B Science Project 1

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)
Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Contents Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------001
1.1
Aim and Objective
1.2
Site Information
1.2.1 Site Introduction
1.2.2 Site Selection Reasons
1.2.3 Technical Drawing
2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES----------------------------------------------------------------------009
2.1 Lighting
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Nature Lighting
2.1.3 Artificial Light
2.1.4 Materials
2.2 Acoustic
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Internal Noise
2.2.3 Acoustic Level
2.2.4 Material Absorbent
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY-------------------------------------------------------------019
3.1 Light Analysis
3.1.1 Light Measuring Equipment (Digital Lux Meter)
3.1.2 Methodology
3.1.3 Formula for Light Analysis Calculation
3.2 Acoustic Analysis
3.2.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment (Digital Sound Level Meter)
3.2.2 Methodology
3.2.3 Formula for Acoustic Analysis Calculation
4.0 CASE STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------025
4.1 Context Study
4.1.1 Building Orientation
4.1.2 Neighbourhood
4.1.3 Surrounding Issue
4.2 Existing Lighting
4.2.1 Daylight Factor
4.2.2 Existing Light Fixture
4.2.2.1 Lobby Lightings
4.2.2.2 Office Lightings
4.3 Existing Acoustic
4.3.1 Building Design Layout
4.3.2External Noise

4.4 Materials and Properties
4.4.1 Furniture Material
4.4.2 Wall Material
4.4.3 Ceiling Material
4.4.4 Floor Material
5.0 LIGHTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION-------------------------------------------076
5.1 Literature Review
5.1.1 Architecture Lighting
5.1.3 Lumen Method
5.2 Light Zoning
5.2.1 Lobby
5.2.2 Office
5.3 Lux Meter Reading
5.3.1 Lobby
5.3.1.1 Daytime
5.3.1.2 Night Time
5.3.2 Office
5.3.2.1 Daytime
5.3.2.2 Night Time
5.4 Calculation and Analysis
5.4.1 Lobby
5.4.1.1 Daylight Factor
5.4.1.2 Artificial Lighting
5.4.2 Office
5.5 Conclusion
6.0 ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION-------------------------------------------133
6.1.1 Architecture Acoustic
6.1.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
6.1.3 Reverberation Time (RT)
6.1.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)
6.2 Acoustic Tabulation and Analysis
6.2.1 Sound Meter Reading of Lobby Space
6.2.1.1 Peak Period
6.2.1.2 Non-peak Period
6.2.1.3 Graph Analysis of Data (Peak Period and Non-peak Period)
6.3 Acoustic Ray and Contour Figure
6.3.1 Acoustic Ray Figure of Lobby Space

6.3.2 Sound Contour Diagram of Lobby Space
6.4 Acoustic Calculation and Analysis for Lobby Space
6.4.1 Zone A
6.4.2 Zone B
6.4.3 Zone C
6.5 Conclusion
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------159
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Lighting and acoustic are some of the important considerations in architectural
design and interior design as most of the time they must be properly integrated to
fully enhance the characteristics and quality of a space. Depending on the
function and characteristics of the space, lighting and acoustic design each has
different requirements to be met in order to ensure optimal working efficiency and
user experience.
In a group of seven, we have chosen Menara Darussalam, located in Kuala
Lumpur, as our case study building and conducted several visits to collect data
regarding its lighting and acoustic design. This report is a compilation of our
findings, calculations, analysis and conclusion complimented with precedent
studies.
1.1 Aim and Objectives

By observing and analyzing the types of lighting and acoustic design used on
Menara Darussalam we aim to have a better understanding on the characteristics
of a space on how it informs different design approaches for lighting and
acoustic, and how different types of lighting and acoustic design and applications
influence the working efficiency and user experience of a space, as well as
suggesting solutions to improve the lighting and acoustic qualities in the case
study space.
1.2 Site Information

1.2.1
Site Introduction
Menara Darussalam is a 41-storey skyscraper comprises of an office tower and

the Grant Hyatt Hotel, located strategically in the heart of the Golden Triangle.
The tower has met Malaysias Green Building Index requirement and is certified
accordingly. For our case study, we studied the lighting design and of office, and
lighting and acoustic design of lobby area.
1.2.2
Site Selection Reasons
In order to maximize energy efficiency and sustainability, lighting and acoustic

are taken into considerations when designing Menara Darussalam. In addition,
as there are offices and hotel in the tower, study on different spaces provides us
with a deeper understanding on how different types of space influence the
lighting and acoustic design and selection.
1.2.3
Technical Drawings
Figure 1.2.3.1 Menara Darussalam site plan
Figure 1.2.3.2 Ground floor lobby floor plan
Figure 1.2.3.3 Ground floor lobby reflected ceiling plan
Figure 1.2.3.4 Lobby section A-A

4
Figure 1.2.3.5 Lobby section B-B
Figure 1.2.3.6 Lobby section C-C
Figure 1.2.3.7 Level five office floor plan
Figure 1.2.3.8 Level five office reflected ceiling plan
Figure 1.2.3.11 Level five office section A-A
Figure 1.2.3.9 Level five office section B-B
Figure 1.2.3.10 Level five office section C-C, D-D, E-E
2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES
2.1 Lighting
2.1.1 Introduction
Figure 2.1.1.1: Tama Art University Library
Figure 2.1.1.2: Site plan of Tama Art University Library
Tama Art University Library is an academic library located in Hachioji campus at

Tokyo. The entire first floor slopes gently from the front entrance. Its exterior
glass walls and large arches allow the contours of the natural environment
surrounding the campus to extend into the interior creating an exhilarating open
space. The first floor features an all-purpose and gallery space available to hold
various events and exhibitions as well as a theater area with a big screen. At the
back of the first floor. Students are able to read the latest magazine issues and
view video materials. On the second floor, there are open access stacks holding
about 100,000 books as well as private reading seats and photocopying
machines.
A large collection of books covers the special fields of art, design and
architecture, ranging from reference books necessary for the university classes to
specialized research materials. In order to enhance its collection, they are
collecting catalog of overseas exhibitions.
2.1.2 Nature Lighting
Figure 2.1.2.1 First floor plan which shows nature lighting.
10
Figure2.1.2.2: 3-D sections showing lights penetrate in the building

Lighting Design Strategies:
Tama Art University Library is a 2 story building with a semi-basement. The total
floor area is 639.46m2. The architect brings in natural lighting by using full sized
windows on the exterior walls on four sides of the entire building, it allows ample
amount of light penetrate into the library.
11
2.1.3 Artificial Light
Figure 2.1.3.1: Interior of Tama Art University Library

As the building is just exposed on the four elevation, almost 70% of the library
are using artificial lighting. The reasons that Tama Art University Library using
artificial light is the plan of the building is too big and daylight is hardly penetrate
into the center of the building although full sized windows has used to light up the
building. Besides, there is no atrium in the building to light up the center part, so
artificial light is needed.
As this building is a library, the lighting needs vary widely with the specific
area of the library. Book stacks need good vertical light levels while study desks
need good horizontal light. Lighting can give reading rooms, common areas and
childrens sections a spacious, welcoming feel and it can also bring focus to the
circulation or reference desk.
Type of
light
Artificial
light
Artificial
light
12
Type of
Type of
Power/ W Colour temperature/
fixture
luminaries
(watts)
K (kelvin)
LED light
Yellow
40
2700
bulb
LED Track
White
15
3000
Head
Table 2.1.3.2: Table indicate type of fixture
The artificial lighting used in Tama Art University Library is a ll indirect light.
The circular plate like chandeliers provide reflective light.
2.1.4 Materials
Figure 2.1.4.1: Interior of Tama Art University Library

Material
Surface reflectance
Surface
Color
Concrete
20-30%
Shinny
Light grey
Table 2.1.4.2: Building materials used in Tama Art University Library
The building material used in the library has a low reflectance value which around
20% to 30%. The shiny surface of concrete material helps to reflect some of the
daylight and artificial light to the space to bright up the building.
The furniture material that used are mostly wood with white paint. White
objects do not absorb light, it is diffuse surfaces with a high reflectance. That is
why the interior of the building used monotonic color which is white and grey.
13
2.2 Acoustic
2.2.1 Introduction
Figure 2.2.1.1: Sendai Mediatheque, Japan
Figure 2.2.1.2 Site plan of Sendai Mediatheque

Sendai Mediatheque is a library in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It was
designed by Toyo Ito in 1995 and completed in 2001.
14
Sendai Mediatheque hailed from various aspects, its structural innovation,

versatility and functional significance for the residents of Sendai. The general
concept of the building is free access to the public. The Sendai Mediatheque is a
mixed-program public facility which combines library and art gallery.
Figure 2.1.2.1 Floor plan of Sendai Mediatheque
The symbol represents above is the noise recognized in the library. Most of
the noise sources come from the cafe which is a public area where people can
enjoy their time with friends without any restrictions.
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2.2.3 Acoustic Level
high
low
Figure 2.2.3.1: Acoustic level in Sendai Mediatheque differentiate by color.
The figure above shows that the noise level decrease from the ground floor to the
upper floor. The activities happen between these levels is becoming more lively
from the upper floor to the lower floor. To access to another floor, staircase and
lift are needed and it is covered by the tubes(figure 2.2.3.4) which avoid sounds
travel from each level to another. There is no void or open space between floor to
floor, it helps the noise level of the library remain in a same atmosphere without
disturbing each other.
Floor level
Ground
1
2 and 3
4
5
6
16
Program
Reception, cafe and shops
Children library, periodical, internet and administration
Reference library, lending library and meeting room
Exhibition for citizen
Exhibition gallery
Cinema, meeting room, administration and library
Table 2.2.3.2 Program in each level of Sendai Mediatheque.
Figure 2.2.3.3: Section of Sendai Mediatheque.
Figure 2.2.3.4: Served space and servant space in Sendai Mediatheque
17
2.2.4 Material Absorbent
Figure 2.2.4.1 Interior view of Sendai Mediatheque

Material Used
Floor
Absorption coefficient
(1000Hz)
0.3
0.02
Ceramic floor tiles

Smooth concrete, painted or
glazed
Ceiling
Plaster smooth surface
0.02
Concrete with plane
0.06
Wall
Glass
0.07
Seating
Cloth-upholstered seats
0.88
Table 2.2.4.2 Building material and furniture used in Sendai Mediatheque.
In each level, there is no partition wall to separate out spaces for different
purpose. All spaces are interconnected. To avoid sound transfer to another
space, furniture placement has a big impact on sound reduction. Larger
Upholstered pieces of furniture placed near windows or doors work great at
absorbing sound. Seating area of the library is a high traffic area, thus the seats
are mostly soft material with a well-cushioned rug which do a terrific job at
absorbing sound.
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3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Light Analysis
The day lighting and artificial lighting in a space can be analyzed and studied to
create a space with good and comfortable lighting quality. With the data collected
from the site with specific equipment, the data is tabulated and translated into
analysis information.
3.1.1 Light Measuring Equipment (Digital Lux Meter)
Figure 3.1.1.1 Lutron Digital Lux Meter LX-101

Display
Device Dimension
Weight
Lux Measurement
Ranges
Zero Adjustment
Over-Input
Sampling Time
Sensor Structure
Operating Temp.
Operating Humidity
19
13mm (0.5) LCD Screen with Maximum Indication of

1999
Main Instrument: 108 x 73 x 23mm (4.3 x 2.9 x 0.9 inch)
Sensor Probe: 82 x 55 x 7mm (3.2 x 2.2 x 0.3 inch)
160g (0.36 LB) with Batteries.
0 50,000 Lux. 3 Ranges
Internal Adjustment
Indication of 1
0.4 second
The exclusive photo diode & color correction filter
0 - 50 (32 to 122 ).
Less than 80% R.H.
Power Supply
Power Consumption
Accessories Included
DC 9V battery. 006P, MN1604 (PP3) or equivalent

Approx. DC 2 mA
Instruction Manual x 1
Carrying Case x 1
Table 3.1.1.1 General Specifications of Light Measuring Equipment:
Lux Range
Resolution
2,000 Lux
1 Lux
20,000 Lux
10 Lux
50,000 Lux
100 Lux
Table 3.1.1.2 Electrical Specifications of Lux Meter
*Accuracy: (5 % + 2 decimal point)

Note: Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856K
temperature.
3.1.2 Methodology
Data Collection Methods

1. Push the Power Switch from 0 to 1 to switch on the device.
2. Select the desired measuring Range (10 Lux).
3. Record the Lux by holding the Sensor Probe at the desired height of
measurement (1m and 1.5m).
4. Record the data displayed on the LCD of the device.
5. Repeat steps 3 & 4 until all data are completed.
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Figure 3.1.2.1 Position of Lux Meter at 1m

Meter at 1.5m
Figure 3.1.2.2 Position of Lux
3.1.3 Formula for Light Analysis Calculation

Daylight Factor:
The simplest form of description of the daylight distribution, penetration and
intensity is the daylight factor, expressed in percentage. This is the ratio of the
internal illuminance (E internal) at a point in a room to the instantaneous
illuminance (E external) outside the building on a horizontal surface (Malaysia
standard outdoor daylight level is 32000lux).
Formula:
DF = E internal 100%
E external
Where, DF = Daylight factor

E internal = Indoor illuminance
E external = Outdoor illuminance
(According to the Department of Standards Malaysia (MS 1525: 2007))
Zone
Very Bright
Distribution
Very large with thermal and
glass problems
Bright
3-6
Good
Average
1-3
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
Table 3.1.3.1 Daylight factors and distribution. (According to the Department of
Standards Malaysia (MS 1525: 2007))
NOTE: The figure are average daylight factors for windows without glazing.
21
DF (%)
>6
Lumen Method:
The lumen method is a simplified methods to calculate the light level in a room.
This is a method that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform
luminaire layout in a space. It is merely the total number of lumen available in a
room divided by the area of the room.
Formula:
E = n x N x F x UF x LLF
A
Where, E= average illuminance over the horizontal working plane

n= number of lamps in each luminaire
N= number of luminaire
F= lighting design lumens per lamp, flux
UF= utilization factor for the horizontal working plane
LLF= light loss factor
A= area of the horizontal working plane
Applications
Illuminance (Lux)
Entrance and Exit
100
Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room
100
General offices, shop and stores, reading 300-400
and writing
Toilet
100
Table 3.1.3.2: Recommended average illuminance levels (According to the
Department of Standards Malaysia (MS 1525: 2007) )
3.2 Acoustic Analysis
Sound and Acoustic analysis plays a role in the acoustic design performance,
sound and noise level of a space. The analysis might involve in design fine tuning
in order to achieve the standards from ANSI, IEC, and ISO. A simple and fairly
effective method of diagnostics can be performed with an acoustical equipment.
22
3.2.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment (Digital Sound Level Meter)
Figure 3.2.1.1 IdB Noise Indicator

Measurement
Resolution
Measured quantities
30-120 dB
1 dB
Measurement in dBA of the instantaneous sound
pressure level Lp, using the Fast time constant
Max hold of the Lp level
Measurement of the A weighted continuous
equivalent sound pressure level LAeq
Linearity
1.5 dB (type 3 according to IEC 804 and IEC 651)
Power Supply
36 hour battery operation
Dimension
160mm x 64mm x 22mm
Weight
150g
Table 3.2.1.2 General Specifications of IdB Noise Indicator
3.2.2 Methodology
Data collection method:

1. Push the Power Switch from 0 to 1 to switch on the device.
2. Record the dB value by holding the Noise Indicator at 1m height,
approximately at waist height ( ear level while sitting)
23
3. Press the Leq button and wait for the data to be stable. Press again to get
the data.
4. Record the data displayed on the device.
5. Repeat step 2, 3 and 4 until all data are completed.
Figure 3.2.2.1 Position of Noise Indicator at 1 meter
3.2.3 Formula for Acoustic Analysis Calculation
Calculation for Reverberation Time:

Reverberation time (RT) is a measure of the amount of reverberation in a space
and equal to the time required for the level of a steady sound to decay by 60 dB
after the sound has stopped. The decay rate depends on the amount of sound
absorption in a room, the room geometry, and the frequency of the sound.
Reverberation Time Formula: RT = (0.16 x V)
A
Where,
V = Volume of space
A = Total absorption (Material Covering Area x Absorption Coefficient)
24
4.0 CASE STUDY
4.1 Context Study
4.1.1 Building Orientation
Figure 4.1.1.1 Site Plan with marked site
Figure 4.1.1.2 Main entrance of Menara Darussalam office Building
25
The main entrance of the office building is situated facing east which is away from
the main road facing the KLCC Convention Centre. The faade of the office
building entrance receives the highest amount of morning sunlight due to its
orientation while the faade of the hotel entrance receives the highest amount of
evening sunlight.
Date
Time
Sun path
diagram
Date
Time
Sun path
diagram
Date
Time
Sun path
diagram
9.00 am
21st March
12.00 noon
4.00 pm
9.00 am
22nd June
12.00 noon
4.00 pm
9.00 am
22nd December
12.00 noon
4.00 pm
Table 4.1.1.1 Table of sun path diagram for the site at critical time.
According to the sun path diagram, the ground floor lobby is shaded by
surrounding buildings most of the time around the year and the level five office is
26
exposed to sunlight at different facades during different time, except in the

morning.
4.1.2 Neighbourhood
The Menara Darussalam is located next to the KLCC Convention Centre and
Aquaria KLCC. The road situated in front of the site is the Penang Road (Jalan
Pinang). Beside the KLCC Convention Centre is their designated car park.
Figure 4.1.2.1 Image of KLCC Convention Centre beside Menara Darussalam
27
4.1.3 Surrounding Issue
i) Strong Sun Glare
Figure 4.1.3.1 Direction of the morning sun hitting directly on the faade of the
office lobby
Since the faade of the office lobby is facing towards the east, it is likely to
receive a high amount and strong morning sun glare upon the lobby and
entrance. However, with the strategic position of the existing context, the KLCC
Convention Centre is used indirectly to shade the main entrance of the office
tower as the KLCC Convention Centre is positioned higher than the ground level
of the Menara Darussalam.
The entrance of the office lobby also has an overhang installed directly above
the glass door to reduce direct sun penetration and a fountain feature with
vegetation in front of the entrance to cool down during the afternoon.
28
Figure 4.1.3.2 Fountain feature with vegetation outside the entrance of the office
building
Due to the strong sun glare during the day from almost all sides of the building,
the exterior of the double glazing of the 41-storey building is bronze tinted to reduce
the heat gain by varying degrees and light penetration by reflecting them.
29
Figure 4.1.3.3 Illustration showing the reduction of heat gain and light (source:
http://www.commercialwindows.org/images/3_17ReflectiveCoatings.jpg)
Figure 4.1.3.4 Direction of the evening sun hitting directly on the faade of the
hotel lobby
30
In the evening, the setting sun falls upon the faade of the hotel lobby causing
heat to build up. However, about 2/3 of the faade is directly shaded with the by
the existing high rise buildings situated opposite of the hotels lobby.
ii) Loud Noise and Sound
Figure 4.1.3.5 Sound and Noise from Jalan Pinang

The heavy traffic in the morning on Jalan Pinang during working hours from
7am to 9am contributes sound and noise pollution to the building. While the traffic
remains as a source of sound pollution, the beeping sound of the traffic light also
causes disturbance to the site. In the evening, the routine repeats as the heavy
traffic starts to build up from 6pm to 8pm.
Figure 4.1.3.6 Traffic on Jalan Pinang
31
4.2 Existing Lighting
Ground Floor Plan
Figure 4.2.1.1 Day-lighting diagram for Lobby Floor Plan
32
This figure above shows that the interior of the lobby is quite well-shaded and
getting sufficient sunlight at the same time.
Level Five Floor Plan
Figure 4.2.1.2 Day-lighting diagram for Level Five Floor Plan

From the figure above, the office could get sufficient daylight and save energy
if the lighting design takes into consideration of the daylight factor.
The daylight factor (DF) is a very common and easy method used to measure
the subjective daylight quality in a space. The ratio of outside illuminance is
described over the inside illuminance, expressed in percent. The higher the DF,
the more natural light is available in the room.
The reference point in the room is attained by light in 3 types of path shown as
below:
1. Sky component (SC) - direct light from the sky to the reference point
2. Externally reflected component (ERC) - Light reflected from an exterior
surface to the reference point.
33
3. Internally reflected component (IRC) - Light entering through the window

but reaching the reference point only after reflection from an internal surface.
4.2.2 Existing Light Fixture
4.2.2.1 Lobby Lightings
Type of Light
Type of Fixture
Type of Light Bulb
Artificial Light
Image of Light
Fugato Fixed
Compact Fluorescent
Lamps
Material of Fixture
Full Gloss Mirror Finish
Type of Luminaries
Warm White
Power (Watt)
35
No. of Light Bulb
1
Color Temperature, K
2800
Diagram of Light
Average Rate Life 50,000
(Hours)
Life Cycle Cost
Low
Lumens Maintenance Excellent
Beam Angle
36
Color Ranging Index
80
Type of Light
Type of Fixture
Type of Light Bulb
Artificial Light
Image of Light
Fugato Fixed
Compact
Fluorescent
Lamps
Material of Fixture
Full Gloss Mirror Finish
Type of Luminaries
Warm White
Power (Watt)
35
No. of Light Bulb
1
2800
Diagram of Light
(Hours)
Life Cycle Cost
Low
Lumens Maintenance
Excellent
Beam Angle
40
Color Ranging Index
90
34
Type of Light
Type of Fixture
Type of Light Bulb
Material of Fixture
Artificial Light
Image of Light
Table Lamp
LED Bulb
Fabric with Aluminum
Finish Stand
Type of Luminaries
Warm White
Power (Watt)
60
No. of Light Bulb
1
Color Temperature, K 2200-2700
Diagram of Light Bulb
(Hours)
Life Cycle Cost
Low
Lumens Maintenance Excellent
Beam Angle
310
Color Ranging Index
80
Type of Light
Type of Fixture
Artificial Light
Surface Mounted
Downlight
HID Lamp
Cast Aluminum, Alloy
Warm White
60
1
Image of Light
Average Rate Life
(Hours)
Life Cycle Cost
Lumens Maintenance
Beam Angle
Color Ranging Index
3000 - 4300
5000 - 24000
Diagram of Light Bulb
Lumen
120
Type of Light Bulb

Material of Fixture
Type of Luminaries
Power (Watt)
No. of Light Bulb
35
Low
Excellent
36
80
4.2.2.2 Office Lightings

Type of Light
Type of Fixture
Artificial Light
Image of Light
Sereno
TBS528
recessed
Type of Light Bulb
MASTER TL5 High
Efficiency Eco
Material of Fixture
High Quality Steel,
Painted
White
Armstrong Ceiling
Type of Luminaries Warm White
Power (Watt)
28
No. of Light Bulb
2
Color Temperature, 3000
Diagram of Light
K
(Hours)
Life Cycle Cost
Low
Lumens
Good
Maintenance
Beam Angle
36
Color
Ranging 80-85
Index
Type of Light
Type of Fixture
Artificial Light
Image of Light
Fluorescent
Light
Fixture
Light MASTER TL5 High
Efficiency Eco
of High Quality Steel
Type of
Bulb
Material
Fixture
Type
of
Luminaries
Power (Watt)
No. of Light Bulb
Color
Temperature, K
Average
Rate
Life (Hours)
Life Cycle Cost
Lumens
Maintenance
Beam Angle
Color
Ranging
Index
36
Warm White
28
1
3000
15,000
Low
Good
310
80-85
Diagram of Light
Type of Light
Type of Fixture
Type of Light Bulb
Material of Fixture
Type of Luminaries
Power (Watt)
No. of Light Bulb
Average Rate Life
(Hours)
Life Cycle Cost
Lumens Maintenance
Beam Angle
Color Ranging Index
4.3 Existing Acoustic
37
Artificial Light
Latina Downlight
MASTER TL5 High
Efficiency Eco
Body and Gear Box: Metal
Warm White
18
2
Image of Light
2700
6500
Diagram of Light
High
Average
90
82
4.3.1 Building Design Layout (Lobby Space)
Figure 4.3.1.1 Lobby floor plan indicating the zoning method

Zone A
Lounge Area
Zone B
Central Lobby Area
Zone C
Reception Area
Table 4.3.1.2 indicates each zone's function
The lobby space of Menara Darussalam is zoned into 3 major areas which
consists of the lounge/ waiting area, central lobby space and reception area.
Zone A is the area where they usually receive guests and visitors. With the
presence of elevators, Office workers and service workers usually dominates the
central lobby area during peak hours by navigating in and out of the building. The
reception area consists of a counter with receptionist and the door connecting to
Grand Hyatt Hotel lobby.
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4.3.2 External Noise
Figure 4.3.2.1 Site plan indicates the industrial exhaust fans noise source
The external noise of the lobby area of Menara Darussalam are mainly caused
by the heavy industrial exhaust fans noise from the loading bay of Grand Hyatt
Hotel and the adjacent car park of KLCC convention centre. These industrial
exhaust fans operate all day long, thus creating a constant buzzing noise to at
the front facade of the lobby.
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Figure 4.3.2.2 indicates the noise source from the smoking area
The outdoor smoking area of Menara Darussalam produces noise as a group
of smokers tend to clutter around that area during peak hour. The chatter
between the smokers create noises.
Figure 4.3.2.3 indicates the noise source from the vehicular movement and traffic
40
One of the major external noise source originates from the vehicular
movement at the drop off point of Menara Darussalam. The ignition noise of the
vehicles and the loading and unloading movement of the loading bay contribute
to one of the major noise source between 8-10am and 5-7pm.
The heavy traffic of Jalan Pinang during peak hours also acts as the main
source of noise towards the site. The peak hours are between 7-9.30am, 12-2pm
and 5-9pm.
Figure 4.3.2.4 shows the heavy traffic of Jalan Pinang
Figure 4.3.2.5 indicates the noise source from the water feature
41
The outdoor water fountain in facing directly towards the drop off point of
Menara Darussalam creates noise as with the vigorous flow of water. However,
the noise of the water fountain is not as heavy as the traffic and industrial
exhaust fans' noise.
Figure 4.3.2.6 shows the water feature at the drop off point.
The internal noises of lobby space are mainly from the human activities, electrical
and mechanical appliances. Lobby is the space where people first gather upon
entering the building before dispersing to various destinations. Therefore, the
noise produced from human activities is relatively high. Menara Darussalam's
lobby is connected to the Grand Hyatt Hotel Lobby. There is quite an amount of
hotel guests navigating in and out the lobby space of Menara Darussalam via the
hotel lobby to get to the skybridge connects to Suria KLCC.
42
Figure 4.3.3.1 indicates the noise source of the Port Technology Lift Access Card
Device
The elevators of Menara Darussalam require access cards in order operate.
A Port Technology Access Card Device is found at the edge of lobby space. The
device produces beeping noise as workers and guests checked into the floors
that they intended to go. It is during peak hours when the frequency of the
beeping noise from the device is at its highest.
Figure 4.3.3.2 shows the Port Technology lift access card device
43
Model
PORT Technology 3.1 Access Card

Device
Schindler
Manufacturer
Elevator
Corporation
Dimensions
Specifications
Image of Device
64.5 x 142 x
25.5mm (2.54 x
5.59 x 1.00inch)
1060mm Height
Rated Power
5W
LED
RGB
Decibel Level
45dB
Card Reader
Frequency
13.56MHz
Range of
Application
Temperature: -10 - 60C

Humidity: 0 90%
Device Diagram
Operating Floors
Lobby and Level Five
Table 4.3.3.3 shows the specifications of the Access Card Device
44
Figure 4.3.3.4 indicates the noise source of the opening and closing of doors
The opening and closing of doors in the lobby space produce noise as well
as bringing in the external noise. The decibels readings around the door area
fluctuates greatly when the guests, doorman and workers opens 2 main lobby
doors. Moreover, the clatter of footsteps of the hotel guests produces noise as
they access into the lobby of Menara Darussalam via Grand Hyatt Hotel lobby.
The door on the left side of the lobby plan is connected to the restaurant bar of
the building. The noise produced is relatively low as compared to the main lobby
doors and the hotel connecting door.
Figure 4.3.3.5 shows the lobby doors and the connecting door to Grand Hyatt
45
Figure 4.3.3.6 indicates the noise source from human activities

The human activities include the gathering and chattering of people at the
lounge area. The interaction between the doorman and guests also produces
noise. The clatter of footsteps, human movement and hushed chatter of the
building users produce an inconsistent noise source as they navigate in and out
of the lobby. The human interactions happening at the receptionist counter also
contribute to the noise generated from human activities.
Figure 4.3.3.7 shows the lounge area

46
Figure 4.3.3.8 indicates the noise produced by the 4 elevators

The operation of the elevators acts as the main source of noise in the lobby.
The noises produced by the elevators include the 'bing' notification sound due the
arrival of elevators and the opening and closing of the elevator doors. All four lifts
are fully operated during the peak hours, which is between 8-10am, 12-3pm and
5-8pm.
Figure 4.3.3.9 showing the escalators in lobby space

47
Model
Specifications
Schindler 7000
Image
Load (kg)
Speed (m/s)
1600
7.0
No. of Stops
Travel Height (m)
154
Trips Per Year
500,000
Elevator Type
Operating Floors
Single Deck
Lobby and
Level Five
Table 4.3.3.10 shows the specifications of the escalator
Figure 4.3.3.11 is the reflected ceiling plan of the lobby indicating the noise
produce by the speakers.
The acoustic equipment installed in the lobby space is ceiling speakers.
Figure 4.3.3.1.7 indicates the noise source coming from the ceiling speaker. Soft
classical background music is played in the evening, between 5-7pm.
48
Model
Bosch White LHM 0606/10 6W Ceiling

Speaker
Manufacturer Bosch Security System
Rated Power
199 mm (7.8 in)

Speaker Diameter:
152.4 mm (6 in)
6W
Rated Voltage
100V
Amperage
0.06A
Weight
620g
Diameter
Specifications
Decibel Level
106dB/ 98dB (SPL)
Effective
Frequency Range
80Hz 18kHz
Opening Angle
55
Operating Floors
Lobby and Level Five
Image of Device
Device Diagram
Table 4.3.3.12 shows the specifications of the ceiling speaker
Figure 4.3.3.13 indicates the noise source from the air conditioning system
49
4.4 Materials and Properties
Figure 4.4.1 Materiality in Lobby
50
Figure 4.4.2 Materiality in Level Five
51
4.4.1 Furniture Material Lobby
Material
Fabric
Color
Chocolate Brown
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.12
0.28
0.28
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
20%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
1.66
52
Material
Leather
Color
Copper Bronze
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.40
0.58
0.58
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
70%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
1.62
53
Material
Timber
Color
Dark Brown
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.15
0.1
0.1
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
60%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
0.42
54
Material
Timber
Color
Dark Walnut
Hardwood
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.19
0.25
0.37
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
30%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
2.005
55
Material
Artificial Stone
Color
Black, Light Beige
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.36
0.48
0.48
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
90%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
5.5
56
Material
Timber
Color
Brown Oak
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.15
0.1
0.1
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
30%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
1.8
57
Material
Leather
Color
Black
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.40
0.58
0.40
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
15%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
0.92
58
4.4.2 Wall Material Lobby
Material
Aluminium
Color
Silver
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.15
0.22
0.38
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
100%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
0.72
59
Material
Travertine
Color
Brown
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.01
0.01
0.02
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
80%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
59.17
60
Material
Timber
Color
Dark Brown
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.15
0.1
0.1
Absorption
Coefficient
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
70%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
68.3
Material
Ceramic
61
Color
Absorption
Coefficient
Cream
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.01
0.01
0.02
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
80%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
31.36
62
Material
Wallpaper
Color
Silver Woven
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.15
0.25
0.35
Surface Texture
Rough
Surface Reflectance
70%
Surface Area (m2)
30.45
63
Material
Valentino Travertine
Color
Brown
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.01
0.01
0.02
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
80%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
40.5
64
Material
Tinted Glass Panel
Color
Transparent
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.18
0.04
0.02
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
80%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
84
65
Material
Aluminium Frame
Color
Bronze
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.35
0.44
0.54
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
80%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
16
66
Office Level Five

Material
Concrete
Color
White
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.01
0.01
0.02
Surface Texture
Rough
Surface Reflectance
80%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
275.615
67
Material
Aluminium Frame
Color
Bronze
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.35
0.44
0.54
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
80%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
383.62
68
Material
Tinted Glass Panel
Color
Transparent
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.18
0.04
0.02
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
80%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
42.62
69
4.4.3 Ceiling Material
Lobby
Material
Plaster
Color
White
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.03
0.02
0.04
Surface Texture
Rough
Surface Reflectance
70%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
189.42
70
Office Level Five

Material
Gypsum Board
Color
White
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.29
0.05
0.07
Surface Texture
Rough
Surface Reflectance
70%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
965.24
71
Material
Plaster Ceiling
Color
White
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.03
0.02
0.04
Surface Texture
Rough
Surface Reflectance
70%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
154.19
72
4.4.4 Floor Material
Lobby
Material
Porcelein
Color
White Marble
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.01
0.01
0.02
Surface Texture
Smooth
Surface Reflectance
100%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
179.21
73
Office Level Five

Material
Concrete
Color
Unfinished Grey
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.01
0.01
0.02
Surface Texture
Rough
Surface Reflectance
45%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
1107.01
74
Material
Concrete
Color
Unfinished Grey
Absorption
Coefficient
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
0.01
0.01
0.02
Surface Texture
Rough
Surface Reflectance
50%
Total Surface Area

(m2)
12.40
75
5.0 LIGHTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Light is an electromagnetic wave that covers the electromagnetic spectrum that

includes x-ray, radio wave, microwave and more. Visible light is a portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum which the human eyes receive and contributes to
humans sight. Because of the visible light, human are able to perceived space in
terms of depth and distance, and colours. Like any waves, light can be reflected,
refracted, interfered, transmitted and absorbed. The most notable light source on
earth is the sun, of which solar energy is used in the photosynthesis of plants,
which in turn provides the energy needed for all living organisms.
5.1.1 Architecture Lighting
In the field of architecture, lighting in a space must be strategically planned to

ensure human comforts and working efficiency, depending on the types of the
space. It is also the main element that contributes to the experience and mood of
a space, as people primarily perceived a space through their vision, which uses
the information of contrast, brightness and colours. Therefore consideration on
lighting design is very important during design stage in accordance with the
function of the space and its users.
There are two sources of lighting: Daylighting and artificial lighting.
Daylighting are the light emitted by the sun, while artificial lighting is man-made
light sources ranging from fire during historical times to fluorescent light now.
Although utilizing daylighting is preferable as it does not require additional active
energy to function thus it is more sustainable, it is unlikely for a building to
function entirely just on daylighting, especially when the building needs to be
used at night. Therefore artificial lighting is needed to create an efficient building.
76
To measure the effectiveness of lighting, there are a few terminologies used,

as shown in the table below:
Terminology
Luminous
intensity (I)
Definition
The force that generates the light that we see,
independent of the visual sense.
The radiated power emitted by a light source in all
Luminous flux
directions, evaluated according to the sensitivity of the
(F)
human eye.
1 lx is defined as the illuminance produced by 1 lm of
area of 1m2. Therefore,
Illuminance (E) luminous flux incident on an
= .
SI unit
cd (candela)
lm (lumen)
lx (lux)
The luminous intensity per unit of apparent (projected)

cd/m2 (Candela
area of a primary (emitting) or secondary (reflecting)
Luminance (L)
per square
light source. It is the visible light that enters human
metre)
eyes and enables sight.
Table 5.1.1.1 Terminologies of lighting calculation (Source: Mechanical and
Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 2010)
Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of indoor illuminance at a given point to the
unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance (Mechanical and Electrical
Equipment for Buildings, 2010). It is used to determine whether the natural light
level in a given space is sufficient for the users to conduct their activities. The
formula to calculate daylight factor is given as below:
=
100%
Where DF = Daylight factor, Ei = indoor illuminance and EH = outdoor illuminance.

Zone
DF (%)
Distribution
Very bright
>6
Very large with thermal and glare problems
Bright
36
Good
Average
13
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
Note: The figures are average daylight factors for windows without
glazing
Table 5.1.2.1 Daylight factors and distribution (Source: MS1525, 2007)
77
5.1.3 Lumen Method
Lumen method, also called light flux method, is used to determine the average
number of overhead luminaires on the working plan in an area or a room. The
luminaires are presupposed to be mounted in a regular manner in order to obtain
a valid average number, as well as to provide uniform illumination (Mechanical
and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 2010). The equation for lumen method is
given as below:
=
Where, N is the number of luminaires required, E is the illuminance level

required (lux), A is the area of working plane (m2) and F is the average luminous
flux from each luminance (lm).
UF is the utilization factor, or coefficient of utilization (CU), which is an
allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces. It is
calculated as the ratio of effective luminous flux to the total luminous flux of light
source, thus it is always less than one. The equation used to calculate UF is as
below:
=
In addition, UF is also calculated using the zonal cavity method. Its value
can refer to tables from Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
(CIBSE) Code Guide on lighting (or Society of Light and Lighting, SLL, which is a
part of CIBSE). To locate the value, some data is needed, which includes the
ceiling reflectance (C), wall reflectance (F), floor reflectance (W) and the room
index (also known as room cavity raito, RCR). Room index is given in the
equation below:

=
( + )
Where L is the length of the room, W is the width of the room and h RC is the
distance between the luminaire and the working plane.
78
79
80
81
Table 5.1.3.1 Coefficients of utilization for typical luminaires with suggested

maximum spacing ratios (Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings,
2010)
MF = maintenance factor, also known as light loss factor (LLF), is an
allowance for reduced light output due to deterioration and dirt. MF can be
obtained from the following equation:
=
Where LLMF is the lamp lumen maintenance factor, LSF is the lamp survival
factor, LMF is the luminaire maintenance factor and RSMF is the room surface
maintenance factor, of which all these values can be obtained from tables from
CISBE Code Guide for lighting.
82
Table 5.1.3.2 Typical values of LLMF and LSF for some commonly used
luminaires after a range of hours of use (Source: SLL Code for Lighting, 2013)
Table 5.1.3.3 Luminaire categories and the typical location where various
environments can be found (Source: SLL Code for Lighting, 2013)
83
Table 5.1.3.4 Typical luminaire LMF for a range of luminaires, and a range of
cleaning intervals, in the environments they correspond to (Source: SLL Code for
Lighting, 2013)
84
Table 5.1.3.5 Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) for direct, direct/indirect
and indirect luminaires in rooms of different room indices, for a range of cleaning
intervals, in the environments they correspond to (Source: SLL Code for Lighting,
2013)
The room size in the table for RSMF is the room index.
85
5.2 Zoning
5.2.1 Lobby
Figure 5.2.1.1 Lobby floor plan with zoning according to functions.

Zoning
A
Lift Lobby
B
Lounge
C
Central Lobby
D
Reception
E
Porch
Table 5.2.1.1 Zoning of lobby floor plan
86
Figure 5.2.1.2 Lobby reflected ceiling plan with zoning according to functions.
87
5.2.2 Office
Figure 5.2.2.1 Reflected ceiling plan with distribution of switches.
88
Figure 5.2.2.2 Office reflected ceiling plan with zoning.

The spaces are zoned by the distribution of switches. Since the office level is
under renovation, the distribution of switch can show the intention of the architect
to design the space, thus becoming a way to differentiate the zones.
89
5.3 Lux Meter Reading
5.3.1 Lobby
5.3.1.1 Daytime
Figure 5.3.1.1.1 Tabulation data for daytime.

Time: 9am -10am
Whether Condition: Hazy
*Black color text: Luminance at 1m and Red color text: Luminance at 1.5m.
90

Time: 4pm - 5pm
Whether Condition: Cloudy
91
5.3.1.2 Night Time

Time: 7pm 8pm
92
TABLE 5.3.1.1 Tabulation data of lobby (Ground Floor)
ZONE
93
GRID
D3
E3
F3
G3
H3
I3
B5
B6
B7
B8
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
G4
G5
G6
G7
G8
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
9 a.m. 10 a.m.
1m
1.5m
113
145
165
193
129
151
116
142
152
189
104
135
213
244
310
327
598
616
312
333
257
288
245
272
302
328
405
594
271
296
136
163
227
258
337
361
374
391
289
311
164
190
310
336
484
513
552
589
326
345
176
203
278
313
445
473
603
635
327
348
179
218
267
306
531
565
674
702
378
399
174
209
263
307
395
420
593
626
483
518
LUX LEVEL
4 p.m. 5 p.m.
1m
1.5m
53
89
95
128
76
92
58
79
62
87
34
61
197
211
186
200
214
223
134
150
238
267
132
158
150
168
176
193
102
120
56
83
96
120
137
152
94
110
127
152
64
92
78
119
123
148
159
183
104
123
86
109
105
139
126
154
118
145
56
92
46
79
95
126
104
137
116
148
58
99
67
95
83
113
97
123
104
130
47
86
7 p.m. 8 p.m.
1m
1.5m
23
48
27
55
25
57
23
54
10
27
7
17
20
46
22
26
14
19
11
18
21
42
47
64
31
33
21
24
8
17
19
38
87
96
141
152
45
48
11
19
34
53
42
50
124
130
68
85
24
31
25
49
23
48
136
154
47
65
21
27
23
50
56
71
119
138
39
57
21
28
20
36
48
65
89
102
36
56
24
30
94
I4
I5
I6
I7
I8
J4
J5
J6
J7
J8
K5
K6
K7
K8
L6
L7
L8
B9
C9
D9
D10
E9
E10
F9
F10
G9
G10
H9
H10
I9
I10
J9
J10
K9
L9
153
289
387
278
356
303
278
376
526
386
248
337
534
338
296
526
363
190
325
417
306
378
338
307
408
550
416
273
389
593
364
365
580
398
5300
3800
2800
7700
2600
6600
2300
5700
2200
5000
2400
4900
2600
6000
2900
6700
4200
5400
46
108
78
67
78
234
97
68
82
58
76
87
107
67
56
89
52
70
132
112
93
103
268
126
104
98
76
109
95
122
80
78
114
71
289
223
189
321
147
275
125
245
106
242
115
266
123
291
130
329
238
276
26
42
76
82
24
14
21
68
43
9
22
43
38
19
28
31
10
45
55
93
93
31
30
39
86
46
18
34
46
40
25
32
34
19
9
10
40
68
70
91
65
80
75
89
71
92
68
65
13
54
11
8
5.3.2 Office
5.3.2.1 Daytime

Time: 9am -10am
*Red color text: Luminance at 1.5m.
95

Time: 4pm 5pm
96
5.3.2.2 Night Time

Time: 7pm 8pm
97
TABLE 5.3.2.1 Tabulation data by office (Fifth Floor)

LUX LEVEL
ZONE
98
GRID
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
9 a.m. 10 a.m.
4 p.m. 5 p.m.
7 p.m. 8 p.m.
1m
1m
1m
1.5m
1.5m
1.5m
414
425
410
375
414
425
1370
375
214
425
941
675
518
462
455
335
518
462
1370
335
418
662
935
235
201
244
253
311
410
241
241
244
224
186
201
224
239
227
150
186
195
207
218
268
908
176
157
139
133
136
859
244
253
311
410
241
666
344
224
400
201
324
470
400
370
481
688
343
218
268
426
476
257
420
433
336
660
942
453
311
310
521
866
344
424
284
201
198
470
400
266
481
688
885
785
268
715
476
557
672
433
336
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
D13
D14
D15
D16
D17
D18
D19
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
E10
E11
E12
E13
E14
E15
E16
E17
E18
99
128
130
129
134
107
116
129
163
190
234
1020
367
420
280
1020
316
429
263
290
530
177
367
374
280
120
316
628
563
690
374
142
125
123
120
110
114
117
119
122
109
120
131
150
186
250
525
143
124
130
129
122
123
124
124
127
125
132
144
157
185
286
242
325
1002
320
555
314
417
410
555
163
220
231
235
510
546
502
243
224
240
229
223
194
175
240
183
294
231
231
357
485
286
531
925
506
320
617
314
186
410
555
97
220
231
939
964
546
599
243
224
210
229
223
101
118
128
133
194
321
144
357
485
286
100
E19
F16
F17
F18
F19
G16
G17
G18
G19
H16
H17
H18
H19
I16
I17
I18
I19
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3
E1
E2
E3
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
340
171
192
253
396
160
173
282
294
128
160
239
340
414
392
426
396
360
262
282
294
928
260
1143
340
254
392
240
296
360
262
282
494
428
242
286
112
148
196
290
1710
861
725
478
262
322
248
396
290
773
861
725
811
262
521
348
521
290
118
361
225
855
262
234
185
538
225
181
485
256
172
546
264
162
132
127
540
240
169
132
120
600
558
538
845
481
485
556
372
811
464
414
332
433
540
408
369
243
220
480
439
438
816
481
385
556
372
268
464
319
332
277
340
274
369
259
220
101
H2
H3
H4
H5
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
J1
J2
J3
J4
J5
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
O6
O7
O8
212
160
118
108
530
230
173
131
105
530
276
150
116
140
670
285
168
130
110
650
230
162
120
118
540
227
183
145
126
673
300
240
153
140
680
300
209
180
165
200
233
203
512
975
418
208
530
430
473
231
625
736
476
511
316
320
919
385
368
230
410
650
407
362
425
284
540
327
483
245
326
1370
300
880
353
805
680
300
509
280
365
246
233
312
512
260
418
158
892
430
237
331
587
536
476
132
216
308
255
385
368
230
410
250
305
362
260
321
440
327
483
345
326
320
300
230
253
236
280
300
509
480
365
173
133
212
O9
O10
O11
O12
O13
O14
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q11
Q12
Q13
Q14
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
102
197
167
174
177
185
189
673
296
270
220
209
212
220
255
251
160
164
166
175
183
297
247
274
377
285
336
673
668
670
420
1100
212
220
630
451
360
464
406
375
483
113
124
174
277
285
190
473
883
670
774
865
212
220
383
351
360
464
661
375
483
340
285
245
240
305
265
320
365
223
222
217
300
232
1080
540
385
415
370
480
485
440
666
560
245
240
486
265
320
365
488
522
517
300
562
1080
540
720
527
426
480
485
433
455
268
445
540
429
365
320
161
270
522
517
300
994
64
540
946
107
600
580
485
303
103
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
S11
S12
S13
S14
J16
J17
J18
J19
K16
K17
K18
K19
L16
L17
L18
L19
M16
M17
M18
M19
N16
N17
N18
N19
O16
O17
O18
570
344
385
330
312
371
1429
570
444
485
406
412
371
667
370
244
485
436
412
671
257
1360
1475
1220
1020
1360
1475
1560
1020
408
954
842
620
1550
1169
1138
1310
1550
1588
1138
1310
256
256
972
650
1278
131
165
222
388
140
187
219
296
150
195
251
314
179
188
230
319
180
200
252
337
215
243
294
1843
158
465
453
388
440
387
219
296
450
255
251
314
379
488
426
426
465
500
718
337
415
343
294
1022
158
465
453
388
127
387
280
296
450
255
251
314
218
485
274
426
516
493
334
337
415
343
294
104
O19
P16
P17
P18
P19
Q16
Q17
Q18
Q19
R16
R17
R18
R19
S16
S17
S18
S19
F10
F11
G11
H10
H11
452
216
266
324
322
282
340
390
452
877
666
324
1296
682
706
625
452
1031
666
424
757
882
455
352
411
440
556
170
1023
1030
1170
1626
156
326
483
123
309
557
633
566
928
1023
1030
440
1629
156
326
483
123
309
648
412
266
425
531
430
240
119
143
428
462
116
310
5.4 Calculation and Analysis

5.4.1 Lobby
Time
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Weather
Hazy
Cloudy
Luminance at 1m
104 - 165
34 - 95
Average lux at 1m
129.83
63
Luminance at 1.5m
135 - 193
61 - 128
Average lux at 1.5m
159.17
89.33
Overall average lux value
144.5
76.17
Table 5.4.1.1.1 Average lux value zone A
Time
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Weather
Hazy
Cloudy
Luminance at 1m
136 - 598
56 - 238
Average lux at 1m
305.43
145.64
Luminance at 1.5m
163 - 616
83 - 267
Average lux at 1.5m
341.57
164.79
323.5
155.22
Table 5.4.1.1.2 Average lux value zone B
Time
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Weather
Hazy
Cloudy
Luminance at 1m
153 - 674
46 - 159
Average lux at 1m
362.6
88.52
Luminance at 1.5m
190 - 702
70 - 183
Average lux at 1.5m
393.24
118
377.92
103.26
Table 5.4.1.1.3 Average lux value zone C
Time
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Weather
Hazy
Cloudy
Luminance at 1m
248 - 534
52 - 234
Average lux at 1m
375.92
89.42
Luminance at 1.5m
273 - 593
71 - 268
Average lux at 1.5m
415.08
111.75
395.5
100.59
Table 5.4.1.1.4 Average lux value zone D
Time
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Weather
Hazy
Cloudy
Luminance at 1.5m
2200 - 7700
106 - 329
Average lux at 1.5m
4394.44
218.33
4394.44
218.33
Table 5.4.1.1.5 Average lux value zone E
105
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
7 - 27
19.17
17 - 57
43
31.09
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
8 - 141
35.57
17 - 152
45.93
40.75
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
20 - 136
50.76
28 - 154
65.68
58.22
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
9 - 68
28.83
18 - 86
37.42
33.13
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
8 - 92
54.39
54.39
Zone
Daylight
level in
Malaysia,
(lux)
Average
lux value
based on
collected
data,
(lux)
Daylight factor,
DF
=
100%
Lift Lobby
110.34
100%
32000
A
110.34
= 0.34%
Lounge
239.36
100%
32000
239.36
= 0.75%
Central Lobby
240.59
100%
32000
240.59
C
= 0.75%
32000
Reception
248.05
100%
32000
D
248.05
= 0.78%
Porch
E
2306.39
2306.39
100%
32000
= 7.21%
Table 5.4.1.1.6 Daylight factor calculation by zoning
106
According to the calculation, zone A is getting the least daylight compare to the
other zone areas. Zone B and C are getting the same amount of daylight and
zone D is getting slightly higher of daylight factor. Zone E is getting the highest
daylight factor because it is an outdoor area.
Zone
DF (%)
Distribution
Very bright
>6
Very large with thermal and glare problems
Bright
36
Good
Average
13
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
Note: The figures are average daylight factors for windows without
glazing
Table 5.4.1.1.7 Daylight factors and distribution (Source: MS1525, 2007)
Referring to the MS 1525, zone A, B, C and D are having poor daylight
distribution in the lobby. Especially zone A, lift lobby which located further away
from the entrance, whereas lounge, central lobby and reception are receiving
constant daylighting. Excessive exposure to the daylight will affect visual comfort
in the interior. Therefore, tinted glass panel are used for the faade to control the
amount of daylight infiltrates into the lobby without losing the visual relationship
from inside to outside the lobby. Artificial lights are switched on during daytime to
provide adequate lighting in the lobby. The porch which installed with a glass
overhangs allowing more daylight infiltrates into the area and the lobby rather
than using an opaque material for overhangs.
Figure5.4.1.1.1 & 5.4.1.1.2 Interior of lobby; Tinted glass panel used for the
faade of the lobby.
107
Figure 5.4.1.1.3 & Figure 5.4.1.1.4 Glass overhangs at the porch.
Figure 5.4.1.1.5 Section shows the daylighting in the lobby.
Figure 5.4.1.1.6 Lux contour diagram of daylight factor.

The lux contour diagram shows the porch is the brightest area and the
daylight has filled up most of the lobby area. The utilization of natural lighting is
effective in the design of bringing in constant and sufficient daylight into the lobby.
108
Figure 5.4.1.2.1 Lobby floor plan with section cut line.
109
Figure 5.4.1.2.2 Section A - A of lounge shows all the artificial lights are switched
on including table lamps during the day.
Figure 5.4.1.2.3 Section A A of lounge shows only certain artificial lights are
switched on during the night.
Figure 5.4.1.2.4 Section B B of central lobby shows all the artificial lights are
switched on during the day.
110
Figure 5.4.1.2.5 Section B B of central lobby shows only certain artificial lights
are switched on during the night.
Figure 5.4.1.2.6 Section C C of reception shows all the artificial lights are
switched on including table lamps during the day.
Figure 5.4.1.2.7 Section C C of reception shows only certain artificial lights are
switched on during the night.
111
Artificial Light Calculation

Zone A
Dimension of room (L x
W)
Total floor area, A (m2)
Type of luminaires
Number of luminaires,
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
Lumen of luminaires, F
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Utilization factor, UF
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
Illuminance level, E
(lux):

=
112
13.13m x 2.82m
37.03
Compact fluorescent lamp
5
1.7
1105
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
K=
13.13 2.82
1.7 (13.13+2.82)
= 1.37
0.51
0.8
100
=
5 1105 0.51 0.8

37.03
= 60.87
Floor = 0.2
Zone B
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
113
4.49m x 8.45m
37.94
12
Adjustable compact
fluorescent lamp
2
4.2
4.2
1105
1105
Ceiling = 0.7
4.49 8.45
K = 4.2 (4.49+8.45)
Wall = 0.5
Floor = 0.2
K=
4.49 8.45
4.2 (4.49+8.45)
= 0.7
= 0.7
0.47
0.8
0.47
0.8
100
12 1105 0.47 0.8

37.94
= 131.41
2 1105 0.47 0.8

37.94
= 21.90
Zone C
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Standard illuminance
from MS 1525
(lux):

=
114
11.02m x 7.92m
87.28
20
4.2
1105
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
K=
11.02 7.92
4.2 (11.02+7.92)
= 1.1
0.47
0.8
100
=
20 1105 0.47 0.8

87.28
= 95.21
Floor = 0.2
Zone D
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
4.49m x 9.10m
40.86
9
Adjustable compact
fluorescent lamp
2
4.2
4.2
1105
1105
Ceiling = 0.7
4.49 9.10
K = 4.2 (4.49+9.10)
Wall = 0.5
Floor = 0.2
K=
4.49 9.10
4.2 (4.49+9.10)
= 0.72
= 0.72
0.47
0.8
0.47
0.8
100
9 1105 0.47 0.8

40.86
= 91.52
2 1105 0.47 0.8

40.86
= 20.34
Total illuminance for lobby = 60.87 + 131.41 + 21.90 + 95.21 + 91.52 + 20.34
= 421.22 (lx)
According to the calculation, the lobby area has more than enough
illuminance (421.22 lx), therefore meets the requirement of MS 1525 (100 lx).
The minimum number of luminaires in zone A needed to meet the requirement
can be obtained by:
=

100 37.03
= 1105 0.51 0.8
= 8.21
Therefore the minimum number of luminaires needed for zone A is 9.
For zone B, C and D:
N =
100 (37.94+87.28+40.86)
1105 0.47 0.8
= 39.97
Therefore the minimum number of luminaires needed for zone B, C and D is
40.
115
Compare this to the total number of luminaires in lobby area, which is 60, the
area has 20 more luminaires.
Zone E
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
20.00m x 5.75m
115
Surface mounted down light
18
3.08
120
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
K=
Floor = 0.2
20.00 5.75
3.08 (20.00 +5.75)
= 1.45
0.51
0.8
50
=
18 120 0.51 0.8

115
= 7.66
Outdoor illuminance level is 7.66 lx, which has not met the requirement of MS
1525 (50 lx).
To meet the requirement the minimum number of luminaires needed can be
calculated as below:
=
=

50 115
120 0.51 0.8
= 117.44
The number of luminaires has to be increased to 118.
116
Figure 5.4.1.2.8 Main light switch of lobby

The light switch controls the lights in the lobby in a mode of several periods
of time. The periods are morning, noon, evening, security (night) and off.
All the artificial lights installed in the lobby will be switched on during the day
time (morning and noon mode). Besides, lights at the porch will be switched on in
the evening. , The system will automatically change to security mode when night
fall from 7pm to 5 am.
.
Central lobby, lounge and reception are the main zones in the lobby. Vast
different can be easily notice between daytime and night time. Several sections
and pictures are shown as following to have a better understanding the mode of
the artificial lighting active in the lobby.
Figure 5.4.1.2.9 & 5.4.1.2.10 Condition of central lobby during daytime and
evening.
Figure 5.4.1.2.11 & 5.4.1.2.12 Condition of lounge during daytime and evening.
117
Figure 5.4.1.2.13 & 5.4.1.2.14 Condition of reception during daytime and

evening.
Figure 5.4.1.2.15 Lux contour diagram of artificial lighting during daytime.
Figure 5.4.1.2.16 Lux contour diagram of artificial lighting during the night.
118
According to the lux contour diagram, yellow shows the highest lux level
while blue show the lowest lux level. The lobby is getting sufficient and uniform
lighting by artificial lights during the day, while only the center part of the lobby is
the brightest area during the night.
5.4.2 Office
Time
Weather
Luminance at 1.5m
Average lux at 1.5m
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Hazy
Cloudy
107-908
163-1370
209.05
411.01
209.05
411.01
Average lux value zone1
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
97-964
420.35
420.35
Time
Weather
Luminance at 1.5m
Average lux at 1.5m
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Hazy
Cloudy
105-1710
208-975
328.47
515.72
328.47
515.72
Average lux value zone 2
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
118-892
397.97
397.97
Time
Weather
Luminance at 1.5m
Average lux at 1.5m
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Hazy
Cloudy
110-680
284-1370
270.53
485.40
270.53
485.40
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
132-536
336.93
336.93
Time
Weather
Luminance at 1.5m
Average lux at 1.5m
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Hazy
Cloudy
160-1550
212-1843
469.90
602.75
469.90
602.75
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
64-1022
448.68
448.68
Time
Weather
Luminance at 1.5m
Average lux at 1.5m
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Hazy
Cloudy
131-1626
158-1629
367.00
546.18
367.00
546.18
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
119-1031
411.51
411.51
119
Time
Weather
Luminance at 1.5m
Average lux at 1.5m
Zone
9a.m. - 10a.m.
4p.m. - 5p.m.
Hazy
Cloudy
123-483
123-483
279.40
279.40
279.40
279.40
Daylight
level in
Malaysia,
(lux)
7p.m. - 8p.m.
Hazy
143-462
291.80
291.80
Average
lux value
based on
collected
data,
(lux)
Daylight
factor, DF
=
100%
310
100%
32000
1
310
=0.97
422
100%
32000
2
422
=1.32
32000
378
100%
32000
3
378
=1.18
120
4
536
536
100%
32000
=1.68
5
457
100%
32000
457
=1.43
279
100%
32000
6
279
=0.87
Table 5.4.2.1.1 Daylight factor calculation by zoning

Zone
Very Bright
Daylight Factor (%)

>6
Bright
Average
Dark
3-6
1-3
0-1
Distribution
Very large with thermal and
glare problem
Good
Fair
Poor
NOTE: The figures are average daylight factors for window without glazing
Table 5.4.2.1.2 Daylight factor and distribution (Source MS1525, 2007)
From the diagram above, zone 1 and 6 have poor light distribution while zone 2,
3, 4 and 5 have fair light distribution.
121
Figure 5.4.2.1.1 Orientation of building

From the figure above, zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 have a higher daylight factor
compared to zone 1 and 6 due to the orientation of the building which faces
towards the sunlight from the east. Zone 6 has the lowest daylight factor which is
0.87 because it is a toilet located at the center of the building, receiving minimal
daylight. The readings appear to be too low for proper office use, thus artificial
light is needed for maximum efficiency of the office spaces.
122
Figure 5.4.2.2.1 Reflective Ceiling Plan
123
Figure 5.4.2.2.2 Section A A
Figure 5.4.2.2.3 Section B B
Figure 5.4.2.2.4 Section C C
Figure 5.4.2.2.5 Section A - A
124
Artificial Light Calculation

Zone 1
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
125
11.41m x 34.32m
MASTER TL5 High

Efficiency Eco
46
391.59
Compact Fluorescent Light
Globe
7
1.97
1.97
2600
600
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
11.41 34.32
K = 1.97 (11.41 + 34.32)
K=
Floor = 0.2
11.41 34.32
1.97 (11.41 + 34.32)
= 4.35
= 4.35
0.53
0.8
0.56
0.8
300 - 400
46 2600 0.53 0.8

391.59
= 129.50
7 600 0.56 0.8

391.59
= 4.81
Zone 2
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
126
7.92m x 20.87m
165.29
MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco
19
1.97
2600
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
K=
7.92 20.87
1.97 (7.92+ 20.87)
= 2.91
0.58
0.8
300 - 400
=
19 2600 0.58 0.8

165.29
= 138.68
Floor = 0.2
Zone 3
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
127
10.07m x 13.67m
137.66
16
1.97
2600
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
K=
10.09 13.67
1.97 (10.09+ 13.67)
= 3.02
0.58
0.8
300 - 400
=
16 2600 0.58 0.8

137.66
= 140.22
Floor = 0.2
Zone 4
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
128
32.53m x 11.25m
MASTER TL5 High

Efficiency Eco
31
365.96
Compact Fluorescent Light
Globe
7
1.97
1.97
2600
600
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
32.53 11.25
K = 1.97 (32.53 + 11.25)
K=
Floor = 0.2
32.53 11.25
1.97 (32.53 + 11.25)
= 4.24
= 4.24
0.53
0.8
0.56
0.8
300 - 400
31 2600 0.53 0.8

365.96
= 93.38
7 600 0.56 0.8

365.96
=5.14
Zone 5
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
10.92m x 22.39m
244.50
25
1.97
2600
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
K=
Floor = 0.2
10.92 22.39
1.97 (10.92 + 22.39)
= 3.73
0.53
0.8
300 - 400
=
25 2600 0.53 0.8

244.50
= 112.72
Total illuminance for office area = 129.50 + 4.81 + 138.68 + 140.22 + 93.38 +
5.14 + 112.72 = 624.45
The office area (zone 1 to 5) has met the illuminance requirement of MS
1525 for office area (300 400 lx) with an illuminance of 624.45 lx.
The minimum number of MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco needed to reach the
requirement is given as below:
=
=
400 (391.59+165.29+137.66+365.96+244.50)
2600 0.58 0.8
= 34.62
Therefore the number of luminaires needed for office is 35.
Comparing this number to the number of luminaires in the office area, which
is 137, the area has installed 102 more luminaires.
129
Zone 6
W)
Type of luminaires
N
Room cavity height,
hRC (m)
(lm)
Reflectance values
Room index, K:
=
( + )
Maintenance factor,
MF
Illuminance
requirement
(lux):

=
1.96m x 6.38m
12.50
6
1.97
2600
Ceiling = 0.7
Wall = 0.5
K=
Floor = 0.2
1.96 6.38
1.97 (1.96 + 6.38)
= 0.76
0.81
0.8
50
=
6 2600 0.81 0.8

12.50
= 808.70
For the corridor connecting the office and the washroom (zone 6), the
illuminance level is 808.70 lx, which is well above the required illuminance level
by MS 1525 (50 lx). However, based on the observation on site, the corridor is
not that bright, as the luminaires are recessed into the ceiling and partially
hidden.
=
=

50 12.50
2600 0.81 0.8
= 0.37
If the light is not recessed, the area only requires 1 light to meet the standard.
130
From the figure above, the office block is fully exposed to daylight from all
direction but due to low ceiling level which is 2.77m, daylight could not diffuse
into the center of the building, thus the lux level appears to be very low in the
middle of the building. Artificial lights are needed to maximise the usage of the
space.
From the figure above, the area covered by artificial lights have a lux level
range of 200 to 280. The distribution of light is relatively constant throughout the
whole office area, showing the spacing of artificial light between each other is
well planned. The lux level at zone 6 is lower than the other zones because the
artificial light is blocked by a protruded wall, causing diffused light to render the
space.
131
5.5 Conclusion
As for conclusion, the lobby uses daylight and artificial light to produce a
satisfying environment to the space. Although the lobby has a low daylight factor,
it controls the using of artificial light to enhance the space, providing a space with
sufficient lighting for the users. At zone B and D, sufficient luminance is provided
for the user to carry out activities such as reading and doing reports. Zone c is
the central lobby, the lighting is at a comfortable level, not too bright yet not too
dim. Zone E had a lower lux level which doesnt meet the standard of MS1525,
therefore more lights are required to brighten up the space. Even though the
lobby is full with high reflectance materials, there is no uncomfortable glaring.
Therefore, this lobby is a good case study for us in designing it with good lighting
planning and features.
For the office space, the daylight factor is fair at zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 but insufficient
for proper office usage, thus artificial lights are forced to switch on from morning
to night. Through our studies, it can be seen that the artificial lights used are
more than enough to meet the requirement of MS1525, thus different artificial
light with lower luminance level can be considered or the number of artificial light
can be reduced. The study of this office in term of lighting performance is not
considered as a good example although it meets the requirement of illuminance
level. Excessive uses in number of lights do not promote energy efficiency in
designing with sustainability.
In general, there are needs and desires to control different light levels in
accordance with our daily activities and space requirement to create a certain
desire effect. The careful control of illuminance is essential to provide visibility,
safety and emotional satisfaction for the office. As a designer we must take into
consideration the surfaces finishes and texture of the space to achieve the desire
ambience environment.
132
6.0 Acoustic Performance Evaluation
6.1
Literature Review
Sound can be defined as a vibration in an elastic medium. Elastic mediums can

be any material such as air, water or physical object that after being deflected by
an external force (sound vibration) can still return to its normal state. Sound can
be reflected, absorbed, transmitted and diffracted. Most of the time, people tend
to treat sound and noise as the same term but they are two distinctive terms in a
subjective way. Sound is desirable whereas noise is unwanted sound. Even
though noise is not desirable but some noise could be beneficial too such as fire
alarms and music. Noise can cause health effect in both physiological and
psychological. Other than that, it also has effect to communication and
performance which interrupt occupants activities and cause problem if it is not
being controlled.
6.1.1 Architecture Acoustic
Architecture acoustic is the science of controlling sound in a space which might
include the design of spaces, structures, and mechanical systems to meet the
hearing needs. Pleasing sound quality and safe sound level are very important
for creating suitable mood and safety in a space but it is hard to be achieved
without proper design efforts as most of the buildings nowadays are lightweight
building. Therefore, a proper acoustic design response in the early stage of
design is important. There are always three common elements in all acoustic
situations which are a sound source, a sound transmission and a sound receiver.
In order to achieve the sound quality desired, the design will have to play around
with these three elements.
6.1.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Sound Pressure Level is the measure of the change in air pressure which caused
by a sound wave and in the unit of decibels (dB). Audible sound pressure levels
for human ear range from 20 Pa till 20Pa. Since the scale is too large, a
logarithmic scale was introduced. In logarithmic scale, the audible sound level for
human ear range from 0dB SPL to 120-140 dB SPL.
133
Table 6.1.2.1 Examples of sound pressure levels in relation to hearing threshold

and pain threshold (in dB SPL). (Sources: SCENIHR, Potential health risks of
exposure to noise from personal music players and mobile phones including a
music playing function (2008) , Section 3.3.3.1, Page 17)
Sound Pressure Level Formula:
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo),
Where
SPL = sound pressure level (dB)
l
= sound power (intensity) (Watts)
lo = reference power (1 x 10-12 Watts)
Sound level Measurement
Thumb Method for dB addition:
Difference between the 2 values
Add to larger SPL
0, 1
+3
2, 3
+2
4-9
+1
10 or greater
0
(Source: Mr. Sivas Building Science 2 Lecture 3 Architectural Acoustic
Calculations slides)
Power Additional Method for dB addition:
The formula: L = 10 log10 (l / lo)
Total sound intensity, Tl = lA + lB +
Combined SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x 10-12)
134
6.1.3 Reverberation Time (RT)

Reverberation is the interpretation of the persistence of sound after a sound is
produced from a source and stop. A reverberation is caused by the repeated
reflections of sound in an enclosed space. The definition for reverberation time is
the time required for the sound level to decrease 60dB after the sound source
has stopped producing sound (Stein and Reynolds). There are positive and
negative effects by reverberation for architectural design. A same highly reflected
surface apply to two different area will have different effect. For example, if it is
located above the stage in an auditorium, it helps to improve the audio
performance whereas if it is located in the rear of the auditorium, it will be
distracting echoes to the audience. Therefore, specific reverberation time have to
be considered for each space during the architectural design in order to achieve
optimum performance.
Reverberation Time Formula:
=
0.16
Where,
V = Volume of space
A = Total absorption
Based on the formula, the factors that could affect reverberation time include
volume of the space and the amount of reflective or absorptive surface within the
area. A space with highly reflective surface will have longer reverberation time
but if it has a lower volume of space, the reverberation time will be shorter than
the one with higher volume of space. A space with either too short or too long
reverberation time is no good depend on the usage of the space.
Sound Reduction Index is the measure of the level of sound insulation against the
direct transmission of air-borne sound. By knowing the number of decibels lost
when a sound of a given frequency (125-4000Hz) is transmitted through a partition,
architect can make decision on which materials and the amount of materials
needed for a better acoustic performance. This will help to reduce the possibility
of external noise source permeating to the quiet space.
Sound Reduction Index Formula:
Sound Reduction Index (SRI) = 10log10 (1 / Tav)
Where = (
1 1 +2 2 ++

Sn = Surface area of material n

Tcn = Transmission Coefficient of Material
135
6.2 Acoustic Tabulation and Analysis
6.2.1 Sound Meter Reading of Lobby Space
Figure 6.2.1.1 shows the zoning of lobby space
136
6.2.1.1 Peak Period

Date: 28 Sept 2015 (Monday)
Time: 9am
Figure 6.2.1.1.1 Floor plan with sound level data for peak period at 9 a.m.
137
Date: 28 Sept 2015 (Monday)

Time: 12 pm
Figure 6.2.1.1.2 Floor plan with sound level data for peak period at 12 p.m.
Based on the two figures above, the differences between the readings collected
in the morning and afternoon are low. Besides, the readings outside the lobby
have the higher decibels reading compare to the inside. This is because there is
more noise sources with high decibel reading out there compare to the inside.
The range of decibel reading for Zone A is 54 - 72dB, Zone B is 56 - 77dB and
Zone C is 58-69dB. Zone B with escalators and main entrances have highest
range of decibel reading compared to Zone A and Zone C as it is the densest
human activity area. Office staffers have to pass through Zone B when check in
and out of work and clock in and out during lunch hour (12 2pm). The reading
for Zone C increases dramatically as Grand Hyatt Hotel guests walk in and out of
the lobby of Menara Darussalam via the connecting door.
138
6.2.1.2 Non-peak period

Date: 27 Sept 2015 (Sunday)
Time: 9am
Figure 6.2.1.2.1 Floor plan with sound level data for non-peak period at 9 a.m.
139
Date: 27 Sept 2015 (Sunday)

Time: 2pm
Figure 6.2.1.2.2 Floor plan with sound level data for non-peak period at 2 p.m.
Based on the two figures above, there are not much changes of decibel reading
between these two periods. Therefore, during non-peak period, activities during
weekend are consistent. The range of decibel reading for Zone A is 51 - 58dB,
Zone B is 51 - 69dB and Zone C is 52- 60dB. The readings range for Zone A is
the smallest among three zones. This is because Zone A is the area where not
many people hang around during weekend. Zone B has the highest readings
difference as the readings taken near the escalators fluctuates due to the
operation of escalators by the building users.
140
6.2.1.3 Graph Analysis of Data
(Peak Period and Non-Peak period)
Sound level (dB) against time (minute) in zone A

75
70
Sound level (dB)
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Time interval (min)

Peak hour
Non-peak hour
Figure 6.2.1.3.1 shows graph of Sound Level (dB) against time in Zone A.
Figure 6.2.1.3.2 shows section of Zone A.

The sound level readings collected during peak period and non-peak period at
Zone A were distinctive. This shows the density of human activity during peak
period is higher than non-peak period. Zone A is the lobby lounge where people
could rest and chat. Therefore, human activity is the main source of noise for
Zone A. Based on the figure above, the sound level readings increase then drop
141
and increase again which indicate there was a start of conversation and then it
ends and another conversation starts again.
Sound level (dB) against time (minute) in zone B

80
75
Sound level (dB)
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Time interval (min)

Peak hour
Non-peak hour
Figure 6.2.1.3.3 shows graph of Sound Level (dB) against time in Zone B.
Figure 6.2.1.3.4 shows section of Zone B.

The graph for Zone B (main lobby area) shows that there is a same pattern for
both periods except that there was a sudden boost of sound level decibel for the
non-peak period. This sudden increase could be caused by the opening of door
which allows the external noise from the vehicular drop off point and fountain to
penetrate into the lobby. From this data collected, it shows that the lobby doors
did help to filter the external noise by reflection and absorption. Other than
external noise, there is also internal noise which produced by human activities
142
such as conversation and lift arrival. By comparing the peak period and non-peak
period reading, it can be seen that the difference is caused by the increase of
human activities during peak period.
Sound level (dB) against time (minute) in zone C

75
70
Sound level (dB)
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Time interval (min)

Peak hour
Non-peak hour
Figure 6.2.1.3.5 Graph of Sound Level (dB) against time in Zone C.
Figure 6.2.1.3.6 Section of Zone C.
143
55
Zone C is an area which has the connecting door to the hotel lobby next door,
reception and smoking area. Based on the graph for Zone C, there were slight
increases in sound level readings in between every 5 10 mins interval. This is
because of the hotel lobby next door. Hotel guests of Grand Hyatt Hotel will
choose to pass through Menara Darussalam's lobby in order to get to the
skybridge that connects to Suria KLCC. Since the peak hour for a hotel is not
same as the peak hour of an office building lobby, the graph pattern of Sound
Level in Zone C is different from Zone A and B.
6.3 Acoustic Ray and Contour Figure
6.3.1 Acoustic Ray Figure of Lobby Space
Figure 6.3.1.1 Acoustic ray Figure from air-conditioners.
144
Figure 6.3.1.2 Acoustic ray Figure from human activities.
Figure 6.3.1.3 Acoustic ray Figure from escalators.
145
Figure 6.3.1.4 Acoustic ray Figure from opening doors.

The acoustic ray figures above show the locations of different sources of noise
and the reflectance and absorbance of sound from wall surface of the interior.
The reflectance of the interior for zone B is high due to the reflective surface of
the lift and the glass door of the main entrance. Therefore, zone B will receive
high noise disturbance. As for Zone A, the sound reflectance is lower than Zone
B since there are cushioned armchair and carpet in the lounge area which can
help in sound absorbtion and reduce noise disturbance. On the other hand,
noises at Zone C that are generated by human activities will have higher sound
reflectance since that zone does not consist any sound absorbing material.
146
6.3.2 Sound Contour Diagram of Lobby Space

Peak Period
Figure 6.3.2.1 showing sound Contour Diagram during peak period.
147
Non-peak Period
Figure 6.3.2.2 showing Sound Contour Diagram during non-peak period.
148
From the contour Figure shown, during peak period, Zone B has the higher
sound level decibel compared to the other two zones. This suggests that Zone B
has more human activities and noise sources compared to the other two zones.
Other than that, it could also be that the sound got reflected by the window, walls,
floors and ceiling for certain spot of the zone. By comparing the Figure for peak
period and non-peak period, the pattern shown is about the same other than the
sound level decibel is relatively low during non-peak hour due to the difference of
human flow.
6.4 Acoustic Calculation and Analysis for Lobby Space
6.4.1 Zone A
i) Sound Pressure Level
Highest sound level

meter reading (dB)
Lowest sound level
meter reading (dB)
Intensity for the
highest reading, IH
Intensity for the lowest

reading, IL
Total intensity, Tl
Combined Sound
Pressure Level, SPL
149
Peak Hours
68
Non-Peak Hours
60
58
51
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)

68
= 10 log10 (IH / 1x
-12
10 )
IH
= 6.31 x 10-6
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)
58
= 10 log10 (IL / 1x
-12
10 )
IL
= 6.31 x 10-7
Tl
= IH + IL
= (6.31 x 10-6) +
(6.31 x 10-7)
= 6.94 x 10-6
SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x
10-12)
= 10 log10 (6.94 x
-6
10 /
1x 10-12)
= 68.4 dB
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)

60
= 10 log10 (IH / 1x
-12
10 )
IH
= 1 x 10-6
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)
51
= 10 log10 (IL / 1x
-12
10 )
IL
= 1.26 x 10-7
Tl
= IH + IL
= (1 x 10-6) +
(1.26 x 10-7)
= 1.13 x 10-6
SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x
10-12)
= 10 log10 (1.13 x
-6
10 /
1x 10-12)
= 60.5 dB
ii) Reverberation Time, (RT)

Materials (wall)
Area(m2 )
Glass wall
17.5
Timber Laminated 24
Panel
Ceramic Wall
15.68
Cladding
Timber door
2.3
Materials (floor & Area(m2 )
ceiling)
Porcelain tiles
36
Plaster
36
Materials
Area(m2 )
(furniture)
Fabric chair
1.66
Leather chair
1.62
Timber table 1
0.42
Timber cabinet
3.52
Occupant
22
Total Sound Absorption
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.18
0.22
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
3.15
5.28
0.01
0.16
0.22
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.01
0.05
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.28
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.46
0.51
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
0.36
1.8
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
0.46
1.13
0.42
0.35
10
24.62
Total Floor Area (m2)= 159.9

Total Volume (m3 ) = 479.7
Calculation:
RT = 0.16 x 479.7
24.62
= 3.11 s
Analysis:
The reverberation time for Zone A is 3.11s which is smaller value when compare
to Zone B. This is due to the furniture exist in Zone B. Those soft cushion chair and
carpet with high acoustic absorption coefficient contribute in sound absorption
which reduces the reverberation time. Besides, Zone B is the area where people
sit down and chat or rest, too much sound reflection will cause noise disturbance
to the occupants and interrupt the conversation. Even though there are absorbing
surfaces, the reverberation time for Zone B is still higher than the standard range
of reverberation time (1.5s 2.5s) due to highly reflective surfaces in Zone B.
Therefore, more sound absorption materials should be included for this zone to
enhance the comfort reverberation level.
150
6.4.2 Zone B
Highest sound level
meter reading (dB)
Lowest sound level
meter reading (dB)
Intensity for the
highest reading, IH
Peak Hours
75
Non-Peak Hours
63
56
51
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)

75
= 10 log10 (IH / 1x
10-12)
IH
= 3.16 x 10-5
Intensity for the lowest SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)
reading, IL
56
= 10 log10 (IL / 1x
10-12)
IL
= 3.98 x 10-7
Total intensity, Tl
Tl
= IH + IL
= (3.16 x 10-5) +
(3.98 x 10-7)
= 3.20 x 10-5
SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x
Combined Sound
Pressure Level, SPL
10-12)
= 10 log10 (3.20 x
10-5/
1x 10-12)
= 75.1 dB
Materials (wall)
Area(m2 )
Glass wall
24
Timber Laminated 20
Panel
ceiling)
Porcelain tiles
120
plaster
120
Travertine wall tile 59.17
cladding
Glass door
27.5
Travertine column 40.5
Materials
Area(m2 )
(furniture)
Timber table 2
1.8
Occupant
22
151
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)

63
= 10 log10 (IH / 1x
10-12)
IH
= 2.00 x 10-6
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)
51
= 10 log10 (IL / 1x
10-12)
IL
= 1.26 x 10-7
Tl
= IH + IL
= (2.00 x 10-6) +
(1.26 x 10-7)
= 2.13 x 10-6
SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x
10-12)
= 10 log10 (2.13 x
10-6/
1x 10-12)
= 63.3 dB
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.18
0.22
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
4.32
4.4
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.01
0.05
0.01
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
1.2
6
0.59
0.18
0.01
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.1
0.46
4.95
0.41
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
0.18
10
32.05

Calculation:
RT = 0.16 x 1214.91
32.05
= 6.06s
Analysis:
The value for reverberation time for Zone B is 6.06s which is over the standard and
no longer within the comfort level. This is probably due to the highly reflective
surface of the glass door, wall and porcelain tiles in Zone B. Therefore, it should
minimize the use of highly reflective material such as glass or enhance the sound
absorption by cover the glass up with curtain. Other than that, it could use carpet
to cover the floor too.
152
6.4.3 Zone C
Highest sound level

meter reading (dB)
Lowest sound level
meter reading (dB)
Intensity for the
highest reading, IH
Intensity for the lowest

reading, IL
Total intensity, Tl
Combined Sound
Pressure Level, SPL
153
Peak Hours
68
Non-Peak Hours
58
55
50
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)

68
= 10 log10 (IH / 1x
-12
10 )
IH
= 6.31 x 10-6
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)
55
= 10 log10 (IL / 1x
-12
10 )
IL
= 3.16 x 10-7
Tl
= IH + IL
= (6.31 x 10-6) +
(3.16 x 10-7)
= 6.63 x 10-6
SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x
10-12)
= 10 log10 (6.63 x
-6
10 /
1x 10-12)
= 68.2 dB
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)

58
= 10 log10 (IH / 1x
-12
10 )
IH
= 6.31 x 10-7
SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo)
50
= 10 log10 (IL / 1x
-12
10 )
IL
= 1.00 x 10-7
Tl
= IH + IL
= (6.31 x 10-7) +
(1.00 x 10-7)
= 7.31 x 10-7
SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x
10-12)
= 10 log10 (7.31 x
-7
10 /
1x 10-12)
= 58.6 dB

Materials (wall)
Area(m2 )
Glass wall
17.5
Timber Laminated 24
Panel
Ceramic Wall
15.68
Cladding
Timber door
2.3
Glass door
5
ceiling)
Porcelain tiles
28
plaster
28
Materials
Area(m2 )
(furniture)
Leather office
0.92
chair
Artificial stone
5.5
cabinet
Occupant
22
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.18
0.22
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
3.15
5.28
0.01
0.16
0.22
0.18
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.01
0.05
Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient
0.7
0.51
4.95
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
0.36
1.8
Area x Absorption
Coefficient
0.64
0.01
0.055
0.46
10
25.46

Calculation:
RT = 0.16 x 446.7
25.46
= 2.8s
Analysis:
The reverberation time for Zone C is 2.8s. It is the closest value to the standard
reverberation time compared to the other two zones. This is because it has the
lowest area compared to the other two zones.
154
Sound Reduction Index of lobby
Wall
Door
Materials
Sound
reduction
index(dB)
Surface
area/m2
Glass wall
Timber
Laminated
Panel
Ceramic
Wall
Cladding
Travertine
wall tile
cladding
Travertine
column
Glass
Timber
door
26
22
44
68.30
Transmission Surface area x

coefficient
transmission
material
coefficient
material
-3
2.51 x 10
1.1x 10-1
-3
6.3 x 10
4.3 x 10-1
46
31.36
2.51 x 10-5
7.87 x 10-4
46
59.17
2.51 x 10-5
1.48 x 10-3
40.5
0.01
0.4
26
22
27.5
4.6
2.51 x 10-3
6.3 x 10-3
= 234.93
155
6.9 x 10-2
2.89 x 10-2
= 8.09 x 10-4
Wall
Door
overall =
Glass,
Timber Laminated Panel,
SRI = 10 log10 1
T
26 = 10 log10 1
T
2.6 = log10 1
T
102.6 = 1
T
T glass = 2.51 x 10-3
SRI = 10 log10 1
T
22 = 10 log10 1
T
2.2 = log10 1
T
102.2 = 1
T
T glass = 6.3 x 10-3
Ceramic wall cladding,
Travertine wall tile cladding,
SRI = 10 log10 1
T
46 = 10 log10 1
T
4.6 = log10 1
T
4.6
10
=1
T
T glass = 2.51 x 10-5
SRI = 10 log10 1
T
46 = 10 log10 1
T
4.6 = log10 1
T
4.6
10
=1
T
T glass = 2.51 x 10-5
Glass,
Timber Door,
SRI = 10 log10 1
T
26 = 10 log10 1
T
2.6 = log10 1
T
102.6 = 1
T
T glass = 2.51 x 10-3
SRI = 10 log10 1
T
22 = 10 log10 1
T
2.2 = log10 1
T
102.2 = 1
T
T glass = 6.3 x 10-3
( surface area x transmission coefficient materials)

surface area
T overall = 8.09 x 10-4

234.93
= 3.44 x 10-6
156
Therefore, SRI overall = 10 log10 1

T
=10 log10
1
3.44 x 10-6
= 54.63dB
Analysis:
The internal noise of the lobby is directly transfer throughout the lobby as there is
no partition or buffer zones that are erected within the space. However the glass
curtain wall of the lobby and Travertine cladded columns are effective in blocking
out the external noises as the largest readings differences between the interior
and exterior of the lobby is 58 and 77 dB within a 4m range.
Figure 6.4.4.1 shows the reading difference within a 4m range
6.5 Conclusion
From the acoustic data collection and analysis, the lobby of Menara Darussalam
has lower than average acoustic condition. The noise levels of peak and nonpeak hour ranges from 51 to 77 dB. The noise level of lobby is considered
relatively high as the standard requirement recommended for a lobby space is
40dB.
From the data collection and observations, the external noise sources are coming
from the heavy traffic of Jalan Pinang during peak hours and the industrial
exhaust fans from the loading bay of Grand Hyatt Hotel and the KLCC
Convention Centres carpark. The minor noise sources are coming from the
fountains facing the exterior of the building as well as human activities such as
the outdoor smoking area. The major internal noise sources are mainly from
human activities within the lobby as well as the operation of escalators. The
opening and closing of doors in the lobby also contributes to the internal noise
source.
157
The choice of materials used within the lobby space includes marble flooring,
Travertine cladded columns, laminated timber panels, curtain wall and glass
doors contributes to the high reverberation time findings. These materials has low
sound absorption value, rather they have high sound reflectance properties. The
lack of soft furnishings such as carpets, sound boards, curtains and upholstery
also contribute to the long reverberation time. The reverberation time interval
exceeds the optimal value of comfort reverberation level. Thus, it creates echoes
and noise discomfort within the lobby space during peak hours as the human
activities within the space is high. The desirable reverberation time for a lobby
space is in between 1.5 2.5 seconds. However, our reverberation time finding is
in between 2.8 6.06 seconds.
In order to lower down the reverberation time, acoustic baffles could be applied
onto the ceilings as well as increasing the lounge area of the lobby space. The
application of carpet into the lobby space also helps in reducing the reverberation
time. By increasing the lounge area of the lobby space, more armchairs with
upholstery could be added as well as more soft furnishings such as pillows. This
will lower down the reverberation time as well as adding a softer and cozy touch
towards the lobby space of Menara Darussalam. Moreover, the choice of
materials for the lobby design should be taken into considering during the design
stage of the space as the current lobby building materials have high sound
reflectance properties. The refurbishment of the lobby space in order to switch to
more attenuation materials such as concrete and timber are often costly as it
might require structural alterations.
The Sound Reduction Index findings also helps the designer to decide on the
choice and amount of building materials so that it can achieve the optimal
acoustic condition.
158
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Stein, B., & Reynolds, J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for
buildings (11th ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
2. Acoustic 101 for Architects. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
http://www.sound-image.com/wp-content/uploads/Acoustics-101-forArchitects.pdf
3. Personal Music Players & Hearing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015,
from http://ec.europa.eu/health/opinions/en/hearing-loss-personal-musicplayer-mp3/l-3/2-sound-measurement-decibel.htm
4. Room Illumination Level. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf
5. Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for
non-residential buildings (first revision). (2007). Putrajaya: Department of
Standard Malaysia.
6. Ginn, K. (1978). Architectural acoustics (2.nd ed.). Nrum: Bruel & Kjr.
7. Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified
Health Risks (SCENIHR). (n.d.). Toxicology, 248-250.
8. Lumen Method Calculations. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bsapplec/lumen.htm
9. Absorption Coefficient. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
http://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf
10. MY ARCHITECTURAL MOLESKINE : TOYO ITO: TAMA ART
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. (2011, November 17). Retrieved October 12,
2015, from http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.my/2011/11/toyo-itotama-art-university-library.html
11. Sendai Mediatheque. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Sendai_Mediatheque
159
12. Sendai Mediatheque - Toyo Ito - Kevin McKitrick. (2010, September 1).
Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
https://kmckitrick.wordpress.com/sendai-mediatheque-toyo-ito-kevinmckitrick/
13. Tama Art University Case Study and comparison with Peckham Library.
(2014, March 19). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/fatimaakbar8/tama-art-university-case-study
14. Tama Art University Library by Toyo Ito. (2007, September 11). Retrieved
October 16, 2015, from http://www.dezeen.com/2007/09/11/tama-artuniversity-library-by-toyo-ito/
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Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

4.3.3 Internal Noise

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

6.3.1 Acoustic Ray Figure of Lobby Space

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

1.1 Aim and Objectives

1.2 Site Information

Menara Darussalam is a 41-storey skyscraper comprises of an office tower and

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Site Selection Reasons

In order to maximize energy efficiency and sustainability, lighting and acoustic

Figure 1.2.3.1 Menara Darussalam site plan

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 1.2.3.2 Ground floor lobby floor plan

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 1.2.3.3 Ground floor lobby reflected ceiling plan

Figure 1.2.3.4 Lobby section A-A

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 1.2.3.5 Lobby section B-B

Figure 1.2.3.6 Lobby section C-C

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 1.2.3.7 Level five office floor plan

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 1.2.3.8 Level five office reflected ceiling plan

Figure 1.2.3.11 Level five office section A-A

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 1.2.3.9 Level five office section B-B

Figure 1.2.3.10 Level five office section C-C, D-D, E-E

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES

Figure 2.1.1.1: Tama Art University Library

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 2.1.1.2: Site plan of Tama Art University Library

Tama Art University Library is an academic library located in Hachioji campus at

Figure 2.1.2.1 First floor plan which shows nature lighting.

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure2.1.2.2: 3-D sections showing lights penetrate in the building

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

2.1.3 Artificial Light

Figure 2.1.3.1: Interior of Tama Art University Library

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 2.1.4.1: Interior of Tama Art University Library

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 2.2.1.1: Sendai Mediatheque, Japan