Biology Notes 1

April 7, 2015
Lab 13. Text Chapter 32 and 33

Becareful with phylums/names

Stats
1.3-1.5 Million extant species of animals
99.9% of all species are now extinct
Animal Characteristics

Heterotrophic (all animals).

Cells (of animals) lack cell walls.
In animals, the diploid phase of the life cycle is dominant.
1n=gametes only
o Spongilla 2n gemmules (2n~spores)
All: Multicellular
Timeline: Origin of kingdom Animalia
770? Mybp (origin)
710 mybp steriods (only creatures that produce are animals)
560 mybp multicellular, animals
Ediacaran

630-542 mybp
530 mybp Cambrian, half of all phyla that live today

Biology Notes 2
All animals are thought to have a common ancestry of
Choanoflagellates protozoan

Without choano flagellates all the necessary movements couldnt happen

Phylum Porifera sponges

Choanocytes collar cells very important function, they ensure

Cadherin

Adherin junctions epithilial cells

Microfilaments
Actin

Phylum Porifera sponges

Have no true tissues

No organs
No brain =PARAZOA, EUMETAZOA (tissues present)
Sponges are thought as Basal Animals
All aquatic, mostly marine.
They have Diversity of Cell types
o eg. Choanocytes maintain life sustaining water
o eg. Pinacocytes large flattened cells, that provide outer covering
o eg. Collencytes
o eg. Sclerocytes spicules (microscopic) SiO2, CaCO3, irregular shape,
Hard Skeleton
o eg. Amoebocyte looks like an amoeba, has pseudopod and moves like
an amoeba, to deliver food, will capture food (they carry surplus foods
to other cells).

Biology Notes 3

Amoebacytes screen for food (if sperm with same DNA it will not
eat but deliver instead
External fertilization, sea water

Asconoid Body Plan

o Longitudinal section

Sycon lab, tiny

Sponges bought in store are basically collegen spogin (collencytes)

Phlyum Porifera

Class Hexactinellida Glass sponges

o Marine very deep
o Form an extensive glass skeleton (look like
fiberglass or angel hair)
Class Demospongiae Wool or Commercial Sponges
Figure 1 Glass sponges
o Spongilla F.W. gemmules
Live in pure water Ephemeral
Before they die they bud out gemmules
Contains zooxanthellae producing oxygen for them by way of
photosynthesis
Class Calcarea Sycon

Figure 2 Demospongiae

Biology Notes 4

Biology Notes 5
April 9, 2015
Text Ch. 33
Phylum Porifera= Parazoa clade (no tissues) most primitive
Every other Animal phylum =Eumetazoa clade (tissues present)
Phylum Cnidaria
Radiates all have radial symmetry, body forms a cylinder
-

-two way digestive tract =gastrovascular activity

-Nerve net
o No brain
o No myelinsheat
o Bidirectional impulse transmission
Almost all are monoecious (hermaphrodites)
Sexual Reproduction Asexual (Budding)
Phylum Ctenophora
o Cannot sting
o Very common
Phylum Cnadaria
o Almost all sting! They sting because they posses special stinging cell
called Cnidocytes
o All aquatic mostly marine eg. Hydra
o Tissues present, including tissues and some organs
o Body forms:

Obelia
diocious

Figure 4 Polyp Hydra

Figure 3 Aurelia "Common Jellyfish" -medusa

as Cnadarian sting: Stimuli

o Tactile
o Chemosensory stimulation
Colony of zooids Physalia

II. Phylum Cnidaria*/87\

Figure 5 Physalia

Biology Notes 6

Class
o
o
o
o

o
o
Class
o
o

Hydrozoa
Gonionemus
Hydra
Obelia
Physalia colonies of zooids, extremely
venomous
Sea Fans & Soft Corals
Cabbage Head toxin
Scyphozoa True Jellyfish
Eg. Aurelia (lab)
Functions as a medusa

Class Cubazoa
o Spend majority of their lives as
medusa
o Distinction of being most
venomous in earth
o Chironex Box Jellyfish Australia
o Iracubu smaller box jellyfish
o Sea Wasps
o Chiropsalmus quadramannus
pedalium
extremely venomous
Class Anthozoa Hard Corals & Sea
Anemones
o Anthazoa serves as polyps, no
medusae
o Sea Anemonaes eg. Metridium
o Hard Coral CaCO3 remains
Contains zooxanthellae in order to survive
Flower Gardens

14 April 2015

Box Jellyfish

Biology Notes 7
Quiz on Thursday, mainly identification type, animal or image of animal and identify
know phylum, or class.
Final: 14 May 2015
III. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Sometimes called acoelomates (only applies to animals without body cavity.
platy flat, helminthes worms so flatworms

Bilateral Symmetry
o These animals have left and right side
Most cephalization -body region functions as a head.
Triploblastic when tissues first form, 3 germ layers will form.
o Ectoderm outermost
o Mesoderm middle
o Endoderm innermost

Note: Radiata (phylum ctenophra and cnadaria) mostly diploblast, when they form
tissues, they only have ecto and endoderm

Paired ventral nerve chords

Gastrovascular cavity (not in the cestoda-tapeworm)
Reproduction:
o Asexual-budding (grows from parent then detaches) or fragmentation
o Sexual- usually monoecious-not represented by males/females but
represented by macrodite
Eg. Just like sponges, ONLY exception is Schistosoma-dioecious
(represented by males/females)
Protonephridia (Turbellaria) most primitive of all excretory
system
(tubules) eg.kidneys

Phylum Platyheminthes:

Class
o
o
o
o
Class
o

o
o

Tubellaria planarians free-living

Dugesia
Aquatic
Figure 6Dugesia
Bilaterally symmetrical, they have stereoscopic
chemosensory perception
Bipalium (terrestrial)
Cestoda
Taenia pisiformis
1st degree host dog scolex insterad of growing it
uses it
2nd degree host Rabbit
Used for weight loss, when hatched insists inside the
Figure Bipalium
brain.
Taenia Solium Pork Tapeworm (dangerous)
Teania Saginattus Beef Tapeworm

Biology Notes 8

Echinococcus (dangerous impact on humans)

Diphyllobothrium >60 ft.
Trematoda all need aquatic snails
Fasciola sheep liver fluke-can also parasitize
humans
Leafy plant- 2nd intermediate
o Chlonochis human fluke
Must be consumed by snail
Snail is 1st intermediate host
Fish is 2nd intermediate host
Scolex
Human is primary host
o Schistosoma come into contact with water
Mansoni release their eggs through the urethra
Egyptian pharaoh
Birds parasitized by shistosomes swimmers itch
Class Monogenea tends to parasitize small animals
o
o
Class
o

April 16 2015
IV. Phylum Nematoda
-mostly free-living not harmful. Composting helping to create soil.
. pseudo- false (Pseudocoelomates), not homologous

Figure 7 Female Ascaris

-Contain the greatest # of species of any phylum in animals,

most species are underscribed ~1 Million
~about 25 000 species had been described.
Shape of mouth, pharyngeal anatomy
>90% parasitize humans
-they are dioecious, females larger, males smaller and have
coiled tail

Figure 8 Ascaris: Longer [F], Shorter

[M]

Single female sheds about ~200 000 eggs/day

They are ecdysozoans (chitonous cuitle)

Eg. Ascaris Lumbricoides

Necator or Ancylostoma hookworms
Hookworm disease significant in children when children are infected means
they cause failure to thrive
Canum infects dogs, zigzag cutaneous larval migrans
Whipworms Trichuris patients with
Crohns Disease auto-immune illness, modern disease
Trichinella causes trichinosis, cysts calcify, pork-tapeworms disease

Biology Notes 9
Microscopic nematodes called euteley/eutelic body is composed of specific # of
cells, if not then its body is incomplete.
Caenorhabditis genetics of animal development. Eutelic animal you can count cells
Agriculture: Root Knot nematodes

Insists inside the roots, roots cant normally get water. Can be colarated in
annual crops
Perrineal plants live year-to-year

IV. Phylum Rotifera

Pseudoceolomates and microscopic

Reproductive biology facultative parthenoforms (choice of either reproducing
by normal sexual reproduction or by way of parthenogenesis thelotoky)cloning themselves

Platyhelminthes
Lophotrochozoa
Phylum Porifera

Rotifera

Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
(Radial Symmetry)

Ecdysozoa

Deiterostomia
Lab Notes:
Phylum Annelida segmented worms

Class
o
o
Class

Clitellata
Subclass Oligochaeta earthworms
Subclass Hirudinea leeches
Polychaeta clamworms

Phylum Mollusca

Class Cephalopoda Class Bivalvia clams, mussels, scalops

Class Gastropoda gastropods: snails, whelks
Polyplacophora -chitons
monoplacophora

Phylum Nematoda

Biology Notes 10
Subphylum Crustacea

Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, isopods

Subphylum: Class Chelicerata

Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks and horseshoe crabs

Class merostomata

Biology Notes 11

bhanks@blinn.edu
Lab micro -14 April collection date use blinn Bryan campus, weather data: look
online on weather channel
21 April 2015
Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Annelida
Phylum Mollusca Both Eucoelomates (body cavity is not a pseudocoelomate) and
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Mollusca
both monoecious and
dioecious
Possess CaCO3 shell
Embryo metameres
fuse

Phylum Annelida
Eucelomates

All are monoecious

Lophototrozoans (do not

need to shed
exoskeletons or not
chitonous)

No Shell
Adults possess extreme
metamerismsegmentation

In snail: head and

muscular foot, inside the
shell is the visceral
hump
Chitinous setae bristle
looks like hair but not
actually hair

Mantle (cavity) to make

shell
Thick, muscular body
wall
Bilateral symmetry and
cephalization
Eg. Bivalvia
Metronephyridia

Phylum Mollusca

Class
Class
o
Class
o
o
Class

Gastropoda
Polyplacophora eg. Chitins
8 hinged plates/elements
Monoplacophora
Fossils: elongated dome-like shell
In 1952 Costa Rica only that exhibits metamerism
Bivalvia (No head)

Biology Notes 12

o
Class
o
o
o

2 hinged elements
Cephalopoda
Eg. Nautilus pelagic
Ammonites had shells before, now extinct
Most advanced of all invertebrates
Only intelligent invertebrates
Giant neurons. Fastest reflexes of all animals.
Eyes are indistinguishable
Several brains, separated around the body.
Largest known living invertebrates
Many are venomous

Phylum Annelida

Class Clitellita
o Oligochaeta earthworms
Eg. Lumbricus night crawlers,
Eg. Esatia compost worms
o Hirudinea leeches
Sanguivorous feeds on blood
Class Polychaeta Clamworms
o Nerius parapodia
o Bristle Worm

Phylum Arthropoda
-means joint-footed, arthro-joint; poda-foot
Requirements for arthropoda:
1. Jointed appendages (must have)
2. Chitinous exoskeleton
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Eucoelomates & ecdysozoans

Open circulatory system
Greatest # of described species ~750,000, about 2/3 are insects
Most widespread. Including North Pole (spiders)
Exhibits metamerism as adults
Open circulatory system
o Mostly found along the body cavity hemocoel
Well-developed nervous system (brain) not intelligent
Elaborate sense organs & behaviors (genetically programmed)
o Eg. Decorator Crabs cover top of their caracas with sponges
Compound eye detecting field of view
Dioecious Sexual Reproduction dont reproduce by budding or
fragmentation

Biology Notes 13

o Excretory Tubules:
o Insects: Malpighian Tubules
o Crustaceans: Antennal glands
Kidneys on top of head
o Scorpions: Coxal Glands
Kidneys found appendages of the body
Embryo Larvae
Insect (head, thorax, abdomen)
Spiders cephalothorax
Entymology
ecdysis multiple, all arthropods must mold or shed their exoskeletons
3 Subphylums (taxonomy for lab pract)

Subphylum
Subphylum
Subphylum
Subphylum

Chilecerata
Crustecea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda

Subphylum
Chelicerata
Simple mouthparts

Class Merostomata
Horseshoe
Limulus
-Not crabs
-blood gets around
bacteria(immunity)
Class Pyctogonida
Sea Spiders
-Eight legs
-no body just legs
-not truly spiders
-like spiders they
are venomous
Class Arachnida
Spiders,mite,ticks,

Subphylum
Crustacea
Biramous
Appendages
Two brains
Appendages on
tails- Pleopods
swimmerets

Subphylum
Myriapoda
Uniramous
Appendages

Subphylum
Hexapoda
Uniramous
Appendages

Eg.
Millipedes/centipe
des

Body divided into a

head, thorax,
abdomen, 3 pairs of
appendages

Biology Notes 14

scorpions etc.
-most spiders are
venomous
-Loxoceles Brown
recluse -necrotic
(cant feel venom)
-Leiodendion Black
widow

Embryo Larvae
Insect:

Head, Thorax, Abdomen

Spiders:

Cephalothorax

Crustaceans- compound eye good for detecting views

Flies: intestinal tract by the brain
Antennal Glands crawfish
Myriapoda centipedes
Hexapoda eight legs
Chelicerata spiders, scorpions, horshoecrabs
Scorpions Centuriodes wood scorpion
Spiders Argiope
Spider Tarantula

Not dangerous
Enormous chelicerum

Test 3 coverage
Mostly 1 chapter in textbook Chapter 33

Chapter 32 information

(Repeated)

Biology Notes 15

Be familiar with

cladograms on page 677 &

679

phylogenetic relationships among animals features

dycsozoans whether they have tissues etc.
Class insect-only group of arthropods species capable of wingfly
(can fly by flapping wings- durin g larvae stage)

vertebrae classification
and diversity
Should know about

Biology Notes 16

28 April 28, 2015

Chapter 34
Phylum Chordata

Notochord (unique cartilage that extends from the body to the

other)
Dorsal, hollow nerve chord & brain
Pharyngeal Gill pouches
Myomeres (repeated bundles of muscle tissues seen in fish tuna)
Post anal tail (all chordates have but not unique)
Closed circulatory system
Possesed by chodates
o Unique to vertebrates: skeletal system including cranium
skull
o Better developed brain with brain anatomy
2 subphyla protochodates, proto means earth
o Subphylum Cephalachordata lancelots or ampioxus
Branchiostomata6
o Subphylum Urochordata tunicates or sea squirts
o Subphylum Vertebrata -the one we belong to
Agnatha no jaws, a-without, gnata jaw
Mostly extinct
Myxini hagfish
Petromyzontiformes lampreys
cephalospidomorphi (lab)
Lab 72
Actinistia Laterimeria Coelocanth-lobe finned fish
Dipnoi
Tiktalok- creature that had all the features
fish/amphibian- class amphibian (have to go to pond
to reproduce)
Gnathostomata jaw- mouth

Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia hair, lactation

Placentals we belong to
Marsupials dont have a placenta, kangaroos
Monotromes oviprous lay eggs

Biology Notes 17

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