Chemistry1

Investigatory1
Project1

Comparative1
Study1 of1
Commercial1
Antacids1

Acknowledgement
I hereby acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to MS. GAYATHRI, PGT CHEMISTRY,
whose immense help, genius guidance, encouragement,
necessary suggestions, initiations, enthusiasm and inspiration
has made this work a master art and joint enterprise. In
addition, I am highly indebted to DR. MRS. NUTAN PUNJ,
PRINCIPAL, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DRDO, for
motivating and providing the required material.

Name: S. Yashwanth
Class: XII B
Roll No.:
Kendriya Vidyalaya DRDO
Session: 2015-2016

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that S. YASHWANTH of class XII B, has
satisfactorily completed the project in Chemistry on the
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS
prescribed by the CBSE course in the academic year of 2015-16.
I have examined the project and hereby accord my approval of it as a
study carried out and presented in the manner required for its
approval and acceptance. This does not necessarily endorse or accept
every statement made, or opinion expressed or conclusion drawn but
only signifies the acceptance of the project for it being submitted.

SIGN OF THE SUBJECT TEACHER:

SIGN OF THE EXAMINER:

DATE:

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION:
Acids
Stomach Acid
When to use antacids
Side Effects
Mechanism of Action
2. INVESTIGATION:
Objective
Requirements
Procedure
Observations
Conclusion
Precautions
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid so as to provide an acidic
medium for the conversion proenzymes-inactive enzymes, e.g.
pepsinogen to pepsin-to active enzymes. It is also necessary for
killing the pathogens that enter our body through the alimentary
canal. Excess secretion of the hydrochloric acid, called
HYPERACIDITY or more commonly, acidity. It causes symptoms
like heartburn and contributes to the formation of peptic ulcers in a
small percentage of the population. Antacids help alleviate some of
these symptoms. They are weak bases-carbonates, hydroxides and
bicarbonates-that neutralize the excess stomach acid and thus
relieving heartburn. The following information will help people
understand how stomach acid works and what antacid will help the
most.

ACIDSAcids are a group of chemicals, usually in

liquid form. They can be recognized by
their sour taste and their ability to react
with certain substances. They have pH
ranging from 6.9 to 0. The two main types
of acids are mineral and organic. Example
of mineral acids are H2SO4, HNO3 and
HCl, and that of organic is acetic acid (CH3COOH). They are
sometimes corrosive and can cause severe burns if handled
irresponsibly.

STOMACH ACIDAlso known as Gastric Acid it is a digestive fluid, formed in the

stomach. It is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl) (around 0.5%, or
5000 parts per million) as high as 0.1 M, potassium chloride (KCl) and
sodium chloride (NaCl). The acid plays a key role in digestion of
proteins, by activating digestive enzymes, and making ingested
proteins unravel so that digestive enzymes break down the long
chains of amino acids. Gastric acid is produced by cells lining the
stomach, which are coupled in feedback systems to increase acid
production when needed. Other cells in the stomach produce
bicarbonate, a base, to buffer the fluid, ensuring that it does not
become too acidic. These cells also produce mucus, which forms a
viscous physical barrier to
prevent gastric acid from
damaging the stomach.
Cells in the beginning of the
small intestine, or
duodenum, further produce
large amounts of
bicarbonate to completely
neutralize any gastric acid
that passes further down
into the digestive tract. If there is too much it can cause heartburn by
getting regurgitated through the gastro-esophageal sphincter. One of
the symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest of the
abdomen.

WHEN TO USE ANTACIDSAntacids are a good treatment for heartburn that does not
happen very often. Antacids can be taken an hour before
eating or after.
Antacids cannot treat other serious problems like stomach
ulcers, gallstone, etc. Heartburn may be due to an actual
cardiac cause and research has shown that antacids relieve
ONLY the symptoms and not the cause themselves. It is
advised to call your doctor if you have
1. Pain or symptoms that do not get better with antacids
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Blood in stool
4. Discomfort during bowel movements
5. Fever with belly pain
6. Severe diarrhea
7. Chest pain or shortness of breath

SIDE EFFECTSSide effects, though rare, can be seen. Antacids, commonly,

are composed of basic salts of aluminum, calcium or
magnesium. Pepto-Bismol, a brand of antacid contains
bismuth. Brands with magnesium may cause diarrhea. Those

with calcium or aluminum may cause constipation. Rarely,

brands containing calcium may cause kidney stones.
Magnesium antacids, if taken in excess, are known to cause
severe calcium deficiency and thus lowering the density of
bone. Antacids can also interfere with the mechanism of
action of certain other medicines and it is advised to consult a
doctor before taking antacids on a daily basis if you:
1. Have kidney disease, high blood pressure, or heart
disease.
2. Are on a low sodium diet
3. Are already taking calcium for say, hair loss.
4. Are taking other medicines on a daily basis

MECHANISM OF ACTION:
There are two types of antacids, one which acts directly on
the excess acid produced, i.e. by neutralizing the acid. And the
other are known as proton-pump inhibitors, which hit where
the acid is produced. In this project, I have chosen the former.

INVESTIGATION
OBJECTIVE: TO ANALYSE THE GIVEN SAMPLES
OF COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS BY DETERMINING
THE AMOUNT OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID THEY
CAN NEUTRALIZE.

REQUIREMENTS: Burette, pipette, titration flasks,

measuring flasks, beakers, analytical balance or electronic
weighing machine, mortar and pestle sodium hydroxide
(NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), hydrochloric acid
(HCl), phenolphthalein, and methyl orange.

PROCEDURE:
1. One liter of approximately M/10 HCl solution was prepared
by diluting 10 mL of the concentrated acid to about one liter.
2. Similarly, one liter of M/10 solution of NaOH was prepared
by weighing 4 g of NaOH pellets in one liter of water.
3. M/10 solution of Na2CO3 was prepared by weighing 1.33 g
(given 1.325 g) of anhydrous sodium carbonate and dissolving
in approximately 250 mL of water.
4. The hydrochloric acid solution was standardized, i.e., titrated
against the sodium carbonate solution to determine its
concentration using methyl orange as the indicator.

5. Similarly, the sodium hydroxide solution was standardized by

titrating it against hydrochloric acid solution using
phenolphthalein as the indicator.
6. The antacids were powdered using a mortar and pestle and
one g of each was weighed and transferred into conical flasks.
7. A specific volume of the hydrochloric acid was added to the
conical flasks. A little excess was added to neutralize all of the
alkaline content of the powdered tablet.
8. The flask was warmed and one to two drops of the
phenolphthalein indicator was added and the content filtered.
9. The filtrate was then titrated against NaOH. The pinkish
tinge of the phenolphthalein was used as the end point. The
above steps were repeated for different brands of antacids.

OBSERVATIONS:
Standardization of HCl:
Sl.
No.

BURETTE READING

Volume of HCl

Initial (mL)

Final (mL)

Used (mL)

1.

15.3

15.3

2.

15.0

15.0

3.

15.6

15.6

4.

15.1

15.1

Concordant Volume = 15.1 mL

M1V1 = M2V2 (from the equation for normality)
M1 x 15.1 = 0.1 x 20
M1 = 0.132 molar

MOLARITY of HCl SOLUTION = 0.132 molar

P.T.O.

Standardization of NaOH:
Sl.
No.

BURETTE READING

Volume of
NaOH Used

Initial (mL)

Final (mL)

(mL)

1.

26.9

26.9

2.

25.8

25.8

3.

26.1

26.1

4.

27.1

27.1

5.

26.8

26.8

Concordant Volume = 26.8 mL

M1V1 = M2V2 (from the equation for normality)
M1 x 26.8 = 0.132 x 25
M1 = 0.123 molar

MOLARITY of NaOH SOLUTION = 0.123 molar

P.T.O.

Analysis of the antacid tablets:

Weight of the antacid tablet powder: 1.0 gm
Volume of HCl added: 20 mL

Sl.
No.

Volume of
Antacid Brand

Final reading on

NaOH Used

burette (mL)

(mL)

1.

Gelusil

17.6

17.6

2.

Digene

16.4

16.4

3.

Omee

26.1

26.1

4.

Rantac

15.6

15.6

5.

Eno

13.4

13.4

CONCLUSION:
THE ANTACID THAT REQUIRES THE LEAST
AMOUNT OF NaOH TO NEUTRALISE THE
REMAINING HCl IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE.
ACCORDING TO THE OBSERVATIONS MADE
IT IS THE ANTACID BRAND ENO.

PRECAUTIONS:
Burette and pipette were rinsed with the respective
solution that were put in them.
All apparatus was washed properly.
Air bubbles were removed from the burette to avoid
miscalculations.
Last drop of solution in pipette was not blown out.
The titration flasks were not rinsed with any of the
solution which were being titrated.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia
chemwiki.ucdavis.edu
Comprehensive: Practical Chemistry
Class 12