Chng 2.

mt s phng php hn v ct kim loi

2.1 Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v

2.1.1. Thc cht, c im v phm vi ng dng

2.1.1.1. Thc cht v c im
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v cn gi l hn h quang
chm, ting Anh vit tt l SAW (Submerged Arc Welding) l
qu trnh hn nng chy m h quang chy gia dy hn
(in cc hn) v vt hn di mt lp thuc bo v.
Di tc dng nhit ca h quang, mp hn, dy hn v
mt phn thuc hn st h quang b nng chy to thnh vng
hn. Dy hn c y vo vng hn bng mt c cu c
bit vi tc ph hp vi tc chy ca n (H.2-1a).
Theo chuyn dch ca ngun nhit (h quang) m kim
loi vng hn s ngui v kt tinh to thnh mi hn (H.2-1b).
Trn mt vng hn v phn mi hn ng c hnh thnh
mt lp x c tc dng tham gia vo cc qu trnh luyn kim
khi hn, bo v v gi nhit cho mi hn, v s tch khi mi
hn sau khi hn. Phn thuc hn cha b nng chy c th s
dng li.
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c th c t ng c
hai khu cp dy vo vng h quang v chuyn ng h
quang theo trc mi hn. Trng hp ny c gi l "Hn h
quang t ng di lp thuc bo v". Nu ch t ng ha
khu cp dy hn vo vng h quang cn khu chuyn ng
h quang dc theo trc mi hn c thao tc bng tay th gi
l "Hn h quang bn t ng di lp thuc bo v".
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c cc c im sau:

- Nhit lng h quang rt tp trung v nhit rt cao,

cho php hn vi tc ln. V vy phng php hn ny c
th hn nhng chi tit c chiu dy ln m khng cn phi vt
mp.

Dy hn

ccu
cp dy

tip in
Ngun in hn

Thuc bo v

H quang

Kim lo i cbn

Kim lo i cbn
a)

Xc

Xlng

in cc hn
(dy hn)

ng cp
thuc hn

h ng hn
thuc hn

Kim lo i mi hn

v ng h quang

Kim lo i cbn

Kim lo i nng chy

(vng hn)
b)

Hnh 2-1. S hn di lp thuc bo v

a) S nguyn l; b) Ct dc theo trc mi
hn
- Cht lng lin kt hn cao do bo v tt kim loi mi hn
khi tc dng ca oxi v nit trong khng kh xung quanh. Kim
loi mi hn ng nht v thnh phn ha hc. Lp thuc v
x hn lm lin kt ngui chm nn t b thin tch. Mi hn c
hnh dng tt, u n, t b cc khuyt tt nh khng ngu,
r kh, nt v bn te.
- Gim tiu hao vt liu (dy hn).
9

- H quang c bao bc kn bi thuc hn nn khng lm

hi mt v da ca th hn. Lng khi (kh c) sinh ra trong qu
trnh hn rt t so vi hn h quang tay.
- D c kh ha v t ng ha qu trnh hn.
2.1.1.2. Phm vi ng dng
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c ng dng rng ri
trong nhiu lnh vc c kh ch to nh trong sn xut:
- Cc kt cu thp dng tm v kch thc ln, cc dm
thp c khu v chiu cao, cc ng thp c ng knh ln,
cc bn, b cha, bnh chu p lc v trong cng nghip ng
tu v.v.
Tuy nhin, phng php ny ch yu c ng dng hn
cc mi hn v tr hn bng cc mi hn c chiu di ln v
c qu o khng phc tp.
Phng php hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c th hn
c cc chi tit c chiu dy t vi mm cho n hng trm
mm. Bng 2-1 ch ra cc ch cc chiu dy chi tit hn tng
ng vi hn mt lp v nhiu lp, c vt mp v khng vt mp
bng phng php hn t ng di lp thuc.
Bng 2-1
Chiu dy chi tit hn tng ng vi cc loi
mi hn
Chiu dy

mm

chi tit
Loi mi hn

1,3
51

1,4

1,6

102 203...

Hn mt lp khng vt
mp
Hn mt lp c vt
mp
Hn nhiu lp

10

3,2

4,8

6,4 10

12,7

19

25

2.1.2. Vt liu, thit b hn h quang t ng v bn t

ng di lp thuc bo v
2.1.2.1. Vt liu hn
Cht lng ca lin kt hn di lp thuc c xc nh bng
tc ng tng hp ca dy hn (in cc hn) v thuc hn.
Dy hn v thuc hn c la chn theo loi vt liu c bn,
cc yu cu v c l tnh i vi lin kt hn, cng nh iu
kin lm vic ca n.
Dy hn, trong hn h quang t ng v bn t ng di
lp thuc bo v, dy hn l phn kim loi b sung vo mi
hn, ng thi ng vai tr in cc dn in, gy h
quang v duy tr s chy h quang. Dy hn thng c hm lng ccbon khng qu 0,12%. Nu hm lng cacbon cao, d lm
gim tnh do v tng kh nng xut hin nt trong mi hn. ng knh dy hn h quang t ng di lp thuc t 1,6
6mm, cn i vi hn h quang bn t ng t 0,8 2mm.
Thuc hn c tc dng bo v vng hn, n nh h
quang, kh xi, hp kim ha kim loi mi hn v m bo lin
kt hn c hnh dng tt, x d bong.
2.1.2.2. Thit b hn h quang di lp thuc bo v
Thit b hn h quang dp lp thuc bo v rt a dng,
song hu ht chng li rt ging nhau v nguyn l cu to v
mt s c cu b phn chnh, c th l:

11

1. C cu cp dy hn v

dy hn

b iu khin gy

th ng thuc hn

h quang v n nh

ngun
in
hn
+
-

h quang (u hn).

xe hn

2. C cu dch chuyn

ray hn

u hn dc theo trc

dy ni mt

mi hn
3.

B phn cp v thu

vt hn

thuc hn.
4.

Ngun in hn v
cc thit b iu khin
qu trnh hn.
Hnh 2-2. Thit b hn h
quang
t ng di lp thuc
bo v
Ty theo tng loi thit b c th, cc c cu ny c th

b tr thnh mt khi hoc thnh cc khi c lp. V d

trong loi xe hn hnh 2-2 th u hn v c c cu dch
chuyn u hn, cun dy hn, c cu cung cp thuc hn
v c h thng iu khin qu trnh hn c b tr thnh
mt khi. Nh vy xe hn c th chuyn ng trc tip theo
mp rt linh ng, n c th chuyn ng theo cc qu o
khc nhau trn kt cu dng tm, thm ch c th thc hin c cc mi hn vng trn cc mt trn v ng ng c ng
knh ln.
i vi my hn bn t ng di lp thuc bo v th u
hn c thay bng m hn hay sng hn nh gn, d iu
khin bng tay. C cu cp dy c th b tr ri hoc cng
khi trong ngun hn vi cc c cu khc.

12

Ngun

in

hn

quang di lp thuc bo v
phi c h s lm vic lin tc
100% v c phm vi iu
khin dng in rng t vi
trm n vi ngn Ampe.
Trn hnh 2-3 l hnh
nh ca mt loi u hn h
quang t ng di lp thuc
bo v.
Hnh 2-3. u
hn t ng
2.1.3. Cng ngh hn h quang dp lp thuc bo v
2.1.3.1. Chun b lin kt trc khi hn
Chun b vt mp v g lp vt hn cho hn h quang dp lp thuc bo v yu cu cn thn hn nhiu so vi hn h
quang tay.
Mp hn phi bng phng, khe h hn u cho mi
hn u n, khng b cong vnh, r.
Vi hn h quang dp lp thuc bo v, nhng lin kt hn
c chiu dy nh hn 20mm khng phi vt mp khi hn hai
pha.
Nhng lin kt hn c chiu dy ln c th vt mp bng
m ct kh, my ct plasma hoc gia cng trn my ct gt.
Trc khi hn phi lm sch mp trn mt chiu rng 50
60mm v c hai pha ca mi hn, sau hn nh bng
que hn cht lng cao.
2.1.3.2. Ch hn
13

1. Dng in hn: Chiu su ngu ca lin kt hn t

l thun vi dng in hn. Tuy nhin khi tng dng in hn,
lng dy hn nng chy tng theo, h quang chm su vo
kim loi c bn nn chiu rng ca mi hn khng tng r rt
m ch tng chiu cao phn nh ca mi hn, to ra s tp
trung ng sut, gim cht lng b mt mi hn, x kh tch.
Nu dng in qu nh th chiu su ngu s gim, khng

Dng in qu nh
khng ngu

Dng in h p l

p ng yu cu. (H.2-4).

Dng in qu l n
chiu cao mi hn tng

Hnh 2-4. nh hng ca dng in hn ti hnh dng

mi hn
2. in p h quang. H quang di th in p h
quang cao, p lc ca n ln kim loi lng gim, do chiu
su ngu gim v tng chiu rng mi hn.
iu chnh tc cp dy c th lm thay i in p
ca ct h quang: tng tc cp dy th in p ct h
quang s thp v ngc li.
3. Tc hn. Tc hn tng, nhit lng h quang mt
n v chiu di ca mi hn s gim, do su ngu
gim, ng thi chiu rng ca mi hn cng gim.
4. ng knh dy hn. Khi ng knh dy hn tng m
dng in khng i th chiu su ngu gim tng ng. ng knh dy hn gim th h quang n su hn vo kim loi
c bn, do mi hn s hp v chiu su ngu ln.

14

5. Cc yu t cng ngh khc ( di phn nh ca

dy hn, loi v cc tnh dng in hn v.v.)
di phn nh ca dy hn tng ln th tc dng nung
nng ca kim loi in cc trc khi vo vng h quang tng ln.
Dy hn chy nhanh, ng thi in tr phn nh tng ln,
dng in hn gim xung, c bit l khi hn bng dy
hn c ng knh b hin tng ny cng r rt hn.
Khi hn h quang t ng v bn t ng dp lp thuc
bo v c th dng dng in mt chiu hoc xoay chiu.
Thng thng khi hn nhng tm thp dy th dng in xoay
chiu, cn khi hn nhng tm thp mng th dng in mt
chiu gi c h quang n nh hn. Vi cc loi thuc
hn ang dng hin nay, khi i t ni thun sang ni nghch
chiu su ngu s tng ln. Hn bng dng xoay chiu c
chiu su ngu mc trung bnh so vi khi hn bng dng
mt chiu ni thun v ni nghch.
C ca ht thuc hn c nh hng nht nh n
ngu ca mi hn. Thuc hn c c ht nh s lm gim bt tnh
linh hot ca h quang v lm tng chiu su ngu.
2.1.3.3. K thut hn
Khi hn gip mi mt lp, trnh chy thng, c
ngu hon ton v s to hnh tt mt tri ca mi hn ta c
th p dng cc bin php nh: hn lt pha di, dng m thp,
m thuc, m ng, m gm hoc dng kha chn.
Nu chiu dy vt hn tng i ln, c th hn lt bng
cc phng php, ri sau mi hn chnh thc (H.2-5a).
Trong trng hp khng th hn lp lt c, c th dng
m thp c nh c th hn ngu hon ton (H.2-5b).

15

Kha chn (H.2-5c) tng t nh hn vi m thp. Kha

chn hay dng cho mi hn ca cc vt hnh tr nh ng, bn
cha v.v.
C th dng tm m ri bng ng, hoc m ng
kt hp vi thuc nh hnh 2-5d.
2

bn

b)

a)

c)

d)

Hnh 2-5 Bin php chng kim loi chy

khi que hn
n = (0,3 - 0,5)bn = 4
Chi tit hn; 2) Mi hn; 3) Mi hn lt;
thp(ng)
5) m ng + thuc hn;

4) m

Khi hn h quang t ng hoc bn t ng di lp thuc

bo v, tt nht nn dng m thuc ngn kim loi lng
chy khi khe h hn. Hnh 2-6 ch ra mt s phng php
m thuc thng dng.
4

A-A
2
1
a)

Chiu quay

b)

thuc

A
Hnh 2-6 Phng php m lp thuc hn
1) ng n hi; 2) C cu p; 3) Thuc hn; 4)
Vt hn
16

Khi hn cc lin kt ch T v lin kt hn gc c th ng

dng m thuc hoc hn lt pha bn kia (H.2-7). Cc bin
php ny p dng cho v tr hn "lng thuyn" khi m kim loi
lng c kh nng chy khi khe hn. Bin php t vo khe h
hn mt ting tbt (aming) (H.2-7c) ch p dng cho hn kim
loi dy, v s tip xc trc tip ca tbt vi kim loi lng thng sinh ra r kh.
1

p
2

a)

4
c)

2
b)

d)

e)

Hnh 2.7 Bin php chng kim loi chy khi khe h
khi hn gc v tr lng thuyn
a) Mi hn gc trn m thuc; b) Hn trn m thuc c p vo
mi ni ch T
c) Hn mi hn gc vi ming tbt; d) Hn mi hn gc sau khi
hn lt;
e) Hn mt pha trn m ng
vi thuc.1. Dy hn; 2. Thuc hn;
3. ng p gi thuc; 4. Mi hn lt; 5. Tm m ng; 6. Ming
tbt

2.2. Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v

2.2.1. Thc cht, c im v phm vi ng dng

2.2.1.1. Thc cht v c im
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng
kh bo v l qu trnh hn nng chy trong ngun nhit
17

hn c cung cp bi h quang to ra gia in cc nng chy

(dy hn) v vt hn: h quang v kim loi nng chy c bo
v khi tc dng ca oxi v nit trong mi trng xung quanh
bi mt loi kh hoc mt hn hp kh. Ting Anh phng php
ny gi l GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding).

Dy hn

ccu
cp dy

Bp tip in
Ngun in hn
Khbo v
H quang

Kim lo i cbn

Kim lo i cbn

Hnh 2-8. S nguyn l hn h quang nng chy trong mi

trng kh bo v.
Kh bo v c th l kh tr (Ar, He hoc hn hp Ar +
He) khng tc dng vi kim loi lng trong khi hn hoc l cc
loi kh hot tnh (CO2; CO2 + O2; CO2 + Ar, ...) c tc dng
chim ch v y khng kh ra khi vng hn hn ch tc
dng xu ca n.
Khi in cc hn hay dy hn c cp t ng vo vng
h quang thng qua c cu cp dy, cn s dch chuyn h
quang dc theo mi hn c thao tc bng tay th gi l h
quang bn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v.
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng
kh tr (Ar, He) ting Anh gi l phng php hn MIG (Metal
Inert Gas). V cc loi kh tr c gi thnh cao nn khng c

18

ng dng rng ri, ch dng hn kim loi mu v thp hp

kim.
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng
kh hot tnh (CO2, CO2 + O2, ...) ting Anh gi l phng php
hn MAG (Metal Active Gas). Phng php hn MAG s dng kh
bo v CO2 c ng dng rng ri do c rt nhiu u im:
- CO2 l loi kh d kim, d sn xut v gi thnh thp;
Nng sut hn trong CO2 cao, gp hn 2,5 ln so vi hn
h quang tay;
- Tnh cng ngh ca hn trong CO2 cao hn so vi hn h
quang di lp thuc v c th tin hnh mi v tr khng gian
khc nhau;
- Cht lng hn cao. Sn phm hn t b cong vnh do tc
hn cao, ngun nhit tp trung, hiu sut s dng nhit ln,
vng nh hng nhit hp;
- iu kin lao ng tt hn so vi hn h quang tay v
trong qu trnh hn khng pht sinh kh c.
2.2.1.2. Phm vi ng dng
Trong nn cng nghip hin i, hn h quang nng chy
trong mi trng kh bo v chim mt v tr rt quan trng.
N khng nhng c th hn cc loi thp kt cu thng thng,
m cn c th hn cc loi thp khng g, thp chu nhit,
thp bn nng, cc hp kim c bit, cc hp kim nhm,
magi, niken, ng, cc hp kim c i lc ha hc mnh vi xi.
Phng php hn ny c th s dng c mi v tr
trong khng gian. Chiu dy vt hn t 0,4 4,8 mm th ch
cn hn mt lp m khng phi vt mp, t 1,6 10mm th
hn mt lp c vt mp, cn t 3,2 25mm th hn nhiu lp.

19

2.2.2. Vt liu v thit b hn h quang in cc nng

chy
trong mi trng kh bo v
2.2.2.1. Vt liu hn
1. Dy hn
Khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v, s hp kim ha kim
loi mi hn nhm m bo cc tnh cht yu cu ca mi hn
c thc hin ch yu thng qua dy hn. Do vy, nhng
c tnh ca qu trnh cng ngh hn ph thuc rt nhiu
vo tnh trng v cht lng dy hn. Khi hn MAG, thng s
dng dy hn c ng knh t 0,8 n 2,4mm.
S n nh ca qu trnh hn cng nh cht lng ca lin
kt hn ph thuc nhiu vo tnh trng b mt dy hn. Cn
ch n phng php bo qun, ct gi v bin php lm
sch dy hn nu dy b g hoc bn. Mt trong nhng cch
gii quyt l s dng y c lp m ng. Dy m ng
s nng cao cht lng b mt v kh nng chng g, ng
thi nng cao tnh n nh ca qu trnh hn.
Theo h thng tiu chun AWS, k hiu dy hn thp
cacbon thng dng nh sau:
ER

70

S-

K hiu in cc hn
hoc que hn ph

Thnh phn
h
a hc v kh bo v
bn ko nh nht
( ksi)
S = Dy hn c

Bng 2-2 gii thiu mt s loi dy hn thng dng theo

AWS
20

Mt s loi dy hn thp cacbon thng

dng

Bng 2-2
iu kin hn

C tnh
Gii hn
chy ca
kim loi
mi hn
min (psi)
60000

dn
di
% (min)

Cc tnh

Kh bo
v

E70S - 2

DCEP

CO2

Gii hn
bn ko
ca lin
kt
min (psi)
72000

E70S - 3

DCEP

CO2

72000

60000

22

E70S - 4

DCEP

CO2

72000

60000

22

E70S - 5

DCEP

CO2

72000

60000

22

E70S - 6

DCEP

CO2

72000

60000

22

E70S - 7

DCEP

CO2

72000

60000

22

K hiu
theo
AWS

AWS
E70S - 2

22

Thnh phn ha hc (%)

C

Mn

0,6

Si

Cc nguyn t khc

0,40

Ti - 0,05 0,15; Zi -

0,70

0.02

E70S - 3

0,06

0,90

E70S - 4

0,15

1,40

E70S - 5

0,07

0,70

E70S - 6

0,15

0,65

E70S - 7

0,07

1,40

0,70

0,19

1,85

0,30

0,07

1,50

0,60

0,15

2,00

0,80

0,12; Al - 0,05
0,45

0,07

1,15

0,15

0,50
0,80

21

0,15

Al - 0,50 0,90

i vi thp hp kim thp thng s dng dy hn c k

hiu ER - 80S - 02 vi kh bo v l CO2, OCEP.
2. Kh bo v
Kh Ar tinh khit (~ 100%) thng c dng hn kim
loi mu. Kh He tinh khit (~ 100%) thng c dng hn
cc lin kt c kch thc ln vi cc vt liu c tnh dn nhit
cao A1, Mg, Cu,... Khi dng kh He tinh khit b rng mi hn s
ln so vi dng loi kh khc, v vy c th dng hn hp Ar + (50
80%) He. Do kh He c trng lng ring nh hn kh Ar nn lu
lng kh He cn dng cao hn 2 n 3 ln so vi kh Ar.
Khi hn cc hp kim cha Fe c th b sung thm O 2 hoc
CO2 vo Ar khc phc cc khuyt tt nh lm khuyt, bn
te v hnh dng mi hn khng ng u.
CO2 c dng rng ri hn thp cacbon v thp hp kim
thp, do gi thnh thp, mi hn n nh, c tnh ca lin kt
hn t yu cu, tc hn cao v ngu su. Nhc im
ca hn trong kh bo v CO2 l gy bn te kim loi lng.
Bng 8-3 gii thiu ng dng mt s loi kh v hn hp kh bo
v

Mt s loi kh bo v tng ng vi kim loi c bn

Bng 2-3
Kh bo v
Ar (He)

Kim loi c bn
Kim loi v hp kim khng c st

Ar + 1% O2

Thp austenit

Ar + 2% O2

Thp ferit (hn ng t trn xung)

Ar + 5% O2

Thp ferit (hn tm mng, hn ng t

Ar + 20% CO2

trn xung)

Ar + 15% CO2 + 5% Thp ferit v austenit (hn mi v tr)

22

O2

Thp ferit v austenit (hn mi v tr)

CO2

Thp ferit (hn mi v tr)

2.2.2.2. Thit b hn
H thng thit b cn thit dng cho hn h quang in

cc nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v bao gm ngun

in hn, c cu cp dy hn t ng, m hn hay sng hn
i cng cc ng ng dn kh, dn dy hn v cp in, chai
cha kh bo v km theo b ng h, lu lng k v van kh.
Ngun in hn thng thng l ngun in mt chiu
DC. Ngun in xoay chiu AC khng thch hp do h quang
b tt tng na chu k v s chnh lu chu k phn cc
nghch lm cho h quang khng n nh.
c tnh ngoi ca ngun in hn thng thng l c
tnh cng (in p khng i). iu ny c dng vi tc
cp dy hn khng i, cho php iu chnh t ng chiu
di h quang.
M hn (sng hn) bao gm pp tip in dn dng
in hn n dy hn, ng dn kh v chp kh hng
dng kh bo v bao quanh vng h quang, b phn lm ngui
c th bng kh hoc nc tun hon, cng tc ng ngt
ng b dng in hn, dy hn v dng kh bo v .
2.2.3. Cng ngh hn h quang in cc nng chy trong
mi trng kh bo v.
2.2.3.1. Chun b lin kt trc khi hn
Cc yu cu v hnh dng, kch thc, b mt lin kt
trong phng php hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh
bo v tng t nh cc phng php hn khc. Tuy nhin, do ng knh ca dy hn nh hn so vi hn di lp thuc bo v

23

nn gc vt mp s nh hn (thng khong 45 600), do dy

hn c kh nng a su vo trong rnh hn.
2.2.3.2. Cc dng truyn kim loi lng vo vng hn
1. Truyn kim loi dng cu. Git kim loi hnh thnh
chm trn in cc v lu li y lu. Nu kch thc git kim
loi lng ln, n s chuyn vo vng hn theo cc hng khc
nhau (ng trc hoc lch trc dy hn) do trng lc hoc
do s on mch.
Kch thc git kim loi lng dng cu ph thuc vo loi kh
s dng vo vt liu v kch thc in cc, in p h quang,
cng dng in v cc tnh. Khi in p h quang v kch
thc in cc tng th ng knh git tng, cn khi cng
dng in tng s lm gim ng knh git.
Qu trnh hn vi s truyn kim loi dng cu c ng
dng ch yu cho cc lin kt v tr hn bng.
2. Truyn kim loi dng phun. dng ny kim loi i
qua h quang dng cc git rt nh c nh hng ng trc.
ng knh git kim loi bng hoc nh hn ng knh in
cc.
Hn h quang kiu phun rt thch hp hn cc chi tit
tng i dy vi dng in cao v hn v tr hn ng t
trn xung.
3. Truyn kim loi dng ngn mch hoc nh git.
K thut hn h quang ngn mch hoc nh git thch hp khi
hn cc tm mng cc v tr hn khc nhau.
K thut hn truyn kim loi dng nh git s dng dy
hn ng knh nh (0,8 1,6mm), in p h quang thp (16
22V), dng in thp (60 180A). K thut hn ny t gy
bn te git kim loi lng.
24

2.2.3.3. Ch hn
1. Dng in hn. Dng in hn c chn ph thuc
vo kch thc in cc (dy hn) dng truyn kim loi lng v
chiu dy ca lin kt hn. Khi dng in qu thp s khng
m bo ngu ht chiu dy lin kt, gim bn ca mi
hn. Khi dng in qu cao, s lm tng s bn te kim loi,
gy ra r xp, bin dng, mi hn khng ng u.
Vi loi ngun in c c tnh ngoi cng (in p
khng i) dng in hn tng s lm tng tc cp dy,
v ngc li.
2. in p hn. y l thng s rt quan trng trong hn
GMAW, quyt nh dng truyn kim loi lng. in p hn s
dng ph thuc vo chiu dy chi tit hn, kiu lin kt, kch
c v thnh phn in cc, thnh phn kh bo v, v tr hn
v.v c c gi tr in p hn hp l, c th phi hn th
vi ln, bt u bng gi tr in p h quang theo tnh ton
hay tra bng, sau tng hoc gim theo quan st ng hn
chn gi tr in p thch hp.
3. Tc hn. Tc hn ph thuc rt nhiu vo
trnh tay ngh ca th hn. Tc hn quyt nh chiu
su ngu ca mi hn. Nu tc hn thp, kch thc vng
hn s ln v ngu su. Khi tng tc hn, tc cp nhit
ca h quang s gim, lm gim ngu v thu hp ng
hn.
4. Phn nh ca in cc hn. l khong cch gia
u in cc v mp pp tip in. Khi tng chiu di phn
nh, nhit nung nng on dy hn ny s tng, dn ti lm
gim cng dng din hn cn thit nng chy in
cc theo tc cp dy nht nh. Khong cch ny rt quan
25

trng khi hn thp khng g, s bin thin nh cng c th

lm tng s bin thin dng in mt cch r rt.
Chiu di phn nh qu ln s lm d kim loi nng chy
mi hn, lm gim ngu v lng ph kim loi hn. Tnh n
nh ca h quang cng b nh hng. Nu chiu di phn nh
qu nh, s gy ra s bn te, kim loi lng dnh vo m hn,
chp kh, lm cn tr dng kh bo v, gy ra r xp trong
mi hn.
2.2.3.4. K thut hn
Khi hn mt pha, cn phi c m lt thch hp di ng hn. i khi c th thc hin ng hn chn (hn lt)
bng k thut ngn mch c ngu ng u, sau
cc lp tip theo c thc hin bng k thut truyn kiu phun
vi dng in cao.
Cng nh vi mi phng php hn h quang khc, gc
v v tr m hn v in cc vi ng hn c nh hng r rt
ti ngu v hnh dng mi hn. Gc m hn thng nghing
khong 10 20o so vi chiu thng ng.
nghing ca m hn hoc vt hn quyt nh hnh
dng ca mi hn. K thut gi m hn vung gc thng dng
ch yu trong hn SAW; khng nn dng trong hn GMAW, do
chp kh lm hn ch tm nhn ca th hn.
Cc bng 3-4, 3-5, 3-6 gii thiu cc thng s v mt s
ch hn trong mi trng kh bo v CO2.
Ch hn h quang in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v CO2
(in mt chiu, cc nghch).
Bng 3-4
Thng
s hn

0,5

0,8

ng knh dy hn (mm)
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6

26

2,0

2,5

Dng

30-

50-

60-

90-

100-

120-

200-

250-

hn (A)
in p

100

150

180

140

500

550

600

700

h
quang

18-20 18-22 18-24 18-42 18-45 19-46 23-40 24-42

(V)
Tm vi
in
cc

6-10

8-12

8-14

10-40 10-45 15-50 15-60 17-75

(mm)

27

Ch hn t ng v bn t ng lin kt hn gc
trong mi trng kh bo CO2
Bng 3-5
Chiu
dy
tm
(mm)

ng
knh
dy
hn
(mm)

Cnh
mi
hn
gc
(mm)

S lp
hn
(mm)

Dng
in
hn
IA(A)

in
p
hn
Uh (V)

Tc

hn
(m/h)

Tm
vi
in
cc

Tiu
hao
kh
(l/ph)

18-20

18-20

8-10

5-6

18-20

18-20

8-10

5-6

18-20

16-20

8-12

6-8

18-20

16-20

8-12

8-10

20-20

14-20

10-15

8-10

21-28

20-28

16-22

12-14

26-35

26-35

16-25

16-18

27-36

28-36

20-30

16-18

30-25

20-25

20-30

18-20

30-28

24-28

20-30

18-20

30-28

24-28

20-35

18-20

30-28

4-28

20-30

18-20

50-60
60-70
1,0-1,2

1-1,3
1-1,3

0,5

1,5-2,0

0,6

1,5-3,0

0,8

1,5-4,0

1,0

3,0-4,0

1,2

5,0-6,0

1,4

5,0-5,0

1,6

Khng

2,0

nh

2,0

hn

2,0

cnh

2,0

mi

2,0

hn

1,2-2,0
1,2-3,0
1,5-3,0
2,0-4,0
5,0-6,0
5,0-6,0
7,0-9,0
5,0-6,0
9,011,0
11,013,0
13,015,0

60-120
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4

75-150
90-180
150250
230360
250380
320380
320380
320380
320380

Ch hn t ng lin kt hn gip mi trong mi trng kh bo v CO2

Bng 3-6
Chiu
dy
tm
(mm)

S lp
hn
(mm)

Khe h
hn
(mm)

ng
knh
dy hn
(mm)

Ih(A)

Uh)
(V)

Vh
(m/h)

Tiu
hao
kh
(l/ph)

0,6-1,0

0,5-0,8

0,5-0,8

50-60

18-

20-30

6-7

1,2-2,0

1-2

0,8-1,0

0,8-1,0

70-120

20

18-25

10-12

3-5

1-2

1,6-2,2

1,4-2,0

280-

18-

20-25

14-16

28

21

6-8

1-2

1,8-2,2

2,0

8-12

2-3

1,8-2,2

2,5

320

22-

280-

39

380

28-

280-

35

450

2735

29

18-24

16-18

16-30

18-20

2.3 Hn h quang in cc khng nng chy trong

mi trng kh tr

2.3.1. Thc cht, c im v phm vi ng dng

Hn h quang in cc khng nng chy trong mi trng
kh tr (GTAW) l qu trnh hn nng chy, trong ngun
nhit in cung cp bi h quang c to thnh gia in cc
khng nng chy v vng hn (H.2-9). Vng h quang c bo
v bng mi trng kh tr (Ar, He hoc Ar + He) ngn cn
nhng tc ng c hi ca oxi v nit trong khng kh. in
cc khng nng chy thng dng l volfram, nn phng php
hn ny ting Anh gi l hn TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas).
Vng h quang c ch ra trn hnh 2-10. H quang trong
hn TIG c nhit rt cao c th t ti hn 6100 0C. Kim loi
mi hn c th to thnh ch t kim loi c bn khi hn nhng
chi tit mng vi lin kt gp mp, hoc c b sung t que
hn ph. Ton b vng hn c bao bc bi kh tr thi ra t
chp kh.
Phng php ny c mt s u im ng ch :
- To mi hn c cht lng cao i vi hu ht kim loi v
hp kim.
- Mi hn khng phi lm sch sau khi hn

30

B phn tip in
Ngun in hn
in cc khng
nng chy

KhAr hoc He
Que hn ph

H quang

Kim lo i cbn

Kim lo i cbn

Hnh 2-9. S nguyn l hn h quang in cc

khng nng chy
trong mi trng kh tr (GTAW / TIG).

Dy hn
Dng in
Kh bo v
ng kh bo v

H quang hn
Que hn ph
Vng hn

B phn tip
in
Kim loi mi hn

Kim loi c bn

Hnh 2-10 Vng h quang v vng

hn
- H quang v vng hn c th quan st c trong khi hn.
- Khng c kim loi bn te.
- C th hn mi v tr trong khng gian.
- Nhit tp trung cho php tng tc hn, gim bin
dng ca lin kt hn. Phng php hn TIG c p dng trong
nhiu lnh vc sn xut, c bit rt thch hp trong hn
thp hp kim cao, kim loi mu v hp kim ca chng...
31

Phng php hn ny thng thng c thao tc bng tay v

c th t ng ha hai khu di chuyn h quang cng nh cp
dy hn ph.
2.3.2. Vt liu v thit b hn TIG
2.3.2.1. Vt liu
Vt liu s dng trong phng php hn TIG bao gm kh
bo v, in cc volfram, v que hn ph.
1. Kh bo v - kh tr
Ar l kh c iu ch t kh quyn bng phng php
ha lng khng kh v tinh ch n tinh khit 99,99%.
Kh ny c cung cp trong cc bnh di p sut cao hoc
dng lng vi nhit di -1840C trong cc thng cha ln.
He c trng lng ring bng khong 1/10 so vi Ar c ly t
kh t nhin, thng c cha trong cc bnh di p sut cao.
Sau khi ra khi chp kh m hn, Ar to thnh lp bo v
pha trn vng hn. Do nh hn, He c xu hng dn ln to thnh
cun xoy xung quanh h quang. bo v hiu qu, lu lng He
phi gp 2-3 ln so vi Ar.
c tnh quan trng khc ca He l i hi in p h
quang cao hn vi cng chiu di h quang v dng in so vi
Ar. H quang He nng hn so vi Ar ; He thng dng hn cc
vt liu c chiu dy ln, c dn nhit cao (nh Cu) hoc
nhit nng chy cao.
im khc bit na l Ar cho tnh n nh h quang nh
nhau i vi dng in xoay chiu (AC) v mt chiu (DC), v
c tc dng lm sch tt vi dng AC. Trong lc He to h
quang n nh vi dng in DC, nhng tnh n nh h
quang v tc dng lm sch vi dng AC tng i thp. Do
khi cn hn Al, Mg bng dng AC th nn dng Ar.
32

Cc hn hp Ar v He vi hm lng He n 75% c s
dng khi cn s cn bng gia cc c tnh ca hai loi kh
ny.
C th b sung H2 v Ar khi hn cc hp kim Ni, Ni - Cu,
thp khng g.
2. in cc wolfram
Wolfram c dng lm in cc do c tnh chu nhit cao
(nhit nng chy l 34100C), pht x in t tng i tt,
lm ion ha h quang v duy tr tnh n nh h quang.
Wolfram c tnh chng oxi ha h quang. Bng 7-7 gii thiu
thnh phn ha hc ca mt s loi in cc Wolfram theo tiu
chun AWS A5.12- 80.
Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s loi in cc Wolfram
Bng 2-7
Tiu chun
AWS
EWP

W (min)
%
99,5

Th
(%)
-

Zz
(%)
-

Tng tp
cht (max)%
0,5

EWTh - 1

98,5

0,8-1,2

0,5

EWTh -2

97,5

1,7-2,2

0,5

EWTh 3

98,95

0,35-0,55

0,5

99,2

0,15 -

0,5

EWZr

0,40
Cc in cc wolfram c ng knh 0,25 6,4 mm vi
chiu di 76 610 mm. Cc in cc wolfram c thm thori
(Th) c tnh pht x in t, dn in v chng nhim bn
tt, mi h quang tt hn v h quang n nh hn.
Cc in cc wolfram c thm zircon (Zr) c cc tnh cht
trung gian gia in cc W v in cc W - Th.
Bng 7-8 ch ra mt s c im nhn din ca loi in
cc theo tiu chun AWS.
33

Bng 7-8
Mu nhn din mt s loi in cc thng dng
K hiu
EWP

Thnh phn
Wolfram tinh khit

EWCe-2

97,3%W, 2% oxit ceri

Da cam

EWLa - 1

98,3%W,

en

EWTh - 1

latnan

Vng

EWTh - 2

98,3%W, 1 % oxi thri

EWZa - 1

97,3%W, 2 % oxi thri

Nu

EWG

99,1%W,

Xm

Mu nhn din
Xanh l cy
oxit

0,25% oxit

zircon
94,5%W
Mt s yu cu khi s dng in cc wolfram:
- Cn chn dng in thch hp vi kch c in cc c
s dng. Dng in qu cao s lm hng u in cc, dng
in qu thp s gy ra s n mn, nhit thp v h quang
khng n nh.
- u in cc phi c mi hp l theo cc hng dn km
theo in cc.
- in cc phi s dng v bo qun cn thn trnh nhim
bn.
- Dng kh bo v phi c duy tr khng ch trc v
trong khi hn m c sau khi ngt h quang cho n khi in
cc ngui.
- Phn nh in cc pha ngoi m hn (chp kh) phi
c gi mc ngn nht, ty theo ng dng v thit b, bo
m c bo v tt bng dng kh tr.
- Cn trnh s nhim bn in cc, s tip xc gia
34

in cc nng vi kim loi mi hn.

- Thit b, c bit l chp kh, phi c bo v v lm
sch. u chp kh b bn s nh hng ti kh bo v, nh hng
ti h quang hn, do lm gim cht lng mi hn.
3. Que hn ph.
Que hn ph c cc kch thc tiu chun ISO/R564 nh sau:
chiu di t 500mm 100mm vi ng knh 1,2; 1,6; 2,0; 2,4;
3,2mm. Cc loi que hn ph gm c: ng v hp kim ng,
thp khng g Cr cao v Cr - Ni; nhm v hp kim nhm; thp
ccbon thp, thp hp kim thp v.v..
2.2. Thit b dng cho hn TIG
Thit b dng cho hn TIC c cc b phn chnh sau :
- Ngun in hn, bao gm c h thng iu khin kh
bo v, nc lm mt, dng in v in p hn.
- M hn.
- Chai cha kh tr v van iu khin lu lng kh.
M hn TIG. Chc nng ca m hn TIG l dn dng
in v kh tr vo vng hn. in cc wolfram dn in c
gi chc chn trong m hn bng ai gi vi cc vt lp bn
trong thn m hn (H.2-11). Cc ai ny c kch thc ph hp
vi ng knh in cc.
Kh c cung cp vo vng hn qua chp kh. Chp kh c
ren c lp vo u m hn, hng v phn phi dng kh
bo v.
M hn c cc kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau ph hp
vi tng cng vic hn c th.
M hn TIG c phn lm 2 loi theo c cu lm mt:
- M hn lm mt bng kh - tng ng vi cng dng
in hn nh hn 120A.
35

- M hn lm mt bng nc - tng ng vi cng dng

in ln hn 120A.

Np bo v
Cng tc
Que hn ph

Cn

B phn lm mt

Hnh 2-11. Cu to m hn TIC

Ngun in hn. Ngun in hn cung cp dng hn
mt chiu hoc xoay chiu, hoc c hai. Ty ng dng, n c
th l bin p, chnh lu, my pht in hn. Ngun in hn
cn c ng c tnh ngoi dc (ging nh cho hn h quang
tay). tng tc n nh h quang, in p khng ti
khong 70 - 80V. B phn iu khin thng c b tr chung
vi ngun in hn v bao gm b contact ng ngt dng
hn, b gy h quang tn s cao, b iu khin tun hon nc
lm mt (nu c) vi h thng cnh tn nhit v qut lm mt,
b khng ch thnh phn dng mt chiu (vi my hn xoay
chiu / mt chiu).
1. Ngun in hn xoay chiu thch hp cho hn nhm,
manh v hp kim ca chng. Khi hn, na chu k dng (ca
in cc) c tc dng bn ph lp mng xit trn b mt v
lm sch b mt . Na chu k m nung kim loi c bn.
36

Hin nay c hai loi ngun xoay chiu chnh dng cho hn bng
in cc khng nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v.
Loi ngun xoay chiu th nht c dng hn dng sng
hnh sin, iu khin dng hn bng cm khng bo ha (c
in). N c u im l h quang chy m. Nhc im l phi
thng xuyn gin on cng vic hn khi cn thay i cng
dng hn do c nhu cu gim dng hn xung ti thiu khi
hn vng hn kt tinh chm (khng c iu khin t xa).
Vi hn nhm, do c hin tng t chnh lu ca h quang c
bit khi hn dng nh nn cn dng km b cn thnh phn
dng mt chiu (mc ni tip b c quy c in dung ln, b
t in c in dung ln) nhng li c th gy ln W no mi
hn. V khi in cc cc dng kh mng xit nhm, th
n c th b nung nng qu mc nu b cm khng bo ha
khng c thit k thch hp hn ch bin ti a dng
hn xoay chiu, lm n b xi mn thnh cc vn nh dch
chuyn vo vng hn). Phi s dng b cao tn (cng sut nh
250 - 300W, in p 2 - 3kV, tn s cao 250 - 1000 kHz bo
m dng in ny ch c tc dng trn b mt, an ton vi
th hn) gy h quang khng tip xc (khong 3mm) v
to n nh h quang trong sut qu trnh hn.
Loi ngun xoay chiu th hai c dng hn dng sng
vung cho php gim bin ti a ca dng hn so vi dng
sng hnh sin (khong 30%) c cng cng sut nhit. Do t
c kh nng lm ln W vo mi hn. Mt s my hn cn cho
php iu chnh c thi gian tc ng ca tng bn chu k
ca dng sng vung, do c th lm sch oxit nhm hoc
t ti chiu su chy nh mong mun. Mt li th na l n c
th duy tr c h quang m khng cn tip tc s dng b
n nh h quang tn s cao (ch cn gy h quang) v
37

tn s i chiu ca dng in hn l cao hn nhiu so vi

dng hn dng sng hnh sin.
2. Ngun in hn mt chiu khng gy ra vn ln
W vo mi hn hay hin tng t nn dng (nh khi hn nhm
bng ngun hn xoay chiu). Tuy nhin, iu quan trng cn lu
khi s dng n l vic gy h quang v kh nng cho dng
hn s ti thiu. Hu ht my mt chiu u s dng phng
php ni thun (nn 2/3 lng nhit ca h quang i vo vt
hn). in cc W tinh khit nh trong trng hp my xoay chiu
t c dng hn mt chiu cc thun v kh gy h
quang. Thay vo l in cc W + 1,5 n 2% ThO 2 hoc
ZrO2 hoc oxit t him LaO, v.v.. Nu dng dng mt chiu
ni nghch th dng in t s bn ph mnh in cc (2/3 lng nhit ca h quang i vo in cc) v c kh nng lm
nng chy u in cc. V vy ng knh in cc phi ln
hn so vi hn trng hp bng dng mt chiu ni thun (6,4
mm so vi 1,6 mm khi I = 125A). Dng mt chiu ni nghch
cho mi hn nng v rng hn so vi thun. Cng dng ch yu
ca dng mt chiu ni nghch l dng lm trn u in
cc cho hn bng my xoay chiu (thc hin bn trn b mt
tm ng trnh nhim W vo vt hn). Vic gy h quang
cng dng cng b cao tn nh vi my xoay chiu (sau khi
gy c h quang, n t ct ch tn s cao v khng cn
na).
Cc ngun in TIG thng dng Vit Nam l my hn
TG 160 ca hng WIM (Maysia), my hn Kepmi 2500 ca hng
Kempi (Phn Lan).
3. Cng ngh hn TIG
3.1. Chun b trc khi hn.
38

Cng vic chun b trc khi bao gm:

- Xc nh dng lin kt;
- Lt y mi hn (nu c);
- Kim tra thit b;
- Chun b kh bo v, que hn ph...
1. Dng lin kt
Cc dng lin kt c bn trong hn TIG l lin kt gip mi,
lin kt chng, lin kt gc, lin kt cng mp v lin kt ch T
(H.2-12).
Cc chi tit hn cn phi c lm sch b mt bng phng php c hc hoc ha cht. Lm sch v mi bn mi hn
t 30 n 50 mm. Sau khi vt mp (nu c) v g lp c th
thc hin cc mi hn nh. Kch thc v s lng mi hn nh
ph thuc vo chiu dy v cc kch thc khc ca chi tit hn.

39

Hnh 2-12. Cc dng lin kt hn

Lin kt hn
1.Lin kt hn gip mi
a)
Khng vt mp
b)
Vt mp ch V
c)
Gp mp
d)
Vt mp ch X

c im
- Lin kt hn gip mi khng vt
mp (A) l dng lin kt thng
dng v d chun b nht. Ch
yu i vi chiu dy tm <
6mm
C th s dng hoc khng s
dng kim loi b sung t que
hn ph.
- Lin kt gip mi ch V (B) c
s dng khi chiu dy chi tit
hn = 6 12mm vi iu kin
ngu ht chiu dy. Gc vt =
600 700.
- Lin kt hn gip mi kiu gp
mp c s dng khi hn cc
tm rt mng = 1,6 2mm m
khng cn kim loi b sung t
que hn ph.
- Lin kt hn gip mi kiu ch
X (D) dng khi hn cc tm c
chiu dy > 12mm. Gc vt
= 600 - 700.

2 - Lin kt hn chng

- Loi lin kt ny loi b hon

ton nhu cu chun b mp hn.
Tuy nhin cn ch cc tm
tip xc vi nhau trn ton b
chiu di phn chng.
- Thng s dng khi hn cc tm
c chiu dy 6mm.
- C th hn vi que hn ph
hoc khng c que hn ph.

3. Lin kt hn gc

Lin kt hn gc thng c s
dng trong ch to cc kt cu
dng hp, thng cha.
- Loi (A) dng cho chiu dy tm
nh hn 3 mm v khng cn
40

dng que hn ph.

a)

- Loi (B) dng cc tm dy hn

3mm v s dng que hn ph.
- Loi (C) dng cho tm dy v thng c gc vt mp = ~ 500 v
chiu cao phn khng vt l c =
1 3mm.

b)
c)

4. Lin kt hn ch T
- Loi lin kt hn ch T cn
phi s dng que hn ph.
- S lp hn ph thuc vo chiu
dy tm v kch thc cn c ca
mi hn.
5. Lin kt hn cng mp
- Loi lin kt ny ch dng khi
hn cc tm mng v khng s
dng que hn ph.
- Khng thch hp vi mi hn
chu ko hay chu un.
- Cc mp hn phi tip xc
u dc theo ng hn.

2. Lt y mi hn (H.2-13)
Tm lt y c tc dng
bo v mt sau ca mi hn
tm mng trnh khi nhng
nh hng c hi ca khng kh
v ngn kim loi lng chy st
khi mi hn (c tc dng
41

vng hn).
- C th lt y bng tm kim
tm lt y

loi, s dng m thuc hn

hoc a kh tr vo b mt
di ca mi hn,

hoc phi

tm lt y

hp c hai phng php trn.

Thuc hn (khtr)

Hnh 2-13. Dng lt y

mi hn

3. Kim tra thit b trc khi hn

- Kim tra kn ca h thng cung cp kh v tnh
trng hot ng ca van kh.
- Kim tra cng dng in hn v lu lng kh bo v
t.
- Chn kch c chp kh, ng knh v gc vt u in
cc hn thch hp.
- Kim tra lu lng nc lm mt m hn (nu c).
- Kim tra vic u in nh: cht lng tip xc in v
cc tnh.
3.2. Ch hn TIG
Ch hn TIG gm b thng s cng ngh sau:
- Cng dng in hn.
- Thi gian tng cng dng in hn ln gi tr
chn.
- Thi gian gim cng dng in hn n khi tt h
quang vi mc ch trnh lm cui ng hn.
-Tc hn.
- ng knh in cc W, que hn (dy hn) ph.
42

- Lu lng kh bo v v kch c chp kh.

- Thi gian m v ng kh bo v trc khi gy h quang
v tt h quang.
Dng

in
hn
B

Ih

thi gian m khbo v

tru c khi g
y h quang

Thi gian
n
nh
cung
dng hn

thi gian duy trkhbo

vsau khi t
t h quang

Thi gian gim

cung
dng hn

Thi gian tng dng

hn ln gi trlm vic

Hnh 2-14. Chu trnh c bn ca hn

TIG
Hn TIG bng xung in
y l phng php hn TIG ci tin, s dng dng in
hn mt chiu (DC) c chu trnh gin on dng xung (H215). Gi tr ca cng dng in hn ln lt thay i gia
hai mc cao v thp vi khong thi gian nht nh lp i lp
li trong sut qu trnh hn. Chu k v bin ca hai mc
dng in ny c th thay i mt cch c lp ph hp
vi tng chu trnh hn c th. S nng chy xy ra khi cng
dng in mc cao (nh), vng hn kt tinh cng dng
in mc thp (chn). iu ny to ra s nng chy gin
on dc theo ng hn v dy cc im nng chy xp
chng ln nhau.
Quy trnh hn thch hp khi t ng ha qu trnh hn
TIG mi v tr cho cc mi ghp theo chu vi thc hin trn
cc ng thnh mng. N c mt s c im ni bt l:
43

- Khng i hi cht ch v dung sai g lp nh khi hn

khng c xung.
- Cho php hn cc tm mng di 1 mm.

I
Mc dng
in

nh

Mc dng
in ch
n
Mc dng
thp nht

O
Thi gian t
cung

dng ch
n

Thi gian
t
cung

dng

nh

thi gian m khbo v

tru c khi g
y h quang

thi gian duy trkhbo

vsau khi t
t h quang

Hnh 2-15. Chu trnh hn TIC bng dng

in hn xung.
- Gim bin dng do khng ch c cng sut nhit (gim
s tch ly nhit).
- D hn mi t th.
- Khng i hi trnh tay ngh ca th hn tht cao.
- Cht lng mi hn c ci thin ng k.
- Thch hp cho c kh ha, t ng ha qu trnh hn.
- Thch hp khi hn cc chi tit quan trng nh ng hn
lt mi hn ng nhiu lp, hn cc chi tit chiu dy khng
ng nht, hn cc kim loi khc nhau.
- Lc in t mnh ca cc xung in cho php hn ch
r xp trong cc mi hn v tng chiu su ngu.

44

Hn thp khng g
Phng php hn TIG rt thch hp cho hn cc loi thp
khng g. Do c bo v tt, trnh c cc tc nhn c hi ca
mi trng khng kh nn mi hn khng cha cc tp cht phi
kim loi.
Bng 2-9 a ra mt s ch hn thng s dng.
Hn nhm
Khi hn nhm phi s dng dng in xoay chiu (AC) do
n c th kt hp tt kh nng dn in, tnh iu khin h
quang v tc dng lm sch ca h quang. Ngun in hn thng l bin p hn mt pha vi in p khng ti 80 100V.
Cc loi in cc thch hp l loi W v W - Zr. u in
cc phi c hnh bn cu.
Bng 2-10 l mt s ch hn thng s dng.
2.3.3.3. K thut hn TIG
K thut hn bao gm vic gy v kt thc h quang,
thao tc m hn v dy hn ph cc t th hn khc nhau.
1. Gy h quang
C hai cch gy h quang: bng cao tn (khng tip xc)
v tip xc (TIG qut).
a. Gy h quang khng tip xc
- Bt dng in hn; gi m hn t th nm ngang cch
b mt vt hn khong 50mm.
- Quay nhanh u in cc trn m hn v pha vt hn
cho ti khong cch chng 3mm, to thnh gc khong 75 0, h
quang s t hnh thnh do hot ng ca b gy h quang tn
s v in p cao c sn trong thit b.
b. Gy h quang tip xc
45

Khi hn bng dng mt chiu, c bit khi hn trong khu

vc ma tn s cao d gy nhiu cho cc thit b in t nhy
cm th c th gy h quang bng cch cho tip xc trc tip
nhanh vi b mt hn hoc tm mi h quang (khng c lm
bng graphit). B phn iu khin t ng trong thit b hn
s tng dn dng in t lc bt u c h quang ln gi tr
dng in hn chn.
2. Kt thc h quang
Chuyn nhanh in cc v t th nm ngang
Ch . Thit b hn cng c th c trang b b phn
iu khin (bng tay hoc chn) gy h quang, thay
i cng dng in hn v kt thc h quang m khng
cn thng qua chuyn ng ca m hn. Trong hn TIG h
quang b thi lch c th l do:
- T trng,
- u in cc b nhim cacbon,
- Mt dng in hn thp,
- Lung khng kh bn ngoi thi.
khc phc hin tng thi lch h quang, ta c th
dng cc k thut nh khi hn h quang tay hoc che chn gi
la (nu c), v.v..
3. Hn mi hn gip mi
- Sau khi gy h quang, gi m hn gc 75 0 so vi b
mt vt hn.
- Nung im bt u hn bng cch cho m hn xoay
trn cho n khi thy xut hin vng hn. u ca in cc
cn c gi khong cch 3mm so vi b mt vt hn.
- Khi quan st thy vng hn sng v lng, th dch
chuyn chm v u m hn vi tc to mi hn c
46

chiu rng cn thit. Trng hp khng s dng dy hn ph

th khng cn dao ng ngang m hn khi dch chuyn theo
chiu di mi hn.
- Khi s dng dy hn ph, dy hn c gi gc 150 so
vi b mt vt hn, to vi trc m hn mt gc gn 90 0 v cch
im bt u hn khong 25mm. Trc ht nung im khi
u to vng hn ging nh khi hn khng c dy hn ph.
Khi vng hn sng v lng, dch chuyn h quang v mp sau
vng hn v b sung kim loi dy hn bng cch chm nhanh
u dy hn vo mp trc vng hn. Rt que hn ph li v
a h quang quay tr v mp trc ca vng hn. Khi vng hn
tr li sng v lng, ta li lp li cc bc nu trn trn ton b
chiu di mi hn. Tc hn v lng dy hn c b sung
ph thuc vo chiu rng v chiu cao cn thit ca mi hn.
thc hin mi hn trn b mt thng ng, m hn
c gi gn nh vung gc vi b mt vt hn. Hn thng c
tin hnh t di ln trn. Khi s dng dy hn ph, thng n c
a vo ging nh m t trn.
4. Hn mi hn gc trong lin kt chng.
- Bt u bng vic to vng hn trn tm di.
- Khi vng hn sng v lng, rt ngn h quang xung cn
khong 1,6mm.
- Dao ng m hn trn vng hn cho n khi cc tm
lin kt chc vi nhau.
- Mt khi hnh thnh mi hn, ngng dao ng.
- Di chuyn m hn dc ng hn, vi u in cc
ngay pha trn mp tm trn.
5. Hn mi hn trong lin kt gc v lin kt cng
mp
47

y l loi mi hn d hn nht bng in cc khng

nng chy trong mi trng kh tr.
- To vng hn ti im bt u.
- Di chuyn thng m hn dc theo ng hn.
- Khng cn dy hn ph.
6. Hn mi hn nhiu lp
- Thng thc hin vi chiu dy vt hn trn 3mm.
- Lp hn u cn hn ngu hon ton chn mi hn.
- Cc lp sau c th hn bng dng in hn ln hn.
7. K thut hn ng
Cc u im l: mi hn mn, ngu ht, t c khuyt tt
pha chn mi hn, kh nng chng n mn tt hn so vi p
dng cc phng php hn khc.
V d trong cc lin kt ng ng quan trng, cht lng b
mt pha trong mi hn rt c coi trng. t c iu
ny, cn bo v mi hn t pha trong ng thng qua vic a
vo duy tr kh tr (c p lc cao hn 1 at mt cht) phn
trong ng, tc l pha mt tri mi hn.
iu kin hin trng khi c cc ng ng ln, c th
dng cc ti cht do t bn trong ng ri bm phng ln
bt kn ng hai pha mi hn (c ng dn kh bo v
vo vng cn c bo v).
Trong c hai trng hp, cn hn ch Ar thot ra bng cch
dng bng mm che phn khe gia hai ng, v ch dn
tng phn pha trc mi hn ang hn.
Xt trng hp tiu biu l t th hn bng mi hn gip mi
ch V c gc vt 37,50 mi bn, mt y 1,6mm, khe h t 1,6
n 2,4 mm.
Khi hn, khong cch phn nh ra ca in cc ( c
vt nhn thch hp) t ming chp kh bo v vi u in
cc nm gn nh ngang hoc di b mt chi tit hn mt cht..
48

Hn bt u t v tr thp nht ln pha trn cng. Sau

lp li vi pha i din cng t di ln nh.
Sau khi thit lp c vng hn v bt u hn, cn
dao ng m hn (khi hn thp thng)
Nu thy vng hn c xu hng st, cn iu chnh tc
dch chuyn v dao ng ca m hn. Cng c th iu
chnh bng cch cho thm kim loi ph (dy hn ph) vo
vng hn lm ngui bt vng hn. Trong mt s trng hp,
trnh u m hn mc kt vo rnh hn, cn s dng
chp kh c vt trn u .
Hn ng nhiu lp:
a. Hn lp y (lp 1)
Khng ch chiu su chy l yu t quyt nh thnh
cng trong hn lp y. Ch c th t c iu qua thc
hnh tch ly kinh nghim v to thi quen.
- Hn nh v t lin kt vo v tr cn hn.
- Gy h quang ti mt bn mp v a h quang xung
y lin kt.
- Khi vng hn ni hai bn y th a dy hn ph vo.
Cch nhn bit mi hn y ngu hon ton hay cha:
Sau khi vng hn ni hai bn ca lin kt, h quang c gi
mt lt pha trn vng hn. Sau vng hn s dt ra v c
dng ci nm (pha trc thng, vi cc gc trn pha sau). l
lc mi hn y ngu hon ton.
b. Hn cc lp in y (lp 2 n n - 1):
- Dao ng ngang m hn khi hn thp cacbon v thp
hp kim thp cc ng ngang t th c nh (5G) hoc xay
(1G) s tn t thi gian hn.

49

- Khng dao ng ngang m hn khi hn thp hp kim cao

( trnh to cacbit Cr) mi t th v khi hn ng ng c
nh (2G) thp cacbon v thp hp kim thp.
c. Hn lp hon thin (lp th n trn cng):
- Lp hn cn rng hn lin kt 3mm v u v hai bn.
- Phn nh ca mi hn cn cao hn b mt ng khong
1,6mm.
- Chuyn ng dao ng ngang ca m hn: Nh vi cc
lp in y nu trn.

50