12/4/2015

PopulationBiology
Whatdeterminesthesizeandpersistenceof
populationsingivenhabitats?
Abioticfactors

Water
Temperature
Climate
Nutrients

Bioticfactors
Preyorfoodspecies
Competitors
Predators

PopulationBiology:Abioticfactors
Oceancurrentsdistribute
heatandmoisture

Colder,
drier

Gyres:
Clockwisein
Northern
hemisphere
Warmer,
wetter

coldwateron
westernside,
warmwateron
easternside

Kelpbeds.

Coralreefs

PopulationBiology:Abioticfactors
Topography:Mountains
Temperature
Colder
Cooling,
raining

Dry

Warm,moist
Warmer

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PopulationBiology:Abioticfactors
SugarMaples
(Acersaccharum)
Whyaremaples
physiologicallylimited?
Ecophysiology
South:hotsummers
(max=24270 C)
North:coldwinters
(min=180 C)
West:droughtyears.
Predictdistributionwithscenariosofclimatechange.

PopulationBiology:Abioticfactors
Adaptationtoenvironmentalconditions
Leafshape&venation!
RosettaStone
Fossilleaf=
Ancientenvironment!

Sack&Scoffoni 2013

PopulationBiology:Abioticfactors
Climatechange&anthropogeniceffects:

Coral

Algal
12o increaseinT
>2o increaseinT
orpollution
Cooperetal.
2015:Model

Temperatureincrease
Overfishing
Eutrophication

Muthukrishnan
&Fong,2014

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PopulationBiology
Whatdeterminesthesizeandpersistenceof
populationsingivenhabitats?
Abioticfactors

Water
Temperature
Climate
Nutrients

Bioticfactors
Preyorfoodspecies
Competitors
Predators

PopulationBiology:Bioticfactors
Intertidalcommunities(Paine1961)
Pisaster

Thias

chitons

limpets

barnacles

Mytilus

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PopulationBiology:Demographics

BirthRate

Whenb&d
areconstant=
densityindependent
growth
Whenbord
change=
density
dependent
growth.
Populationsize

PopulationBiology:Demographics
Negativedensitydependence
Populationgrowsloweraspopulationsize
increases
Lackofresources(morecompetition)
Attractmorepredators/disease

Positivedensitydependence
Populationsgrowslowerordeclinewhen
populationsizeissmall
Allee effect
Maybehardtofindmates
Lifehistorymaydependonlargepopulationsize.

BirthRate

PopulationBiology:Demographics

Populationsize

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PopulationBiology:Demographics
Allee effect:
Passengerpigeon.

Allee
effect:
White
abalone
Stierhoff et
al.(2012)
Over
harvested;
noevidence
ofrecovery.

PopulationBiology:Demographics
PassengerPigeon
FoundineasternNorthAmerica
Oncethemost abundantbirdintheworld

singleflockestimatedtohave>2.2billionbirds
took3daystopassoverhead(1813)
by1860sgonefromeasternstates
1878:1huntershipped3millionbirdsfromMichigan;by
1889noneleftinthestate
in1899lastpigeonseeninwild(andshot!)
lastpigeondiedinCincinnatizoo(1914)

Allee effectinreproductivebiology.

PopulationBiology
Whatdeterminesthesizeandpersistenceof
populationsingivenhabitats?
Modelsinecology(Levins):Populationbiology
Predict
1.
2.
3.
4.

Populationsizeandstability
Effectsofcompetition
Effectsofresourcelimits
Predatorpreyinteractions

12/4/2015

PopulationBiology
Individualorganisms
Reproduce
Withinapopulation:
demographics
Die
Migrate Acrosspopulations:dispersal.

Populationschangeinnumber
Mathematicalrelationshipsthat
trackandpredictchangesin
numbers.

PopulationBiology:Demographics
Organismshaveabirthrate(b)
Organismshaveadeathrate(d)
Percapitapopulationgrowthrate:r
=b d
Populationnextgeneration=
populationthisgeneration+change
Nt+1 =Nt +rNt,or
Letnetreproductiverate,R0 =r+1
Nt+1 =R0Nt

UnconstrainedPopulationGrowth:
2parents&populationdoublesevery
generation(R0 =2):
n= 0
1
2
3
4
5
13
19

Nt = 2
Population=Nt xR0n
Nt+n =R0nNt
4
8
16
32
Exponential
64
orGeometric
>10,000
Growth.
>1,000,000

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UnconstrainedPopulationGrowth:
4000

800

3000

600

Human
Population
Growth.

400
200
0

2000
1000

10

9 10

People(inmillions)

5000

1000

Generation

Constrained PopulationGrowth:
Limitstogrowth(food,space,predators,
competition)
Nt+1 =Nt +rNt
Newpopulation=oldpopulation+
change
rNt =dN/dt
Changeinbordwithrespectto
populationsizeindicatesconstrained
populationgrowth.

PopulationBiology:Demographics
DefinedN/dt byafunctionsensitivetopopulation
size(negativefeedbackterm)
dN/dt =rNt(KNt)/K
K=carryingcapacityofenvironment
Newpopulation=oldpopulation+change
Nt+1 =Nt +rNt(KNt)/K
Logisticgrowthequation
WhenK>>Nt,populationgrowsexponentially
WhenNt >K,populationdecreases
WhenNt =K,populationisstable.

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PopulationBiology:Demographics
Logisticgrowthequation
Nt+1 =Nt +rNt(KNt)/K
Nt =150
K=200
r=2

PopulationBiology:Demographics
Logisticequation
Dependingonthervalue
A

PopulationBiology:Demographics
MacCauley &Murdoch(1987)
Daphnia andalgae inlakes

Bothspecies:B

Pattern1:Bothstableovertime

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PopulationBiology:Demographics
MacCauley &Murdoch(1987)
Daphnia andalgae inlakes

Bothspecies:C
Pattern2:Bothcycleovertime

PopulationBiology:Demographics
MacCauley &Murdoch(1987)
Daphnia andalgae inlakes
Algae:A
Daphnia:C

Pattern3:Dapnia cycle,algaestable

PopulationBiology:Demographics
HowoftenarespeciespopulationsnearK?
1.Rarely:rselected
Flies
PopulationcrashbeforereachingK
Birthanddeathratesaredensity
independent
Selectionfavorsrapidreproductionand
quantityattheexpenseofquality.

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PopulationBiology:Demographics
2.Often:Kselected
Largecarnivores
Birthanddeathratesaredensity
dependent
Selectionfavorsslowerreproduction
andqualityattheexpenseofquantity
Truth=thereisanrtoKcontinuumand
allspeciescanbeeitherrorKselected
dependingonenvironmentalconditions.

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