Professional Documents
Culture Documents
For plant assets, the cost principle states that plant assets are recorded at cost, which consists of
all expenditures necessary to acquire the asset and make it ready for its intended use.
2.
3.
The primary advantages of leasing are (1) reduced risk of obsolescence, (2) little or no down payment, (3) shared tax advantages, and (4) reduced recorded assets and liabilities.
4.
When only the land is to be used, all demolition and removal costs of the building less any proceeds
from salvaged materials are necessary expenditures to make the land ready for its intended use.
Any costs for clearing, draining, filling, and grading are also part of the cost of the land.
When both the land and building are to be used, necessary costs of the building include remodeling
expenditures and the cost of replacing or repairing the roofs, floors, wiring, and plumbing.
5.
The potential benefits of leasing are (1) reduced risk of obsolescence (an obvious concern to
Kellum), (2) little or no required down payment, (3) shared tax advantages, (4) assets and
liabilities are not reported on the balance sheet.
6.
You should explain to the president that depreciation is a process of allocating the cost of a plant
asset to expense over its service (useful) life in a rational and systematic manner. Recognition of
depreciation is not intended to result in the accumulation of cash for replacement of the asset.
7.
(a) Salvage value is the expected cash value of the asset at the end of its useful life.
(b) Salvage value is used in determining depreciable cost in the straight-line method by subtracting
it from the plant assets cost.
8.
(a) Useful life is expressed in years under the straight-line method and in units of activity under
the units-of-activity method.
(b) The pattern of periodic depreciation expense over an assets useful life is constant under the
straight-line method and variable under the units-of-activity method.
9.
The effects of the three methods on annual depreciation expense are: Straight-lineconstant
amount; units-of-activityvarying amount; declining-balancedecreasing amounts.
10.
A revision of depreciation is made in current and future years but not retroactively. The rationale
is that continual restatement of prior periods would adversely affect the readers confidence in the
financial statements.
9-1
Ordinary repairs are made to maintain the operating efficiency and expected productive life of the
asset. Capital expenditures are additions and improvements made to increase efficiency, productive capacity, or expected useful life of the asset. Revenue expenditures are recognized as
expenses when incurred; capital expenditures are generally debited to the plant asset affected.
12.
In a sale of plant assets, the book value of the asset is compared to the proceeds received from
the sale. If the proceeds of the sale exceed the book value of the plant asset, a gain on disposal
occurs. If the proceeds of the sale are less than the book value of the plant asset sold, a loss on
disposal occurs.
13.
The plant asset and related accumulated depreciation should continue to be reported on the
balance sheet without further depreciation or adjustment until the asset is retired. Reporting
the asset and related accumulated depreciation on the balance sheet informs the reader of the
financial statements that the asset is still being used by the company. However, once an asset is
fully depreciated, even if it is still being used, no additional depreciation should be taken on this
asset. In no situation can the depreciation on the plant asset exceed the cost of the plant asset.
14.
Tootsie Roll depreciates its buildings over 20 to 35 years and its machinery and equipment over
5 to 20 years.
15.
Depreciation and amortization are both concerned with writing off the cost of an asset to expense
over the periods benefited. Depreciation refers to allocating the cost of a plant asset to expense
and amortization to allocating the cost of an intangible asset to expense.
16.
It is true that successful marketing campaigns often benefit multiple accounting periods in the future,
enhancing the companys value, and potentially creating goodwill. However, from an accounting
perspective Ralphs proposal is unacceptable. First of all, accounting standards only allow the
recording of purchased goodwill that results from the purchase of another business. Internally
created goodwill is not allowed to be recorded. Second, marketing expenditures are to be treated
as expenses of the period in which they are incurred. They can not be capitalized. It is unethical
to capitalize costs simply to boost reported income by spreading the cost over multiple periods.
17.
The intern is not correct. If an intangible asset has a limited life, the cost of the asset should be
amortized over that assets useful life (the period of time when operations are benefited by use of
the asset) or its legal life, whichever is shorter. The cost of intangible assets with indefinite lives
should not be amortized.
18.
The favorable attributes which could result in goodwill include exceptional management, desirable
location, good customer relations, skilled employees, high quality products, fair pricing policies, and
harmonious relations with labor unions.
19.
Goodwill is the value of many favorable attributes that are intertwined in the business enterprise.
Goodwill can be identified only with the business as a whole and, unlike other assets, cannot be
sold separately. Goodwill can only be sold if the entire business is sold.
20.
Goodwill is recorded only when there is an exchange transaction that involves the purchase of an
entire business. Goodwill is the excess of cost over the fair market value of the net assets (assets
less liabilities) acquired. The recognition of goodwill without an exchange transaction would lead
to subjective valuations which would reduce the reliability of financial statements.
9-2
Research and development costs present several accounting problems. It is sometimes difficult
to assign the costs to specific projects, and there are uncertainties in identifying the extent and
timing of future benefits. As a result, research and development costs are usually recorded as an
expense when incurred.
22.
Net income
Average total assets
$854
$3,095
= 27.6%
23.
The return on assets ratio is closely monitored by management. It is the product of the profit
margin ratio and the asset turnover ratio. At first glance, if this new product line has a lower profit
margin, then it will reduce the companys asset turnover ratio. However, it is likely that it will have
a higher turnover than the companys more expensive offerings. As a consequence, it is not possible
to know what effect the new product line will have on the companys return on assets without
knowing the expected effect on the companys asset turnover.
24.
(a) Grocery stores usually have a high asset turnover ratio and a low profit margin ratio.
(b) Car dealerships normally have a low asset turnover ratio and a high profit margin ratio.
25.
Since Aldrich uses the straight-line depreciation method, its depreciation expense will be lower in
the early years of an assets useful life as compared to using an accelerated method. Benjamins
depreciation expense in the early years of an assets useful life will be higher as compared to the
straight-line method. Aldrichs net income will be higher than Benjamins in the first few years of
the assets useful life.
26.
Yes, the tax regulations of the IRS allow a company to use a different depreciation method on the
tax return than is used in preparing financial statements. Garza Corporation uses an accelerated
depreciation method for tax purposes to minimize its income taxes.
27.
By selecting a higher estimated useful life, Mane Corp. is spreading the plant assets cost over a
longer period of time. The depreciation expense reported in each period is lower and net income
is higher. Nienstedts choice of a shorter estimated useful life will result in higher depreciation
expense reported in each period and lower net income.
28.
In the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows, depreciation expense (from
plant assets) and amortization expense (from intangible assets) are added back to net income to
determine net cash provided by operating activities. In the investing section, cash paid to purchase
plant assets or intangible assets is shown as a use of cash. If the company sells any of its used
plant assets, or if it sells intangibles, it would report the amount of cash received as a source of
cash from investing activities.
9-3
9-4
$22,000
2,000
$20,000
2 years
$10,000
45
400
45
400
41,000
38,800
2,200
41,000
41,000
$41,000
38,800
2,200
0
$ 2,200
6,000
21,000
48,000
3,000
6,000
72,000
$72,000
48,000*
24,000
21,000
$ 3,000
*$42,000 + $6,000
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
9-5
$3.5
($30.0 + $29.0)2
= 11.9%
$21.6
= .73 times
($30.0 + $29.0) 2
30,000
30,000
$120,000
$ 193.8
$ 840.9
1,817.2
767.2
1,940.8
1,484.5
$1,678.3
$ 130.8
$115.5
47.1
68.4
$ 199.2*
*Alternatively, many companies would simply show a single line for net
intangibles.
9-6
$31,000
($31,000 $12,400)
Rate
Depreciation
40%
40%
$12,400
$ 7,440
9-7
$24,000
1,100
900
1,300
$27,300
Thus, the cost of the truck is $27,300. The payments for the motor vehicle
license and for the insurance are operating costs and are expensed over
the first year of the trucks life.
DO IT! 9-2
Depreciation expense =
Cost Salvage
$15,000 $1,000
=
= $1,750
Useful life
8 years
9-8
1,750
1,750
DO IT! 9-3
(a)
(b)
26,000
28,000
50,000
4,000
15,000
28,000
7,000
50,000
DO IT! 9-4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Intangible assets
Amortization
Franchise
Research and development costs
Goodwill
9-9
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 9-1
(a)
(b)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Under the cost principle, the acquisition cost for a plant asset includes all expenditures necessary to acquire the asset and make
it ready for its intended use.
Cost is measured by the cash paid in a cash transaction, or by the
cash equivalent price paid when noncash assets are used in
payment.
The cash equivalent price is equal to the fair market value of the
asset given up or the fair market value of the asset received,
whichever is more clearly determinable.
Land
Factory Machinery
Delivery Truck
Land Improvements
5.
6.
7.
8.
Delivery Truck
Factory Machinery
Prepaid Insurance
License Expense
EXERCISE 9-2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9-10
Factory Machinery
Truck
Factory Machinery
Land
Prepaid Insurance
Land Improvements
Land Improvements
Land
Building
EXERCISE 9-3
(a)
(b)
Cost of land
Cash paid...................................................................
Net cost of removing warehouse ($8,200 $1,700)...
Attorneys fee ............................................................
Real estate brokers fee............................................
Total ....................................................................
$80,000
6,500
1,500
5,000
$93,000
EXERCISE 9-4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EXERCISE 9-5
$90,000 $6,000
Straight-line method :
= $10,500 per year.
8
9-11
EXERCISE 9-6
(a)
Type of Asset
Cost.........................................................
Accumulated depreciation ................
Book value, 1/1/10..................................
Less: Salvage value..............................
Depreciable cost (1)...............................
Building
$900,000
172,000
$728,000
35,000
$693,000
Warehouse
$120,000
23,000
$ 97,000
3,600
$ 93,400
42*
15**
**(20 5)
$16,500
$6,227
16,500
20,000
30,000
37,000
16,500
EXERCISE 9-7
9-12
50,000
20,000
50,000
7,000
18,000
20,000
12,000
50,000
EXERCISE 9-8
Jan.
1 Accumulated DepreciationMachinery............
Machinery.......................................................
62,000
6,500
Cash .....................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationComputer
($39,000 X 2/3 = $26,000; $26,000 + $6,500) ....
Loss on Disposal
[$5,000 ($39,000 $32,500)] ........................
Computer .................................................
5,000
62,000
6,500
32,500
1,500
39,000
4,400
31 Cash .....................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationTruck
[($25,000 $3,000) X 4/5] ..............................
Truck.......................................................
Gain on Disposal ...................................
9,000
4,400
17,600
25,000
1,600
EXERCISE 9-9
1.
2.
9-13
EXERCISE 9-10
(a)
(b)
$35,214
= 1.51 times
($22,690+ $24,000) 2
$2,016
= 8.6%
($22,690 + $24,000) 2
EXERCISE 9-11
(a)
$600,000 = .12
$5,000,000
$1,350,000 = .09
$15,000,000
$600,000
= .06
$10,000,000
$1,350,000
= .08
$18,000,000
$10,000,000
= 2.0
$5,000,000
$18,000,000
= 1.2
$15,000,000
(b) The return on assets ratio declined from 12% to 9%. This means that
the company is not generating as much income from each dollar
invested in assets. It is common for companies to try to maximize their
return on assets, thus top management might not find this proposal very
desirable. The new product line would increase the companys profit
margin (the amount of net income generated from each dollar of sales)
from 6% to 8%. However, because of the huge investment in new assets
that the proposal requires, the asset turnover ratio plummets from
2.0 times down to 1.2 times.
9-14
EXERCISE 9-12
(a) ($ in millions)
1. Return on assets
$244.9
= 5.7%
($4,312.6 + $4,254.3) 2
2. Asset turnover
$11,408.5
= 2.7 times
($4,312.6 + $4,254.3) 2
3. Profit margin
$244.9
= 2.1%
$11,408.5
15,000
9,000
15,000
9,000
The goodwill would not require an adjusting entry because it has an indefinite life.
9-15
EXERCISE 9-14
(a)
1/2/10
Patent.........................................................
Cash ....................................................
300,000
Goodwill.....................................................
Cash ....................................................
(Part of the entry to record
purchase of another company)
360,000
Franchise...................................................
Cash ....................................................
540,000
185,000
60,000
4/1/10
7/1/10
9/1/10
(b)
(c)
300,000
360,000
540,000
185,000
30,000
60,000
30,000
EXERCISE 9-15
Alliance Atlantis Communications Inc.s change of accounting policy to
amortize broadcast rights will probably increase its reported income. Prior
to the change, Alliance Atlantis had amortized broadcast rights over a maximum of two years. Their new policy calls for amortization over the contracted
exhibition period. If this is greater than two years, annual amortization
expense will decrease and income will increase.
A change of this nature will make comparison of financial results with previous
years difficult. To evaluate the companys performance one will need to
make an adjustment for such changes in estimated lives.
9-16
EXERCISE 9-16
(a)
(b)
A building can have a zero book value if it has no salvage value and it
is fully depreciatedthat is, if it has been used for a period at least as
long as its expected life. Because depreciation is used to allocate cost
rather than to reflect actual value, it is not at all unlikely that a building
could have a low or zero book value, but a substantial market value.
(c)
(d)
9-17
EXERCISE 9-17
10-year life
$62,000
Net Income
15-year life
$108,000*
$ 62,000
134,000
$196,000
$108,000
88,000
$196,000
The CEO is correct regarding the impact on net income. By increasing the
expected useful life depreciation, expense would be lowered and net income
would increase. However, this move would be appropriate only if, in fact, a
15-year life was a better estimate of the expected period of use. The CEO is
incorrect in stating that cash provided by operating activities would be
increased. Depreciation expense does not use up cash. Therefore, net cash
provided by operating activities would be the same no matter what expected
life was used.
*EXERCISE 9-18
(a)
(b)
Computation
Years
2010
2011
2012
2013
9-18
End of Year
Annual
Units of
Depreciation
Depreciation Accumulated
Activity X Cost/Unit
= Expense
Depreciation
40,000
52,000
41,000
27,000
$.80
.80
.80
.80
$32,000
41,600
32,800
21,600
$ 32,000
73,600
106,400
128,000
Book
Value
$104,000
62,400
29,600
8,000
*EXERCISE 9-19
(a)
Declining-balance method:
2010 depreciation = $90,000 X 25%* X 4/12 = $7,500
Book value January 1, 2011 = $90,000 $7,500 = $82,500
2011 depreciation = $82,500 X 25% = $20,625.
*(1/8) X 2 = 25%
(b)
Units-of-activity method:
$90,000 $6,000
9-19
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 9-1A
Item
Land
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
$280,000
9-20
Building
Other Accounts
$ 6,800
Land Improvements
29,000
Land Improvements
24,000
$ 23,000
2,179
33,000
5,800
640,000
(8,000)
$298,179
$696,000
PROBLEM 9-2A
(a) April
May
Depreciation Expense...........................
Accumulated Depreciation
Equipment.................................
($600,000 X 1/10 X 4/12)
20,000
Cash .......................................................
Accumulated Depreciation
Equipment.......................................
Equipment.................................
Gain on Disposal ......................
170,000
20,000
440,000
600,000
10,000
July
Equipment.............................................. 1,300,000
Cash ................................................
1,300,000
Dec. 31
31
Depreciation Expense...........................
Accumulated Depreciation
Equipment.................................
($500,000 X 1/10)
Accumulated Depreciation
Equipment.......................................
Equipment.................................
50,000
50,000
500,000
500,000
9-21
31
$500,000
500,000
$
0
662,500
662,500
$3,890,000
65,000
$3,955,000
RIJO CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2011
Plant Assets*
Land .........................................................
Buildings..................................................
Less: Accumulated depreciation
buildings ......................................
Equipment................................................
Less: Accumulated depreciation
equipment ....................................
Total plant assets ..............................
$ 4,200,000
$26,500,000
12,762,500
40,200,000
13,737,500
8,085,000
32,115,000
$50,052,500
9-22
3,000,000
2,200,000
12/31/11
Bal. 4,200,000
6/1/10
1,000,000
Buildings
12/31/10
26,500,000
12/31/11
Bal. 26,500,000
Equipment
12/31/10
07/01/11
40,000,000
1,300,000
12/31/11
Bal. 40,200,000
05/01/11
12/31/11
600,000
500,000
Accumulated DepreciationBuildings
12/31/10
12/31/11
12,100,000
662,500
12/31/11
Bal. 12,762,500
Accumulated DepreciationEquipment
05/01/11
12/31/11
440,000
500,000
12/31/10
5/1/11
12/31/11
12/31/11
5,000,000
20,000
50,000
3,955,000
12/31/11
Bal. 8,085,000
9-23
PROBLEM 9-3A
Jan.
June 30
June 30
71,000
71,000
3,000
Cash.................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationComputer........
Computer..................................................
Gain on Disposal .....................................
10,000
21,000
Cost..................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationComputer
[($30,000 X 1/5) X 3 + $3,000] ....................
Book Value ......................................................
Cash Proceeds................................................
Gain on Disposal ............................................
$30,000
3,000
30,000
1,000
21,000
9,000
10,000
$ 1,000
3,500
10,000
21,000
Cost..................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationTruck
[($31,000 $3,000) X 1/8 X 6] ..................
Book Value ......................................................
Proceeds .........................................................
Loss on Disposal ............................................
$31,000
9-24
3,500
31,000
21,000
10,000
0
$10,000
PROBLEM 9-4A
(a) Jan.
Jan.
June
July
45,000
45,000
Sept. 1
Oct.
Patents .........................................................
Cash .......................................................
(b) Dec. 31
31
Patents .........................................................
Cash .......................................................
20,000
Advertising Expense...................................
Cash .......................................................
40,000
20,000
40,000
11,500
Amortization ExpenseCopyright............
Copyrights .............................................
[($36,000 X 1/10) + ($200,000 X
1/50 X 3/12)]
4,600
(d)
200,000
11,500
210,000
4,600
$107,500
206,200
$313,700
9-25
PROBLEM 9-5A
1.
2.
9-26
7,500
Goodwill........................................................................
Amortization ExpenseGoodwill ......................
1,000
150,000
7,500
1,000
PROBLEM 9-6A
(a)
(b)
Titus
Vane
1.
$240,000
= 7.3%
$3,300,000
$300,000
= 10.0%
$3,000,000
2.
Profit margin
$240,000
= 19.2%
$1,250,000
$300,000
= 25.0%
$1,200,000
3.
$1,250,000
= .38 times
$3,300,000
$1,200,000
= .40 times
$3,000,000
Based on the asset turnover ratio, Vane Corp. is more effective in using
assets to generate sales. Its asset turnover ratio is 5% higher than
Tituss ratio.
A factor that inhibits comparing the two companies is the differing
composition of total assets for each company. Eighty-two percent
[($2,400,000 + $300,000) $3,300,000] of Tituss total assets are plant
or intangible assets compared to only sixty percent ($1,800,000
$3,000,000) for Vane. Also, Vane reports no intangible assets.
9-27
PROBLEM 9-7A
(a)
Year
Computation
Accumulated
Depreciation
12/31
2008
2009
2010
2011
MACHINE 1
$84,000* X 1/6 = $14,000
$84,000 X 1/6 = $14,000
$84,000 X 1/6 = $14,000
$84,000 X 1/6 = $14,000
$14,000
28,000
42,000
56,000
*($96,000 $12,000)
2009
2010
2011
MACHINE 2
$85,000 X 40%* X 6/12 = $17,000
$68,000 X 40%
= $27,200
$40,800 X 40%
= $16,320
$17,000
44,200
60,520
*(1/5) X 2
2009
2010
2011
MACHINE 3
400 X $2.50a = $ 1,000
4,500 X $2.50 = $11,250
5,000 X $2.50 = $12,500
$ 1,000
12,250
24,750
(b)
9-28
2009
Depreciation
Expense
MACHINE 2
$85,000 X 40% X 3/12 = $8,500
2010
$76,500 X 40%
Year
= $30,600
*PROBLEM 9-8A
(a)
STRAIGHT-LINE DEPRECIATION
Computation
Depreciable
Years
Cost
X
End of Year
Annual
Depreciation
Depreciation Accumulated
Rate
= Expense
Depreciation
2010 $240,000*
2011 240,000
2012 240,000
2013 240,000
25%**
25%
25%
25%
$60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
$ 60,000
120,000
180,000
240,000
Book
Value
$190,000
130,000
70,000
10,000
*($250,000 $10,000)
**1/4 = 25%
DOUBLE-DECLINING-BALANCE DEPRECIATION
Computation
Book Value
Beginning
Years
of Year
X
2010
2011
2012
2013
$250,000
125,000
62,500
31,250
End of Year
Annual
Depreciation
Depreciation Accumulated
Rate
= Expense
Depreciation
50%*
50%
50%
50%
$125,000
62,500
31,250
21,250**
$125,000
187,500
218,750
240,000
Book
Value
$125,000
62,500
31,250
10,000
*(1/4) X 2 = 50%
**Adjusted so ending book value will equal salvage value.
(b)
Straight-line depreciation provides the lowest amount for 2010 depreciation expense ($60,000) and, therefore, the highest 2010 income. Over
the four-year period, both methods result in the same total depreciation
expense ($240,000) and, therefore, the same total income.
(c)
9-29
PROBLEM 9-1B
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9-30
Land
Building
Other Accounts
$250,000
6,000
32,000
7,100
21,900
40,000
629,500
$36,000
7,300
(12,700)
$282,400
Land Improvements
Property Tax Expense
$691,400
PROBLEM 9-2B
(a) April
May
Depreciation Expense.............................
Accumulated Depreciation
Equipment...................................
($750,000 X 1/10 X 4/12)
25,000
Cash .........................................................
Accumulated Depreciation
Equipment.........................................
Equipment...................................
Gain on Disposal ........................
370,000
25,000
400,000
750,000
20,000
July
Equipment................................................
Cash ..................................................
800,000
Depreciation Expense.............................
Accumulated Depreciation
Equipment
($470,000 X 1/10).........................
47,000
Dec. 31
31
Accumulated Depreciation
Equipment.........................................
Equipment...................................
800,000
47,000
470,000
470,000
9-31
31
$470,000
470,000
$
0
712,500
712,500
$4,678,000
40,000
$4,718,000
KRETSINGER CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2010
Plant Assets*
Land .........................................................
Buildings..................................................
Less: Accumulated depreciation
buildings ......................................
Equipment................................................
Less: Accumulated depreciation
equipment ....................................
Total plant assets ..............................
$ 5,830,000
$28,500,000
12,812,500
47,580,000
15,687,500
8,920,000
38,660,000
$60,177,500
9-32
4,000,000
2,630,000
12/31/10
Bal. 5,830,000
6/1/10
800,000
Buildings
12/31/09
28,500,000
12/31/10
Bal. 28,500,000
Equipment
12/31/09
7/1/10
48,000,000
800,000
12/31/10
Bal. 47,580,000
5/1/10
12/31/10
750,000
470,000
Accumulated DepreciationBuildings
12/31/09
12/31/10
12,100,000
712,500
12/31/10
Bal. 12,812,500
Accumulated DepreciationEquipment
5/1/10
12/31/10
400,000
470,000
12/31/09
5/1/10
12/31/10
12/31/10
5,000,000
25,000
47,000
4,718,000
12/31/10
Bal. 8,920,000
9-33
PROBLEM 9-3B
Jan.
June 30
Accumulated Depreciation
Machinery
($52,000 X 1/10 X 10 years) .....
Machinery.......................................
9-34
52,000
3,000
Cash.......................................................
Accumulated Depreciation
Computer........................................
Computer..................................
Gain on Disposal......................
23,000
Cost........................................................
Accumulated Depreciation
Computer
[($42,000 X 1/7) X 3 + $3,000] ........
Book Value ............................................
Cash Proceeds......................................
Gain on Disposal ..................................
Dec. 31
52,000
3,000
21,000
42,000
2,000
$42,000
21,000
21,000
23,000
$ 2,000
4,500
4,500
Accumulated DepreciationTruck
[($30,000 $3,000) X 1/6 X 4] ........
Loss on Disposal ..............................
Truck.............................................
Cost ....................................................
Accumulated DepreciationTruck
[($30,000 $3,000) X 1/6 X 4] ........
Book Value.........................................
Proceeds ............................................
Loss on Disposal ..............................
18,000
12,000
30,000
$30,000
18,000
12,000
0
$12,000
9-35
PROBLEM 9-4B
(a) Jan. 2
Jan.June
July
Patents...........................................................
Cash .........................................................
27,000
27,000
Patents...........................................................
Cash .........................................................
12,000
12,000
Sept. 1
Oct.
Copyright....................................................... 120,000
Cash .........................................................
120,000
(b) Dec. 31
31
10,300
6,600
10,300
6,600
$ 91,700
143,400
$235,100
(d) The intangible assets of Gore Company consist of two patents and two
copyrights. One patent with a cost of $70,000 is being amortized over
10 years; an additional $27,000 incurred in successfully defending this
patent is being amortized over 9 years. The other patent, obtained at cost
of $12,000, is being amortized over 20 years. A copyright with a cost of
$48,000 is being amortized over 8 years; the other copyright with a cost
of $120,000 is being amortized over 50 years.
9-36
PROBLEM 9-5B
1.
2.
10,000
Goodwill .......................................................................
Amortization ExpenseGoodwill ......................
500
120,000
10,000
500
9-37
PROBLEM 9-6B
(a)
(b)
Riverton
Salina
1.
$800,000
= 27%
$3,000,000
$900,000
= 33%
$2,700,000
2.
Profit margin
$800,000
= 33%
$2,400,000
$900,000
= 36%
$2,500,000
3.
$2,400,000
= .80 times
$3,000,000
$2,500,000
= .93 times
$2,700,000
9-38
*PROBLEM 9-7B
(a)
Year
Computation
Accumulated
Depreciation
12/31
2009
2010
2011
BUS 1
$90,000 X 25% b = $22,500
$90,000 X 25% = $22,500
$90,000 X 25% = $22,500
$22,500
45,000
67,500
$96,000 $6,000
(1/4)
BUS 2
$135,000 X 50%c
$ 67,500 X 50%
$ 33,750 X 50%
2009
2010
2011
= $67,500
= $33,750
= $16,875
$ 67,500
101,250
118,125
(1/4) X 2
BUS 3
26,000 miles X $.65d = $16,900
34,000 miles X $.65 = $22,100
30,000 miles X $.65 = $19,500
2009
2010
2011
d
$16,900
$39,000
$58,500
(b)
Depreciation
Expense
Year
(1) 2009
BUS 2
$135,000 X 50% X 10/12 = $56,250
(2) 2010
(1/4) X 2
9-39
*PROBLEM 9-8B
(a)
STRAIGHT-LINE DEPRECIATION
Computation
Depreciable
Years
Cost
X
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
a
End of Year
Annual
Depreciation
Depreciation Accumulated
Rate
= Expense
Depreciation
$300,000a
300,000
300,000
300,000
300,000
20%b
20%
20%
20%
20%
$60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
$ 60,000
120,000
180,000
240,000
300,000
Book
Value
$270,000
210,000
150,000
90,000
30,000
$330,000 $30,000
1/5 = 20%
DOUBLE-DECLINING-BALANCE DEPRECIATION
Computation
Book Value
Beginning
Years
of Year
X
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
c
$330,000
198,000
118,800
71,280
42,768
End of Year
Annual
Depreciation
Depreciation Accumulated
Rate
= Expense
Depreciation
40%c
40%
40%
40%
40%
$132,000
79,200
47,520
28,512
12,768d
$132,000
211,200
258,720
287,232
300,000
Book
Value
$198,000
118,800
71,280
42,768
30,000
(1/5) X 2 = 40%
Adjusted so ending book value will equal salvage value.
(b)
Straight-line depreciation provides the lower amount for 2010 depreciation expense and, therefore, the higher 2010 income. Over the fiveyear period, both methods result in the same total depreciation expense
($300,000) and, therefore, the same total income.
(c)
9-40
CHAPTER 9
450
Cash .............................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationEquipment...................
Equipment..............................................................
Gain on Disposal [$3,500 ($5,000 $2,250)] ....
3,500
2,250
5,000
3,500
3,500
600
2,400
7. Depreciation ExpenseBuilding...............................
Accumulated DepreciationBuilding
[($150,000 $30,000) 30] ...................................
4,000
8. Depreciation ExpenseEquipment...........................
Accumulated DepreciationEquipment
[($55,000 $5,500) 5] ......................................
9,900
9. Depreciation ExpenseEquipment...........................
Accumulated DepreciationEquipment
[($16,800 $1,800) 5] X 8/12 ...........................
2,000
1,000
16,800
450
5,000
750
5,000
3,500
3,500
600
2,400
4,000
9,900
2,000
1,000
9-41
2,200
2,000
4,600
15,000
9-42
2,200
2,000
4,600
15,000
PINKERTON CORPORATION
Trial Balance
December 31, 2010
Debits
$ 14,700
41,800
10,000
600
32,700
1,200
20,000
150,000
71,800
8,000
Cash ..................................................................
Accounts Receivable .......................................
Notes Receivable..............................................
Interest Receivable...........................................
Merchandise Inventory ....................................
Prepaid Insurance ............................................
Land...................................................................
Building .............................................................
Equipment.........................................................
Patent ................................................................
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts...................
Accumulated DepreciationBuilding ............
Accumulated DepreciationEquipment ........
Accounts Payable ............................................
Salaries Payable ...............................................
Unearned Rent..................................................
Notes Payable (short-term) .............................
Interest Payable................................................
Notes Payable (long-term)...............................
Income Tax Payable .........................................
Common Stock .................................................
Retained Earnings............................................
Dividends ..........................................................
12,000
Sales ..................................................................
Interest Revenue ..............................................
Rent Revenue ...................................................
Gain on Disposal ..............................................
Bad Debts Expense..........................................
3,500
Cost of Goods Sold..........................................
633,500
Depreciation ExpenseBuilding....................
4,000
Depreciation ExpenseEquipment................
12,350
Insurance Expense...........................................
2,400
Interest Expense...............................................
4,600
Other Operating Expenses ..............................
61,800
Amortization ExpensePatents .....................
1,000
Salaries Expense..............................................
112,200
Income Tax Expense........................................
15,000
Total ........................................................... $1,213,150
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Credits
4,000
54,000
34,100
27,300
2,200
4,000
11,000
4,600
35,000
15,000
50,000
63,600
905,000
600
2,000
750
$1,213,150
9-43
PINKERTON CORPORATION
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2010
Sales........................................................
Cost of goods sold ................................
Gross profit ............................................
Operating expenses
Salaries expense..............................
Other operating expenses...............
Depreciation expenseequipment ..
Depreciation expensebuilding ....
Bad debts expense ..........................
Insurance expense...........................
Amortization expensepatents .....
Total operating expenses......................
Income from operations ........................
Other revenues and gains
Rent revenue ......................................
Gain on disposal ..............................
Interest revenue ...............................
Other expenses and losses
Interest expense...............................
Income before income taxes.................
Income tax expense...............................
Net income..............................................
$905,000
633,500
271,500
$112,200
61,800
12,350
4,000
3,500
2,400
1,000
197,250
74,250
2,000
750
600
3,350
(4,600)
(1,250)
73,000
15,000
$ 58,000
PINKERTON CORPORATION
Retained Earnings Statement
For the Year Ending December 31, 2010
Retained earnings, 1/1/10...........................................
Add: Net income .......................................................
Less: Dividends .........................................................
Retained earnings, 12/31/10 .......................................
9-44
$ 63,600
58,000
121,600
12,000
$109,600
PINKERTON CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2010
Current assets
Cash.............................................................
$ 14,700
Accounts receivable ..................................
$ 41,800
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts ....
4,000
37,800
Notes receivable.........................................
10,000
Interest receivable......................................
600
Merchandise inventory ..............................
32,700
Prepaid insurance ......................................
1,200
Total current assets..............................
97,000
Property, plant, and equipment
Land.............................................................
20,000
Building ....................................................... $150,000
Less: Accum. depr.building..................
96,000
54,000
Equipment...................................................
71,800
Less: Accum. depr.equipment .............
34,100
37,700
153,700
Total property, plant, and equipment ...
Intangible assets
Patent ..........................................................
8,000
Total assets.......................................................
$258,700
Current liabilities
Notes payable (short-term)........................
Accounts payable.......................................
Income tax payable ....................................
Interest payable ..........................................
Unearned rent .............................................
Salaries payable .........................................
Total current liabilities .........................
Long-term liabilities
Notes payable (long-term) .........................
Total liabilities ..................................................
Stockholders equity
Common stock ...........................................
Retained earnings ......................................
Total liabilities and stockholders equity .......
$ 11,000
27,300
15,000
4,600
4,000
2,200
64,100
35,000
99,100
50,000
109,600
159,600
$258,700
9-45
BYP 9-1
(a)
At December 31, 2007, total cost of property, plant and equipment was
$377,693,000; book value was $201,401,000.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized,
but rather tested for impairment at least annually. The company tested
goodwill and trademarks during the fourth quarter of each year. It
recorded an impairment in 2005 but none in 2006 or 2007.
9-46
BYP 9-2
(a)
Tootsie Roll
$51, 625
2. Profit margin
$497,717
Hershey Foods
= 6.4%
$214,154
($4,247,113+$4,157, 565)/2
$214,154
= 10.4%
$497,717
($812,725+ $791,639) 2
$4,946,716
= .62 times
= 5.1%
= 4.3%
$4,946,716
($4,247,113 + 4,157,565) 2
= 1.18 times
The asset turnover ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its
assets to generate sales. It shows the dollars of sales generated by each
dollar invested in assets. Hershey Foods asset turnover ratio (1.18) was
90% higher than Tootsie Rolls (.62) in 2007. Therefore, it can be concluded that Hershey Foods was significantly more efficient than Tootsie
Roll during 2007 in utilizing assets to generate sales. This efficiency
was partially offset by a profit margin (4.3%) that was significantly lower
than Tootsie Rolls (10.4%). Tootsie Roll is more effective in generating
profit from its sales but its lower asset turnover resulted in only a 6.4%
return on assets compared to Hersheys 5.1% return. What this shows
is that a company can generate a reasonable return on assets with a
lower profit margin, if it has a high turnover ratio.
9-47
BYP 9-3
RESEARCH CASE
(a) Examples of valuable assets that the article says currently do not show
up on a balance sheet include intellectual property, software investments,
staff and managerial expertise, research and development, advertising
and market research, and business processes.
(b) The toy maker Mattel has developed a reputation for quality toys. But
Mattels stock price fell when concerns arose concerning the safety of
its toys. JetBlue had developed a reputation for high quality customer
service. But its stock price fell when computer problems stranded
thousands of customers, thus tarnishing its reputation.
(c) The article suggests that companies that are environmentally and
socially responsible are creating intangible assets, not because of ideology, but because they are reducing their exposure to financial risk. For
example, they are reducing the probability that they will be sued. Companies that have strategies in place to deal with disasters are creating
value relative to those that dont because they have reduced risk
exposure.
(d) The United Nations ratified an approach referred to as the triple bottom
line (for people, planet and profit) which is to be applied in urban and
community accounting. Many companies use an approach internally
called the balanced scorecard which places value on factors that
improve a companys profitability but that dont show up in normal
financial measures. (The balanced scorecard is discussed further in
managerial accounting courses).
9-48
BYP 9-4
(b)
The increase in the gross profit rate contributed to the rise in earnings
from 2005 to 2007. From 2005 to 2007 the gross profit rate increased
only slightly from 69.6% to 70.9%.
(c)
$37.0 $1,460.2
$54.8 $1,584.8
$60.5 $1,654.5
= 2.5%.
= 3.5%.
= 3.7%.
Profit margin ratio increased from 2.5% to 3.5% from 2005 to 2006.
This large increase was followed in 2007 with a slight increase from
3.5% to 3.7%.
9-49
You would expect the return on assets ratio to improve with a 50%
decrease in the number of new restaurant openings.
Return on assets:
2006
2007
Total assets increased less than $12 million between 2006 and 2007.
This small increase in total assets, combined with a rise in profit margin
explains the slight increase in the return on assets.
9-50
BYP 9-5
A GLOBAL FOCUS
(a)
(b)
The notes to the financial statements indicate that In prior years goodwill has been deducted from reserves in the period of acquisition.
What this means, essentially, is that when the acquisition of another
company resulted in the recording of goodwill, the acquiring company
simply wrote the goodwill off against its stockholders equity in the
year of the acquisition. By doing this, the goodwill never affected net
income.
(c)
Under the new standard the company is not allowed to write goodwill
off against stockholders equity in the year of acquisition. If goodwill
is considered to have a finite life, the company is supposed to amortize
the goodwill over the expected life of the goodwill. However, the company can still avoid charging any amortization expense by assuming that
the goodwill has an indefinite economic life.
(d)
9-51
BYP 9-6
9-52
BYP 9-7
(a)
(in thousands)
Proposed results
Proposed results
Current results without cannibalization with cannibalization
$12,000
Return on assets ratio $100,00 = .12
0
$13,500
$100,000 = .135
$12,000
$100,000 = .12
$12,000
= .27
$45,000
$13,500
= .225
$60,000
$12,000
= .24
$50,000
$45,000
$100,00 = .45
0
$60,000
$100,000 = .60
$50,000
$100,000 = .50
(b)
(c)
2.
3.
9-53
BYP 9-8
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY
Answers will depend on the position selected by the student. Some points
that should be considered include:
1.
Some relatively small companies may spend less on R&D because they
must expense these costs. However, the vast majority of companies
realize that for continued growth and stability, R&D expenditures are
a high priority regardless of how they are recorded for accounting
purposes.
Requiring companies to expense R&D costs instead of allowing them
to be capitalized could leave U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage as compared to non-U.S. companies. U.S. companies may be more
reluctant to invest millions of dollars on research and development
since the costs would negatively impact their financial statements in
the short-run.
2.
9-54
The tangible future benefits of R&D costs may not be realized for
several years, if ever. Conversely, the purchase of a long-lived asset
(i.e., equipment, building) will provide benefits immediately as well as in
future years. The conservatism concept dictates that when reasonable
doubt exists, a company should choose the option that has the least
favorable affect on income. Expensing R&D costs is an example of
applying the conservatism concept.
BYP 9-9
ETHICS CASE
(a)
(b)
(c)
$3,500,000
400,000
3,100,000
$ 387,500
Revised Estimates
$3,500,000
400,000
3,100,000
775,000
2,325,000
10 years
$ 232,500
(For Instructor Use Only)
9-55
BYP 9-10
(a) 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 d 5 c
(b) For the most part, the value of a brand is not reported on a companys
balance sheet. Most companies are required to expense all costs related
to the maintenance of a brand name. Also any research and development
that went into the development of the related product is generally
expensed. The only way significant costs related to the value of the
brand are reported on balance sheet is when a company purchases
another company that has a significant tradename (brand). In that case,
given an objective transaction, companies are able to assign value to
the brand and report it on the balance sheet. A conservative approach
is used in this area because the value of the brand can be extremely
difficult to determine. It should be noted that international rules permit
companies to report brand values on their balance sheets.
9-56