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Civilengineering
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Civilengineeringisaprofessionalengineeringdisciplinethatdealswiththedesign,construction,andmaintenanceofthephysicalandnaturallybuiltenvironment,includingworks
likeroads,bridges,canals,dams,andbuildings.[1][2][3]Civilengineeringisthesecondoldestengineeringdisciplineaftermilitaryengineering,[4]anditisdefinedtodistinguishnon
militaryengineeringfrommilitaryengineering.[5]Itistraditionallybrokenintoseveralsubdisciplinesincludingarchitecturalengineering,environmentalengineering,geotechnical
engineering,controlengineering,structuralengineering,earthquakeengineering,transportationengineering,forensicengineering,municipalorurbanengineering,waterresources
engineering,materialsengineering,wastewaterengineering,offshoreengineering,facadeengineering,quantitysurveying,coastalengineering,[4]constructionsurveying,and
constructionengineering.[6]Civilengineeringtakesplaceinthepublicsectorfrommunicipalthroughtonationalgovernments,andintheprivatesectorfromindividualhomeowners
throughtointernationalcompanies.

Contents

Amultilevelstackinterchange,buildings,
houses,andparkinShanghai,China.

1 Historyofthecivilengineeringprofession
1.1 Historyofcivilengineeringeducation
2 Historyofcivilengineering
3 Thecivilengineer
3.1 Educationandlicensure
4 Subdisciplines
4.1 Materialsscienceandengineering
4.2 Coastalengineering
4.3 Constructionengineering
4.4 Earthquakeengineering
4.5 Environmentalengineering
4.6 Geotechnicalengineering

PhiladelphiaCityHallintheUnitedStates
isstilltheworld'stallestmasonryload
bearingstructure.

4.7 Waterresourcesengineering
4.8 Structuralengineering
4.9 Surveying
4.10 Transportationengineering
4.11 Forensicengineering

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4.11 Forensicengineering
4.12 Municipalorurbanengineering
4.13 Controlengineering
5 Civilengineeringassociations
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Furtherreading
9 Externallinks

Historyofthecivilengineeringprofession
Seealso:Historyofstructuralengineering
Engineeringhasbeenanaspectoflifesincethebeginningsofhumanexistence.Theearliestpracticeofcivilengineeringmayhavecommencedbetween4000and2000BCinAncientEgypt,the
IndusValleyCivilization,andMesopotamia(AncientIraq)whenhumansstartedtoabandonanomadicexistence,creatinganeedfortheconstructionofshelter.Duringthistime,transportation
becameincreasinglyimportantleadingtothedevelopmentofthewheelandsailing.
Untilmoderntimestherewasnocleardistinctionbetweencivilengineeringandarchitecture,andthetermengineerandarchitectweremainlygeographicalvariationsreferringtothesame
occupation,andoftenusedinterchangeably.[7]TheconstructionofpyramidsinEgypt(circa27002500BC)weresomeofthefirstinstancesoflargestructureconstructions.Otherancienthistoric
civilengineeringconstructionsincludetheQanatwatermanagementsystem(theoldestisolderthan3000yearsandlongerthan71km,[8])theParthenonbyIktinosinAncientGreece(447438
BC),theAppianWaybyRomanengineers(c.312BC),theGreatWallofChinabyGeneralMengT'ienunderordersfromCh'inEmperorShihHuangTi(c.220BC)[6]andthestupasconstructed
inancientSriLankaliketheJetavanaramayaandtheextensiveirrigationworksinAnuradhapura.TheRomansdevelopedcivilstructuresthroughouttheirempire,includingespeciallyaqueducts,
insulae,harbors,bridges,damsandroads.
Inthe18thcentury,thetermcivilengineeringwascoinedtoincorporateallthingscivilianasopposedtomilitaryengineering.[5]ThefirstselfproclaimedcivilengineerwasJohnSmeaton,who
constructedtheEddystoneLighthouse.[4][6]In1771SmeatonandsomeofhiscolleaguesformedtheSmeatonianSocietyofCivilEngineers,agroupofleadersoftheprofessionwhomet
informallyoverdinner.Thoughtherewasevidenceofsometechnicalmeetings,itwaslittlemorethanasocialsociety.

LeonhardEulerdeveloped
thetheoryexplainingthe
bucklingofcolumns

In1818theInstitutionofCivilEngineerswasfoundedinLondon,andin1820theeminentengineerThomasTelfordbecameitsfirstpresident.TheinstitutionreceivedaRoyalCharterin1828,
formallyrecognisingcivilengineeringasaprofession.Itscharterdefinedcivilengineeringas:
theartofdirectingthegreatsourcesofpowerinnaturefortheuseandconvenienceofman,asthemeansofproductionandoftrafficinstates,bothforexternalandinternaltrade,asappliedintheconstructionof
roads,bridges,aqueducts,canals,rivernavigationanddocksforinternalintercourseandexchange,andintheconstructionofports,harbours,moles,breakwatersandlighthouses,andintheartofnavigationby
artificialpowerforthepurposesofcommerce,andintheconstructionandapplicationofmachinery,andinthedrainageofcitiesandtowns.[9]

Historyofcivilengineeringeducation

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ThefirstprivatecollegetoteachcivilengineeringintheUnitedStateswasNorwichUniversity,foundedin1819byCaptainAldenPartridge.[10]Thefirstdegreeincivilengineeringinthe
UnitedStateswasawardedbyRensselaerPolytechnicInstitutein1835.[11][12]ThefirstsuchdegreetobeawardedtoawomanwasgrantedbyCornellUniversitytoNoraStantonBlatchin
1905.[13]
IntheUKduringtheearly19thcentury,thedivisionbetweencivilengineeringandmilitaryengineering(servedbytheRoyalMilitaryAcademy,Woolwich),coupledwiththedemandsofthe
IndustrialRevolution,spawnednewengineeringeducationinitiatives:theRoyalPolytechnicInstitutionwasfoundedin1838,theprivateCollegeforCivilEngineersinPutneywas
establishedin1839,andtheUK'sfirstChairofEngineeringwasestablishedattheUniversityofGlasgowin1840.

Historyofcivilengineering

JohnSmeaton,the"fatherofcivil
engineering"

Civilengineeringistheapplicationofphysicalandscientificprinciplesforsolvingtheproblemsofsociety,anditshistoryisintricatelylinkedtoadvancesinunderstandingofphysicsand
mathematicsthroughouthistory.Becausecivilengineeringisawiderangingprofession,includingseveralseparatespecializedsubdisciplines,itshistoryislinkedtoknowledgeofstructures,
materialsscience,geography,geology,soils,hydrology,environment,mechanicsandotherfields.
Throughoutancientandmedievalhistorymostarchitecturaldesignandconstructionwascarriedoutbyartisans,suchasstonemasonsandcarpenters,risingtotheroleofmasterbuilder.
Knowledgewasretainedinguildsandseldomsupplantedbyadvances.Structures,roadsandinfrastructurethatexistedwererepetitive,
andincreasesinscalewereincremental.[14]
Oneoftheearliestexamplesofascientificapproachtophysicalandmathematicalproblemsapplicabletocivilengineeringisthework
ofArchimedesinthe3rdcenturyBC,includingArchimedesPrinciple,whichunderpinsourunderstandingofbuoyancy,andpractical
solutionssuchasArchimedes'screw.Brahmagupta,anIndianmathematician,usedarithmeticinthe7thcenturyAD,basedonHindu
Arabicnumerals,forexcavation(volume)computations.[15]

ChichenItzawasalargepreColumbiancityin
MexicobuiltbytheMayapeopleofthePost
Classic.Thenortheastcolumntemplealso
coversachannelthatfunnelsalltherainwater
fromthecomplexsome40metres(130ft)
awaytoarejollada,aformercenote.

Thecivilengineer
Educationandlicensure
Mainarticle:Civilengineer

ARomanaqueduct[builtcirca19BC]
nearPontduGard,France

Civilengineerstypicallypossessanacademicdegreeincivilengineering.Thelengthofstudyisthreetofiveyears,andthecompleted
degreeisdesignatedasabachelorofengineering,orabachelorofscience.Thecurriculumgenerallyincludesclassesinphysics,
mathematics,projectmanagement,designandspecifictopicsincivilengineering.Aftertakingbasiccoursesinmostsubdisciplinesofcivilengineering,theymoveontospecializein
oneormoresubdisciplinesatadvancedlevels.Whileanundergraduatedegree(BEng/BSc)normallyprovidessuccessfulstudentswithindustryaccreditedqualification,some
academicinstitutionsofferpostgraduatedegrees(MEng/MSc),whichallowstudentstofurtherspecializeintheirparticularareaofinterest.[16]
Inmostcountries,abachelor'sdegreeinengineeringrepresentsthefirststeptowardsprofessionalcertification,andaprofessionalbodycertifiesthedegreeprogram.Aftercompleting
acertifieddegreeprogram,theengineermustsatisfyarangeofrequirements(includingworkexperienceandexamrequirements)beforebeingcertified.Oncecertified,theengineeris
designatedasaprofessionalengineer(intheUnitedStates,CanadaandSouthAfrica),acharteredengineer(inmostCommonwealthcountries),acharteredprofessionalengineer(in
AustraliaandNewZealand),oraEuropeanengineer(inmostcountriesoftheEuropeanUnion).Thereareinternationalagreementsbetweenrelevantprofessionalbodiestoallow
engineerstopracticeacrossnationalborders.
Thebenefitsofcertificationvarydependinguponlocation.Forexample,intheUnitedStatesandCanada,"onlyalicensedprofessionalengineermayprepare,signandseal,and
submitengineeringplansanddrawingstoapublicauthorityforapproval,orsealengineeringworkforpublicandprivateclients."[18]Thisrequirementisenforcedunderprovincial
lawsuchastheEngineersActinQuebec.[19]

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Surveyingstudentswithprofessoratthe
HelsinkiUniversityofTechnologyinthe
late19thcentury.

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NosuchlegislationhasbeenenactedinothercountriesincludingtheUnitedKingdom.InAustralia,statelicensingofengineersislimitedtothestateofQueensland.Almostallcertifyingbodiesmaintainacodeofethicswhich
allmembersmustabideby.[20]
Engineersmustobeycontractlawintheircontractualrelationshipswithotherparties.Incaseswhereanengineer'sworkfails,hemaybesubjecttothelawoftortofnegligence,andinextremecases,criminalcharges.[21]An
engineer'sworkmustalsocomplywithnumerousotherrulesandregulationssuchasbuildingcodesandenvironmentallaw.

Subdisciplines
Ingeneral,civilengineeringisconcernedwiththeoverallinterfaceofhumancreatedfixedprojectswiththegreaterworld.Generalcivilengineersworkcloselywithsurveyorsandspecializedcivilengineerstodesigngrading,
drainage,pavement,watersupply,sewerservice,dams,electricandcommunicationssupply.Generalcivilengineeringisalsoreferredtoassiteengineering,abranchofcivilengineeringthatprimarilyfocusesonconvertinga
tractoflandfromoneusagetoanother.Siteengineersspendtimevisitingprojectsites,meetingwithstakeholders,andpreparing
constructionplans.Civilengineersapplytheprinciplesofgeotechnicalengineering,structuralengineering,environmental
engineering,transportationengineeringandconstructionengineeringtoresidential,commercial,industrialandpublicworks
projectsofallsizesandlevelsofconstruction.

Materialsscienceandengineering
Mainarticle:Materialsscience
Materialsscienceiscloselyrelatedtocivilengineering.Itstudiesfundamentalcharacteristicsofmaterials,anddealswithceramics
suchasconcreteandmixasphaltconcrete,strongmetalssuchasaluminumandsteel,andpolymersincluding
polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)andcarbonfibers.

Snapshotfromshaketablevideo[17]testing
ofbaseisolated(right)andregular(left)
buildingmodels

Materialsengineeringinvolvesprotectionandprevention(paintsandfinishes).Alloyingcombinestwotypesofmetalstoproduce
anothermetalwithdesiredproperties.Itincorporateselementsofappliedphysicsandchemistry.Withrecentmediaattentionon
nanoscienceandnanotechnology,materialsengineeringhasbeenattheforefrontofacademicresearch.Itisalsoanimportantpart
offorensicengineeringandfailureanalysis.

TheAkashiKaikyBridgeinJapan,currentlythe
world'slongestsuspensionspan.

Coastalengineering
Mainarticles:CoastalengineeringandCoastalmanagement
Coastalengineeringisconcernedwithmanagingcoastalareas.Insomejurisdictions,thetermsseadefenseandcoastalprotectionmeandefenseagainstfloodinganderosion,
respectively.Thetermcoastaldefenseisthemoretraditionalterm,butcoastalmanagementhasbecomemorepopularasthefieldhasexpandedtotechniquesthatallowerosionto
claimland.

Constructionengineering
Mainarticle:Constructionengineering
Constructionengineeringinvolvesplanningandexecution,transportationofmaterials,sitedevelopmentbasedonhydraulic,environmental,structuralandgeotechnicalengineering.
Asconstructionfirmstendtohavehigherbusinessriskthanothertypesofcivilengineeringfirmsdo,constructionengineersoftenengageinmorebusinessliketransactions,for
example,draftingandreviewingcontracts,evaluatinglogisticaloperations,andmonitoringpricesofsupplies.

Earthquakeengineering

Oosterscheldekering,astormsurgebarrier
intheNetherlands.

Mainarticle:Earthquakeengineering
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Earthquakeengineeringinvolvesdesigningstructurestowithstandhazardousearthquakeexposures.Earthquakeengineeringisasubdisciplineofstructuralengineering.Themainobjectivesofearthquakeengineeringare[22]to
understandinteractionofstructuresontheshakygroundforeseetheconsequencesofpossibleearthquakesanddesign,constructandmaintainstructurestoperformatearthquakeincompliancewithbuildingcodes.

Environmentalengineering
Mainarticle:Environmentalengineering
Environmentalengineeringisthecontemporarytermforsanitaryengineering,thoughsanitaryengineeringtraditionallyhadnotincludedmuchofthehazardouswastemanagementand
environmentalremediationworkcoveredbyenvironmentalengineering.Publichealthengineeringandenvironmentalhealthengineeringareothertermsbeingused.
Environmentalengineeringdealswithtreatmentofchemical,biological,orthermalwastes,purificationofwaterandair,andremediationofcontaminatedsitesafterwastedisposalor
accidentalcontamination.Amongthetopicscoveredbyenvironmentalengineeringarepollutanttransport,waterpurification,wastewatertreatment,airpollution,solidwastetreatment,and
hazardouswastemanagement.Environmentalengineersadministerpollutionreduction,greenengineering,andindustrialecology.Environmentalengineersalsocompileinformationon
environmentalconsequencesofproposedactions.

Geotechnicalengineering
Mainarticle:Geotechnicalengineering

Waterpollution

Geotechnicalengineeringstudiesrockandsoilsupportingcivilengineeringsystems.Knowledgefromthefieldofsoilscience,materialsscience,mechanics,andhydraulicsisappliedto
safelyandeconomicallydesignfoundations,retainingwalls,andotherstructures.Environmentaleffortstoprotectgroundwaterandsafelymaintainlandfillshavespawnedanewareaof
researchcalledgeoenvironmentalengineering.[23][24]
Identificationofsoilpropertiespresentschallengestogeotechnicalengineers.Boundaryconditionsareoftenwelldefinedinotherbranchesofcivilengineering,butunlikesteelor
concrete,thematerialpropertiesandbehaviorofsoilaredifficulttopredictduetoitsvariabilityandlimitationoninvestigation.Furthermore,soilexhibitsnonlinear(stressdependent)
strength,stiffness,anddilatancy(volumechangeassociatedwithapplicationofshearstress),makingstudyingsoilmechanicsallthemoredifficult.[23]

Waterresourcesengineering

Aphasediagramofsoilindicatingthe
weightsandvolumesofair,soil,
water,andvoids.

Seealso:HydraulicengineeringandHydrology
Waterresourcesengineeringisconcernedwiththecollectionandmanagementofwater(asanaturalresource).Asadisciplineitthereforecombineshydrology,environmentalscience,
meteorology,geology,conservation,andresourcemanagement.Thisareaofcivilengineeringrelatestothepredictionandmanagementofboththequalityandthequantityofwaterin
bothunderground(aquifers)andaboveground(lakes,rivers,andstreams)resources.Waterresourceengineersanalyzeandmodelverysmalltoverylargeareasoftheearthtopredictthe
amountandcontentofwaterasitflowsinto,through,oroutofafacility.Althoughtheactualdesignofthefacilitymaybelefttootherengineers.
Hydraulicengineeringisconcernedwiththeflowandconveyanceoffluids,principallywater.Thisareaofcivilengineeringisintimatelyrelatedtothedesignofpipelines,watersupply
network,drainagefacilities(includingbridges,dams,channels,culverts,levees,stormsewers),andcanals.Hydraulicengineersdesignthesefacilitiesusingtheconceptsoffluidpressure,
fluidstatics,fluiddynamics,andhydraulics,amongothers.

Structuralengineering

Hooverdam

Mainarticle:Structuralengineering
Structuralengineeringisconcernedwiththestructuraldesignandstructuralanalysisofbuildings,bridges,towers,flyovers(overpasses),tunnels,offshorestructureslikeoilandgasfieldsinthesea,aerostructureandother
structures.Thisinvolvesidentifyingtheloadswhichactuponastructureandtheforcesandstresseswhicharisewithinthatstructureduetothoseloads,andthendesigningthestructuretosuccessfullysupportandresistthose
loads.Theloadscanbeselfweightofthestructures,otherdeadload,liveloads,moving(wheel)load,windload,earthquakeload,loadfromtemperaturechangeetc.Thestructuralengineermustdesignstructurestobesafefor
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theirusersandtosuccessfullyfulfillthefunctiontheyaredesignedfor(tobeserviceable).Duetothenatureofsomeloadingconditions,subdisciplineswithinstructuralengineeringhaveemerged,includingwindengineering
andearthquakeengineering.[25]
Designconsiderationswillincludestrength,stiffness,andstabilityofthestructurewhensubjectedtoloadswhichmaybestatic,suchasfurnitureorselfweight,ordynamic,suchaswind,seismic,crowdorvehicleloads,or
transitory,suchastemporaryconstructionloadsorimpact.Otherconsiderationsincludecost,constructability,safety,aestheticsandsustainability.

Surveying
Mainarticles:SurveyingandConstructionsurveying

Shallowfoundationconstruction
example

SurveyingistheprocessbywhichasurveyormeasurescertaindimensionsthatoccuronornearthesurfaceoftheEarth.Surveyingequipment,such
aslevelsandtheodolites,areusedforaccuratemeasurementofangulardeviation,horizontal,verticalandslopedistances.Withcomputerisation,
electronicdistancemeasurement(EDM),totalstations,GPSsurveyingandlaserscanninghavetoalargeextentsupplantedtraditionalinstruments.
DatacollectedbysurveymeasurementisconvertedintoagraphicalrepresentationoftheEarth'ssurfaceintheformofamap.Thisinformationis
thenusedbycivilengineers,contractorsandrealtorstodesignfrom,buildon,andtrade,respectively.Elementsofastructuremustbesizedand
positionedinrelationtoeachotherandtositeboundariesandadjacentstructures.Althoughsurveyingisadistinctprofessionwithseparate
qualificationsandlicensingarrangements,civilengineersaretrainedinthebasicsofsurveyingandmapping,aswellasgeographicinformation
systems.Surveyorsalsolayouttheroutesofrailways,tramwaytracks,highways,roads,pipelinesandstreetsaswellaspositionother
infrastructure,suchasharbors,beforeconstruction.

BurjKhalifaanimationof
constructionprocess

Landsurveying

Civilengineeringstudentsusinga
theodolite.

IntheUnitedStates,Canada,theUnitedKingdomandmostCommonwealthcountrieslandsurveyingisconsideredtobeadistinctprofession.
Landsurveyorsarenotconsideredtobeengineers,andhavetheirownprofessionalassociationsandlicensingrequirements.Theservicesofa
licensedlandsurveyoraregenerallyrequiredforboundarysurveys(toestablishtheboundariesofaparcelusingitslegaldescription)and
subdivisionplans(aplotormapbasedonasurveyofaparcelofland,withboundarylinesdrawninsidethelargerparceltoindicatethecreationof
newboundarylinesandroads),bothofwhicharegenerallyreferredtoasCadastralsurveying.
Constructionsurveying

Constructionsurveyingisgenerallyperformedbyspecialisedtechnicians.Unlikelandsurveyors,theresultingplandoesnothavelegalstatus.Constructionsurveyorsperformthefollowing
tasks:
Surveyingexistingconditionsofthefutureworksite,includingtopography,existingbuildingsandinfrastructure,andundergroundinfrastructurewhenpossible
"layout"or"settingout":placingreferencepointsandmarkersthatwillguidetheconstructionofnewstructuressuchasroadsorbuildings
Verifyingthelocationofstructuresduringconstruction
AsBuiltsurveying:asurveyconductedattheendoftheconstructionprojecttoverifythattheworkauthorizedwascompletedtothespecificationssetonplans.

BLMcadastralsurveymarker
from1992inSanXavier,
Arizona.

Transportationengineering
Mainarticle:Transportationengineering
Transportationengineeringisconcernedwithmovingpeopleandgoodsefficiently,safely,andinamannerconducivetoavibrantcommunity.Thisinvolvesspecifying,designing,constructing,andmaintainingtransportation
infrastructurewhichincludesstreets,canals,highways,railsystems,airports,ports,andmasstransit.Itincludesareassuchastransportationdesign,transportationplanning,trafficengineering,someaspectsofurban
engineering,queueingtheory,pavementengineering,IntelligentTransportationSystem(ITS),andinfrastructuremanagement.

Forensicengineering
Mainarticle:Forensicengineering
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Forensicengineeringistheinvestigationofmaterials,products,structuresorcomponentsthatfailordonotoperateorfunctionasintended,causingpersonalinjuryordamagetoproperty.Theconsequencesoffailurearedealt
withbythelawofproductliability.Thefieldalsodealswithretracingprocessesandproceduresleadingtoaccidentsinoperationofvehiclesormachinery.Thesubjectisappliedmostcommonlyincivillawcases,althoughit
maybeofuseincriminallawcases.GenerallythepurposeofaForensicengineeringinvestigationistolocatecauseorcausesoffailurewithaviewtoimproveperformanceorlifeofacomponent,ortoassistacourtin
determiningthefactsofanaccident.Itcanalsoinvolveinvestigationofintellectualpropertyclaims,especiallypatents.

Municipalorurbanengineering
Mainarticle:Urbanengineering
Municipalengineeringisconcernedwithmunicipalinfrastructure.Thisinvolvesspecifying,designing,constructing,andmaintainingstreets,sidewalks,watersupplynetworks,
sewers,streetlighting,municipalsolidwastemanagementanddisposal,storagedepotsforvariousbulkmaterialsusedformaintenanceandpublicworks(salt,sand,etc.),publicparks
andcyclinginfrastructure.Inthecaseofundergroundutilitynetworks,itmayalsoincludethecivilportion(conduitsandaccesschambers)ofthelocaldistributionnetworksof
electricalandtelecommunicationsservices.Itcanalsoincludetheoptimizingofwastecollectionandbusservicenetworks.Someofthesedisciplinesoverlapwithothercivil
engineeringspecialties,howevermunicipalengineeringfocusesonthecoordinationoftheseinfrastructurenetworksandservices,astheyareoftenbuiltsimultaneously,andmanaged
bythesamemunicipalauthority.Municipalengineersmayalsodesignthesitecivilworksforlargebuildings,industrialplantsorcampuses(i.e.accessroads,parkinglots,potable
watersupply,treatmentorpretreatmentofwastewater,sitedrainage,etc.)

Controlengineering
Mainarticle:Controlengineering

Theengineeringofthisroundaboutin
Bristol,England,attemptstomaketraffic
flowfreemoving

Controlengineering(orcontrolsystemsengineering)isthebranchofcivilengineeringdisciplinethatappliescontroltheorytodesignsystemswithdesiredbehaviors.Thepractice
usessensorstomeasuretheoutputperformanceofthedevicebeingcontrolled(oftenavehicle)andthosemeasurementscanbeusedtogivefeedbacktotheinputactuatorsthatcan
makecorrectionstowarddesiredperformance.Whenadeviceisdesignedtoperformwithouttheneedofhumaninputsforcorrectionitiscalledautomaticcontrol(suchascruise
controlforregulatingacar'sspeed).Multidisciplinaryinnature,controlsystemsengineeringactivitiesfocusonimplementationofcontrolsystemsmainlyderivedbymathematical
modelingofsystemsofadiverserange.

Civilengineeringassociations
AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers
CanadianSocietyforCivilEngineering
EarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute
EngineersAustralia
EuropeanFederationofNationalEngineeringAssociations
InternationalFederationofConsultingEngineers
InstitutionofCivilEngineers
TheInstitutionofCivilEngineeringSurveyors
InstitutionofEngineersofIreland
InstituteofTransportationEngineers
PakistanEngineeringCouncil
PhilippineInstituteofCivilEngineers
TransportationResearchBoard

Seealso

LakeChapultepec

TheFalkirkWheelinScotland

Listofengineeringbranches
Civilengineeringsoftware
Engineeringdrawing
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Indexofcivilengineeringarticles
Listofcivilengineers
Listofhistoriccivilengineeringlandmarks
Macroengineering
Railwaysystemsengineering
Sitesurvey

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"WhatisCivilEngineering?".TheCanadianSocietyforCivilEngineering.Retrieved8August2007.
"Civilengineering".EncyclopdiaBritannica.Retrieved9August2007.
Oakes,WilliamC.Leone,LesL.Gunn,CraigJ.(2001).EngineeringYourFuture.GreatLakesPress.ISBN1881018571.
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Griggs,FrancisEJr."AmosEatonwasRight!".JournalofProfessionalIssuesinEngineeringEducationandPractice,Vol.123,No.1,January1997,pp.3034.
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"Singapore'sCircleLinecriminaltrialstarted".NewCivilEngineer.Retrieved16November2013.
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Mitchell,JamesKenneth(1993),FundamentalsofSoilBehavior(2nded.),JohnWileyandSons,pp12
Shroff,ArvindV.Shah,DhananjayL.(2003),SoilMechanicsandGeotechnicalEngineering,Taylor&Francis,2003,pp12
Narayanan,R,ABeeby.IntroductiontoDesignforCivilEngineers.London:Spon,2003.

Furtherreading
W.F.ChenandJ.Y.RichardLiew,eds.(2002).TheCivilEngineeringHandbook.CRCPress.ISBN9780849309588.
JonathanT.Ricketts,M.KentLoftin,FrederickS.Merritt,eds.(2004).Standardhandbookforcivilengineers(5ed.).McGrawHill.ISBN0071364730.

Externallinks
TheInstitutionofCivilEngineers(http://www.ice.org.uk/)
PlaneteTPTheWorldofPublicWorks(http://www.planetetp.com/en/)
CivilEngineeringSoftwareDatabase(http://www.cesdb.com/)
TheInstitutionofCivilEngineeringSurveyors(http://www.ices.org.uk)
Civilengineeringclasses,fromMITOpenCourseWare(http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/findbytopic/#cat=engineering&subcat=civilengineering)

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