ? etc.
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Prezent
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Perfect
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
CLASIFICAREA INFINITIVULUI
aspectul comun
look (privi)
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
be looking (privi)
be looked at (fi privit)
be being looked at (fi privit)
to look (a privi)
to be looking (a privi)
to be looked at (a fi privit)
to be being looked at (a fi privit)
have looked at (fi privit)
have been looking at (fi privit)
have been looked at (fi fost privit)
have been being looked at (fi fost privit)
to have looked at ( a fi privit)
to have been looking at (a fi privit)
to have been looked at (a fi fost privit)
to have been being looked at (a fi fost privit)
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71
Was it too late for you to learn that language ? = Era prea trziu ca tu s nvei limba aceea ?
There was nothing for me to do there. = Nu era nimic pentru mine de fcut acolo.
It is better for you to leave now. = Este mai bine ca tu s pleci acum. = Este mai bine pentru tine s pleci acum.
CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII IT IS EASY FOR ME TO LEARN
It is easy for me to learn. = Mie mi este uor s nv.
It is easy for you to learn. = ie i este uor s nvei.
It is easy for him to learn. = Lui i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for her to learn. = Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for it to learn. = Lui/Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for us to learn. = Nou ne este uor s nvm.
It is easy for you to learn. = Vou v este uor s nvai.
It is easy for them to learn. = Lor le este uor s nvee.
N ||
It is not (isn't) easy for me to learn. = Mie nu-mi este uor s nv. etc.
I ||
Is it easy for me to learn ? = mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
I - N || Is it not (isn't it) easy for me to learn ? = Nu-mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
A ||
It was easy for me to learn. = Mie mi-a fost uor s nv.. It had been easy for me to learn. = Mie mi fusese uor s nv.
It would be easy for me to learn. = Mie mi-ar fi uor s nv.
D. NOMINATIV CU INFINITIV
Este varianta pasiv a acuzativului cu infinitiv, i se folosete dup aceleai grupe de verbe.
1 : I want him to play the piano. = Vreau ca el s cnte la pian. - este acuzativ cu infinitiv. Iat cum se transform el n
nominativ cu infinitiv :
2 : He is wanted to play the piano by me. = Se dorete ca el s cnte la pian de ctre mine.
Subiectul din exemplul 1adic I devine n exemplul 2 complement de agent (deci subiect logic).
Verbul want din exemplul 1 i schimb diateza din activ n pasiv.
Pronumele him din exemplul 1, care era la acuzativ trece n exemplul 2 la cazul nominativ i devine subiectul propoziiei.
by me = de (ctre) mine
by us = de (ctre) noi
by you = de (ctre) voi/dv.
by you = de (ctre) tine
by him/her/it = de (ctre) el/ea
by them = de (ctre) ei/ele
by whom? = de (ctre) cine ?
By whom was he wanted to play the piano ? = Who(m) was he wanted to play the piano by ? = De (ctre) cine s-a dorit s
cnte el la pian ?
They were expected to come much earlier. = Erau ateptai s soseasc mult mai devreme.
Dup verbele to prove (a dovedi, a se dovedi), to turn out (a se dovedi), to happen (a se ntmpla) i to seem (a se
prea) nominativul cu infinitiv este o construcie activ, nu pasiv.
She proves to be a good tennis player. = Ea se dovedete a fi o bun juctoare de tenis.
They do not seem to be too friendly. = Ei nu par a fi prea prietenoi.
We happened to be watching the match when he came. = S-a ntmplat ca noi s privim meciul cnd a venit el.
He turned out to be a reliable man. = El s-a dovedit un om de ndejde.
If she were considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she can be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea poate fi considerat a fi bun juctoare de tenis...
If she could be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar putea fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she should be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar trebui s fie considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII I AM KNOWN TO BE LA PREZENT
A ||
I am known to be... = se tie/cunoate c eu sunt... = eu sunt cunoscut a fi... = eu sunt cunoscut ca fiind...
you are known to be... = se tie/cunoate c tu eti... = tu eti cunoscut a fi... = tu eti cunoscut ca fiind..
he is known to be... = se tie/cunoate c el este... = el este cunoscut a fi... = el este cunoscut ca fiind...
she is known to be... = se tie/cunoate c ea este... = ea este cunoscut a fi... = ea este cunoscut ca fiind...
it is known to be... = se tie/cunoate c el/ea este... = el/ea este cunoscut() a fi.. = el/ea este cunoscut() ca fiind...
we are known to be... = se tie/cunoate c noi suntem cunoscui ca fiind...
you are known to be... = se tie/cunoate c voi suntei cunoscui ca fiind...
they are known to be... = se tie/cunoate c ei/ele sunt cunoscui ca fiind...
N || I am not known to be... = eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt cunoscut ca fiind... etc.
I || am I known to be...? = eu se tie/cunoate c sunt...? = se cunoate/tie c eu sunt...? = sunt eu cunoscut ca fiind...? etc.
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I - N || am I not known to be...? = eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt... ? = nu sunt eu cu-noscut a fi...? = eu nu sunt cunoscut ca
fiind...? etc.
I was known to be... = se tia/cunotea c eu sunt... = eu eram cunoscut a fi... = eu eram cunoscut ca fiind...
I had been known to be... = se tiuse/cunoscuse c eu sunt... = eu fusesem cu-noscut a fi...
if I were known to be... = dac s-ar ti/cunoate c eu sunt....
if I had been known to be... = dac s-ar fi tiut/cunoscut c eu sunt... = dac eu a fi fost cunoscut ca fiind...
1.6.3.2. MODUL PARTICIPIU (THE PARTICIPLE MOOD)
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
prezent seeing = vznd
beeing seen = fiind vzut
speaking = vorbind
Participiu
trecut seen = vzut
seen = vzut
spoken = vorbit
perfect having seen = vznd
having been seen = fiind vzut
having spoken = vorbind
Din schema i exemplificarea de mai sus se vede c participiul are trei timpuri, iar pentru unele verbe are forme pentru
diatezele activ i pasiv.
1. PARTICIPIUL PREZENT mpreun cu verbul to be, care se conjug, formeaz, aa cum s-a artat, aspectul continuu
al verbelor.
I am speaking. = Eu vorbesc (acum).
Participiul prezent se mai traduce n limba romn i prin modul gerunziu.
We watched them playing football. = I-am privit jucnd fotbal.
The boy running is John = The boy, who is running, is John. = Biatul, care alearg, este John.
We came to know each other playing tennis. = Am ajuns s ne cunoatem jucnd tenis.
Participiul prezent este un adjectiv verbal.
a singing bird = o pasre cnttoare
in the coming years = n anii care vin
running water = ap curgtoare
the coming days = zilele care vin
the rising generation = generaia care se ridic
the winning horse = calul ctigtor
the rising/setting sun = soarele care rsare/apune
I did not keep him waiting. = Nu l-am fcut s atepte.
to keep somebody waiting = a face pe cineva s atepte
to find somebody doing something = a gsi pe cineva fcnd ceva
I found her writing a letter. = Am gsit-o scriind o scrisoare.
to leave somebody doing something = a lsa pe cineva fcnd ceva
I left them playing in the garden. = I-am lsat jucndu-se n grdin.
I felt the earth shaking. = Am simit pmntul cltinndu-se.
to see somebody doing something = a vedea pe cineva fcnd ceva
She is watching her baby sleeping. = Ea i supravegheaz copilul care doarme.
Did you catch him stealing anything ? = L-ai prins furnd ceva ?
Keep on singing! = Cntai mai departe!
I can feel the wind blowing. = Pot simi vntul suflnd.
I like to listen to the birds singing. = mi place s ascult la psri cntnd.
We left her learning her lessons. = Am lsat-o nvndu-i leciile.
He wrote the exercise while singing a song. = A scris exerciiul cntnd un cntec.
I noticed him smiling happily at them. = L-am zrit/observat zmbind fericit ctre ei.
Did you see us swimming in the lake ? = Ne-ai/ne-ai vzut (pe noi) notnd n lac ?
Searching in the library I came across an interesting book. = Cutnd prin bibliotec, am dat peste o carte interesant.
We were watching the setting sun and the waves receding from the shore. = Priveam soarele care apunea i valurile ce se
retrgeau de la rm.
A man learning to swim should be very cautious. = Un om care nva s noate ar trebui s fie foarte precaut.
2. PARTICIPIUL TRECUT (The Past Participle) este a III-a form de baz a verbelor, form care intr n alctuirea timpurilor The Present Perfect i The Past Perfect.
3. PARTICIPIUL PERFECT (The Perfect Participle)
Having given him the book, I went home. = Dup ce i-am dat (lui) cartea, (eu) am plecat acas.
Structura aceasta const din participiul prezent al verbului to have urmat de un verb la participiul trecut.
Having been read the book was returned to the library. = After the book had been read it was returned to the library. =
Dup ce a fost citit cartea a fost napoiat la bibliotec.
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prezent
perfect
diateza activ
seeing = vznd
having seen = dup ce a vzut
diateza pasiv
being seen = fiind vzut
having been seen = dup ce a fost vzut
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to complain of = a se plnge de
We are complaining of having such bad weather. = Ne plngem (de faptul) c avem o vreme aa de proast.
to contribute to = a contribui la
He contributed to our winning the prize. = El a contribuit la ctigarea premiului de ctre noi.
to be crazy about = a fi nebun/mort/topit dup
John is crazy about fishing. = John este nebun dup pescuit.
to count (up) on = to rely on = a se baza / bizui pe = a conta pe
You can count/rely on our helping you. = Poi s te bazezi/bizuieti pe faptul c noi te ajutm.
to depend on/upon = a depinde de
Does everything depend on his winning a scholarship ? = Depinde totul de ctigarea unei burse de ctre el ?
to forgive for = a ierta pentru
We forgive you for your being late. =Te iertm pentru ntrzierea ta.
to insist on = a insista asupra
Need you insist on her writing her homework ? = Este nevoie s insiti asupra scrierii temei sale de ctre ea ?
to long for = a tnji dup
We are longing for a short holiday. = Tnjim dup o scurt vacan.
to prevent from = a mpiedica / preveni s
You must prevent your son from making mistakes. = Trebuie s-l previi pe fiul tu s nu fac greeli.
to refer to = a se referi la
Did he refer to his coming to see us ? = S-a referit el la venirea lui pe la noi ?
to resort to = a recurge la
He mustn't resort to stealing however poor he were. = El nu trebuie s recurg la furat orict de srac ar fi.
to be sated with = a fi stul / dezgustat de
We aren't sated with fishing and swimming, are we ? = Noi nu suntem plictisii / stui de pescuit i not, nu-i aa ?
to see to = a avea grij de, a se ocupa de
See to making some tea, will you ? = Vezi / ocup-te s faci nite ceai, te rog.
to succeed in = a reui s
He succeeded in learning the poem by heart. = El a reuit s nvee poezia pe de rost.
to thank for = a mulumi pentru
Thank you for comming. = Mulumesc c ai venit.
to think of = a se gndi la
We are thinking of going on a trip. = Ne gndim s mergem ntr-o excursie.
1.6.3.3.1. GERUND PREZENT (THE PRESENT GERUND)
Gerund prezent (sau indefinit) este, cum s-a putut observa i n exemplele de mai sus, precedat :
a) fie de adjective posesive, ca n structurile :
my coming = venirea mea
my being late = ntrzierea mea etc.
b) fie de unele substantive cu prepoziii :
He is known for his art of writing. = El este cunoscut pentru arta lui de a scrie.
Let me tell you about their surprise at seeing us! = S-i povestesc despre surpriza lor la vederea noastr.
I know his interest in learning. = i cunosc interesul pentru nvtur.
I like the idea of building a house here. = mi place ideea de a construi o cas aici.
Alte astfel de substantive cu prepoziii dup care se poate folosi gerund-ul sunt:
the art of (living) = arta de a (tri)
astonishment at = uimire fa de
confidence in = ncredere n
dependence on = dependen fa de
disappointment at = dezamgire la
experience in = experien n
fear of = team de
idea of = idee de a
interest in = interes fa de
risk of = riscul de a
mode of (living) = modul de a (tri)
surprise at = surpriz la
Gerund-ul prezent se traduce fie prin gerunziu, fie printr-un substantiv, fie prin infinitiv sau conjunctiv.
I prefer watching football matches. = Eu prefer vizionarea meciurilor de fotbal.
He went on smoking and drinking coffee. = El a continuat s fumeze i s bea cafea.
Please excuse my saying so. = Te rog s m scuzi c zic/spun aa.
Do you mind opening the window ? = Te/V deranjeaz dac deschid fereastra ?
Did you mind my opening the window ? = Te-a/V-a deranjat c am deschis fereastra ?
Do you enjoy dancing ? = i place mult s dansezi ?
Willing and wishing are two different things, aren't they ? = A vrea/voi i a dori sunt dou lucruri diferite, nu-i aa ?
Any work needs correcting. = Oricare lucrare are nevoie s fie corectat.
I like swimming not mountain climbing. = mi place notul nu alpinismul.
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A ||
A ||
A ||
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N ||
There had not (there hadn't) been a book on the table. = Nu fusese (nu se aflase) o carte pe mas.
There had not (there hadn't) been two books on the table. = Nu fuseser (nu se aflaser) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Had there been a book on the table ? = Fusese (se aflase) o carte pe mas ?
Had there been two books on the table ? = Fuseser (se aflaser) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Had there not (hadn't there) been a book on the table ? = Nu fusese (nu se aflase) o carte pe mas ?
Had there not (hadn't there) been two books on the table ? = Nu fuseser (nu se aflaser) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul viitor simplu (The Simple Future)
There will (there'll) be a book on the table. = Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas = Se va afla o carte pe mas.
There will (there'll) be two books on the table. = Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas = Se vor afla dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not be (there won't be) a book on the table. = Nu va fi (n-o s fie) o carte pe mas. = Nu se va afla (n-o s
se
afle) o carte pe mas.
There will not be (there won't be) two books on the table. = Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas. = Nu se vor afla
(n-o s se afle) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Will there be a book on the table ? = Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas ? = Se va afla (o s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Will there be two books on the table ? = Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas ? = Se vor afla dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu va fi o carte pe mas ? = Nu se va afla o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas ? = Nu se vor afla
(n-o s se afle) dou cri pe mas ?
A ||
A ||
N ||
pe
There will not (there won't) have been two books on the table. = Nu vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
Will there have been a book on the table ? = Va fi fost (se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there have been two books on the table ? =Vor fi fost (se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) have been a book on the table ? = Nu va fi fost (nu se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) have been two books on the table ? = Nu vor fi fost (nu se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas
?
I ||
A ||
A ||
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There may be two books on the table. = Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N ||
There may not (there mayn't) be a book on the table. = Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There may not be two books on the table. = Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
May there be a book on the table ? = Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there be two books on the table ? = Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || May there not be a book on the table ? = Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there not be two books on the table ? = Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
- cu verbul must = to have to = trebuie s = a trebui s
A || There must be a book on the table. = Trebuie s fie o carte pe mas.
There must be two books on the table. = Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There must not (there mustn't) be a book on the table. = Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There must not (there mustn't) be two books on the table. = Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Must there be a book on the table ? = Trebuie s fie (trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there be two books on the table ? = Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Must there not (musn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there not (musn't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Past Tense
There could be a book on the table. = Putea fi o carte pe mas. = Putea s se gseasc o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. = Puteau fi dou cri pe mas. = Puteau s se afle dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not (there couldn't) be a book on the table. = Nu putea fi o carte pe mas. = Nu putea s se gseasc o
carte pe mas.
There could not (there couldn't) be two books on the table. = Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas. = Nu puteau s se afle
dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Could there be a book on the table ? = Putea fi o carte pe mas ?= Putea s se gseasc o carte pe mas ?
Could there be two books on the table ? = Puteau fi dou cri pe mas? = Puteau s se afle dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Could there not (couldn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu putea fi o carte pe mas? = Nu putea s se gseasc o
carte pe mas ?
Could there not (couldn't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas ? = Nu puteau s se
afle dou cri pe mas ?
A || There might be a book on the table. = Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might be two books on the table. = Puteau fi (era voie/permis s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There might not (there mighn't) be a book on the table. = Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table. = Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Might there be a book on the table ? = Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas?
Might there be two books on the table ? = Puteau fi (era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Might there not (mighn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
Might there not be two books on the table ? = Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
A || There had to be a book on the table. = Trebuia s fie (trebuia s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There had to be two books on the table. = Trebuia s fie dou cri pe mas.
A ||
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future in the Past
There could be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not be (there couldn't be) a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could not be (there couldn't be) two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
Exemplu: He told me that there could be a book on the table. = El mi-a spus c va putea fi o carte pe mas.
A ||
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A ||
N ||
A ||
A ||
N ||
A ||
N ||
pe
Alte exemple cu there is i there are:
We should not want there to be new wars. = Nu am vrea s fie noi rzboaie.
Do you want there to be another festival ? = Vrei s fie un alt festival ?
There can be no doubt about it. = Nu poate fi nici o ndoial n aceast privin.
He doesn't want there to be any misunderstanding. = El nu vrea s fie nici o nenelegere.
1.6.5. SCHEMA RECAPITULATIV A VERBULUI
Formele de baz ale verbului sunt:
I
II
III
IV
Present Infinitive
Past Tense
Past Participle
Present Participle/Gerund
to see
saw
seen
seeing
MODUL INDICATIV (THE INDICATIVE MOOD)
1) The Present Simple (prezent) = subiect + I (fr particula to)
I see. = Eu vd.
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2) The Present Perfect (prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus) = subiect + have + III
I have seen. = Am vzut.
3) The Past Tense (imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus) = subiect + II
I saw. = Am vzut/vedeam/vzui.
4) The Past Perfect Tense (mai mult ca perfect, perfect compus) = subiect + had + III
I had seen. = Vzusem.
5) The Future Tense (viitor) = subiect + shall/will + I
I shall/will see. = Voi vedea; I'll see. = O s vd.
6) The Future in the Past (viitor) = subiect + should/would + I
I should/would see = Voi vedea.
7) The Future Perfect (viitor anterior) = subiect + shall/will + have + III
I shall/will have seen (something). = Voi fi vzut (ceva).
8) Near Future (prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus, imperfect, mai mult ca perfect) = subiect + to be going to + I
I am going to see. = Am de gnd s vd. = Voi vedea. (deci viitor)
I was going to see. = Aveam de gnd s vd.
I had been going to see. = Avusesem de gnd s vd.
MODUL CONDIIONAL (THE CONDITIONAL MOOD)
1) Present Conditional (Optativ prezent) = subiect + should/would + I
I should/would come. = Eu a veni.
2) The Perfect Conditional (optativ trecut) = subiect + should/would + have + III
I should/would have seen. = A fi vzut.
MODUL SUBJONCTIV (THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)
1) The Subjunctive II (condiional optativ prezent) = if + subiect + II
If I saw. = Dac a vedea. etc.
2) The Subjunctive III (condiional optativ trecut) = if + subiect + had + III
If I had had time.... = Dac a fi avut timp ... etc.
DIATEZA PASIV
The Passive Voice (diateza pasiv) = if + to be + III
I am seen. = Sunt vzut.
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
The Continuous/Definite Progressive Aspect (aspectul continuu) = subiect + to be + IV
I am speaking. = Vorbesc (acum).
1.6.6. TIMPUL I TIMPUL GRAMATICAL (TIME AND TENSE)
Se tie c timpul trece i este ireversibil. El se scurge/trece dinspre viitor spre trecut, aa cum se vede n schema de mai
jos:
Viitorul devine prezent, iar prezentul devine trecut.
Aciunile prezente ale verbelor coincid n principal cu momentul vorbirii; aciunile trecute sunt anterioare prezentului, iar
cele viitoare sunt posterioare prezentului.
80
nainte, after = dup, today = azi/astzi, just = tocmai/abia, at present = n prezent, at last = n cele din urm/n fine, by now
= pn acum, already = deja, still = nc, once = odinioar/cndva, when = cnd, just now = chiar acum, so far = pn
aici/acum, sooner or later = mai curnd sau mai trziu etc.
1.7.1.3. ADVERBE DE LOC (ADVERBS OF PLACE)
Adverbele de loc rspund la ntrebarea where ? = unde ?
behind = n spate, far = departe, here = aici, near = aproape, there = acolo, inside = n interior, upstairs = la etaj, along = dea lungul, up and down = n sus i n jos, here and there = ici i colo, abroad = n strintate, under = dedesubt, somewhere =
undeva, nowhere = nicieri, niciunde, anywhere = oriunde, everywhere = pretutindeni, southwards = ctre sud, homeward =
spre/ctre cas, where = unde etc.
1.7.1.4. ADVERBE DE CAUZ (ADVERBS OF CAUSE/REASON)
Adverbele de cauz rspund la ntrebarea why ? = de ce ?
that is why = iat de ce, therefore = pentru acest motiv, de aceea, for the reason that = pentru motivul c etc.
1.7.1.5. ADVERBE DE SCOP (ADVERBS OF PURPOSE)
Adverbele de scop rspund la ntrebarea for what purpose? = cu ce scop?
for this purpose = cu acest scop, for the mere purpose of = pentru simplul motiv de a, etc.
1.7.1.6. ADVERBE DE CANTITATE /GRAD (ADVERBS OF QUANTITY)
Adverbele de cantitate /grad rspund la ntrebrile how much ? = ct ?, how little ? = ct de puin ? etc.
almost = aproape/aproximativ, enormously = enorm, entirely = n ntregime, little = puin, much = mult, quite = chiar/total,
really = ntr-adevr/cu adevrat, so = astfel/aa, sufficiently = suficient, enough = destul/suficient, too = prea/suficient, very =
foarte etc.
ALTE ADVERBE :
especially = mai ales, n special
at most = cel mult
precisely = precis
exactly = exact
at latest = cel mai trziu
also = de asemenea
even = chiar
at earliest = cel mai devreme
at least = cel puin
only = numai, doar
however = totui, cu toate acestea
consequently = ca urmare
surely = sigur
of course = desigur
at any rate = n orice caz
at worst = n cel mai ru caz
SUBSTANTIV
amusement = amuzare
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
amusingly = amuzant
-
amusive = hazliu
amusingness = amuzare
attraction = atracie
attractingly = atrgtor
attractive = atrgtor
to attract = a atrage
-
attractibility = atracie
to brighten =
brightly = luminos
brightly = strlucitor,
a lumina, a nviora
brilliance = strlucire
brilliantness = splendoare
care = grij
carefully = cu atenie
carefulness = atenie
careless = neglijent
carelessly = neglijent
to change = a schimba
changeableness = nestatornicie
changeable = schimbtor
changeably = schimbtor
changeless = neschimbat
changed = schimbat
to cloud = a innora
cloudiness = nnourare
cloudy = noros
cloudlessly = clar
cloudlessness = senintate
clouded = noros
to compare = a compara
compare/comparison = comparaie
comparative = comparativ
comparably = comparativ
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cloudily = nebulos
VERB
SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
comparable = comparabil
comparatively = comparativ
comparation = comparaie
compared = comparat
comparability = comparabilitate
to continue = a continua
continuity = continuitate
continuous = continuu
continuously = continuu
continued = continuat
to deepen = a adnci,
deep = adnc
to disagree = a displace
disagreeably = neplcut
to hope = a spera
hope = speran
hopefully = promitor
lively = vioi
hopelessness = disperare
hopelessly = fr speran,
life = via
livelong = trainic
to open = a deschide
open = deschis
openly = deschis
opener = deschiztor
to pain = a durea
pain = durere
painful = dureros
painfully = dureros
painfulness = durere
to taste = a gusta
taste = gust
tasty = gustos
tastily = gustos
tasteful = gustos
tastefully = cu gust
tasteless = fr gust
tastelessly = fr gust
to tidy = a ordona
tidiness = ordine
tidily = ordonat
to use = a folosi
-
usefully = util
uselessly = inutil
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
well - bine
badly -ru
far - departe
much - mult
near - aproape
little - mult
late - trziu
up -sus
attractively - atrgtor
beautifully - frumos
bestially-bestial
carefully-atent
fortunately - norocos
quickly - rapid
charmingly - fermector
fluently - fluent
gratefully - recunosctor
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
82
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
willingly - bucuros
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
cleanly - curat
early devreme
hard - greu
low - deprimat
Multe adverbe i adjective se folosesc dup verbul to be, i dup verbele modale, fiind nume predicative. Se tie c verbul to be poate fi predicat n propoziie doar cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc :
to be black = a fi negru
to be cold = a fi frig
to be bloody = a fi afurisit
to be concise = a fi concis
to be careful = a fi grijuliu/atent
to be hard = a fi greu
Toate aceste cuvinte black, bloody, careful, cold, concise etc. pot fi fie adjective, fie adverbe, faptul depinznd de cuvntul pe lng care stau i l determin, iar de comparat se compar aa cum se arat n tabelele prezentate n capitolul comparaia adjectivelor, respectiv comparaia adverbelor.
Mary has put on her very best dress. = Mary i-a mbrcat chiar cea mai bun rochie a ei.
Alice sees quite well, but John sees far better. = Alice vede foarte bine, ns John vede i mai bine.
John speaks French the best. = John vorbete franuzete cel mai bine.
Jane does not sing so beautifully. = Jane nu cnt aa de frumos.
We haven't seen him lately. = Nu l-am vzut n ultimul timp.
This book is a lot more interesting than that. = Aceast carte este mult mai interesant dect aceea.
That book is very very interesting. = Cartea aceea este foarte foarte interesant.
1.7.4. LOCUL ADVERBELOR
Adverbele cu ajutorul crora se formeaz gradul superlativ absolut stau totdeauna naintea adjectivelor sau adverbelor.
very well = foarte bine
quite right = perfect adevrat
Adverbul enough este singurul adverb care st dup adjective sau adverbe
She sings beautifully enough. = Ea cnt destul / suficient de frumos.
1.7.4.1. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE TIMP
afterward(s) = dup aceea
I saw them afterwards. = I-am vzut dup aceea.
again = din nou, iar, iari ; once more = nc o dat
I saw him again. = L-am vzut din nou.
again / time and again = very often = mereu = foarte adesea
You must try again and again. = Trebuie s ncerci mereu.
always = totdeuna, ntotdeauna
I am always at home on Sundays. = Sunt totdeauna acas duminica.
The sun always rises in the east. = Soarele rsare totdeauna n est.
You must always remember these rules. = Trebuie s-i aminteti mereu aceste reguli.
Before = nainte; at an earlier time = ntr-un moment anterior
I had read that book before. = Citisem cartea aceea nainte.
ever = vreodat
Do you ever go to see them ? = Te duci vreodat pe la ei ?
Have you ever tried ? = Ai ncercat vreodat ?
never = niciodat; at no time = on no occasion = cu nici un prilej
I have never tried. = N-am ncercat niciodat.
I never go to seeaside alone. = Nu merg niciodat singur la mare.
He is never at home after eight o'clock. = El nu este niciodat acas dup ora opt.
I can never understand what he says. = Nu neleg niciodat ce zice el.
Never do things by halves .( prov.) = S nu faci niciodat lucrurile pe jumtate.
Never too old to learn. (prov.) = Nu suntem niciodata prea btrni s nvm.
0ften = adesea; many times = de multe ori
I often go to see them . = Merg adesea pe la ei.
How often do you visit them ? = Ct de des i vizitezi ?
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84
85
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. (prov.) = Cine se culc devreme i se scoal devreme
ajunge sntos, bogat i nelept.
By doing nothing, we learn to do ill. (prov.) = Lenea e mama tuturor viciilor.
Four eyes see more than two. (prov.) = Patru ochi vd mai bine dect doi.
1.7.4.3. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE LOC
We'll be waiting inside, not outside. = Vom atepta nuntru, nu afar.
I found the book where I had put it. = Am gsit cartea unde am pus-o.
I saw John in the park. = L-am vzut pe John n parc.
They walked past my car. = Ei au trecut de maina mea.
They were walking about the town. = Ei se plimbau prin ora.
He was left well behind. = El a fost lsat mult n urm.
We shall find the book somewhere. = Vom gsi cartea undeva.
The book may be anywhere. = Cartea poate fi oriunde.
We may walk everywhere. = Ne putem plimba peste tot.
1.7.4.4. PROPOZIII CU MAI MULTE ADVERBE
I must give this book to your friend today at six o'clock. = Trebuie s-i dau a- ceast carte prietenului tu azi la ora ase.
It will be written by John later this week, perhaps on Saturday afternoon. = Va fi scris() de John mai trziu sptmna
aceasta, poate smbt dup-mas.
They are requested to be quiet between twelve and five o'clock every day. = Lor li se pretinde s fie linitii ntre orele
doisprezece i cinci dup-amiaza n fiecare zi.
My friends are living in the country somewhere near Cluj. = Prietenii mei triesc la ar undeva lng Cluj.
It will be hard for her to live on her small pension from now on. = Va fi greu pentru ea s triasc din mica ei pensie de
acum nainte/ncolo.
We all are to meet them at the station tomorrow at a quarter past twelve. = Noi toi urmeaz s-i ntlnim la gar mine la
doisprezece i un sfert.
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above = deasupra
alongside = unul lng altul, alturi
at = la
beneath = sub; mai jos de
by = de, de ctre, prin
inside = nuntru
notwithstanding = cu toate c
opposite = peste drum de, vizavi
round = n jurul
to = la, ctre
within = n, nuntrul; nu mai trziu de
87
88
89
90
over (adv.)
I am to turn over the page. = Urmeaz s dau pagina.
over again = nc o dat
to boil over with rage = a spumega de mnie
over and again = de mai multe ori
to turn over the leaves of a book = a da/ntoarce foile unei cri
past (prep.) = peste, i, trecut de
half past one, two etc. = unu, dou etc. i jumtate
past (adv.)
to run past smb. = a trece n fug pe lng cineva, a trece de cineva n fug
round (adj.) = rotund
a round table = o mas rotund
a round peg in a square hole = potrivit ca nuca n perete
round (prep.) = n jurul
to run round a house = a alerga n jurul unei case
round
the
sun
=
n
jurul
soarelui
since (prep. & adv.) = de, din, de la
since four o'clock = de la ora patru
I haven't seen them since. = Nu i-am vzut de atunci.
through (prep.) = pe, prin, printre
to come in through the door = a intra pe u
to look through a telescope = a privi printr-un telescop
to go through life = a trece prin via
throughout (prep.) = n, prin, peste
throughout our holidays = pe tot parcursul vacanei noastre
to revise a book throughout = a revizui o carte complet
throughout this country = de-a lungul i de-a latul acestei ri
to (prep.) = la, ctre, spre
this road leads to Braov. = drumul acesta duce la Braov.
to go to school/church = a merge la coal/biseric
to walk to school = a merge la coal pe jos
to go to school by bus = a merge la coal cu autobuzul
to go to the baker's = a merge la patiserie/brutrie
to go to bed = a merge la culcare
to come to an end = to finish = a lua sfrit, a se termina
to turn to the right and to the left = a se ntoarce la dreapta i la stnga
to go from place to place = a merge dintr-un loc ntr-altul
under (prep.) = dedesubt, sub, mai jos de
to swim under water = a nota pe sub ap
to be under arms = a fi sub arme
under the age of fourteen = sub vrsta de paisprezece ani
to be under treatment = a fi sub ngrijire medical, a fi n tratament
under my, your etc. feet = sub tlpile mele, tale etc.
to be under observation = a fi sub observaie
this question under examination = aceast chestiune n studiu
under (adv.)
That boat went under. = Barca aceea a mers la fund.
underneath (prep.) = sub, dedesubtul
The ball rolled underneath a table. = Mingea s-a rostogolit sub o mas.
up (prep.) = ctre, spre, n susul
to run up the hill = a alerga pe deal n sus, a urca dealul n fug
to walk up a hill/mountain = a urca un deal/munte
the ups and downs of life = vicisitudinile/valurile vieii
up (adv. particle)
to be up for sometime = a fi n picioare de ctva timp, a fi sculat de ctva timp
to be up till late = a nu se culca pn trziu
He lifted his head up. = El i-a ridicat capul.
Up with him ! = Sus cu el ! = S se scoale !
Time's up. You must leave. = Timpul s-a terminat. Trebuie s pleci.
upon = on (prep.) = pe, n
many books upon that desk = multe cri pe banca aceea
We see two boats upon the lake. = Vedem dou brci pe
lac.
a tree upon the top of the hill = un copac n/pe vrful dealului
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to feed on = a hrni cu
to forgive for = a ierta pentru
to go to = a merge la, a se duce la
to hope for = a spera la
to insist on = a insista asupra
to introduce to = a prezenta (cuiva)
to knock at = a bate la
to laugh at = a rde de
to lend to smb. = a da mprumut cuiva
to long for = a tnji dup
to look after = a ngriji de, a avea grij de
to look into = a examina
to look on/upon = a considera
to meet with = a ntmpina
to move from ... to ... = a se muta din ... la/n ...
to part with = a se despri de
to pass for = a trece drept
to pine for = a tnji dup
to prevent from = a mpiedica/opri s
to protect from = a proteja/apra de
to pull at = a trage la
to recover from = a-i reveni dup, a se face bine dup
to refrain from = a se abine de la
to resort to smb. = a se adresa cuiva, a apela la cineva
to reproach smb. with smth. = a reproa cuiva ceva
to be sated with = a fi stul/dezgustat de
to send for = a trimite dup
to smell of = a mirosi a
to stare at = a privi fix/intens la
to subtract from = a scdea din
to supply with = a aproviziona cu
to think about/of = a se gndi la
to transform/change into = a transforma/schimba in
to wait for smb. = a atepta pe cineva
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I like not only English but also German. = mi place nu numai engleza ci i germana.
1.9.1.1.2. CONJUNCII DISJUNCTIVE (DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile disjunctive exprim o alternativ.
either . . . or = sau.... sau ....., fie..... fie....
He can speak either English or German. = El tie s vorbeasc fie engleza fie germana.
neither . . . nor = nici.... nici.....
I see neither him nor her. = Nu-l vd nici pe el, nici pe ea.
otherwise = altfel , altminteri
The book is expensive, otherwise it is very useful. = Cartea este scump, altminteri este foarte util.
else (if not) = altfel (dac nu), or else = c/cci altfel, c dac nu
Hurry up or (else) you will miss the train. = Grbete-te, (c) altfel pierzi trenul.
1.9.1.1.3. CONJUNCII ADVERSATIVE (ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile adversative exprim contrastul.
but = ns, dar;
We want to buy a house but we don't have money. = Vrem s cumprm o cas dar nu avem bani.
however = ns, dar totui
I didn't want to do it, however I did it. = N-am vrut s-o fac, dar am fcut-o.
nevertheless = totui, cu toate acestea
Mathematics is difficult, nevertheless I like it. = Matematica este grea, totui mi place.
still = totui, ns, dar, cu toate acestea
It is expensive, still I'll buy it. = Este scump, totui o voi cumpra.
while = whereas = pe ct vreme, n timp ce, pe cnd
Your motorcar is old, while/whereas mine is new. = Maina ta este veche, pe cnd a mea e/este nou.
yet (nevertheless) = totui, cu toate acestea
These goods are expensive, and yet people buy them. = Aceste mrfuri sunt scumpe i totui lumea le cumpr.
1.9.1.1.4. CONJUNCII CONCLUSIVE (ILLATIVE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile conclusive exprim o concluzie.
accordingly = n consecin, deci, prin urmare, ca atare
I found the book I needed and accordingly I bought it. = Am gsit cartea, de care aveam nevoie i, n consecin am cumprat-o.
consequently = n consecin, aadar, prin urmare
I found the book interesting, consequently I bought it. = Am gsit cartea interesant, aadar am cumprat-o.
so = aadar, de aceea, prin urmare, astfel c, aa c
I considered the book important, so I bought it. = Am considerat cartea important, astfel c am cumprat-o.
therefore = astfel cA, deci, de aceea, aadar, prin urmare, n consecin
I didn't find them in the park, therefore I went home. = Nu i-am gsit n parc, aadar am plecat acas.
1.9.1.1.5. CONJUNCII CAUZALE (CAUSAL CONJUNCTIONS)
for = cci, pentru c, ntruct, deoarece, fiindc
It is very hot for it is August. = Este foarte cald cci este august.
Sunt rare ns cazurile cnd se ntlnesc n engleza vorbit astfel de exemple/cazuri cu for cauzal.
1.9.1.2. CONJUNCII SUBORDONATOARE (SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile subordonatoare leag o subordonat de regenta sa.
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95
96
97
98
2. S I N T A X A (THE SYNTAX)
(gr.: syn = mpreun, cu; taxis = aranjament, aezare)
Sintaxa este aceea parte a gramaticii care se ocup cu studiul funciilor cuvintelor n propoziii i cu studiul propoziiilor n fraz. Ea stabilete regulile dup care se mbin propoziiile n fraz.
99
100
101
102
103
WITHOUT = FR
to do without = a se lipsi/dispensa de = a se descurca fr
to ask smb. smth. = a ntreba pe cineva ceva
to interfere between = a se amesteca ntre
to look like smb. = a semna cu cineva
to look like smth. = a semna cu ceva
to move smth. near smth. = a muta ceva lng ceva
to pass oneself off as = a se da/prezenta drept
to transform smth. into smth. else = a transforma ceva n altceva
to pass smb./smth. = a trece de cineva/ceva
n limba romn aceste complemente prepoziionale au ca echivalent complementul indirect n acuzativ care rspunde la
ntrebrile: cu cine?, cu ce?, la cine?, la ce?, fr cine? etc.
2.1.4.4. Complementul circumstanial de loc (The Adverbial of Place)
Se exprim printr-un adverb de loc.
William the Conqueror landed at Pevensey, on the coast of Sussex. = William Cuceritorul a debarcat la Pevensey, pe coasta
Sussex-ului.
We are at home. = Noi suntem acas.
English is spoken all over the world. = Engleza este vorbit n toat lumea.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: where ? = unde ?, from where ?, where...., from? = de unde ?, how far ? = ct de departe ?,
pn unde ? etc.
2.1.4.5. Complementul circumstanial de timp (The Adverbial of Time)
Se exprim printr-un adverb de timp.
I was at home yesterday. = Yesterday I was at home. = Ieri eram acas.
I have never seen him there. = Nu l-am vzut pe el niciodat acolo.
We have lived in Craiova for twenty five years. = Locuim n Craiova de douzeci i cinci de ani.
Rspunde la ntrebarea when ? = cnd ?
2.1.4.6. Complementul circumstanial de mod (The Adverbial of Manner)
Se exprim prin adverbe de mod.
Alice sings beautifully. = Alice cnt frumos.
The children were playing happily. = Copiii se jucau fericii.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: how ? = cum ?, how much ? = ct, ct ?, in what way ? = n ce fel ?, how many times ? = de
cte ori ?
2.1.4.7. Complementul circumstanial de cauz (The Adverbial of Cause)
Exprim cauza aciunii svrite de subiect i exprimat prin predicat.
I couldn't come because of the rain. = N-am putut veni din cauza ploii.
We arrived late on my account. = Am ajuns trziu din cauza mea.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: why ? = de ce ?, for what reason ? = din ce cauz/motiv ?, on what account ? = din ce cauz
?, on whose account ? = din cauza cui ? = din a cui cauz ?
2.1.4.8. Complementul circumstanial de scop/final (The Adverbial of Purpose)
Reprezint materializarea scopului subiectului propoziiei n care se afl.
He only works for money. = El muncete numai pentru bani.
He worked hard to make a good impression and to get much money. = A muncit mult/ serios ca s fac o bun impresie i
s ctige bani muli.
This device is used for various purposes. = Acest dispozitiv este folosit n/pentru diverse scopuri.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: for what purpose(s) ? = cu ce scop(uri) ?, for what ? = what... for ? = pentru ce ?
2.1.4.9. Complementul circumstanial concesiv (The Adverbial of Concession)
They have come in spite of the bad weather. = Ei au venit cu toat vremea rea.
They played tennis in spite of my refusal not to play. = Ei au jucat tenis n pofida refuzului meu de a juca.
Rspunde la ntrebri ca: in spite of whom /what ? = n pofida/ciuda cui ?
2.1.4.10. Complementul circumstanial condiional (The Adverbial of Condition)
Reprezint condiia subiectului n propoziie.
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Weather permitting we'll arrive earlier. = Dac vremea va permite vom sosi mai devreme. = Cu permisiunea vremii vom
ajunge mai devreme.
Come with your friend if possible! = Vino cu prietenul tu dac e posibil!
Rspunde la ntrebarea: on what condition ? = cu ce condiie ?
2.1.4.11. Complementul de agent (The Adverbial of Agency)
Complementul de agent sau subiectul logic este folosit numai la diateza pasiv.
The book was read by the student. = Cartea a fost citit de student().
Se vede clar c autorul aciunii este studentul. Cartea este subiectul gramatical, ntruct despre ea se face comunicarea.
The house was destroyed by the earthquake. = Casa a fost distrus de cutremurul de pmnt.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: by whom ? = who(m)... by ? = de (ctre) cine ?, by what ? = what ...by ? = de ce ?
2.2. SINTAXA FRAZEI (THE SYNTAX OF THE COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCE)
Fraza este o comunicare alctuit din mai multe propoziii aflate ntre ele fie n raporturi de coordonare fie de
subordonare. n cadrul coordonrii, prile de propoziie n propoziie i propoziiile n fraz sunt independente una de alta. Se
pot lega ntre ele prin conjuncii coordonatoare sau juxtapunere / alturare.
Subordonare nsemneaz raport / relaie sintactic de dependen a unei pri de propoziie de alt parte de propoziie
sau a unei propoziii de alt propoziie. Elementul subordonat depinde de termenul su regent, iar propoziia subordonat
depinde de regenta sa. Elementul subordonat este deci termenul dependent, iar cel regent este cel care guverneaz n cadrul
relaiei respective.
Subordonarea se realizeaz prin conjuncii subordonatoare, prin juxtapunere sau printr-un cuvnt de legtur
subordonator.
Propoziia regent este aceea de care depinde semantic o alt propoziie n cadrul aceleiai fraze. Propoziia
subordonat se poate adresa unui singur cuvnt din regenta sa, iar acest cuvnt, care se numete termen regent, determin felul
subordona-tei respective.
Pentru a se alctui o fraz este necesar ca n cadrul ei s existe o propoziie principal, un fel de nucleu al frazei. Alturi
de ea exist propoziii secundare, adic propoziii totdeauna cu sens insuficient. Secundarele, spre deosebire de principale nu
pot exista /funciona izolate n comunicare. Propoziia secundar funcioneaz n fraz ca o parte secundar a propoziiei
principale.
2.2.1. Propoziia subiectiv (The Subject Clause)
Funcioneaz ca subiect al predicatului din regent i ntregete nelesul regentei.
Why they didn't come is still a secret. = De ce nu au venit ei este nc secret.
How to write a book is not known by anybody. = Cum s scrii o carte nu se tie de ctre oricine.
Se ntlnete dup expresii ca:
it is advisable that = este recomandabil ca
it is better that = este mai bine s
it is certain that = este sigur c
it is desirable that = este de dorit ca
it is meet and proper that = se cuvine ca
it is inevitable that = este inevitabil ca
It is necessary that I came. = Este necesar ca eu s fi venit.
It is important that they will buy this book. = Este important ca ei s cumpere aceast carte.
It is possible that he may come tomorrow. = Este posibil ca el s vin mine.
When they will come is not my business. = Cnd vor veni ei nu este treaba mea.
When they come is not my business. = Cnd vin ei nu este treaba mea.
When they came is not my business. = Cnd au venit ei nu este treaba mea.
When they had come is not my business. = Cnd veniser ei nu este treaba mea.
It is impossible that they should have come by train. = Este imposibil ca ei s fi venit cu trenul.
It is compulsory for us to be there. = It is compulsory that we should be there. = It is compulsory that we be there. = Este
obligatoriu ca noi s fim acolo.
It is good for them to live here. = It is good that they live here. = It is good that they should live here. = E bine ca ei s
locuiasc aici.
2.2.2. Propoziia predicativ (The Predicative/Complement Clause)
mplinete funcia de nume predicativ al verbului din regenta sa i se introduce n maniera n care se introduc i
subiectivele.
Why he has come is the question. = De ce a venit el este problema.
Why he has come = subiectiv
is the question = predicativ
It looks as if it were going to rain. = Arat de parc ar avea de gnd s plou.
It looks = subiectiv ;
were going to rain = predicativ
2.2.3. Propoziia atributiv (The Atributive Clause)
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106
Tomorrow we shall work more than we worked yesterday. = Mine vom munci mai mult dect am muncit ieri.
Subordonata circumstanial de mod rspunde la ntrebrile: how? = cum?, how beautifully ? = ct de frumos ?, how
much ? = ct de mult ?, how little ? = ct de puin ?, how big ? = ct de mare ? etc.
She cooks the breakfast exactly as her mother did. = Ea pregtete micul dejun exact cum fcea mama ei.
2.2.10. Propoziia subordonat cauzal (The Adverbial Clause of Cause/Reason)
Este n fraza respectiv un complement circumstanial de cauz pe lng termenul su regent care este un verb sau un
adverb din regenta sa.
I didn't meet them there because I was late. = Nu i-am ntlnit acolo pentru c am ntrziat.
Se leag de regenta sa prin conjuncii sau adverbe relative ca: because = pentru c, for the reason that = pentru motivul
c, seeing that = vznd c, on the ground that = din cauz c, owing to the fact that = datorit faptului c, as = cci, since =
ntruct, on account that = din cauz c etc.
Rspunde la ntrebri ca: why ? = de ce ?, on what account ? = din ce cauz, for what reason ? = din ce motiv/cauz ? etc.
Seeing that they did not come I went home. = Vznd c ei nu vin am plecat acas.
I did not come owing to the fact that it was too late. = Eu nu am venit pentru faptul c era prea trziu.
2.2.11. Propoziia subordonat final (de scop) (The Adverbial Clause of Purpose)
Corespunde n fraza respectiv unui complement circumstanial de cauz pe lng un verb sau adverb din regenta sa,
respectiv pe lng termenul su regent.
You must get up earlier, so that you can meet him at the station. = Trebuie s te scoli mai devreme ca s-l poi ntmpina pe
el la gar.
We got up early, so that we should not be late for school. = Ne-am sculat de-noapte ca s nu ntrziem de la coal.
He must turn on the light lest he should knock himself against something in the darkness. = El trebuie s aprind lumina ca
s nu se loveasc de ceva pe ntuneric.
Subordonata final se leag de regenta sa prin conjunciile i adverbele relative: in order that = cu scopul de a, so that
= aa nct, that = nct/c, lest (+ should) = ca s nu, for fear that = de team s nu, on purpose to = cu scopul de a.
I shall go to England so that I can learn English well. = Eu voi merge n Anglia ca s pot nva englezete bine.
n limba englez un mare numr de subordonate finale se realizeaz cu ajutorul modului infinitiv, dei se tie c
infinitivul nu este un mod personal.
We go to school to learn. = Mergem la coal s nvm. = Mergem la coal pentru a nva.
We go to church to pray. = Mergem la biseric pentru a ne ruga. = Mergem la biseric s ne rugm.
They came here on purpose to borrow money from us. = Ei au venit aici cu scopul de a mprumuta bani de la noi.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: on what purpose ? = cu ce scop ?, for what reason ? = pentru care motiv ?, for what ? =
what.. for ? = pentru ce ?
2.2.12. Subordonata concesiv (The Adverbial Clause of Concession)
Se introduce prin conjunciile: though, although = dei, cu toate c, however = orict de, whoever = indiferent cine, in
spite of = n ciuda /pofida, even if/though = chiar dac, whichever = indiferent care, no matter who = indiferent cine, no
matter whose = indiferent al, a, ai, ale cui ?, no matter by whom = no matter who(m)... by = indiferent de cine, no matter
why = indiferent de ce, no matter how = indiferent cum , no matter when = indiferent cnd, no matter where = indiferent
unde
Though it is late we shall sit and watch the football match. = Dei este trziu noi vom sta i vom privi meciul de fotbal.
We shall watch the football match although it is late. = Noi vom privi meciul de fotbal dei este trziu.
Late as it is we shall watch the football match. = Trziu aa cum este noi vom privi meciul de fotbal. = Aa trziu cum este
noi vom privi meciul de fotbal.
You should be waiting for him even if it were late. = Ar trebui s-l atepi chiar dac ar fi trziu.
n acest ultim exemplu se observ n subordonat folosirea modului subjonctiv prin care se exprim o situaie ireal sau o
presupunere.
You should have been waiting for him even if it had been late. = Ar fi trebuit s-l atepi chiar dac era trziu.
We shall go to see them even if it is rather early. = Mergem pe la ei dei este cam devreme.
I buy it however expensive it is. = l /O cumpr indiferent ct este de scump().
I should buy it however expensive it were. = A cumpra-o indiferent ct ar fi ea de scump. = L-a cumpra indiferent ct ar
fi de scump.
If they're poor, at least they're honest. = Dac sunt sraci cel puin sunt cinstii.
2.2.13. Propoziia consecutiv (The Adverbial Clause of Result or The Consecutive Adverbial Clause)
Exprim rezultatul/urmarea/consecina aciunii din propoziia regent.
Alice was so beautiful that everybody was admiring her. = Alice era aa/att de frumoas nct toat lumea o admira.
His explanation was so clear that each of us understood it = Explicaia lui a fost aa de clar nct fiecare dintre noi a
neles-o.
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He never goes to the seaside but spend a lot of money. = El nu merge niciodat la mare fr s cheltuiasc muli bani.
Such was the force of his argument that everybody agreed with him. = Aa mare a fost fora argumentului su c toat
lumea a fost de acord cu el.
Se introduce prin conjunciile: so... that... = aa de... nct/c, that = c/nct
He was so clever that everybody admired him. = El era aa/att de detept c/nct toat lumea l admira.
2.2.14. Propoziia subordonat condiional (The Adverbial Clause of Condition or the Conditional Clause)
Reprezint condiia nfptuirii/ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta sa. Se leag de regenta sa cu ajutorul conjunciilor
condiionale : if = dac, on condition that = cu condiia c, providing/provided that = cu condiia c, suppose/supposing
that = presupunnd c = dac, unless = dac nu, cu condiia c nu , whether... or not = dac... sau nu, as soon as = de ndat
ce = dac, as long as = ct timp = dac, in case = n caz c = dac
Exist trei tipuri de condiionale, clasificare fcut n raport cu posibilitatea realizrii/ ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta
respectiv.
a) Subordonata condiional tip I condiie real i posibil, iar verbul din regenta sa este la viitor. Locul lor n
fraz se poate schimba.
If I have time I shall read this book. = Dac voi avea timp voi citi aceast carte.
I shall read this book if I have time. = Voi citi aceast carte dac voi avea timp.
I shall not read this book unless I have time. = Nu voi citi aceast carte dac nu voi avea timp.
I shall read this book on the condition that I have time. = Voi citi aceast carte cu condiia c voi avea timp.
Remind him of his promise in case he forgets. = Amintete-i de promisiunea lui n caz c uit.
I'll remind you of your promise in case you forget. = i voi aminti de promisiunea ta n caz c uii.
I'll not be waiting for you if you are late. = Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
I'll not wait for you if you are late. = Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
Din exemplele de mai sus se vede c aciunea din condiional probabil/ posibil se va ndeplini.
b) Subordonata condiional tip II condiie ireal i improbabil, dar nu imposibil.
I should read this book if I had time. = Eu a citi aceast carte dac a avea timp.
Se observ c n exemplul de mai sus verbul este la modul condiional, timpul prezent, iar n regent verbul este
modul subjonctiv, timpul prezent. n aceast situaie condiia devine probabil. n acest caz aciunea din regent pare mai
degrab s nu se realizeze sau presupunerea din regent pare s fie n contradicie cu realitatea ori faptele cunoscute.
He would buy this palace if he had money. = El ar cumpra acest palat dac ar avea bani.
If he were to go on a journey round the world he would be very happy. = Dac el ar fi/ trebui/ urma s mearg ntr-o
cltorie n jurul lumii ar fi foarte fericit.
He would be very happy if he were to go on a journey round the world. = El ar fi foarte fericit dac ar fi s plece/mearg
ntr-o cltorie n jurul lumii.
c) Subordonata condiional tip III condiie imposibil
n situaia aceasta verbul din regent este la modul condiional perfect, iar cel din regent este la modul subjonctiv
perfect. Condiiile sunt trecute, sunt deci imposibil de ndeplinit.
If I had had time I should have read the book. = Dac a fi avut timp a fi citit cartea.
sau:
I should have read the book if I had had time. = Eu a fi citit cartea dac a fi avut timp.
I should have spoken to that Englishman if I had been able to speak English. = A fi vorbit cu englezul acela dac a fi tiut
englezete.
sau:
Had I been able to speak English I should have spoken to that Englishman. = S fi tiut eu s vorbesc englezete a fi
vorbit cu englezul acela.
If you treat us kindly, we'll do anything for you. = Dac ne tratezi (ne vei trata) amabil vom face orice pentru tine.
If you listened to us, you wouldn't make mistakes. = Dac tu ai asculta de noi n-ai face greeli.
If you ever have any trouble, let us know. = Dac avei/ai vreodat vreo suprare, d-ne de tire.
If it were to rain, you would get wet. = Dac ar fi s plou, v-ai uda.
Should you change your mind, let me know. = Dac s-ar ntmpla s te rzgndeti, d-mi de veste.
Give it back to him, or I'll tell your mother. = D-i-l napoi c altfel i spun mamei tale.
2.2.15. Subordonata condiional concesiv (The Alternative Conditional Concessive Clause)
He will pay for everything, whether he likes it or not. = El va plti pentru tot, chiar dac i place sau nu.
Wherever you live, you have to work hard. = Oriunde (indiferent unde) trieti, trebuie s munceti serios/mult.
Wherever you lived, you'd have to work hard. = Oriunde ai locui/tri ar trebui s munceti mult.
2.3. CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR (THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonat cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. n limba englez
timpul verbului din subordonat trebuie s se subordoneze timpului verbului din regent. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile
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SUBORDONAT
verbul poate fi la orice timp
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propoziii subordonate poart numele de vorbire indirect sau stil indirect. S-a transformat astfel vorbirea direct n vorbire
indirect.
"What is your name ?" he asked me. = Cum te cheam ? m ntreb el.
devine:
He asked me what my name was. = El m ntreb cum m cheam.
Exist un mare numr de verbe cu ajutorul crora se realizeaz trecerea de la vorbirea direct la vorbirea indirect. Printre
acestea sunt:
to say (a zice /gri), to ask (a ntreba), to admit (a admite /ncuviina), to acknowledge (a recunoate), to agree (a fi de acord),
to answer /reply (a rspunde), to think (a gndi /crede), to tell (a spune), to wonder (a se mira) etc. Ele se numesc verbe
introductive. Iat concret cum se face transformarea vorbirii directe n vorbire indirect:
a) "I am at home" he says.
b) "I am at home" he said.
Dac verbul introductiv este la prezent, aa cum se vede n varianta a) verbul din vorbirea direct care prin transformare
ajunge predicatul subordonatei, nu-i va modifica timpul, ci i-l va menine astfel:
"I am at home" he says. devine: He says (that) he is at home.
Propoziia regent este He says, iar propoziia he is at home este subordonat. n varianta b) transformarea se face astfel:
"I am at home" he said. devine: He said that he was at home.
Verbul said, n vorbirea indirect, verbul regentei, este la Past Tense. Vom aplica concordana timpurilor. Astfel verbul am
trece i el la Past Tense. n cazul b) timpurile verbelor din vorbirea direct transformndu-se dup cum urmeaz:
The Present
devine
The Past Tense
The Past Tense i The Present Perfect
devin
The Past Perfect
The Future
devine
The Future in the Past
Tot n aceast situaie se mai produc urmtoarele schimbri:
I
you
we
my
your
mine
yours
this
today
yesterday
last month
two/three days ago
here
now
today
he/she
I/we
they
his/her
my/our
his/hers
mine
that
that day
the day before or the previous day
the month before
two/three days before
there
then
yesterday or that day
our
me
you
us
ours
yours
these
last week
last night
last year
on this day
tonight
tomorrow
their
him/her
me/us
them
theirs
ours
those
the week before
the night before
the year before
on that day
that night
the next day or the
following day
Exemple:
"This is my brother" he said.
He said that that was his brother.
"These are our friends" they said. They said that those were their friends.
"You are in our garden" they said. They said that we were in their garden; They said that I was in their garden.
"I can come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he could come by his motor-car; John said that he was able
to come by his motor-car.
"I shall come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would come by his motor-car.
"I came by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I have come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I should come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would have come by his motor-car.
"Yesterday was my birthday" John said. John said that the previous day had been his birthday.
"You can see us if you turn on the light" they said. They said that we could see them if we turned on the light.
"You will find us at home if you come earlier" they said. They said that we/I would find them at home if we/I came
earlier.
"You can see me if you open your eyes" he said. He said that I could see him if I opened my eyes.
2.4.1. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor generale
ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot primi rspunsul da sau nu.
"Do you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew him.
110
"Did you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had known him.
"Are you living in this town"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I was living in that town.
"Will you come with us"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I would come with them.
"Is he going to read this book"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he was going to read that book.
"Was he going to read this book ? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he had been going to read that book.
"Can you come with me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I could come with him.
"Must you go there now"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had to go there then.
"Did you have to go there with them"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had had to go there with them.
2.4.2. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor speciale
ntrebrile speciale sunt cele care:
nu pot primi un rspuns scurt, adic da sau nu
au o intonaie cobortoare (ca i propoziiile afirmative)
se formeaz cu pronume, adjective sau adverbe interogative, sau cu combinaii ale acestora:
who? = cine, care ?
who else ? = mai cine ?, cine mai ?, cine altcineva ?
whose ? = al, a, ai, ale cui ?
whose else ? = al, a, ai, ale mai cui ?, al, a, ai, ale cui mai ?, al, a, ai, ale cui altcuiva ?
to whom ? = who(m)... to ? = cui ?, la cine ?
to whom else ? = mai cui ?, cui mai ?, cui altcuiva ?, la cine altcineva ?
whom? = pe cine?
whom else? = pe mai cine?, pe cine mai?, pe cine altcineva?
about whom? = who(m)... about? = despre cine?
about whom else? = despre mai cine?, despre cine mai?, despre cine altcineva?
after whom? = who(m)...after? = dup cine?
after whom else? = dup mai cine? = dup cine mai? = dup cine altcineva?
among whom? = who(m)... among? = printre cine?, ntre cine?
among whom else? = printre mai cine?, printre cine mai?, printre cine altcineva?
at whom? = who(m)... at? = la cine?
at whom else? = who(m) else... at? = la mai cine?, la cine mai?, la cine altcineva?
because of whom else? = din cauza mai cui?, din a mai cui cauz?
before whom else? = naintea mai cui?, n faa mai cui?, naintea cui altcuiva?
between whom? = who(m)... between? = ntre cine?
between whom else? = ntre mai cine?, ntre cine altcineva?
beyond whom? = who(m)... beyond? = dincolo de cine?
beyond whom else? = dincolo de mai cine?, dincolo de cine altcineva?
by whom? = who(m)... by? = de cine?
by whom else? = de mai cine?, de cine altcineva?
far from whom? = departe de cine?
far from whom else? = departe de mai cine?, departe de cine altcineva?
for whom? = who(m)... for? = pentru cine?
for whom else? = pentru mai cine?, pentru cine altcineva?
from whom? = who(m)... from? = de la cine?
from whom else? = de la mai cine?, de la cine altcineva?
near whom? = who(m) near? = lng cine?
near whom else? = lng mai cine?, lng cine altcineva?
of whom? = who(m)... of? = despre cine? = la cine?
of whom else? = despre mai cine?, despre cine altcineva?
past whom? = dincolo de cine?
past whom else? = dincolo de mai cine?, dincolo de cine altcineva?
through whom? = who(m)... through? = prin cine?
through whom else? = prin mai cine?, prin cine altcineva?, prin cine altul/alta/alii/altele?
with whom? = who(m)... with? = cu cine?
with whom else? = cu mai cine?, cu cine altcineva?
without whom? = who(m)... without? = fr cine?
without whom else? = fr mai cine?, fr cine altcineva?
what? = ce?
what else? = mai ce?, ce mai?, ce altceva?
about what? = what... about? = despre ce?
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n faa cui altcuiva edeai tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat n faa cui altcuiva edeam eu.
"Between whom are you going to sit"? he asked me. ="Who(m) are you going to sit between? he asked me. He asked
me between whom I was going to sit.
ntre cine intenionezi s ezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ntre cine intenionez eu s ed/stau.
"Between whom else did you sit"? he asked me. = "Who(m) else did you sit between"? he asked me. He asked me
between whom else I had sat. = He asked me who(m) else I had sat between.
ntre cine altcineva ai stat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ntre cine altcineva am stat.
"Beyond whom do you live"? he asked me. = "Who(m) do you live beyond"? he asked me. He asked me beyond whom
I lived.
Dincolo de cine locuieti? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dincolo de cine locuiesc.
"By whom is this book written"? he asked me. = "Who(m) is this book written by"? he asked me. He asked me by
whom that book was written. = He asked me who(m) that book was written by.
De cine este scris cartea aceasta? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine este scris cartea aceasta/aceea.
"By whom else were you seen"? he asked me. = "Who(m) else were you seen by"? he asked me. He asked me by whom
else I had been seen. = He asked me who(m) else I had been seen by.
De cine altcineva ai fost vzut? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine altcineva am fost eu vzut.
"Far from whom do you live"? he asked me. He asked me far from whom I lived.
Departe de cine locuieti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat departe de cine locuiesc.
"Far from whom else were you"? he asked me. He asked me far from whom else I had been.
Departe de cine altcineva erai tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat departe de cine altcineva eram eu.
"For whom will you write this letter"? he asked me. = "Who(m) will you write this letter for"? he asked me. He asked
me for whom I should write that letter. = He asked me whom I should write that letter for.
Pentru cine vei scrie aceast scrisoare? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pentru cine voi scrie eu scrisoarea aceea.
"For whom else will you buy books" he asked me. = "Who(m) else will you buy books for"? he asked me. He asked me
for whom else I should buy books. = He asked me whom else I should buy books for.
Pentru cine altcineva vei cumpra cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pentru cine altcineva voi cumpra cri.
"From whom do you have this present"? he asked me = "Who(m) do you have this present from"? he asked me. He
asked me from whom I had that present. = He asked me whom I had that present from.
De la cine ai acest cadou? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de la cine am cadoul acesta/acela.
"From whom else do you have these presents"? he asked me. = "Who(m) else do you have these presents from"? he
asked me. He asked me from whom else I/we had those presents. = He asked me who(m) else I/we had those presents
from.
De la cine altcineva ai aceste cadouri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de la cine altcineva am cadourile acelea/acestea.
"Near whom are you going to sit"? he asked me. = "Who(m) are you going to sit near"? he asked me. He asked me
near whom I was going to sit. = He asked me who(m) I was going to sit near.
Lng cine ai de gnd s ezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat lng cine am eu de gnd s ed/stau.
"Near whom else did you sit"? he asked me. ="Who(m) else did you sit near"? he asked me. He asked me near whom
else I had sat. = He asked me who(m) else I had sat near.
Lng cine altcineva ai stat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat lng cine altcineva am stat (eu).
"Of what did they die"? he asked me. = "What did they die of"? he asked me. He asked me of what they died. = He
asked me what they died of.
De ce au murit ei? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de ce au murit ei.
"About whom are you speaking"? he asked me. = "Who(m) are you speaking about"? he asked me. He asked me
about whom I was speaking. = He asked me who(m) I was speaking about.
Despre cine vorbeti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat despre cine vorbesc eu.
"Of what kind of music are you fond? he asked me. = "What kind of music are you fond of"? he asked me. He asked
me of what kind/sort of music I was fond. = He asked me what kind of music I was fond of.
De ce fel de muzic eti amator? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de ce fel/gen de muzic sunt amator.
"Past whom did they hurry"? he asked me. = "Who(m) did they hurry past"? he asked me. He asked me past whom
they hurried. = He asked me who(m) they hurried past.
De cine au trecut ei n grab? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine au trecut ei n grab.
"Through whom did you receive this letter'? he asked me = "Who(m) did you receive this letter through"? he asked me.
He asked me through whom I received that letter. = He asked me whom I had received that letter through.
Prin cine ai primit scrisoarea aceasta? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine am primit scrisoarea aceea.
"Through whom else can you receive books"? he asked me. = "Who(m) else can you receive books through"? he asked
me. He asked me through whom else I could receive books. = He asked me who(m) else I could receive books through.
Prin cine altcineva poi primi cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine altcineva pot primi eu cri.
"With whom will you go on the trip"? he asked me. = "Who(m) will you go on the trip with"? he asked me. He asked
me with whom I should go on the trip. = He asked me who(m) I should go on the trip with.
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Cu cine vei merge n excursie? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cu cine voi merge eu n excursie.
"Shall I tell you a novel"? he asked me. He asked me if he should tell me a novel.
S-i povestesc un roman? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac s-mi povesteasc un roman.
"Where is the boy you spoke to?" he asked me. He asked me where the boy I had spoken to was.
Unde este biatul cu care ai vorbit? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat unde este biatul cu care am vorbit.
"Do you know that three and three make six"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew that three and three make
six.
tii c trei plus trei fac ase? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac tiu c trei plus trei fac ase.
"I dreamed that I was flying" he said. He said (that) he had dreamed that he had been flying.
Am visat c zbor, a zis el. El a zis c a visat c zboar. etc.
2.4.3. ntrebrile disjunctive (The Tag/Tail Questions)
Se traduc n limba romn prin ntrebrile: aa-i, nu-i aa sau nu?
Ele se formeaz cu ajutorul unuia dintre urmtoarele verbe: be, do, have, shall, will, can, may, must, need, ought to,
dare
You are at home, aren't you? = Eti acas, nu-i aa?
You are not at home, are you? = Nu eti acas, nu-i aa?
He was at home, wasn't he? = Era acas, nu-i aa?
He was not at home, was he? = El nu era acas, nu-i aa?
He will not be at home, will he? = El nu va fi acas, nu-i aa?
He will be at home, won't he? = El nu va fi acas, nu-i aa?
Ele pot avea fie intonaie cobortoare i n acest caz nu se ateapt o confirmare sau o infimare din partea interlocutorului
fie o intonaie urctoare i n cazul acesta ntrebarea trebuie s primeasc rspuns (afirmativ sau negativ).
De fapt ele sunt nite comunicri formate din dou pri. Dac prima parte este afirmativ, a doua parte este obligatoriu
negativ i invers. La formarea lor se mai ine seam, dup cum s-a vzut n exemplele prezentate, de timpul i aspectul verbului
primei pri a comunicrii.
They saw us in the street, didn't they ? = Ei ne-au vzut (pe noi) pe strad, nu-i aa ?
They did not come by bus, did they ? = Ei nu au venit cu autobuzul, nu-i aa ?
We have lived here for ten years, haven't we ? = Locuim aici de zece ani, nu-i aa ?
You ought to learn, oughtn't you ? = Se cuvine s nvei, nu-i aa ?
He can't answer the question, can he ? = Nu poate s rspund la ntrebare, nu-i aa ?
I could come earlier, couldn't I ? = Eu puteam (a putea) veni mai devreme, nu-i aa ?
She daren't go there alone, dare she ? = Ea nu are curaj s mearg acolo singur, nu-i aa ?
You said they could come, didn't you ? = Ai/Ai spus c pot veni, nu ?
2.4.4. Cteva reguli de ortografie i punctuaie n limba englez
Punctul (The Full Stop)
Punctul se aeaz la sfritul propoziiilor afirmative.
We like tennis very much. = Ne place tenisul foarte mult.
Semnul ntrebrii (The Question Mark)
Semnul ntrebrii se aeaz la sfritul propoziiilor/frazelor interogative.
What is your name ? = Cum te cheam ?
Who is the boy who brought this book ? = Cine este biatul care a adus cartea aceasta ?
Semnul exclamrii (The Exclamation Mark)
Semnul exclamrii se folosete dup:
a) propoziiile imperative:
Go and fetch a doctor! = Du-te i adu un doctor!
b) propoziiile care conin o mirare n care se exprim admiraia fa de ceva/ cineva:
How beautiful she is! = Ce frumoas este ea !
How beautiful she is singing! = Ce frumos cnt ea!
c) dup interjecii:
"Hush! Hush!" said the Rabbit.
Dou puncte (The Collon)
Dou puncte se aeaz cnd urmeaz o enumerare, se introduce un citat sau urmeaz cuvintele cuiva (vorbire direct).
He said that he saw things like: books, pencils and pens. = El a zis c a vzut lucruri cum ar fi: cri, creioane i stilouri.
That's what he said: "Read these books and you will find out interesting things"! = Iat ce a zis el: Citete aceste cri i
vei afla lucruri interesante!
One can visit the following cities: Cluj, Rome and London. = Se pot vizita urmtoarele orae: Cluj, Roma i Londra.
Punctul i virgula (The Semicolon)
Punctul i virgula are semnificaia unei pauze mai mari dect cea realizat cu ajutorul punctului. Se folosete mai rar.
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"I've told you once -I tell you again; We're not at home" = -i-am spus o dat -i spun din nou; nu suntem acas.
Virgula (The Comma)
Virgula desparte cuvinte sau propoziii cu aceeai valoare sintactic
John, Bill and Nick are good friends. = John, Bill i Nick sunt prieteni buni.
Ea se folosete:
a) dup adverbe de afirmaie sau negaie:
No, he said. = Nu, a zis el.
Yes, they answered. = Da, au rspuns ei.
b) Dup adverbe ca: indeed (ntr-adevr), however (totui), too (de asemenea), of course (desigur):
Of course, he is right. = Desigur, el are dreptate.
c) n frazele alctuite prin coordonare:
They went home, ate a little, took the ball and began to play football. = Au mers acas, au mncat puin, au luat mingea i
au nceput s joace fotbal.
d) ntre subordonatele de acelai fel:
He talked to me about the books that he read, that he had to read and that he liked to read. = Mi-a vorbit despre crile
pe care le-a citit, pe care trebuie s le citeasc i pe care i plcea s le citeasc.
n numerele lungi, virgula are n limba englez rolul punctului n limba romn.
1, 000, 000 = 1. 000. 000
Linia de desprire (The Dash)
Linia de desprire marcheaz o idee nedeterminat sau o pauz lung, asemntoare cu aceea redat prin punct, iar uneori
preia locul virgulei:
"This will bring them here -when"? = -Asta i va aduce aici -cnd?
"It's -it's a very fine day!" said a timid voice at her side. = -Este -este o zi foarte frumoas! zise o voce timid (de) lng ea.
Liniua de unire i de desprire (The Hyphen)
Se mai numete cratim. Apare n cuvintele compuse:
up -to -date = modern
kind - hearted = bun la suflet
a sewing - machine = o main de cusut
Ghilimelele (The Inverted Commas)
Ghilimelele n limba englez marcheaz vorbirea direct:
"I've not made up my mind", he said. = - Nu m-am hotrt, zise el.
2.4.5. Desprirea cuvintelor n silabe
Cuvintele compuse se despart n respectivii componeni:
Monday = Mon/day
textbook = text/book
schoolboy = school/boy
understand = under/stand
Prefixele i sufixele se despart de cuvintele la care se gsesc ataate:
understanding = under/stand/ing
scholarship = scholar/ship
misunderstanding = mis/under/stand/ing looked = look/ed
improvement = improve/ment
smaller = small/er
Terminaia s la plural, sau la persoana a treia a verbelor sau de la genitivul sintetic nu se poate separa /despri de cuvntul
respectiv.
speaks = speaks
the girls' = the girls'
boys = boys
the boy's = the boy's
Iar acum, n final, celor ce doresc s-i fac o imagine mai cuprinztoare asupra regulilor de punctuaie, le propun s
rsfoiasc lucrri ale prozatorilor englezi, americani, australieni etc. Acolo vor putea gsi exemple edificatoare.
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I
Present
Infinitive
to arise
to awake
to backbite
to be
to bear
to beat
to become
to beg
to begin
to bend
to beset
to bid
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to blend
to bless
to blow
to break
to breed
to bring
to broadcast
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to cast
to catch
to chide
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to clothe
to come
to cost
to creep
to crow
to cut
to dare
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
II
Past Tense
drawn
dreamed/ dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
drawing
dreaming
drinking
driving
dwelling
117
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
I
Present
Infinitive
to find
to flee
to fly
to forbear
to forbid
to forecast
to forego
to forknow
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forsake
to forswear
to freeze
to gainsay
to get
to gird
to give
to go
to grave
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to inlay
to keep
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flew
forbore
forbade
forecast(ed)
forewent
foreknew
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
forsworn
froze
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
gave
went
graved
ground
grew
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
found
fled
flown
forborne
forbidden
forecast(ed)
foregone
foreknown
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
forsworn
frozen
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
given
gone
graved/ graven
ground
grown
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid/hidden
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
eating
falling
feeding
feeling
fighting
IV
Present Participle
finding
fleeing
flying
forbearing
forbidding
forecasting
foregoing
foreknowing
foreseeing
foretelling
forgetting
forgiving
forsaking
forswearing
freezing
gainsaying
getting
girding
giving
going
graving
grinding
growing
hanging
having
hearing
hidding
hitting
holding
hurting
inlaying
keeping
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lade
to lay
to lead
to lean
to leap
to learn
to leave
to lend
knelt/ kneeled
knit/ knitted
knew
laded
laid
led
leant/ leaned
leapt/ leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laden/laded
laid
led
leant/leaned
leapt/leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
kneeling
knitting
knowing
lading
laying
leading
leaning
leaping
learning
leaving
lending
to let
to lie
to light
let
lay
lighted/lit
let
lain
lighted/lit
letting
lying
lighting
II
Past Tense
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
III
Past Participle
118
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
lost
made
meant
met
II
Past Tense
lost
made
meant
met
III
Past Participle
losing
making
meaning
meeting
I
Present
Infinitive
to melt
to misgive
to mislay
to mislead
to mistake
to misunderstand
to mow
to outride
to outrun
to overcast
to overcome
to overdo
to overeat
to overfeed
to overlie
to overrun
to oversee
to overset
to oversleep
to overtake
to overthrow
to partake
melted
misgave
mislaid
misled
mistook
misunderstood
melted /molten
misgiven
mislaid
misled
mistaken
misunderstood
mowed
outrode
outran
overcast
overcame
overdid
overate
overfed
overlay
overran
oversaw
overset
overslept
overtook
overthrew
partook
mowed/mown
outridden
outrun
overcast
overcome
overdone
overeaten
overfed
overlain
overrun
overseen
overset
overslept
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
IV
Present Participle
melting
misgiving
mislaying
misleading
mistaking
misunderstanding
mowing
outriding
outrunning
overcasting
overcoming
overdoing
overeating
overfeeding
overlying
overrunning
overseeing
oversetting
oversleeping
overtaking
overthrowing
partaking
to pay
to put
to read
to rend
to repay
to reset
to retell
to rid
to ride
to ring
to rise
to rive
to run
to saw
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake
to shear
to shed
to shine
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
rode
rang
rose
rived
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
sheared/ shore
shed
shone
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
ridden
rung
risen
riven/rived
run
sawn/sawed
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewen
shaken
shorn/sheared
shed
shone
paying
putting
reading
rending
repaying
resetting
retelling
ridding
riding
ringing
rising
riving
running
sawing
saying
seeing
seeking
selling
sending
setting
sewing
shaking
shearing
shedding
shining
119
a pierde
a fabrica/face/ confeciona; a construi
a nsemna; a vrea s spun, a crede/gndi
a (se) ntlni; a ntmpina; a se mpreuna/ a face
cunotin
TRADUCERE
a se topi/dizolva; a se lichefia; a se nduioa
a presimi ceva ru; a inspira fric/nencredere
a pierde/rtci (un obiect), a pune unde nu trebuie
a conduce/ ndruma greit
a nelege greit
a nelege/ interpreta greit cuvintele cuiva
a cosi, a secera, a tunde/cosi cu maina
a ntrece/depi pe cineva clare
depi pe cineva in fug, a intrece pe cineva alergnd
a ntuneca; a surfila; a nchide
a nvinge/birui/ coplei/dobor/ nfrnge
a exagera, a ntrece msura, a merge prea departe
a mnca prea mult, a se ghiftui
a supraalimenta
a se ntinde peste
a se revrsa; a depi limitele
a supraveghea, a controla
a rsturna ordinea, a zdrnici
a dormi prea mult, a se scula trziu
a depi un autovehicul; a-l ajunge o nenorocire
a rsturna/a dobor, a nfrnge/ nvinge/nimici
a profita/uza de, a se nfrupta din; a lua parte la ceva, a
mprti
a plti/achita; a prezenta avantaj
a aeza/pune, supune
a citi/interpreta, a studia, a se pregti
a (se) rupe/ sfia/despica/crpa
a rsplti/ recompensa; a napoia datoria
a restabili, a repune; a potrivi ceasul
a spune/povesti din nou, a repovesti, a repeta
a se descotorosi/debarasa/elibera de, a salva/mntui de
a clri (calul/ bicicleta); a domina/stpni
a suna/rsuna, a anuna/semnala, a suna bine
a se ridica/ nla/ scula, a se agita/ rscula
a crpa/spinteca/ despica, a rupe/sfia
a fugi/alerga, a conduce/administra; a topi
a tia cu ferstrul
a zice/spune/ gri, a afirma, a meniona; a admite
a vedea, a ne- lege, a remarca/ observa
a cuta/cerceta, a explora, a solicita
a vinde, a desface mrfuri, a pcli
a expedia/ trimite, a transmite, a lansa
a pune/aeza/ instala, a culege la tipografie
a coase, a lucra cu acul
a scutura/zgudui/agita, a amenina cu pumnul
a tunde/despuia; a pgubi
a vrsa (lacrimi); a pierde; a lepda
a strluci, a luci; a izbndi
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
I
Present
Infinitive
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to slit
to smell
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spill
to spin
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to string
to strive
to swear
to sweep
to swell
to swim
to swing
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread
to unbend
to unbind
to undergo
to undersell
to
understand
to undertake
shod
shot
showed
shrank
II
Past Tense
shod
shot
shown/showed
shrunk
III
Past Participle
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid/sliden
slit
smelt
sown/sowed
spoken
sped/speeded
spelt/speld
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat/spit
split
spoilt/spoiled
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck/ stricken
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swollen/ swelled
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden/trod
unbent
unbound
undergone
undersold
understood
shoeing
shooting
showing
shrinking
IV
Present Participle
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
sleeping
sliding
slitting
smelling
sowing
speaking
speeding
spelling
spending
spilling
spinning
spitting
spiting
spoiling
spreading
springing
standing
stealing
sticking
stinging
stinking
striking
stringing
striving
swearing
sweeping
swelling
swimming
swinging
taking
teaching
tearing
telling
thinking
throwing
thrusting
treading
unbending
unbinding
undergoing
underselling
understanding
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slit
smelt
sowed
spoke
sped/ speeded
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun/span
spat/spit
split
spoilt /spoiled
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
unbent
unbound
underwent
undersold
understood
undertook
a (se) nchide
a cnta; a uiera
a se scufunda, a cdea la fund; a scdea/amortiza
a edea, a sta jos, a poza ca model
a omor/asasina/ ucide, a masacra
a dormi, a adormi
a aluneca, a se da pe ghea, a se furia/ strecura
a crpa/spinteca/ despica, a face o deschiztur n
a mirosi, a adulmeca
a semna, a nsmna
a vorbi/gri, a rosti
a accelera, a goni, a merge cu vitez, a se grbi
a ortografia, a rosti un cuvnt liter cu liter
a cheltui/consuma/ epuiza; a petrece timpul
a (se) revrsa/ vrsa/mprtia
a toarce/fila/ rsuci, nvrti/ roti
a scuipa/expectora; a ploua mrunt
a (se) scinda/ descompune/ diviza/dezbina/ dezintegra
a strica/ deteriora/altera/rsfa; a prda/ jefui
a ntinde/desfura, a desface, a lungi, a mprtia
a sri/ni, a ncoli/rsri, a izvor; a exploda
a sta n picioare, a se ine drept; a fi, a se afla
a fura/terpeli, a amgi/seduce, a cuceri
a nfige/nepa/ introduce/mplnta; a (se) lipi, a adera
a mpunge/nepa/ rni; a nela/amgi, a ustura
a mirosi urt, a pui, a duhni
a (se) lovi/izbi/ ciocni, a bate; a prinde rdcini
a lega cu sfoara; a ntinde coarda, a nira pe a
a se strdui/ lupta/zbate, a-i da osteneala, a tinde/nzui
a jura, a depune jurmntul; a njura
a mtura, a terge praful
a umfla, a mri; a bomba
a nota, a pluti, a trece not; a inunda
a se legna/ balansa/roti/nvrti, a oscila/ pendula
a lua, a mprumuta; a pune mna
a nva pe cineva, a instrui, a preda, a da lecii
a rupe/sfia, a distruge; a smulge
a spune/povesti, a exprima; a arta/ indica
a (se) gndi/ crede, a imagina/nchipui
a (se) arunca/ lansa/ azvrli; a lepda, fta
a mplnta/ vr/ndesa
a clca/pi, a pi/clca pe
a (se) ntinde/ destinde/relaxa
a dezlega/ desface, a desprinde, a slobozi, a elibera
a suferi/ndura/ suporta, a trece prin
a vinde mai ieftin, a vinde sub preul de cost
a nelege/pricepe, a sesiza
undertaken
undertaking
120
to undo
to upset
to wake
I
Present
Infinitive
to wear
to weave
to wed
to weep
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to withhold
to withstand
to write
undid
upset
woke/woked
II
Past Tense
undone
upset
waked/woken
III
Past Participle
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrote
worn
woven/wove
wedded/wed
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
written
undoing
upsetting
waking
IV
Present Participle
wearing
weaving
wedding
weeping
winning
winding
withdrawing
withholding]
withstanding
writing
121