Wireless communication underwater

ABSTRACT
Underwater communication
has a range of applications
including remotely operated
vehicle
(ROV)
and
autonomous
underwater
vehicle (AUV) communication
and docking in the offshore
industry. Current underwater
transmission techniques is
primarily utilise sound waves
for large distance at lower
frequencies and the velocity
of
sound
in
water
is
approximately 1500m/s the
resultant
communications
have problems with multipath propagation and low
bandwidth problems. The use
of
electromagnetic
(EM)
techniques underwater has
largely
been
overlooked
because of the attenuation
due to the conductivity of
seawater. However, for short
range
applications,
the
higher frequencies and much
higher velocity can prove
advantageous.

INTRODUCTION
Underwater
acoustic
communication
is
a
technique of sending and
receiving message below

water. There are several

ways of employing such
communication but the most
common
is
using
hydrophones. Under water
communication is difficult
due to factors like multi-path
propagation, time variations
of
the
channel,
small
available
bandwidth
and
strong signal attenuation,
especially over long ranges.
In
underwater
communication there are low
data rates compared to
terrestrial
communication,
since
underwater
communication uses acoustic
waves
instead
of
electromagnetic waves.

Wireless communication underwater

Applications
Seismic monitoring.
Pollution
monitoringOcean
currents monitoring
Equipment
and control
Autonomous
Underwater
(AUV)
Remotely
vehicle(ROV)

monitoring

Vehicles
operated

Acoustic
navigation
technology for multiple
AUVs.
Solar Powered Air.

Necessity
of
Underwater Wireless
Communication
Temporary experiments
Breaking of wires
Significant
deployment

cost

of

Experiment
distances.

over

long

To cope up with above

situations, we require
underwater wireless
communication.

FACTORS
INFLUENCING
Underwater
acoustic
communication
is
a
technique of sending and
receiving message below
water. There are several
ways of employing such
communication but the most
common
is
using
hydrophones. Under water
communication is difficult
due to factors like multi-path
propagation, time variations
of
the
channel,
small
available
bandwidth
and
strong signal attenuation,

Wireless communication underwater

especially over long ranges.
In
underwater
communication there are low
data rates compared to
terrestrial
communication,
since
underwater
communication uses acoustic
waves
instead
of
electromagnetic waves.
At the beginning of the 20th
century,
some
ships
communicated
by
underwater bells, the system
being competitive with the
primitive
Maritime
radionavigation service of
the
time.
The
later
Fessenden
oscillator
allowed
communication
with
submarines

electric signals needed for

the end terminal, such as a
teletypewriter, and back,
rather than through direct
electrical connection

HARDWARE
PLATFORM
INTERFACE
The
Hardware
Platform
Interface (HPI) is an open
specification that defines an
application
interface

programming
(API)

ACQUSTIC MODEM
In telecommunications, an
acoustic
coupler
is
an
interface device for coupling
electrical
signals
by
acoustical means usually into
and out of a telephone
instrument.
The link is achieved through
converting electric signals
from the phone line to sound
and reconvert sound to

for platform management of

computer systems. The API
supports
tasks
including
reading
temperature
or
voltage sensors built into a
processor,
configuring

Wireless communication underwater

hardware
registers,
accessing system inventory
information
like
model
numbers and serial numbers,
and
performing
more
complex activities, such as
upgrading system firmware
or
diagnosing
system
failures.
HPI is designed for use with
fault-tolerant and modular
high-availability
computer
systems,
which
typically
include
automatic
fault
detection
features
and
hardware redundancy so that
they can provide continuous
Service
Availability.
Additional features common
in hardware platforms used
for
high-availability
applications include online
serviceability
and
upgradeability
via
hotswappable module

DATA
TRANSMISSION IN
MODEM
A
modem
(modulatordemodulator) is a network
hardware
device
that
modulates one or more
carrier wave signals to

encode digital information

for
transmission
and
demodulates
signals
to
decode
the
transmitted
information. The goal is to
produce a signal that can be
transmitted
easily
and
decoded to reproduce the
original digital data. Modems
can be used with any means
of
transmitting
analog
signals, from light emitting
diodesto radio. A common
type of modem is one that
turns the digital data of a
computer into modulated
electrical
signal
for
transmission over telephone
lines and demodulated by
another modem at the
receiver side to recover the
digital data.
Modems
are
generally
classified by the amount of
data they can send in a
given unit of time, usually
expressed in bits per second
(symbol bit/s, sometimes
abbreviated "bps"), or bytes
per second (symbol B/s).
Modems
can
also
be
classified by their symbol
rate, measured in baud. The
baud unit denotes symbols
per second, or the number of
times per second the modem

Wireless communication underwater

sends a new signal. For
example,
the
ITU
V.21
standard
used
audio
frequency shift keying with
two possible frequencies,
corresponding to two distinct
symbols (or one bit per
symbol), to carry 300 bits
per second using 300 baud.
By contrast, the original ITU
V.22 standard, which could
transmit and receive four
distinct symbols (two bits per
symbol),
transmitted
1,200 bits by sending 600
symbols
per
second
(600 baud) using phase shift
keying.

COMMUNICATION
ARCHITECTURE
The
Software
Communications Architecture
(SCA) is an open architecture
framework
that
tells
designers how elements of
hardware and software are to
operate in harmony within a
software defined radio. SCA
governs the structure and
operation
of
the
U.S.
military's Joint Tactical Radio
System
(JTRS),
enabling
programmable radios to load
waveforms applications, and

be
networked
into
an
integrated system. A Core
Framework,
providing
a
standard
operating
environment,
must
be
implemented
on
every
hardware
set.
Interoperability among radio
sets is enhanced because
the same waveform software
can be easily ported to all
radio sets.
The
Object
Management
Group (OMG), a not-for-profit
consortium that produces
and
maintains
computer
industry specifications for
interoperable
enterprise
applications, has established
Software
Based
Communications
Domain
Task Force (SBC-DTF). This
group and the Wireless
Innovation Forum (formerly
Software
Defined
Radio
Forum)
Research
on
underwater communications
and the use of Underwater
Wireless Sensor Networks is
becoming a very hot topic
because of the appearance
of
new
marine/oceanographic
applications.
Communications based on

Wireless communication underwater

EM wave transmission offer
great benefits such as the
increase of the data rate of
the link to transmit more
information. (WINNF), are
working on an international
commercial standard based
on the SCA.
The SCA is extending its
coverage to programmable
hardware FPGA .

APPLICATIONS
The need to sense the
underwater world drives
the
development
of
underwater
sensor
networks. Applications
can have very different
requirements: fixed or
mobile, short or long-

lived, best-effort or lifeor-death;

these
requirements can result
in different designs. We
next describe different
kinds of deployments,
classes of applications
Applications
of
underwater
networks
fall
into
similar
categories
as
for
terrestrial
sensor
networks.
Scientific
applications
observe
the environment: from
geological processes on
the ocean floor, to
water
characteristics
(temperature, salinity,
oxygen levels, bacterial
and
other
pollutant
content,
dissolved
matter,
etc.)
to
counting or imaging
animal
life
(microorganisms,
fish
or
mammals).

Industrial applications
monitor
and
control
commercial
activities,
such
as
underwater
equipment related to oil
or mineral extraction,
underwater pipelines or
commercial
fisheries.

Wireless communication underwater

Industrial
applications
often involve control
and
actuation
components as well.
Military and homeland
security
applications
involve
securing
or
monitoring
port
facilities or ships in
foreign harbours, demining
and
communication
with
submarines and divers.

LIMITATIONS
While full coverage of sensor
technology
used
in
underwater applications is
outside the scope of this
paper, we briefly summarize
some challenges in this
section
A
number
of
hardware
platforms
for
acoustic
communication have been
developed over the years,
with
both
commercial,
military
and
research
success
The breadth of interest in
underwater networks has
resulted in a great deal of
work in the laboratory and

Wireless communication underwater

simulation,
but
field
experiments remain difficult,
and the cost and time of
boat rental and offshore
deployment are high
Unlike in radio frequency
wireless sensor networks,
where experimentation is
comparatively accessible and
affordable,
underwater
hardware is expensive (a
complete, watertight node
can easily cost more than
US$1000) and costly to
deploy (testing in a public
pool can cost US$40 per hour
due
to
the
mandatory
presence of a lifeguard

CONCLUSION

We are also working on

including more modulations
and data bit rates in order to
achieve
large
distances.
Moreover, we have seen that
the temperature of the water
affects the distance, thus we
will
carry
out
more
performance tests in future
works. Finally we would like
to design some specific
antennae for underwater
transmission, to transmit at
2.4 GHz.