Materials

        A long and thin cardboard box        2 rectangular mirrors        Scissors

        TapeTwo empty one-litre milk or juice cartons

Two small mirrors (small enough to fit into the cartons)

 A knife or a pair of scissors

 A pencil

 A ruler

 Adhesive tapeProcedure

When a submarine is submerged, it uses a periscope, a tube with lenses that emerge from the sea
surface in order to watch what's happening on the surface.

1. Verify that the mirrors are the same size or smaller than
the height of the box, and that they can be placed inside
the box.
2. Place one mirror at a 45° angle to the base of the box, so
that the side of the box where the mirror is touching the
base of the box, is facing you.  Tape the mirror in this
position.
3. Mark where the center of this mirror is, on the box.  Make
a hole with a 2 cm diameter at the marked spot.
4. Place the second mirror at a 45° angle to the top of the
box, so that the mirror is touching the top of the box at
the side opposite where the first mirror is touching the
base.  Make sure that these two mirrors are parallel, and
facing one another.  Tape the mirror in position.
5. Place a hole at the place on the cardboard where the
center of the second mirror is located.  Make sure that
this hole is on the opposite side of the box from where the
first hole was made.
6. How does a periscope work?
Periscopes use mirrors (or prisms angled at 45°) to alter the direction of light rays. In a
simple periscope, two flat mirrors each reflect light (usually at 90°). This allows the person
looking through the periscope to see over obstacles or over the heads of people in a crowd.
Periscopes are especially useful in submarines, because they allow the crew to see objects
on or above the surface.

Mirrors reflect light. The periscope mirrors are set at just the right angles so that the top one reflects
the view downwards and the bottom one reflects it into your eyesPeriscopes were used to look over
the top of trenches in the first world war.
Light always reflects away from a mirror at the same angle that it hits the mirror. In your periscope,
light hits the top mirror at a 45-degree angle and reflects away at the same angle, which bounces it
down to the bottom mirror. That reflected light hits the second mirror at a 45-degree angle and reflects
away at the same angle, right into your eyeThe atoms in some materials hold on to their
electrons loosely. In other words, the materials contain many free electrons that can jump
readily from one atom to another within the material. When the electrons in this type of
material absorb energy from an incoming light wave, they do not pass that energy on to
other atoms. The energized electrons merely vibrate and then send the energy back out of
the object as a light wave with the same frequency as the incoming wave. The overall effect
is that the light wave does not penetrate deeply into the material. In most metals,
electrons are held loosely, and are free to move around, so these metals reflect visible light
and appear to be shiny. The electrons in glass have some freedom, though not as much as
in metals. To a lesser degree, glass reflects light and appears to be shiny, as well. In
acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar. In geology, it is important in the study of
seismic waves. Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water. Reflection is observed
with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light. Reflection of VHF and higher
frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar. Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can
be reflected at shallow angles with special "grazing" mirrors.

PERDANA MENTERI PERTAMA

NAMA: Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj
TARIKH LAHIR: 8 Februari 1903
GELARAN: Bapa Kemerdekaan
TEMPOH BERKHIDMAT: 31 Ogos 1957 hingga 21 September 1970
JASA Tunku Abdul Rahman yang tidak boleh dilupakan apabila beliau berjaya
membawa kemerdekaan
kepada negara tanpa sebarang pertumpahan darah. Beliau menjadi pemimpin
Umno Malaya Pertama.
Tunku menyarankan tilawah al-Quran dijadikan acara utama negara dan
Pertandingan Musabaqah al-
Quran peringkat antarabangsa pertama berlangsung pada 9 Mac 1961.
Tunku juga membentuk Dasar Pelajaran Kebangsaan (1956), Dasar Kebudayaan
dan Akta Bahasa
Kebangsaan (1963/67) yang menandakan beliau mementingkan pendidikan
anak bangsanya.
Nama Tunku terus dikenang sebagai pemimpin berwibawa apabila berjaya
membentuk Malaysia pada
16 September 1963 yang awalnya merangkumi Persekutuan Tanah Melayu,
Borneo Utara (Sabah),
Sarawak dan Singapura.
Ada pengkritik sejarah mengatakan tindakan Tunku menyingkir Singapura
daripada Malaysia selepas
penyertaan Parti Tindakan Rakyat (PAP) pada pilihan raya umum 1964
sehingga menimbulkan
ketegangan kaum Melayu dan Cina, adalah satu kesilapan besar kerana ia
menyebabkan Singapura
nekad berpisah dari Malaysia pada 1965.
Tunku juga terkenal sebagai pemimpin yang mementingkan perpaduan, malah
sanggup berkorban apa
saja demi kesejahteraan rakyat. Namun, usahanya tidak berjaya apabila
rusuhan kaum tercetus pada 13
Mei 1969.
Tunku meninggal dunia pada 6 Disember 1990 di Hospital Besar Kuala Lumpur
dan disemadikan di
Makam Di Raja Langgar, Alor Star.