Basic Principles of Aquaculture

Species, Economics, Water Sources

Water Systems, Conservative & Non-Conservative
Aspects Water Quality, Feeds Nutrition & Growth
Reproduction & Genetics, Disease & Predation
Harvesting Hauling & Processing
Environmental Concerns

Feeds Nutrition & Growth II

Energy & Growth
Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate, Micronutrients
Other Factors
Binders, Attractants, Pigments, Off Flavors
Strategies for Offering Prepared Feeds
FCR & FC Efficiency,
Feeding Rate, Frequency & Their Interactions
Methods of Presenting Feeds
Adjusting Feeding Rates

Reproduction, Selection & Genetics

Spawning Techniques
Larval Rearing Techniques
Hormone Spawning
Sex Control
Hybridization, Triploidy, Gynogenesis
Selective Breeding
Genetics & Genetic Engineering

Disease Predation & Cannibalism I

Mortality in Aquaculture
Sanitation
Treatment & Prevention Methodology
Vaccines, Isolation, Chemical Control,
Calculation of Treatment Levels
Examination for Disease
Common Aquaculture Diseases
Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan

Disease Predation & Cannibalism II

Common Parasites
Helminths
Nematode, Tapeworm, Flatworm
Copepods
Predation - from Land, Sea & Air
Cannibalism

Harvesting Hauling & Processing

Harvesting Culture Systems
Intensive, Extensive,
Specialized Techniques - Anesthesia
Live Hauling Minimizing Stress
Depuration
Fee Fishing
Processing & Marketing

Common Environmental Concerns

1. Water Flow Considerations
2. Parasites - Native Populations Nearby
3. Pollution from Effluent
4. Handling Escapees
5. Unhealthy Culture Conditions

Common Carp

Cyprinus carpio

Carp Aquaculture
1. Largest Volume of All Aquaculture Species

2. Cyprinus carpio: Eastern European species,

in Danube Drainage, then Roman Europe.
3. In Culture for More than 2,500 years
475 BC Fan Lei - Carp Aquaculture
100 BC - 400 AD Romans Aquaculture Carp
4. Considerable Number of Small Farms
Eastern Europe, India, China

Carp Aquaculture Reference

Billard, R., (ed.) 1999. Carp: Biology and Culture.
Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and
Fisheries. Praxis Publishing, 342 pps.
(Translated from the 1995 French by
Dr. Lindsay Laird, Univ. Aberdeen, UK.)

Carp Aquaculture

Roman Aquarium & Fish Farm

Carp Aquaculture

Small Scale European Carp Farming

Carp Aquaculture
Carp Aqua Production Probably >20 Mmt / yr
Salmon Aquaculture ~ 2.2 Mmt per year
Term Carp is a grade not a taxon.
Carp are Members of the Family Cyprinidae
36 genera 280 species, 118 in 1 genus
15 Species account for Most Aqua Production

Abundant Aquacultured Carp Species

1. Common Carp
2. Silver Carp
3. Grass Carp
4. Mud Carp
5. Bighead Carp
6. Black Carp
7. Catla
8. Calbassu
9. Rohu
10. Mrigal
11. White Amur Bream
12. Crucian Carp
13. Goldfish
14. Tench
15. Roach

Cyprinus carpio
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Cirrhina molitorella
Aristichthys nobilis
Mylopharyngodon piceus
Catla catla
Labeo calbasu
Labeo rohita
Cirrhinus mrigala
Parabramis pekinensis
Carassius carassius
Carassius auratus
Tinca tinca
Rutilus rutilus

Common Carp

Cyprinus carpio

Silver Carp

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Silver Carp - Illinois River

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Grass Carp

Ctenopharyngodon idella

Mud Carp

Cirrhinus molitorella

Bighead Carp

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

Black Carp

Mylopharygodon piceus

Catla (Indian) Carp

Catla catla

Calbassu Carp

Labeo calbasu

Rohu Carp

Labeo rohita

Mrigal Carp

Cirrhinus mrigala

White Amur Bream

Parabramis pekinensis

Crucian Carp

Carassius carassius

Goldfish (not Koi)

Carassius auratus

Tench

Tinca tinca

Roach

Rutilis rutilis

Carp General Observations

Unpopular as a Food Fish in North America
But Popular as Food In Europe & Asia
Higher Lipid Levels, Can Bring Off Flavors
Production Includes 15 Different Species
Term Carp used as a grade like salmon
Production Numbers Are a Guess - Accurate
Data Nearly Impossible to Find
Huge % of Production is from Small Ponds
Mom and Pop Operations

Carp Life Cycle Closed

Carp Whose Life Cycles have been Closed
Cyprinus carpio (common carp)
Carassius carassius (crucian carp)
Carassius auratus (goldfish)

Control Over All Life History Stages

Can Include Stage Specific Requirements
Control Over Reproduction Produce Viable Offspring
from Cultured Parents

Carp Aquaculture

China Carp Pond

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Juvenile Pedicure

Carp Aquaculture

Czech Carp Harvest

Carp Aquaculture

Krakow Selling Aquacultured Carp

Carp Aquaculture

Trebon Harvesting Brail

Aquaculture Water Quality

Secchi Disc Measuring Turbidity

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Pituitary Extracts

Structure of Fish Eggs

SEM of Fertilization

Artificial Colors

Fertilization

Egg Cortical Reaction

Butterfly Egg

Carp Eggs

Zoug Jars

Carp Embryo Hatching

Carp Life Cycle

Common Carp Juvenile

Goldfish

Juveniles