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MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 2, February 2015
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 1 Geometry of the annular slot-based MIMO antenna system, (a) top side and (b) bottom side
the 2.4 and 5.2 GHz WLAN bands. The antenna is designed on
a commercial FR4 substrate with an area of 60 3 60 mm2. The
antenna makes use of microstrip annular slots as its radiating
elements which are simple to design, occupy reasonable space,
and have a planar structure. With the help of antenna element
placement and feeding methods, good isolation is achieved
between the closely spaced antenna elements.
The article is divided into five sections. In Section 2, complete design of the antenna is presented. The simulation and
measurement results of various antenna parameters are given in
Section 3. The MIMO performance evaluation of the antenna is
given in Section 4. Conclusions are given in Section 5.
2. ANNULAR SLOT MIMO ANTENNA DESIGN
the bottom side of the board which consists of the open ended
transmission lines for each element excitation. On the top side,
the slot corresponding to antenna elements 1 and 2 had a radius
r1 5 13.25 mm and a width w1 5 0.5 mm. These dimensions
were chosen so that the antenna was tuned at a frequency of
2.45 GHz. The slots were placed diagonally on the board with a
diagonal separation of 7 mm. The slots corresponding to antenna
elements 3 and 4 had a radius r2 5 6.25 mm and a width
w2 5 0.25 mm. These dimensions resulted in a resonant frequency of the antenna centered at 5.2 GHz. The diagonal separation between antenna elements was 33.5 mm.
On the bottom side, each slot was excited by the open ended
transmission line. The width of each transmission line corresponded to 50X. The length of each transmission line was
adjusted so that it matched the antenna impedance at the resonant
frequency. The length of transmission line feeding antenna elements 1 and 2 was L1 5 9.5 mm and its width was t1 5 3 mm.
For the antenna elements 3 and 4, the length of the transmission
line was L2 5 13.25 mm and its width was t2 5 3 mm.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The antenna was designed and tuned using HFSS. Antenna elements 1 and 2 resonated at a center frequency of 2.45 GHz
Figure 2 Fabricated annular slot-based MIMO antenna system, (a) top side and (b) bottom side. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which
is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 2, February 2015
361
Figure 3 Simulated and measured S-parameters of antenna. (a) Elements 1 and 2 and (b) elements 3 and 4. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
As seen from these patterns, the antenna elements had omnidirectional radiation patterns. Similar behavior was also observed
for antenna elements 3 and 4 measured at 5.2 GHz. Figure 5
shows the normalized radiation gain patterns of antenna elements 3 and 4. As each antenna element pair was excited by
orthogonally placed transmission lines, their polarization was
also orthogonal to each other.
The antenna was also analyzed from its surface current densities obtained from HFSS simulations. Figure 6(a) shows the
current density on the antennas surface at 2.45 when antenna
element 1 was excited and all other elements were terminated
with 50X load. As evident from the figure, a high current density was along the edges of the annular slot which resulted in
radiation. The coupling to antenna element 2 was also visible
where there was a low current density around the edges of the
slot antenna. However, there was no coupling to antenna element 3 and 4 at this operating frequency and no surface currents
were visible around these two antenna elements. Similar behavior was observed with the excitation of element 2 at 2.45 GHz.
Antenna element 4 was excited at 5.2 GHz while all other
elements were terminated with 50X load. The obtained surface
current density is shown in Figure 6(b). Here too, a high current
Figure 4 Normalized radiation gain patterns of antenna elements 1 and 2 measured at 2.45 GHz (a) x-z plane and (b) y-z plane. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
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MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 2, February 2015
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 5 Normalized radiation gain patterns of antenna elements 3 and 4 measured at 5.2 GHz (a) x-z plane and (b) y-z plane. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 6 Current density on the surface of antenna (a) at 2.45 GHz when element 1 is active and (b) at 5.2 GHz when element 4 is active. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 7
TARC of the MIMO antenna system, (a) when operating in the lower band and (b) when operating in the higher band
DOI 10.1002/mop
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 2, February 2015
363
density was around the edges of the excited slot antenna. The
coupling was minimal but visible to all other antenna elements.
A new design of a four-element dual-band MIMO antenna system was proposed in this article. The antenna elements consisted
of annular slots excited by open ended transmission lines. The
design of antenna was planar for the ease of fabrication.
The antenna occupied a total space of 60 3 60 3 1.5 mm3. The
antenna covered the 2.45 and 5.2 GHz WLAN bands.
The antenna showed good bandwidth in both operating bands.
The antenna was also evaluated for MIMO parameters, where it
showed good performance making it suitable for use with
WLAN applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported King Abdul Aziz City for Science and
Technology (KACST) through the Science and Technology Unit
364
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EXPERIMENTAL RADIATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF
MICROMACHINED TERAHERTZ
LOW-PROFILE CORRUGATED HORN
ANTENNA
Hong-da Lu, Xin Lv, Zi-jian Gao, and Yong Liu
Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Technology,
Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information and
Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, Peoples
Republic of China; Corresponding author: y.liu.bit@gmail.com
Received 19 June 2014
ABSTRACT: A terahertz (THz) low-profile corrugated horn antenna is
proposed. This antenna consists of WR2.2 feeding waveguide, pyramidal
horn, and four V-grooves, integrated fabricated by silicon
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 2, February 2015
DOI 10.1002/mop