1

Topic
To investigate the factors that can help the students to cope up with online studies or
online exams in even urgent or final exam situations

2
Table of Contents

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................3

Introduction............................................................................................................................3
Research Background.............................................................................................................3
Purpose of Research...............................................................................................................6
Problem Statement.................................................................................................................6
1.5 Research Questions..........................................................................................................6
1.6 Research Objectives.........................................................................................................6
1.7 Scope of the Research......................................................................................................7
1.8 Significance of the research.............................................................................................7
1.9 Dissertation Plan..............................................................................................................8
1.10 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................10
2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................10
2.1 Concept and Emergence of Online Exams in Academics..............................................10
2.3 Importance of Online Studies or Exams in Education...................................................11
2.4 Theories of Learning......................................................................................................12
2.5 Issues Faced By Students While Studying For Exams..................................................13
2.6 Extent To Which Online Mediums Are Used For Exam Preparation............................14
2.7 Strategies For Effective Learning While Exams............................................................17
2.8 Research Gaps................................................................................................................21
2.9 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 03: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................23
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................23
3.2 Research Design.............................................................................................................23
3.3 Research Approach.........................................................................................................24
3.4 Research Paradigm.........................................................................................................24
3.5 Research Strategy and Instrument..................................................................................25
3.6 Sampling and Sample Size.............................................................................................26
3.7 Accessibility Issues........................................................................................................27
3.8 Pilot Testing....................................................................................................................27

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3.9 Data Collection and Analysis.........................................................................................27
3.10 Ethical Consideration...................................................................................................28
Respect for Persons...................................................................................................28
Informed Consent......................................................................................................28
Anonymity.................................................................................................................29
Confidentiality...........................................................................................................29
3.11 Chapter Summary.........................................................................................................29
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................30
APPENDICES........................................................................................................................37
Appendix A: Questionnaire..................................................................................................37

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CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The first chapter of the research refers to introductory chapter that encompasses of research
objectives and questions. This chapter empowers the readers to identify the line of the action
adopted by the researcher in order to resolve the highlighted issues. The present study aims to
investigate the factors that can help the students to cope up with online studies or online
exams in even urgent or final exam situations; therefore, this chapter entails the significance
and scope of the particular study. In addition to this, an illustration of the dissertation map has
also been demonstrated in the later part of this chapter. Hence, the detailed discussion over
the above mentioned segments have been represented as under,
Research Background
Online studies is the advanced form studying that has eliminated the other formalities of
attending class on particular time in particular dress code (Zimmerman, 2012). The trend of
online studies has been emerged when the sharing of information around the world became
easy and convenient. Moreover, the author further stated that the emergence of online studies
has been started after 1960 when the world was becoming globalized because of internet. The
university of Illinois scientists created a classroom system which was based on linked
computer terminals for the first time in the history of world. Furthermore, the students in that
classroom listen to the lectures in the form of television or audio devices and the students
were able to access informational resources while listening to that lecture (Moseley, Herbert,
Maher, Sherrington and Elkins, 2011). According to Simonson and Zvacek (2014), the
concept of virtual classes was viral and has been adopted by different universities around the
world but online exams are still not adopted in huge ratio. The author continued by stating
that online exams are still has not gained the popularity around the as compared to online
classes due to lack of reliability and trust of teachers and students on online testing system.
According to Salmon (2013) British education has been recognized around the globe for its
high quality. It is further stated that people around the world wants to graduate from UK
universities which shows the demand of UK from the world. However, it is difficult for many
people to afford the expense of getting education from UK (Buckingham and Willett, 2013).
It is further stated that the limited accommodation in campuses and other related issues has
made it difficult for UK universities to enrol all the deserving candidates. Murphy, Walker

5
and Webb (2013) discussed that online classes has solved this problem as top universities of
UK have started online classes including University of Liverpool in coop, School of Oriental
and African studies, Anglia Ruskin University and many other universities also. Leask and
Pachler (2013) mentioned that UK has become one of the top countries that offer online
classes to the students around the world. It is further stated that the universities that provide
distant learning have highly efficient e-learning software and extensive digital recourses. As
Coughlan (2013) discussed that UK has invested in the biggest online university project that
has involved more than 20 universities that were offering free online courses. The name of
the projects was Future Learn that enables those universities to enter into the global market
by making it convenient by students to follow the class on the mobile phones as well as on
their computers. However, Salmon (2012) discussed that online studies in UK has been
increased not only by foreign students instead it has facilitated the local students as well. The
author further stated that this changing trend of learning has supported the lifestyle of people
in UK as well because the students of college and universities are mostly independent
therefore, they by themselves for living.
The students in UK faces many issues in receiving their higher education as Akyol and
Garrison (2011) stated that the increasing expense of college and university fees is the biggest
problem of all. The author further stated that because it is the trend of UK that most of the
students that receives higher education are responsible for managing the expense of college
by their own therefore, the increasing fees is negatively impacting the students. However,
Wu, Wu, Chen, Kao, Lin and Huang (2012) stated that it has been observed that the emerging
trend of online studies have made it convenient for the students to manage the expense of
their education. Moreover, the online studies are less expensive than traditional way of
learning and have provided the freedom of choice of studying at their desired time. Pedler
(2011) discussed that the traditional way of learning is very inflexible; therefore, it has been
observed that the students of UK were unable to maintain their time in job and education. It is
further stated that increasing the flexibility provided by online studies has made it easy for
students to afford the expense of their university by managing the time at work and as well as
in studying. On the other hand, Veletsianos and Navarrete (2012) criticized that online studies
has affected the quality of education because the students can only listen to the lecture
provided by the university and were unable to question or discuss any unclear concept.
Furthermore, it has been observed from the discussion of the previous author that though

6
online studies are the alternative of traditional learning but it still has not replaced the quality
of education.
Garrison, (2011) discussed that after distant learning, the need of online exams has also been
emerged. The foreign students that were enrolled in the UK universities have increased the
need of online exams therefore; many of the universities of UK have provided the solution to
this emerging need of online exams. It is mentioned by Harasim (2012) that online exams
involve high risk of cheating therefore, the online certificate and degree are still not
equivalent to the traditional classroom exams. However, Payne, Wharrad and Watts (2012)
discussed that online testing system reduces the workload of teachers and eliminates the error
in checking. Furthermore, it is stated that online exams are strict in managing time as the
paper becomes disabled and is directly sent to the examiner when the time exceeds from the
given limit.
Regardless of the various limitations and challenges associated with online education, it is
observed that the students are increasingly opting for this medium of education due to the
convenience it offers. Due to the increasing demand, the faculty often find it difficult to
manage the workload they have to take while conducting an online lecture session (Allen and
Seaman, 2008). Furthermore, the faculty who has never conducted online lectures often lack
training in this aspect and are reluctant to conduct the online lectures regardless of the
demand from the students. Simultaneously, the students also face challenges of managing
time and autonomy that is deemed essential for pursuing an online course. Another major
concern of online study is that it lacks interactive environment which is a concern of both
students and the faculty. The students are often found of the view that teachers do not engage
in the conversations and dialogues with them while conducting online lectures and the
courses are taught by the teachers in isolated settings (Chafkin, 2013).
Despite of these challenges, it is predicted that the demand for online education will continue
to grow due to increasing cost of living in the society. Furthermore, the demand for the online
courses has risen more significantly in community based educational networks whose
students seek more flexible study hours due to the community services they are involved in.
The reason community college students are more inclined towards the online education
system is that it facilitates them in managing their work and family related responsibilities
and they only are able to manage their study through online education system (Moore and
Kearsley, 2011)

7
Purpose of Research
The purpose of the present study is to identify such methods which can help students in
coping up with the online studies or online exams in final exam situations. As the phenomena
of electronic learning is increasing stimulating the academic competition; therefore, this study
aspires to identify such factors that hinders the process of learning. In addition to this,
through this study the researcher also aims to recognize such elements that possess the ability
to add value in the development of effective learning carried forward by the students with the
help of online mediums.
Problem Statement
With the help of the research background the main problem of the study has been identified
which is destined to highlight the factors that can help students in coping up with the online
studies or online exams in even urgent or final exam situations.
1.5 Research Questions
In order to attain the predefined problem statement, the questions which the present study
aims to articulate have been demonstrated as under,

What is the importance of online studies in education?

What are the challenges encountered by the students while studying for exams?

What is the degree of integration of online studies in exam in the studies?

What are the methods through which students can cope up with online studies or
online exams in final exams?

What would be the possible strategies or recommendations to the students and

teachers in order to ensure effective learning through online mediums?

1.6 Research Objectives

The objectives of the study are considered as one of the most important part of the entire
study that reflects the line of action adopted by the researcher in order to resolve the issue.
Moreover, the research objectives also facilitate the researchers in streamlining the entire

8
study into the unified point (Gliner, Morgan and Leech, 2011). The present research aims to
identify the methods through which students can cope up with online studies or online exams
in even urgent or final exam situations; therefore, the objectives of the current study has been
represented as under,

To study the significance of online studies in education

To identify the issues faced by students while studying for exams

To determine the level of integration of online studies in exams

To explore the ways through which students can cope up with online studies or online
exams in final exams

To recommend strategies to the students and to the teachers in order to ensure

effective learning

1.7 Scope of the Research

The scope of the particular study depicts the areas upon which the results of the research can
be applied, the studies possessing wide scopes adds value in ensuring the growth and
progress of the particular domain (Jonker and Pennink, 2010). The scope of the present study
is widespread, making the results of the particular study generalize-able upon various
domains. Thus, the present study that aims to identify the factors that can help the students to
cope up with online studies or online exams in even urgent or final exam situations; therefore,
this study is applicable on the students attaining online education across Europe. In addition
to this, the research is also applicable for the software houses that develop such software that
aid online education and learning; which would help instigating the overall profitability
margins of the software houses. Furthermore, the results of this study would also add a
substantial value within the body of knowledge and would be enrich the theoretical
foundations concerning electronic learning and exam preparations.
1.8 Significance of the Research
The significance of the particular study refers to the capability of the research to various
domains and areas. These areas may include organizations, governments, and policymakers
along with general public and within the body of knowledge (Gliner, Morgan and Leech,

9
2011). As the present study aims to identify the factors that can help the students to cope up
with online studies or online exams in even urgent or final exam situations; therefore, this
study significant for the policy makers of the universities. In addition to this, this study is also
beneficial for the students acquiring education through online mediums and would help them
in resolving the encountered issues in an effective manner. The results of this study would
also empower students to utilize the online mediums in a productive manner and to acquire
good grades against the class fellows. Furthermore, the results of this research are also
important for the teachers that upload their tutorials on online mediums such as websites and
blogs etc. All in all the completion of this research would also provide sufficient remedies to
the students in order to cope up with the issues encountered by them while studying for the
exams and tests.
1.9 Dissertation Plan
As the present study aims to identify the factors that can help the students to cope up with
online studies or online exams in even urgent or final exam situations; therefore, the entire
dissertation comprises of five major segments. The very first segment of research is termed as
the introductory chapter which demonstrates the research questions along with the
significance and the scope of the study. In addition to this, the second chapter of the
dissertation is called the literature review in which broad perspectives of the highlighted issue
has been explored with the help of the point of views expressed by the prior researchers. The
third chapter of this research is named as the methodology in which the techniques and
procedures deployed by the researcher have been in order to attain the research objectives of
the study. Moreover, the fourth chapter of the study is termed as the portion of data analysis
in which the statistical inferences and evaluations are made by the researcher regarding the
particular domain. Finally, the last chapter of the research refers to the decisive chapter called
the chapter of the conclusion and recommendations. The figure illustrated below depicts the
dissertation plan of the present study,

10

Figure 1: Dissertation Map

(Source: Authors Own).

1.10 Chapter Summary

The completion of this chapter revealed that the present study aims to articulate the factors
that can help the students to cope up with online studies or online exams in even urgent or
final exam situations. In addition to this, it has also been identified that the basic aim of this
study is to identify the challenges encountered by the students while studying for exams
along with the degree of integration of online studies in exam in the studies. Furthermore, the
scope of the present study is widespread that ultimately make the results of the particular
study generalize-able upon various domains which may include students attaining online
education across Europe. Moreover, the results of this study would also empower students to
utilize the online mediums in a productive manner and to acquire good grades against the
class fellows.

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CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
This chapter has discussed the main variables of the research that includes the online studies
and final exam situations. Moreover, the literature and past theories on the variables has been
discussed critically in this chapter in order to develop useful information that helps in better
understanding of the concepts. The importance of online studies and exams in education is
also discussed critically in this chapter. From the discussion in the variables, the research gap
on the variables has been identified and is discussed in detail in this chapter of research.
2.1 Concept and Emergence of Online Exams in Academics
The assessments of students via internet and through specially designed software are referred
as online exams or e-examination (Friedman, 2012). It is further stated that online studies and
exams are the emerging trend of this era because it eliminates the geographical barriers for
the students that live across the border and make it possible for them to study from anywhere
around the world. Moreover, Knowles, Holton and Swanson (2014), discussed that education
is the basic key of development and growth because it involves learning that helps the man to
develop socially and intellectually as well. The author further stated that though learning
capabilities of individuals varies but still in todays world these capabilities are judge on the
basis of examinations. In support, Renn, Allen and Huning (2011), stated that personality of
individual is primarily judged by the examination therefore, the importance of examination
has increased in schools, college, universities and even in offices during the recruitment
process. However, Yeh (2014) criticized that judging learning capabilities of individual on the
basis of examination can be categorized as narrow thinking.
According to Gathuri, Luvanda and Kamundi (2014), the trend of online examination is
emerging in todays world due to the increase in the importance of examination in the growth
and success of individual. One of the reasons behind the emergence of online exam is
globalization that has made the world global village and has made the sharing of information
easy and convenient. Abubakar and Adebayo (2014) discussed the concept of online
examination that it provides time limit to candidate to attempt the assessment. Moreover, the
answers are automatically delivered to the examiner after the expiry of given time and the
paper disables at the exact times. Some of the systems provide immediate results especially in

12
the cases of objective type of papers whereas some answers are checked manually by the
examiner and results are announced on their website or sent through emails. In contrast,
Chiemeke and Daodu (2015) argued that the strict policies regarding the timing of online
examination have a negative impact on the performance of the candidates.
Moore and Kearsley (2011) discussed the emergence of online exams in academics started
after the increasing trend of continuous learning and training. The author further stated that
these online exams have provided convenience to the candidates that are unable to attend
classes due to their job or any other reason but are able to get the certificates and have
academic reports. Furthermore, Cheng, Pare, Collimore and Joordens (2011), stated that one
of the main reasons behind the emergence of online examination is its flexibility and
effectiveness. It has eliminated the traditional way of slow examination process that has made
online examination efficient and effective way of getting required certificates or academic
reports. However, Malik and Coulson (2010) argued that though it is more efficient than
traditional way of examination but it has not replaced the experience of traditional
examination that has affected the learning capabilities of the students.
2.3 Importance of Online Studies or Exams in Education
According to Rennie and Morrison (2013), the future of higher education is learning through
internet. In continuation it was further discussed that the main reason behind the emerging
trend of online learning is the increasing independency in the college and university students.
Their commitments with their job and with family demands equal time which has made it
difficult for them to manage their time with studies as well. Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer
and Shogren (2013), discussed that online studies provides the option to the students to attend
the class and to study on their own preferred time. Moreover, online studies have provided
the benefit to the institutions that are unable to provide accommodation to all deserving
student due to lack of space in campus to enrol them and provides online teaching and testing
facilities. In contrast, Dawson (2010), argued that though online learning has provided
various benefits to students but it has unable to replace the effectiveness of traditional
classroom discussion. In continuation, it is further stated that the discussion between the
student and teacher helps in developing better understanding of concept and it also increases
the knowledge of the students.
Christensen and Eyring (2011) discussed the importance of online studies in education by
stating that it has promoted the education by lowering its expense. Furthermore, it is stated

13
that online studies provides same level of knowledge and information to all its students from
around the world. Savery (2015) supported this by stating that by providing same level of
knowledge and information to all the students improves the quality of education. It is further
stated that without online education system, it is very difficult to share the equal level of
education around the world and the expense will also be increased. From the view point of
Allen and Seaman (2010), online learning system has provided the variety of programs and
course to the students. The author further discussed that through online studies, the students
can study the subject of their own choice rather than studying the restricted subject in the
traditional four year program. However, Cummins, Johnson and Adams (2012), argued that
this variety restricts the learning of the students on their desired subjects whereas the subjects
in four year university program are designed by professionals to provide the relevant learning
that will be needed in future.
According to Singh (2013), the interference of technology is increasing in every sector
therefore, online studies and exams are necessary in order to develop their new computer
skills as well. Additionally, the author further stated that this online learning process help the
learners to navigate different management systems and programs. Duffy (2014), disused the
importance of online studies in education that it helps the students to learn to operate the
basic function of internet including creating, and sharing documents, incorporating the
information from audio and video material into the assignments and other relevant functions.
Moreover, the author stated that this training of computer skills not only helps the student in
their education but it will also be helpful in their professional lives. However, Crawford
(2013), criticized that this emergence of technology in education has negatively affected the
quality of teaching because it has eliminated the traditional way of higher education which
includes projects, team work and group studies.
2.4 Theories of Learning
There are different theories of learning as Siemens (2014) discussed one of the Behaviourism
theory of learning which states that learning is mainly based on the change in behaviour due
to acquisition, reinforcement and due to the application of association of the stimulate with
environment that results in observable responses of the learner. This process is also known as
operant conditioning. According to Martinez (2010), the response of the learner to the stimulus
is reinforced when it is followed by positive reinforcement and vice versa. Moreover, the
author stated that by repetition and by exercising it continuously the response to the stimulus

14
becomes stronger. In the view of Bell (2010), the behaviourism is deeply rooted in human
subconscious therefore; online learning still uses behaviouristic principles extensively in its
instructional design. Keskin and Metcalf (2011) stated that the main aim of behaviouristic
oriented instructional design in online learning is to provide stimuli to the learners that help
them to demonstrate the desired behaviours that prove the effectiveness of learning.
However, De Jong (2010) discussed the other theory of learning that is cognitive psychology
which contradicts with the principles of behaviourism theory of learning. The theory has
moved a step ahead from operant conditioning and has mainly paid attention to the
phenomena of mental complexity of people. Laurillard (2013) discussed that in cognitive theory,
learning is perceived as the acquisition of knowledge where the learner acts as the
information processor. It is further discussed that the information is absorb by the learners
and then the learner undertakes cognitive operations on that learning which then stores it in
the mind of learner. E-learning through this theory is very helpful in teaching the students as
Woolf (2010)

stated that this theory supports the learning though lecture and textbooks.

Furthermore, through this theory, e-learning can be more effective by providing lectures by
teachers and notes to the students which help them in memorizing the concepts in their mind
and then practically implement them.
However, Mayer and Alexander (2011) criticized that cognitive theory is not effective instead
experimental learning theory should be followed by e-learning because it is more effective.
The author also discussed the theory of experimental learning that it states that learning can
only be facilitated because no one can directly teach the other person. Moreover, it is stated
that learning only occurs when it is self initiated. Wrzesien and Raya (2010) discussed that
experimental learning theory is effective in online learning because there is lack of interaction
and examples from practical life in online learning. In continuation, it is stated that by
following experimental theory in online learning helps in developing the interest of the
students to initiates the learning which will lead to actual learning.
2.5 Issues Faced By Students While Studying For Exams
Student faces different issues while studying for exams as Pekrun, Goetz, Daniels, Stupnisky
and Perry (2010) discussed that the main problem while studying for exam is lack of
concentration. It is further discussed that lack of concentration makes it difficult for students
to grasp the concept behind words and develop the understanding behind the concept. Marks,
Harley, Bradman, Kogut, Barr, Johnson and Eskenazi (2010) stated that main reason behind

15
the lack of concentration of students is either the exam stress or anxiety. Moreover, the author
stated that this lack of concentration negatively affects the performance of student in their
exams. However, Rosen, Carrier and Cheever (2013) argued that the main issue faced by
students while preparing for exams is the unavailability of extra notes and material to study.
The irresponsible behaviours of students throughout the year or semester cause them this
problem of unavailability of notes that makes it difficult for students to prepare for exam.
Moreover, the lack of responsiveness on the queries of studies indentified while studying is
also one of the most common problem with the student while studying before exams
(O'Connor, Bocian, Beebe-Frankenberger and Linklater, 2010).
It is further discussed that this issue force students to change their studying style and try to
memorize the notes without understanding the concepts behind the words. However, Ball,
Skerrett and Martinez (2011) criticized that this problem has been solved by internet because
now students can get any notes and information from internet. The author further stated that
the main problem faced by students is due to lack of practical education. In support, Graham
(2011) stated that the main focus is on theoretical knowledge which makes it difficult for
students to remember. Moreover, this theoretical way of learning negatively affects the
motivation and encouragement of students while studying for exams. The other common
issue faced by students while studying before exam is lack of time as Levine (2012) stated
lack of time increases the anxiety of students and makes it difficult to study with
concentration. Gibala, Little, MacDonald and Hawley (2012) argued that time stress not only
affect the concentration of students instead it also increase the exam anxiety that causes blank
mind while attempting the paper.
2.6 Extent to Which Online Mediums Are Used For Exam Preparation
Online study mediums are getting common day by day as the living is being dependent on
online sources; the academic lives are also shifting towards online mediums. However, online
mediums are considered as very useful for the students to learn and increase their knowledge
as online mediums are open-ended and vast information is obtained on a particular topic.
There are many benefits of using online websites and tools that help the students to learn and
gain knowledge and help them to prepare for their exams by visiting different related
websites and going through the critical analysis being provided by different people (Burgess,
Slate, Rojas-LeBouef and LaPrairie, 2010). Moreover, it is also beneficial in revising and
preparing for examination. This trend of personalised learning is important for all students

16
belonging to different natures. Every student has a different way of learning and
understanding things. Some students are learn by visuals and some benefit from reading
different content available online on different websites or relevant articles. The technology is
enhancing day by day providing students with various ways of learning and accessibility to
gain knowledge and experience different aspects. Online studies provide ability for the
students to learn in a way that suits their need and satisfy them (Shea and Bidjerano, 2010).
According to Ryan, Shochet and Stallman, (2010) the online mediums for students include
websites, articles, preparation tests, tutorials, quiz etc. Online teachers are also available for
the students if they want to take proper classes and understand the problems they are coming
across Digital age is highly effective for the students to study for their exams and bridge the
gap between their knowledge and learning mediums. In agreement Cheng, Pare, Collimore
and Joordens, (2011), stated that the technology is updating day by day and it is leaving an
effective impact on the studies of the students. The accessibility of the online content is
highly effective for the students to cope up with the learning process of the students. The
material and content that is available online for the students to study and prepare for the exam
has been compiled by the different professional and instructors and it provide the students
with a broader perspective of the study.
In the view of Watson and Sottile, (2010) the critical aspects that are essential to ask in online
mediums of learning are basically appropriate use of technologies. The questions include
desired learning outcomes from the teachings that are available online for the students to
benefit from. The instructional strategies are employed in order to facilitate the learning
outcomes. The unique educational features of each medium and technology along with
learning and teaching requirements are another main aspect of the learning process. The
resources of the online studies that is available for the students to analyse the importance of
instructional strategies. The usage of technology is based on different aspects that are
essential for the students to make effective use of the resources that are available online. In
contrary Akyol and Garrison, (2014) stated that the learning process involves two separate
aspects; obtaining knowledge of facts, principles, ideas, concept events and relationships and
the use or processing of the knowledge to develop the skills. This is never considered as a
learning aspect that is based on the identification of the concepts and the principles that are
needed to underpin the skills that are another valid reason for working. However, Dell, Low
and Wilker, (2010) stated that the learning content and the skills development is often

17
integrated in any learning process. The media and the content that is represented in different
forms vary in the symbols and the systems. The way in which the content is being presented
influence the readers to read and understand it and take maximum help from it. Computer and
online sources are similar to the books that the students use to read in the past era as the
books were only source to study for the exams. However, in this era books have been
replaced by the online content, articles, websites and books.
The figure below shows the mediums that are used by the students to study online for their
exams. The figure below depicts the steps that are involved in the learning process. The
media characteristics are further divided into the instructional strategies that are developed
for providing learning and knowledge to the students and the availability of the resources
play an important role in dealing with the main aspects of the learning process. The
characteristics that are affiliated by the media and online sources play an important role that
leads to the learning outcomes (Liu, Chen, Sun, Wible and Kuo, 2010).

Figure 2: Four Steps of Mediums of Study

(Source: Hargittai, Fullerton, Menchen-Trevino and Thomas, 2010).

Online mediums are also essential for the students to develop their skills provide them with
the confidence to groom their reading and searching skills in order to help them find out the
relevant sources related to their academics These sources even help them to study and prepare
for their examination. Comprehension is at a minimal level that leads to the main aspects that

18
are intellectual level to obtain favourable outcomes. Moreover, it has been developed as a
necessary skill to identify and evaluate the aspects along with the problem solving situations.
2.7 Strategies for Effective Learning While Exams
The strategies of effective learning consist of different aspects that are based on the skills of
the students to study and the effective concepts of learning that are the base of students to
solve their academic issues and the hurdles that are coming in their way of studies (Clarke
and Braun, 2013). The study skills include

Managing the time and study environments to concentrate and be more focused.
Reading the text books or online books that are purely related to the academics is

included in the study skills.

The study skills even include the listening power and habits of the students while a
lecture is being delivered to them. However, the students even take notes using visual

organizers that effective stimulus to boost the interest of the students.

Conducting the research is another main skill that is developed in the students to

identify the reason and the concept of the academic issues.

Taking the test is a major skill that is developed in the students so that they could be
assessed on the basis of their learning and knowledge.

According to Novak, (2010) the concept of learning is effective way of dealing with the main
aspect of learning process that deals with the different concepts that are based on the self
learning and assessing the knowledge possessed by an individual to define the main aspects
that are related to the learning strategies that are getting to know the big picture and dealing
with the detailed information that has been provided in order to find out the background of
the topic under study that is basically undergone by the learner. Breaking the learning content
into meaningful portions is another main aspect that includes in the concept of learning.
In contradiction Dunlosky, Rawson, Marsh, Nathan and Willingham, (2013) stated that the
effective learning process is obtained by the willingness of the students to study, learn and
obtain benefits from the process. An effective learning comes from within the students and
they can never be forced to learn. This type of learning uses a lot of strategies to develop and
obtain the skills needed. The students who are effective learners are manageable, flexible and
they easily manage time for gaining knowledge and studying for the exams particularly.
However, motivating them and using the learning strategies in a proper way that leads to
increase in the academic performance.

19
According to Hwang and Chang, (2011) most of the students of different age and different
nature prefer to develop their own learning strategies and skills in order to fulfil the academic
requirements. The students that construct their own strategies are smart and they identify a
major learning task and a skill that is demanded by the minds of the students. Some of them
go through a lot of trouble in learning the content that is based on the academic necessity.
Moreover, these students develop strategies that are based on the problem faced by them to
address those issues in an effective way. In negation Cottrell, (2011) provided his view stating
that the teachers and the instructors should develop such strategies that are based on the
issues faced by the students related to the academic. The teachers and instructors should
develop the strategies that are essential for teaching the students in a better way. Moreover,
the work of the students should be evaluated maintaining good communication with the
students so that they are indulged in the effective learning process. In other words to evaluate
the learning strategies being developed by the instructors, the students should be taught to
implement it in their learning behaviours.
According to, Moore, Parker and Rosenstand, (2011) critical thinking skills for effective
learning is the study that includes the providing careful attention to the academics and
critically examining and investigating the topic that has been taught to the students. The ideas
and the concepts of the students should be evaluated with the critical thinking process. The
strategies should also be developed to explore the strategies that are generating the critical
thinking process. Moreover, learning the critical as well as collective learning can improve
the methods of thinking process and solving the problems of the students. In other words
(Richardson and Ice, (2010) stated that Bloomss taxonomy can be implemented for the
critical thinking process to deal with the main aspect that are related to the categorization of
the different objectives that the teachers and instructors to deal with the main learning
objectives. The educational objectives can be divided into three domains that are cognitive,
affective and psychomotor. It is based on a cognitive study that is evaluated on a pyramid that
depicts a step by step procedure.
The figure below shows the critical thinking in Blooms taxonomy is a process that is
conducted by the step by step procedure to create, remember, understand, apply, analyze,
evaluate and understanding of the thinking process. Online learning has provided various
benefits to students but it has unable to replace the effectiveness of traditional classroom
discussion. In persistence, it is additional stated that the conversation between the student and

20
teacher helps in developing better understanding of impression and it also boost the
knowledge of the students.

Figure 3: Bloom's Taxonomy Critical thinking process

(Source: Forehand, 2010).

The creation and invention of the plan to compose and construct the design and image based
in the main characteristics deals with the constructing of the images that are highly essential
for the students and important for their learning process. Evaluation is another process that
helps the find out the main aspects that are based on the justification of the learning process
of the students (Riazi and Mosalanejad, 2010). Application of the designed and constructed
plans and strategies of the students to find out the main aspects that are related to the
understanding of the students on the basis of the expected learning and outcomes that are
being taught. This whole process that is based on the critical thinking aspects is being
discussed to demonstrate the efforts of the instructors to help the students study for their
exams and increase their learning (Krathwohl and Anderson, 2010).
Thelack of concentration negatively affects the presentation of student in their exams.
However, Rosen, Carrier and Cheever (2013) argued that the main issue faced by students
while preparing for exams is the unavailability of extra notes and substance to study. The
negligent behaviours of students throughout the year or term cause them this problem of
unavailability of notes that makes it difficult for students to prepare for exam. Moreover, the
lack of sensitivity on the queries of studies indentified while studying is also one of the most
common trouble with the student while studying before exams.

21
According to Zachary, (2011) many people assume that effective learning process basically
differs from the perspective of difference between a potential and a weak student. There are
differences in the learning strategies that are based on the effective learning. The students are
able to learn faster and easier. The basic and common strategies are discussed below in detail;
Institution is a very significant part of effective learning as it is a proper place along with a
proper environment to help the students motive them and mould them in the respective
culture. It is an orderly space to study and gain academic information without distractions. All
the other students that are coming to the institute are being visiting for the same purpose
(Brown-Chidsey and Steege, 2011). Moreover, time management is a very important
component that plays a very significant role. It is the core responsibility of the students to
manage time according to their study needs and desires. The tips to study that are provided to
students on the educational institute are life time tips that always link with the students even
in the future career development as well. Furthermore, the strategies that are constructed by
the teachers and instructors are highly essential for to provide information on organization
and its importance (Cohen, 2014).
In the view of Perkins, (2010) studying for examination is the most the concluding aspect that
describes the main issues that are related to the discussions for attempting for the examination
and appearing for the exam. The things that should be taken care of while appearing for the
exam are also important for the students as it provides them with a feeling of encouragement
and motivation for their guides and teachers. These are the basic and the most important
strategies that are developed by the instructors to train and motivate the students for taking
the tests. The responsibility of the guides is also very strong to teach and instruct the students
for effective learning process and communicate the importance as well. It has reduced the
traditional way of slow examination process that has made online examination efficient and
effective way of getting required certificates or academic reports.
In contradiction Laurillard, (2013) the effective learning process is a matter of attitude only.
The students that have a positive attitude towards learning and gaining knowledge are always
looking for better content and they conduct different researches to deal with the main aspects
that are important to deal with the studies and examination process. Online examination and
studies are always a part of education and learning for the students and they never fear to
appear for online examination and studying by surfing the online websites, online books,
online articles etc. Moreover, the students who are capable enough find out the effective

22
measures to discuss the main aspects that are related to their academic issues in order to find
the outcomes and solutions.
2.8 Research Gaps
The research gap that has been identified after conducted the above review on the topic under
study is the lack of strategies related to the extract maximum information related to the
effective learning process for the students that is important to help them for preparing in their
exams and to study. Moreover, the information about the online mediums that are being used
by the students to study and prepare for their exams is lacking. This aspect of the topic is the
main gap in the research being conducted. Furthermore, the information on the methods that
is essential for the students to adopt for their learning are not elaborated in detail and they are
not being clearly stated by different authors. The theoretical perspective of the learning
process and the effective learning theories are also lacking as they are not discussed relevant
to the context of students learning and help them to prepare in the examination.
2.9 Chapter Summary
The chapter can be concluded explaining the concept of emergence of online examination in
the academics that is helpful for the students to study and using new technology. It has been
discussed that the online examination that are specifically constructed for the students to be
able to use technology in multiple aspects of their academic aspects. It will help the students
to get used to of these technologies that are emerging day by day. Moreover, it is also
important to generate the results quickly so that the students are able to know their progress
and in a short period of time. However, it is also beneficial for the instructors as the online
exams are checked by directly running software and decreases wastage of time and energy.
The next aspect that is being discussed in this particular chapter is the importance of online
studied or exams in education.
Online studies and exams are significant in education as they build up confidence in the
students to use the technology and online websites, books and articles. These online sources
are considered as highly essential for the students as they motivate the students to get used to
of using technology and controlling the online aspects. The issues faced by the students are
also discussed in this chapter as the technology is not being incorporated updated
everywhere. The strategies of the effective learning are also being discussed focusing on the
Blooms taxonomy critical thinking process. Furthermore, the gaps in the research are also

23
presented in the chapter discussing the information of online study mediums for students to
study that is lacking and the strategies that are not clearly presented in according of the topic
under study.

24

CHAPTER 03: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter of the research is of fundamental importance as it identifies the procedures
applied in the research to reach a certain result. The research design, approach and paradigm
are identified in this chapter of the research. Furthermore, the sampling technique for
identification of sample and the size of the sample provides the information regarding the
justification for choosing a specific sample. The accessibility issues faced while collecting the
data will provide the overview of hindrances that often emerge while conducting the research.
The data analysis technique is also highlighted which will be applied for conducting the
analysis of the obtained data. The ethical considerations that are kept intact during the
research are shared for ensuring that research has not used any immoral or illegal practices
while carrying out the study and towards the end the methodological aspects of the research
are summarized.
3.2 Research Design
The most important aspect of a research is use of appropriate methodology. The research
design provides a logical, controlled, convincing and rigorous exploration, explanation or
description of the information which is unknown. It also facilitates in identification of a cause
and effect relation and establishment of adequate information for describing a phenomenon
which helps in producing accurate results (Gray, 2013). Furthermore, the research design is
outlined on the basis of the objectives of the research or the investigation mode adopted for
the study. On the basis of objectives, four research designs are applicable to the research
which is exploratory, explanatory, co-relational and descriptive (De Vaus, 2013).
The current study has adopted the exploratory research design for studying the proposed
subject. The exploratory research design is deemed suitable in the current study because the
core objective of the research is to explore the ways through which students can cope up with
online studies or online exams in final exams. The rationale behind opting for the exploratory
research design is that this design is applicable when the objective of the research is to
explore the phenomenon which has not been studied adequately before and limited
information is available about it. This type of research is also conducted to identify the
possibility of a particular phenomenon which can be studied further or not. Another

25
justification behind using the exploratory design is that this research is conducted because
review of past literature did not provide adequate information about the phenomenon hence
the researcher has very limited knowledge about the phenomenon studied in the current
research.
3.3 Research Approach
The research approach is applied for establishing the hypotheses regarding the phenomenon
being studied. The research approaches are categorized as inductive and deductive and both
the approaches are also the logical direction employed to reach towards a conclusion. The
inductive approach takes into consideration the events and actions and makes generalizations
on the basis of it. In contrast, the deductive approach is valid when the research hypotheses
aim to arrive at a particular conclusion on the base of generalizations (Teddlie and
Tashakkori, 2009). The current study has adopted the inductive approach due to the fact that
objectives of the research aspire to make generalizations about how the students can cope
with the online studies and online exams during the final exams. The underlying principle
behind using the inductive reasoning for the current study is that this study will move from
observations of individual instances towards the formation of the supposition. The inductive
approach is also applicable in this study as this research will lead towards generalized
findings on the basis of examination of particular events regarding the phenomenon of the
study. In contrast, the deductive approach is not applicable in the current study because this
research is not testing the generally accepted principles, theories or a law which is the case in
the deductive study.
3.4 Research Paradigm
The research paradigm encompasses the practices and philosophies that are described on the
basis of ontology, epistemology and methodology. Paradigm is derived from Greek
terminology of Paradeigma which refers to the pattern. The research paradigm comprises of
the beliefs, norms, culture and values that are applied by the researchers on the basis of nature
of the research. The research paradigm hence consists of framework and pattern of
assumptions regarding the specific knowledge (Williams, 2011). The Research paradigms are
categorized as positivism and interpretivism which is most commonly applied philosophies in
the research. The paradigm of positivism is accredited to the philosophy of August Comte, a
French Philosopher. According to this philosophical paradigm, the observations and
experiments are most credible for understanding the behaviour of humans and the knowledge

26
can be measured on the objective criteria. In contrast to this, the paradigm of interpretivism
asserts that reality is formed on the basis of subjectivity of people through their experiences
and their belief are formed through the social environment that influences their though
process (Gliner, Morgan and Leech, 2011).
The philosophical paradigm applied in this research is of positivism. The rationale for
applying the positivist paradigm is that the information about the phenomenon is not been
studied prior to this research and the knowledge regarding it is obtained and examined
objectively to ensure that accurate generalization is made. The positivist approach is also
applied to the current study because the assumption of objectivity is maintained in the current
study for ensuring that the formation of the phenomenon is eliminated from the subjectivity.
3.5 Research Strategy and Instrument
The research strategy aspires to plan out the techniques that are to be used in the research. It
depicts the strategy that will be deployed for addressing the objectives of the research. The
research strategy describes how the primary or secondary will be collected for the research.
The strategies commonly used in research include surveys, case studies, action research,
experiments, reviews, forecasting, simulation, content analysis, scientific methods etc
(Hopkins, 2008).
In this current study the research strategy identified for achieving the objectives of the
research through collection of data is of survey. The underlying principle for choosing the
survey strategy is that it has enabled the research in collecting the information regarding the
subject of the research by administering online survey from the respondents who are
associated with online education. The survey strategy has also been useful for this study
because approaching the respondents through online surveys is easier and less time
consuming. The surveys are further categorized into cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys.
The cross-sectional survey is carried out when the survey aims to gather information about a
specific topic at a particular time. In contrast, longitudinal survey is carried out when the
research intends to gather information from two different time periods and uses it to examine
the changes. The current study has deployed the cross-sectional survey strategy because
information regarding the subject of the research is gathered for a specific time period and is
not used to examine the changes.

27
The research instrument is the apparatus through which the information is collected from the
respondents. The instruments commonly used in the scientific and academic research include
questionnaire, focus groups, case studies, empirical tests, scientific tests, evaluations, analysis
and various types of experiments (Jonker and Pennink, 2010). In correspondence with the
survey strategy, the instrument selected for the study is questionnaires. The questionnaire is
administered because conducting survey through close ended questionnaires is most feasible
according to the nature of the research. The questionnaire assisted the research by circulating
the designed questionnaires through emails to the respondents of the study.
3.6 Sampling and Sample Size
The sampling technique identifies the sample that is to be considered from the population for
the research. The sampling technique is divided into two types: probability and nonprobability sampling. In the probability sampling, every sample has an equal chance or
probability of being selected for the research. In contrast, in non-probability sampling, the
number of population is unknown or is unidentifiable so the sample that is selected on the
basis of five considerations. These considerations are quota sampling, convenience sampling,
judgmental sampling, snowball sampling and expert sampling (Gray, 2013). The convenience
based sampling method is adopted for the current study. This sampling is carried out because
it provided ease in accessing the sample as the most easily accessible respondents are selected
for the research through this method.
The sample size for the research is selected for identification of adequate number of
responses required to achieve the desired objectives of the research. The sampling frame
should comprise of the entire population relevant for the subject (Mitchell and Jolley, 2012).
The sampling frame for the current study is the students that are associated with the online
education system. The next step is to identify the adequate number of sample for the research
to attain its desired objectives. It is often deemed by the researchers that larger the sample
size the more accurate information it provides. In contrast, it is also asserted by some
researchers that if the characteristics of the population are uniform and the research is
exploratory or descriptive in nature than the small number of respondents are adequate to
make the information reliable.

28
In the current study, the sample size of 50 students associated with online education system is
identified which is selected from the information acquired from the websites of the online
education forums.
3.7 Accessibility Issues
There are various accessibility issues that are faced by researchers when carrying out an
online survey from the respondents who are often inaccessible physically by the researcher.
The most common issue faced during the administration of survey through internet based
medium is that the researcher cannot ensure that the respondents are providing genuine
responses. Other accessibility issue that was faced in this research are that firewalls and IP
address conflicts makes it uncertain that the respondents will get the questionnaire or not. It is
also uncertain if the respondents can deviate the research as the information provided by them
cannot be ensured to be accurate. For this purpose, the research designed the questionnaires
in a pattern which was aimed to identify the false responses from the participants.
Furthermore, the limitation of time and financial resources was another issue faced during
this research.
3.8 Pilot Testing
The pilot testing is the process of identifying the errors and flaws from the research
instruments used in the research. The pilot testing enables the researcher to ensure that the
instrument used for the research is able to produce unflawed and accurate results (Holloway
and Wheeler, 2013). For the current study, the pilot testing is conducted to verify is the
questions administered through questionnaire are comprehensive and are understood by the
participants in the manner they are expected to be understood. The identification of flaws and
discrepancies thus provided an opportunity to make the questionnaire more reliable for the
main study. The pilot test of the questionnaire was administered on 5 individuals who
responded to the questions. 2 respondents identified the structural flaws in the questions that
made them difficult to answer the questions so on the basis of their feedback these questions
were restructured and made more understandable for the respondents.
3.9 Data Collection and Analysis
The data collection is either done from the primary or secondary source of data. The primary
data is usually collected when the research requires collecting fresh information for achieving

29
the objectives of the research. In contrast, secondary information is gathered when the
adequate amount of information is already available regarding the subject which does not
creates the need for collecting fresh information (Reiners, 2012). The information in this
research is obtained through primary sources as the nature of this research is exploratory so it
requires collecting the fresh information to explore the phenomenon. The collected
information in this study is examined through the deployment of SPSS which is statistical
analysis software. The SPSS assisted in feeding the data obtained through questionnaires in
tabular form which is then analysed through cross-tabulation procedures. The cross-tabulation
has facilitated the research in analysing the relationship of age and gender on the responses
provided by the participants. The extent of dispersed responses on the basis of age and gender
is identified through the cross-tabulation process.
3.10 Ethical Consideration
The ethical considerations in the research involving the human subjects are identified as the
respect for persons, informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and self determination
which needs to be maintained while conducting the research (Cohen, Manion and Morrison,
2013).

Respect for Persons

This implies that respondents of the research should be provide impartial autonomy and the
research should ensure that the respondents are completely aware of the nature of the study
and the benefits, risks and alternatives associated with being the part of the research.
Furthermore, it also asserts that people who do not have right of autonomy such as children
or minor students should not be made part of the research (Baxter and Jack, 2008). For
keeping this consideration intact, the survey questionnaire is only administered to those
students who have complete autonomy and are informed about the pros and cons of being
part of the research.

Informed Consent

Informed consent is the ethical consideration emphasized by APA regarding making the
respondents aware that they are participating in the research on their free will and the
information they provide will be used for the purposes informed to them. Furthermore, the
research that is on the basis of secondary data does not require informed consent as the
information available publicly is employed in this form of research (Merriam and Tisdell,

30
2015). In the current study, as the nature of data is primary and it requires collecting first
hand information from the respondents so the consent form is provided along with the
questionnaire to attain their consent regarding the use of information provided by them.

Anonymity

The consideration of anonymity asserts that participants of the research are kept anonymous
while reviewing and publicizing their information (Angrist and Pischke, 2010). The
anonymity of respondents is ascertained by not obtaining the personal information of the
participants and only information regarding the topic of research is inquired from them.

Confidentiality

The ethical consideration of confidentiality implies that the personal information of the
participants is not revealed to the public without their consent (Christensen, Johnson and
Turner, 2011). The confidentiality of the participants of the research is ensured by conducting
the survey with anonymous respondents through online survey so the personal identity of the
respondents is not even revealed to the researcher.
3.11 Chapter Summary
This chapter established the methodological procedures applied for conducting the current
study. It is asserted that due to the nature of the topic, the exploratory research design is
applied to this research. The inductive research approach is used due to the exploratory
research design and the formation of theory on the basis of the inductive approach is made
possible. The paradigm of positivism is identified to be applicable in the research to ensure
the objectivity is maintained. The primary data is gathered through the conduction of survey
by administrating questionnaires online to the respondents. Furthermore, the data is analysed
by the use of cross-tabulation through SPSS. The ethical considerations are maintained for
making the research credible and reliable. The next chapter of the research will conduct the
in-depth analysis of the gathered information through descriptive and cross-tab analysis.

31

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APPENDICES
Appendix A: Questionnaire
The questionnaire has been designed to know the opinion of the participants in relation to
their opinion about the impact of outdoor advertisement on customers perception. It will be
utilize for the academic purposes. Your kind support is crucial for the successful completion
of this research project. Your responses will be anonymous; data will be combined and
analyzed as a whole. Please attempt to answer all the questions and tick one appropriate box
that best suits your perspective for each statement. Thank you very much for your time and
assistance
Respondents: Students in the UK
Demographics
Gender:

[ ] Male

Age: [ ] 18 22

[ ] Female
[ ] 23 27

[ ] 28 32

Issues in Online Education

Strongly
Agree
Online studies provide me facility to
access my courses only when I have
access to internet.
I tend to procrastinate in attending online
lecture due to ease of accessibility
without any attendance issue.
I believe that online study makes me less
prepared for online exams than the
textual study.
The online study has a negative impact
on my eye sight.

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Strongly
Disagree

39

I often feel sleepy while attending the

online study session.
Online study has reduced my ability to
give exams under strict supervision.
I believe that online study negatively
affect the interpersonal skills.
I am reluctant to attend college due to my
experience of attending online study
sessions for a long time.
I get bored from online study sessions
due to one sided communication in the
online study.
I consume more time in attaining the
conceptual understanding of the topics
studied through online study.
I think that students often cheat in online
exams if there is no virtual monitoring.
I often find outdated information on
online study sessions.
Ways for Improving Online Study Sessions

Strongly
Agree
I believe that the online medium of study
can be improved by provision of free
facility of internet to the students.
I think attendance should be made
compulsory in online education sessions.

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Strongly
Disagree

40

Online courses should be made more

effective for making the students more
prepared for exams.
The students should be guided to attend
online lectures from a distance so there
eye sight is not affected.
The session should be made interactive
to keep the students active and interested
in the lecture.
Online exams should be supervised by
faculty to reduce the chances of cheating.
The online study should be upgraded
according to the latest theories and
trends.
The online study sessions can be made
interactive by conducting Video
Conferencing sessions when necessary.