Accepted Article

Received Date : 12-Aug-2013

Accepted Date : 27-Jan-2014
Article type

: Original Scientific Article

The bond strength of endodontic sealers to root dentine exposed to different gutta-percha
solvents

H.S. Topuolu 1, S. Demirbuga 2, . Tuncay 1, H. Arslan 3, B. Kesim1, B. Yaa4

Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 2Department of

Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 3Department of Endodontics,

Faculty of Dentistry, Katip elebi University, Izmir, 4Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of
Dentistry, Katip elebi University, Izmir, Turkey

Running Title: Bond strength of endodontic sealers

Key words: Bond strength, Root dentine, Sealer, Solvent

Address for correspondence/reprints:

Dr. Hseyin Sinan TOPUOLU
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University,
Melikgazi, Kayseri, TURKEY Zip code: 38039
Tel: +90 (352) 207 66 66

This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not
been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may
lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as
an 'Accepted Article', doi: 10.1111/iej.12257
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

Fax: +90 (352) 438 06 57

E-mail: topcuogluhs@hotmail.com

Abstract
Aim To evaluate the effects of various gutta-percha solvents on the push-out bond strength of several
root canal sealers on root dentine.
Methodology The root canal of two hundred and ten single-rooted human teeth were prepared with
the ProTaper System (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) up to a master apical file size of
F4 and the following variables evaluated for bond strength: solvent type (chloroform, eucalyptol, and
orange oil), time (2 and 5 minutes), sealer type (AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, and Sealapex), and root
thirds (coronal, middle, and apical). After canal filling, three 1-mm-thick slices were obtained from
each root sample and the bond strength of the test materials were measured using a push-out test setup
at a cross-head speed of 1mm/min. The data were analyzed using four-way factorial ANOVA (P =
0.05).
Results Bond strength was significantly affected by solvent type and time (P < 0.001). The use of
chloroform for 5 minutes in the root canal decreased bond strength of all sealers (P < 0.001).
Eucalyptol and orange oil did not affect the bond strength of the sealers (P > 0.05). In all conditions,
the push-out bond strength was highest for AH Plus and lowest for MTA Fillapex (P < 0.001). Bond
strength values decreased in a corono-apical direction in all groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusions Chloroform used for 5 minutes during retreatment decreased the bond strength of AH
Plus, Sealapex, and MTA Fillapex to root dentine.

Introduction
The success of root canal treatment depends on completely cleaning and shaping, and then filling the
root canal systems. If these parameters are not achieved, post-treatment disease may occur because of
the persistence of bacteria in the root canal system (Siqueira 2001). When this occurs, non-surgical
root canal retreatment is often indicated as the first choice to eliminate the microbial infection. The

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

retreatment aims to completely remove the old filling material from the root canal system to allow
effective cleaning, shaping, and refilling of the root canal (Kvist & Reit 1999, Mollo et al. 2012).
In root canal retreatment, solvents are often used as an aid for removing gutta-percha.
Chloroform, an organic solvent, has been shown to be effective when used with gutta-percha (Wilcox
1995, Schafer & Zandbiglari 2002), however, it has carcinogenic potential (Vajrabhaya et al. 2004)
and the search for alternative solvents continues (Hunter et al. 1991). Studies have shown that
essential oils, such as eucalyptol, orange oil, and turpentine oil, may be used in retreatment because
they are safe and useful for dissolution of gutta-percha and root canal sealers (Uemura et al. 1997,
Hansen 1998).
Several chemical agents change the chemical structure of dentine and the Ca/P ratio of dentine
surfaces. Alterations in the original Ca/P ratio between organic and inorganic components may
change the permeability and solubility of root dentine and can affect the adhesion of dental materials
to hard tissues (Hennequin et al. 1994, Rotstein et al. 1996). During root canal retreatment, the root
and coronal dentine is exposed to gutta-percha solvents deposited in root canals. Kaufman et al.
(1997) reported that solvents may alter the chemical composition of dentine surface and affect bond
strength of restorative materials to dentine.
Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of various endodontic procedures on
the bond strength of root canal sealers (Amin et al. 2012, Haragushiku et al. 2010, Vilanova et al.
2012). However, there is no information about the effects of various gutta-percha solvents used over
different application times on the bond strength of sealers to root dentine. The purpose of this study
was to compare the push-out bond strength of different endodontic sealers to root dentine exposed to
various gutta-percha solvents for 2 or 5 minutes. The null hypothesis is that various gutta-percha
solvents do not affect the bond strength of several root canal sealers.

Materials and Methods

Two hundred and ten freshly-extracted, straight, single-rooted human mandibular premolar
teeth were selected and stored in distilled water until required. Preoperative mesiodistal and
buccolingual radiographs were taken to verify the presence of a single canal. Criteria for tooth

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

selection included a completely formed apex and absence of previous root filling, resorption, or
calcifications. To ensure standardization, crowns of the selected teeth were partially removed to
achieve a final length of 21 mm for each tooth. The crowns served as a reservoir for the solvent.
Endodontic access cavities were prepared using diamond burs (Diatech, Coltene Whaledent,
Altststten, Switzerland) with a high-speed hand piece under water cooling. A size 10 K-file (Dentsply
Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was then placed in the canal until it was visible at the apical
foramen. The working length was determined by substracting 1 mm from this measurement. The 210
roots were instrumented with the ProTaper rotary system (Dentsply Maillefer) up to size F4 (size 40,
0.06 taper) as the master apical file. During preparation, the root canal was irrigated with 5 mL of
2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution using a syringe and a 30-gauge needle (NaviTip;
Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) between each instrument change.
A total of 210 roots were then randomly assigned to 6 experimental groups (n = 30) according
to the solvent type and time of exposure and 1 control group (n = 30) as follows:
Group 1: was not exposed to any solvent (Control); Group 2: Chloroform for 2 min; Group 3:
Chloroform for 5 min; Group 4: Eucalyptol for 2 min; Group 5: Eucalyptol for 5 min; Group 6:
Orange oil for 2 min; Group 7: Orange oil for 5 min.
A total of 0.2 mL of each solvent was placed in the root canal, and left in place up to
completion of the exposure time, and then removed with paper points (Dentsply Maillefer). All canals
received a final rinse of 5 mL 17% EDTA for 1 minute followed by 5 mL distilled water and dried
with absorbent paper points. The roots within each of the six experimental groups and the control
group were further randomly assigned to three subgroups (n = 10) according to the sealer used as
follows: AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina,
PR, Brazil), and Sealapex (Kerr, Romulus, MI, USA). Each sealer was mixed according to
manufacturers instructions for use. All canals were filled using the single-cone technique with F4
gutta-percha cones (Dentsply Maillefer) .
Following canal filling, mesio-distal and bucco-lingual radiographs were taken to confirm
complete filling. The coronal 1 mm of filling material was then removed and the spaces were filled

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

with a temporary filling material (Cavit, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany). After being wrapped in pieces
of sponge, all the specimens were stored at 37C in 100% humidity for 2 weeks.
Push-out testing
The specimens were sectioned horizontally into three 1 0.1 mm thickness serial slices by
using a low-speed precision diamond saw (Isomet; Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) under continuous
water irrigation. The thickness of each slice was measured with a digital caliper (Teknikel, Istanbul,
Turkey) with an accuracy of 0.001 mm. Both apical and coronal aspects of the specimens were then
examined microscopically to confirm a circular canal shape. The push out test was performed in a
universal testing machine (Instron 4444; Instron Corp., Canton, MA, USA) by applying a continuous
load to the apical side of each slice using 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 mm diameter cylindrical plungers,
matching the canal diameter of each third. The diameter of each plunger was approximately 90% of
the canal diameter. Loading was applied at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min from the apical to the
coronal direction until bond fracture occurred. The maximum load applied to filling material before
fracture was recorded in newtons and converted to megapascals (MPa) according to the following
formula (Nagas et al. 2007):
Push-out bond strength (MPa) = N/A
where N = maximum load (N), A = adhesion area of root canal filling (mm2).
The adhesion surface area of each section was calculated as: ( r1 + r2) x L, where L = (r1
r2)2 + h2; where = 3.14, r1 and r2 = smaller and larger radii respectively and h = thickness of the
slice in mm.
Analysis of failure modes
After measurement of bond strength, both sides of the failed bond were examined under a
stereomicroscope (BX60; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at 30 x magnification to determine the mode of
fracture. The fracture mode was classified according to the following criteria: adhesive fracture at the
sealer-dentine or sealer-core material interface, cohesive fracture within sealer, and mixed fracture in
both the sealer and dentine (Skidmore et al. 2006). Two specimens that were representative of the

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

fracture modes from each group were further evaluated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
(Leo-440; LEO Electron Microcopy, Ltd., Cambridge, UK).
Statistical analysis was carried out using four-way factorial ANOVA (P = 0.05) at the 95%
confidence level. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL, USA).

Results
The mean and standard deviations of the groups are summarized in Table 1. All variables had
a significant effect on the push-out bond strength of sealers (P < 0.001) (Table 2). There was a
significant effect regarding the sealer type-root thirds (P = 0.005). The most significant interaction
was between solvent and time followed by time and root third (Table 3).
The use of chloroform for 5 min significantly reduced the push-out bond strengths of all
sealers when compared with other groups (P < 0.001) (Table 1). There were no statistically significant
differences between the control, orange oil, and eucalyptol groups.
Under all conditions, a statistical ranking for bond strength values was obtained as follows (P
< 0.001): AH Plus > Sealapex > MTA Fillapex. The bond strength values were highest in the coronal
and lowest in the apical thirds (P < 0.001).
The modes of fracture are listed in Table 4. Adhesive fracture at the sealer-dentine interface
was the most frequent type of fracture in experimental groups and cohesive fracture was the most
frequent in control group.

Discussion
Adhesion, one of the required physical properties of filling materials, is a desirable property
in root canal sealers (Grossman 1976). Adhesion of an endodontic sealer is defined as its capacity to
adhere to the root canal walls and the ability to promote the union of the core filling materials to each
other and to the dentine (Sousa-Neto et al. 2005, Rached-Junior et al. 2009). In static circumstances,
the adhesion provided by canal sealers eliminates space that might otherwise allow fluid to infiltrate
the sealer-dentine interface (rstavik et al. 1983). In dynamic situations, the adhesion of root canal

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

sealers to radicular dentine is beneficial for preserving the integrity of the sealer-dentine interface
during tooth flexure, operative procedures, or the preparation of post space (Saleh et al. 2003,
Huffman et al. 2009).
In retreatment, the solvent is expected to dissolve as much gutta-percha as possible (FariaJunior et al. 2011). Several laboratory studies have been carried out to determine the most effective
solvent and application time for dissolving gutta-percha and sealers (Martos et al. 2011, Schafer &
Zandbiglari 2002, Magalhaes et al. 2007, Bodrumlu et al. 2008). Most of these studies have been
evaluated for the effectiveness of different solvents for application times of 1, 2, 5, or 10 minutes and
the results showed that dissolution may vary depending on the solvent type and time of exposure.
During the retreatment process, it is inevitable that solvents will be in contact with the root canal
walls for a period of time. Based on this information, the bond strength of various sealers to root
dentine exposed to different solvents for two different time periods was tested.
Shokouhinejad et al. (2010) evaluated push-out bond strength of Resilon/Epiphany Self-etch
to root dentine after retreatment. They filled the canals and then removed the initial root filling with a
combination of retreatment files and solvent. After retreatment, the roots were refilled with
Resilon/Epiphany Self-etch. In the present study, however, in order to limit the number of variables,
an initial root canal filling was not attempted. Residual filling material that was not equal in all
specimens may remain in the root canal after retreatment procedures (Rdig et al. 2013) and this may
affect the push-out bond strength of material tested in retreatment (Rached-Junior et al. 2013). The
present study, therefore, was undertaken to investigate the direct effects of the solvents to bond
strength of sealers to dentine.
The results of the present study revealed that most interaction was between solvent type and
time. The use of chloroform for 5 minutes had a negative effect on the bond strength of all sealers.
Similarly, a previous study reported that chloroform used for retreatment had an adverse effect on the
bond strength of Resilon/Epiphany SE after refilling of root canal (Shokouhinejad et al. 2010). It has
also been reported that chloroform and halothene decreased bond strength of C&B Metabond (Parkell
Inc., Farmingdale, NY, USA) to root canal dentine (Erdemir et al. 2004). Erdemir et al. (2004)
reported that chloroform and halothene had an effect on the mineral content of root dentine. In the

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

current study, the decreased bond strength in the roots exposed to chloroform for 5 min may be
explained by compositional changes in dentine that may affect the bond strength of filling materials.
However, the use of orange oil and eucalyptol for 2 and 5 minutes did not affect bond strength of the
root sealers. Therefore, within the limitations of the present study, the null hypothesis was rejected.
In the present study, AH Plus had the highest push-out bond strength under all conditions.
This result is similar to those in previous studies (Amin et al. 2012, Ersahan & Aydin 2010, Nagas et
al. 2012) that reported the superiority of epoxy resin-based sealers compared to the other sealers used
in this study (MTA Fillapex, Sealapex). The superior results of AH Plus may be due to better
adhesion to root dentine and deeper penetration into dentinal tubules (Lee et al. 2002, Mamootil &
Messer 2007). In the present study, MTA Fillapex had the lowest bond strength values. Sagsen et al.
(2011) claimed that MTA Fillapex exhibited low bond strength because of its low adhesion capability.
Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is an interaction between low adhesion capacity
and low push-out bond strength of MTA Fillapex. Interestingly, and different from previous studies
(Picoli et al. 2003, Lee et al. 2002) considerably higher bond strength values for Sealapex were found
in the present study. These differences may have been a result of the different test methodologies used
to determine the bond strength.
In the present study, single F4 gutta-percha points matched to the final rotary file were used.
It has been suggested that these tapered gutta-percha cones matched to the size and taper of the master
apical rotary files could fill the root canal effectively when used as a single cone (Gordon et al. 2005).
A single-cone filling may be regarded as advantageous, because the ultimate filling is composed
mostly of a homogeneous mass of gutta-percha instead of sealer and voids that may be entrapped
among the distinct gutta-percha points when using lateral compaction. Nagas et al. (2009) compared
the bond strength of master gutta-percha points with different tapers (0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) in canals
instrumented with a 0.06 tapered master apical file and found that the 0.06 tapered single-cone
matched to the master apical rotary file provided the highest bond strength.
In the current study, three plunger sizes were used to match the diameter of each of the root
thirds. This avoids excessive pressure on the surrounding root canal walls and any notching effect of
the plunger into the gutta-percha surface. According to the root thirds, bond strength values in all

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

specimens were: coronal > middle > apical. This finding is similar to the results of a previous study
(Neelakantan et al. 2012). The penetration of endodontic sealers into dentinal tubules achieves
mechanical locking and may increase retention of the root filling (Mamootil & Messer 2007). The
decreasing bond strength in the corono-apical direction can be explained by the decreasing tubule
density in a coronal to apical direction, which reduces sealer penetration into the smaller tubules in the
apical third (Carrigan et al. 1984, Paque et al. 2006). In the present study, inspection of the root slices
revealed that the fracture modes were mainly adhesive (sealer-dentine interface) for all other groups
except the control group (Table 4). This result may be attributed to changes likely in the chemical
structure of the root dentine exposed to solvents.

Conclusions
The bond strength of AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, and Sealapex were negatively affected by the
use of chloroform for 5 minutes. Further study should evaluate the effect of different solvents for
various periods of time on the bond strength of different sealers.

Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Assist. Prof. Blent zkan, Department of Biostatistics and
Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, for his assistance in
statistical analysis. The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study.

References
Amin SA, Seyam RS, El-Samman MA (2012) The effect of prior calcium hydroxide intracanal
placement on the bond strength of two calcium silicate-based and an epoxy resin-based endodontic
sealer. Journal of Endodontics 38, 696-9.
Bodrumlu E, Er O, Kayaoglu G (2008) Solubility of root canal sealers with different organic solvents.
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology 106, e67-9.
Carrigan PJ, Morse DR, Furst ML, Sinai IH (1984) A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of
human dentinal tubules according to age and location. Journal of Endodontics 10, 359-63.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

Erdemir A, Eldeniz AU, Belli S (2004) Effect of gutta-percha solvents on mineral contents of human
root dentin using ICP-AES technique. Journal of Endodontics 30, 54-6.
Erdemir A, Eldeniz AU, Belli S, Pashley DH (2004) Effect of solvents on bonding to root canal
dentin. Journal of Endodontics 30, 589-92.
Ersahan S, Aydin C (2010) Dislocation resistance of iRoot SP, a calcium silicate-based sealer, from
radicular dentine. Journal of Endodontics 36, 2000-2.
Faria-Junior NB, Loiola LE, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Berbert FL, Tanomaru-Filho M (2011)
Effectiveness of three solvents and two associations of solvents on gutta-percha and resilon. Brazilian
Dental Journal 22, 41-4.
Gordon MP, Love RM, Chandler NP (2005) An evaluation of .06 tapered gutta-percha cones for
filling of .06 taper prepared curved root canals. International Endodontic Journal 38, 87-96.
Grossman LI (1976) Physical properties of root canal cements. Journal of Endodontics 2, 166-75.
Hansen MG (1998) Relative efficiency of solvents used in endodontics. Journal of Endodontics 24,
38-40.
Haragushiku GA, Sousa-Neto MD, Silva-Sousa YT, Alfredo E, Silva SC, Silva RG (2010) Adhesion
of endodontic sealers to human root dentine submitted to different surface treatments. Photomedicine
and Laser Surgery 28, 405-10.
Hennequin M, Pajot J, Avignant D (1994) Effects of different pH values of citric acid solutions on the
calcium and phosphorus contents of human root dentin. Journal of Endodontics 20, 551-4.
Huffman BP, Mai S, Pinna L et al. (2009) Dislocation resistance of ProRoot Endo Sealer, a calcium
silicate-based root canal sealer, from radicular dentine. International Endodontic Journal 42, 34-46.
Hunter KR, Doblecki W, Pelleu GB, Jr. (1991) Halothane and eucalyptol as alternatives to chloroform
for softening gutta-percha. Journal of Endodontics 17, 310-1.
Kaufman D, Mor C, Stabholz A, Rotstein I (1997) Effect of gutta-percha solvents on calcium and
phosphorus levels of cut human dentin. Journal of Endodontics 23, 614-5.
Kvist T, Reit C (1999) Results of endodontic retreatment: a randomized clinical study comparing
surgical and nonsurgical procedures. Journal of Endodontics 25, 814-7.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

Lee KW, Williams MC, Camps JJ, Pashley DH (2002) Adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentin and
gutta-percha. Journal of Endodontics 28, 684-8.
Magalhaes BS, Johann JE, Lund RG, Martos J, Del Pino FA (2007) Dissolving efficacy of some
organic solvents on gutta-percha. Brazilian Oral Research 21, 303-7.
Mamootil K, Messer HH (2007) Penetration of dentinal tubules by endodontic sealer cements in
extracted teeth and in vivo. International Endodontic Journal 40, 873-81.
Martos J, Bassotto AP, Gonzalez-Rodriguez MP, Ferrer-Luque CM (2011) Dissolving efficacy of
eucalyptus and orange oil, xylol and chloroform solvents on different root canal sealers International
Endodontic Journal 44, 1024-8.
Mollo A, Botti G, Prinicipi Goldoni N et al. (2012) Efficacy of two Ni-Ti systems and hand files for
removing gutta-percha from root canals. International Endodontic Journal 45, 1-6.
Nagas E, Altundasar E, Serper A (2009) The effect of master point taper on bond strength and apical
sealing ability of different root canal sealers. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology and Endodontology 107, e61-4.
Nagas E, Cehreli ZC, Durmaz V, Vallittu PK, Lassila LV (2007) Regional push-out bond strength and
coronal microleakage of Resilon after different light-curing methods. Journal of Endodontics 33,
1464-8.
Nagas E, Uyanik MO, Eymirli A et al. (2012) Dentin moisture conditions affect the adhesion of root
canal sealers. Journal of Endodontics 38, 240-4.
Neelakantan P, Varughese AA, Sharma S, Subbarao CV, Zehnder M, De-Deus G (2012) Continuous
chelation irrigation improves the adhesion of epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentine.
International Endodontic Journal 45, 1097-102.
rstavik D, Eriksen HM, Beyer-Olsen EM (1983) Adhesive properties and leakage of root canal
sealers in vitro. International Endodontic Journal 16, 59-63.
Paque F, Luder HU, Sener B, Zehnder M (2006) Tubular sclerosis rather than the smear layer impedes
dye penetration into the dentine of endodontically instrumented root canals. International Endodontic
Journal 39, 18-25.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

Picoli F, Brugnera-Junior A, Saquy PC, Guerisoli DM, Pecora JD (2003) Effect of Er:YAG laser and
EDTAC on the adhesiveness to dentine of different sealers containing calcium hydroxide.
International Endodontic Journal 36, 472-5.
Rached-Junior FJ, Souza-Gabriel AE, Alfredo E, Miranda CE, Silva-Sousa YT, Sousa-Neto MD
(2009) Bond strength of Epiphany sealer prepared with resinous solvent. Journal of Endodontics 35,
251-5.
Rached-Junior FJ, Sousa-Neto MD, Souza-Gabriel AE, Duarte MA, Silva-Sousa YT (2013) Impact of
remaining zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealer on the bond strength of a resinous sealer to dentine after
root canal retreatment. International Endodontic Journal [Epub ahead of print]
Rotstein I, Dankner E, Goldman A, Heling I, Stabholz A, Zalkind M (1996) Histochemical analysis of
dental hard tissues following bleaching. Journal of Endodontics 22, 23-5.
Rdig T, Kupis J, Konietschke F, Dullin C, Drebenstedt S, Hlsmann M (2013) Comparison of hand
and rotary instrumentation for removing gutta-percha from previously treated curved root canals: a
microcomputed tomography study. International Endodontic Journal [Epub ahead of print]
Sagsen B, Ustun Y, Demirbuga S, Pala K (2011) Push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicatebased endodontic sealers to root canal dentine. International Endodontic Journal 44, 1088-91.
Saleh IM, Ruyter IE, Haapasalo MP, rstavik D (2003) Adhesion of endodontic sealers: scanning
electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Journal of Endodontics 29, 595-601.
Schfer E, Zandbiglari T (2002) A comparison of the effectiveness of chloroform and eucalyptus oil
in dissolving root canal sealers. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and
Endodontology 93, 611-6.
Shokouhinejad N, Sabeti MA, Hasheminasab M, Shafiei F, Shamshiri AR (2010) Push-out bond
strength of Resilon/Epiphany self-etch to intraradicular dentin after retreatment: a preliminary study.
Journal of Endodontics 36, 493-6.
Siqueira JF, Jr. (2001) Aetiology of root canal treatment failure: why well-treated teeth can fail.
International Endodontic Journal 34, 1-10.
Skidmore LJ, Berzins DW, Bahcall JK (2006) An in vitro comparison of the intraradicular dentin
bond strength of Resilon and gutta-percha. Journal of Endodontics 32, 963-6.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

Sousa-Neto MD, Silva Coelho FI, Marchesan MA, Alfredo E, Silva-Sousa YT (2005) Ex vivo study
of the adhesion of an epoxy-based sealer to human dentine submitted to irradiation with Er : YAG and
Nd : YAG lasers. International Endodontic Journal 38, 866-70.
Uemura M, Hata G, Toda T, Weine FS (1997) Effectiveness of eucalyptol and d-limonene as guttapercha solvents. Journal of Endodontics 23, 739-41.
Vajrabhaya LO, Suwannawong SK, Kamolroongwarakul R, Pewklieng L (2004) Cytotoxicity
evaluation of gutta-percha solvents: Chloroform and GP-Solvent (limonene). Oral Surgery, Oral
Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology 98, 756-9.
Vilanova WV, Carvalho-Junior JR, Alfredo E, Sousa-Neto MD, Silva-Sousa YT (2012) Effect of
intracanal irrigants on the bond strength of epoxy resin-based and methacrylate resin-based sealers to
root canal walls. International Endodontic Journal 45, 42-8.
Wilcox LR (1995) Endodontic retreatment with halothane versus chloroform solvent. Journal of
Endodontics 21, 305-7.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ccepted Articl

Table 1. Mean standard deviations of push-out bond strength values (MPa) for each sealer, solvent, third and time period.

Control
Coronal

Middle

Chloroform

Eucalyptol

Orange Oil

Apical
Coronal

Middle

Apical

Coronal

Middle

Apical

Coronal

Middle

Apical

2
min

5
min

2
min

5
min

2
min

5
min

2
min

5
min

2
min

5
min

2
min

5
min

2
min

5
min

2
min

5
min

2
min

5
min

AH Plus

7.20
0.84

5.57
0.47

4.24
0.35

6.30
0.37

4.72
0.47

5.38
0.51

3.43
0.61

4.43
0.40

3.01
0.53

7.44
0.57

6.34
0.52

5.87
0.58

5.35
0.41

4.28
0.58

4.34
0.46

6.21
0.32

6.42
0.51

5.85
0.69

5.21
0.39

4.44
0.52

4.14
0.38

MTA
Fillapex

2.37
0.41

1.19
0.28

1.01
0.08

2.27
0.27

1.24
0.34

1.45
0.33

0.81
0.22

1.03
0.38

0.64
0.47

2.38
0.40

2.11
0.33

1.37
0.46

1.52
0.77

0.89
0.31

0.71
0.20

2.39
0.33

2.71
0.39

1.71
0.28

1.31
0.21

1.04
0.15

0.88
0.08

Sealapex

3.30
0.70

2.67
0.47

1.42
0.40

3.23
0.28

1.65
0.40

2.31
0.32

1.40
0.46

1.58
0.38

0.94
0.19

3.13
0.23

2.83
0.46

2.39
0.37

2.44
0.31

1.44
0.36

1.50
0.37

3.21
0.47

3.10
0.57

2.49
0.33

2.26
0.62

1.60
0.50

1.22
0.30

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Accepted Article

Table 2. Summary of the statistical analysis showing the main effects of solvent, time, sealer, and
third on bond strength

Variable
Solvent
Time
Sealer
Third

F value
104.719
186.188
4071.08
762.15

P value
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001

Table 3. Summary of interactions between variables

Interaction
Solvent-Time
Solvent-Sealer
Solvent-Third
Time-Sealer
Time-Third
Sealer-Third
Solvent-Time-Sealer
Solvent-Time-Third
Time-Sealer-Third
Solvent-Time-Sealer-Third

F value
66.189
13.904
7.914
3.652
27.124
3.81
8.059
1.972
1.933
1.731

P value
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.027
< 0.001
0.005
< 0.001
0.048
0.103
0.088

Table 4. Distribution of failure modes

Control
Chloroform for 2 min
Chloroform for 5 min
Eucalyptol for 2 min
Eucalyptol for 5 min
Orange oil for 2 min
Orange oil for 5 min

(n=90)
(n=90)
(n=90)
(n=90)
(n=90)
(n=90)
(n=90)

A1
7
13
14
16
8
15
16

AHPlus+GP
A2
C M
4
15 4
8
8
1
6
9
1
7
6
1
13
9
0
7
6
2
4
7
3

MTA Fillapex+GP
A1 A2
C
M
8
3
17 2
12
7
9
2
10
9
8
3
12 10
6
2
17
8
5
0
14
9
6
1
20
1
9
0

A1
5
10
13
9
14
21
18

Sealapex+GP
A2 C M
4 18 3
9
8 3
10
7 0
14
6 1
11
5 0
9
0 0
6
5 1

A=adhesive (A1=sealer/dentine interface, A2=sealer/core material interface); C=cohesive; M=mixed. GP=gutta percha.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.