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Human Rights:A Path Towards Santi Pracha Dhamma*

Human rights are taken as prerequisite and a process of development towards democracy, justice, and peace - or Santi Pracha Dhamma, a Thai phrase coined by Dr. Puey Ungphakorn to whom this paper is dedicated for his lifelong struggle for freedom. The study focuses particularly on the status and role of the middle classes, historically and theoretically regarded as the inspiring forces of liberties, democracy and progress. The rise of Thai middle classes is brought up for examination, along with the launching of planned industrial development in early 1960's under military dictatorship patronized by the western powers. Based upon patronage and authoritarianism, The Thai capitalism and middle classes fell into an irreversible state of privilege and dependency. So-called 'economic growth' has taken place at the expense of rural marginalization and impoverishment, and

*The English text in this volume has received editorial assistance

from Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan

ecological degradation. As a resource-based society, this dependent and exploitative style of development amounts to a gross violation and destruction of the common people's economic, social, and cultural rights, and eventually of the right to life itself.

Thai capitalism and the middle classes now constitute the new elites, and have fallen victim to globalization-the so-called 'free market'- as dictated by industrialized powers and transnational corporations. With technological supremacy and the newly-created intellectual property right regime, the global capital market has proceeded to expand its power of control. Not only over economic and financial resources and institutions, but also the common people's sources of livelihood. In the process, an already authoritarian 'free market' becomes totalitarian. In the process, privilege and dependency-prone Thai elites have become increasingly alienated from their own people. 'Democratic' institutions, like political parties, elections, parliament, and the governmental machinery itself, become the instruments for subjugating common people to the tyranny of the market. All in the name of economic freedom and 1/ good governance".

Thai society has gone through a hard struggle for freedom.

Yet the resulting 'freedom' itself has been anything but freedom. As far as understanding human rights is concerned, there is a real need for serious rethinking of what is being learned from the West, with its exclusive emphasis on unbridled individualism. Its historical and intellectual contribution in the matter of civil and political rights is being called into question. Serious attention is (",I!l )

being paid to non-western concepts and values in order to rectify the shortcomings of the existing principles and practices of human rights. A holistic concept and understanding is needed in terms of relationships between individuals, society and the ecology. In UN jargon, an integrated sense of human rights, embracing both civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. In this way of understanding and practice, human rights can truly contribute to Santi Pracha Dhamma. Grass-root communities and ordinary people have now been learning and gradually gaining a keen awareness of all this through their own concrete experiences. This poses a great challenge, especially to the middle classes, who, knowingly or unknowingly, are coming under threat themselves through further idolatry of the market, arbitrary deregulation, liberalization, and privatization.

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