Homework 6

Student: 312010003

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.50 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (250 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 112 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 13.00 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 580 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312010022

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.59 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (359 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 103 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.54 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 520 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 106[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312030008

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.68 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (368 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 84 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.58 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 396 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 95[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312030010

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.68 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (268 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 72 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.01 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 321 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 89[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312030040

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.52 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (152 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 79 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.35 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 365 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 93[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312030115

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.25 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (125 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 98 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.28 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 487 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 103[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312030158

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.14 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (214 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 111 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.96 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 575 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312030160

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.35 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (335 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 107 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.75 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 548 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 108[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312030162

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.79 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (379 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 89 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.85 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 431 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 98[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

Homework 6
Student: 312030163

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.04 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (304 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 74 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.09 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 332 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 90[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

10

Homework 6
Student: 312030383

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.79 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (179 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 75 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.16 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 341 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 91[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

11

Homework 6
Student: 312030385

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.20 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (120 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 92 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.00 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 451 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 100[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

12

Homework 6
Student: 312030394

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.80 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (180 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 109 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.84 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 560 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 109[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

13

Homework 6
Student: 312030400

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.05 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (305 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 110 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.91 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 568 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 110[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

14

Homework 6
Student: 312030401

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.79 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (379 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 95 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.14 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 468 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 102[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

15

Homework 6
Student: 312030403

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.35 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (335 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 77 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.24 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 351 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 92[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

16

Homework 6
Student: 312030406

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.13 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (213 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 73 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.04 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 326 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 89[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

17

Homework 6
Student: 312030408

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.25 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (125 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 86 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.72 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 414 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 97[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

18

Homework 6
Student: 312030416

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.52 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (152 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 105 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.66 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 536 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 107[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

19

Homework 6
Student: 312030417

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.69 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (269 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 112 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.99 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 579 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

20

Homework 6
Student: 312030421

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.69 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (369 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 100 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.41 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 503 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 104[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

21

Homework 6
Student: 312030422

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.59 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (359 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 81 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.45 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 379 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 94[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

22

Homework 6
Student: 313010010

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.49 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (249 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 72 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.00 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 320 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 89[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

23

Homework 6
Student: 313010023

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.40 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (140 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 81 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.47 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 381 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 94[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

24

Homework 6
Student: 313030189

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.32 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (132 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 100 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.42 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 505 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 105[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

25

Homework 6
Student: 313030190

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.33 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (233 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 112 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.99 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 579 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

26

Homework 6
Student: 313030193

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.49 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (349 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 105 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.65 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 534 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 107[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

27

Homework 6
Student: 313030198

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.74 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (374 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 86 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.71 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 412 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 97[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

28

Homework 6
Student: 313030199

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.85 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (285 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 73 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.04 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 325 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 89[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

29

Homework 6
Student: 313030200

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.64 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (164 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 77 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.25 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 353 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 92[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

30

Homework 6
Student: 313030201

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.22 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (122 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 95 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.15 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 470 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 102[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

31

Homework 6
Student: 313030202

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.97 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (197 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 110 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.91 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 569 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 110[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

32

Homework 6
Student: 313030203

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.22 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (322 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 109 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.83 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 558 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 109[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

33

Homework 6
Student: 313030204

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.80 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (380 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 92 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.99 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 448 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 100[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

34

Homework 6
Student: 313030206

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.19 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (319 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 75 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.15 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 340 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 91[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

35

Homework 6
Student: 313030209

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.94 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (194 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 74 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.10 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 333 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 90[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

36

Homework 6
Student: 313030211

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.21 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (121 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 89 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.87 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 433 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 99[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

37

Homework 6
Student: 313030213

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.66 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (166 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 107 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.77 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 550 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 108[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

38

Homework 6
Student: 313030215

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.89 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (289 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 111 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.96 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 574 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

39

Homework 6
Student: 313030218

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.75 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (375 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 97 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.27 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 485 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 103[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

40

Homework 6
Student: 313030222

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.47 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (347 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 79 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.33 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 363 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 93[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

41

Homework 6
Student: 313030224

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.29 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (229 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 72 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.01 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 322 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 89[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

42

Homework 6
Student: 313030225

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.31 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (131 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 84 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.60 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 398 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 96[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

43

Homework 6
Student: 313030239

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.42 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (142 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 103 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.56 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 522 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 106[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

44

Homework 6
Student: 313030240

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.52 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (252 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 112 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 13.00 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 580 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

45

Homework 6
Student: 313030241

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.61 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (361 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 103 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.53 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 518 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 106[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

46

Homework 6
Student: 313030248

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.67 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (367 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 83 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.57 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 394 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 95[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

47

Homework 6
Student: 313030250

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.66 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (266 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 72 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.01 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 321 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 89[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

48

Homework 6
Student: 313030251

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.50 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (150 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 79 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.36 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 367 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 93[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

49

Homework 6
Student: 313030253

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.26 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (126 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 98 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.30 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 489 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 103[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

50

Homework 6
Student: 313030254

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.16 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (216 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 111 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.96 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 575 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

51

Homework 6
Student: 313030257

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.37 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (337 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 107 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.74 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 546 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 108[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

52

Homework 6
Student: 313030267

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.78 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (378 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 89 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.84 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 429 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 98[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

53

Homework 6
Student: 313030273

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.01 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (301 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 74 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.08 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 331 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 90[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

54

Homework 6
Student: 313030275

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.77 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (177 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 75 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.17 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 342 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 91[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

55

Homework 6
Student: 313030278

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.20 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (120 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 92 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.02 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 453 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 100[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

56

Homework 6
Student: 313030280

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.82 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (182 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 109 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.85 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 561 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 109[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

57

Homework 6
Student: 313030282

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.07 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (307 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 110 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.90 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 567 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 110[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

58

Homework 6
Student: 313030286

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.79 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (379 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 94 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.12 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 465 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 5 s to tf = 6 s.
V (t) = 101[V /s2 ](t 4)2 + 7[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

59

Homework 6
Student: 313030287

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.33 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (333 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 77 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.23 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 350 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 92[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

60

Homework 6
Student: 313030288

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.10 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (210 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 73 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.05 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 326 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 90[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

61

Homework 6
Student: 313030291

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.24 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (124 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 87 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.74 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 416 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 97[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

62

Homework 6
Student: 313030292

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.54 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (154 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 105 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.67 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 538 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 107[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

63

Homework 6
Student: 313030293

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.72 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (272 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 112 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.99 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 578 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

64

Homework 6
Student: 313030295

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.70 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (370 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 100 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.39 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 501 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 104[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

65

Homework 6
Student: 313030296

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.57 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (357 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 81 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.44 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 377 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 94[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

66

Homework 6
Student: 313030298

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.47 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (247 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 72 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.00 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 320 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 89[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

67

Homework 6
Student: 313030303

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.39 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (139 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 82 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.48 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 383 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 94[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

68

Homework 6
Student: 313030305

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 1.33 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (133 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 101 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.44 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 507 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 105[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

69

Homework 6
Student: 313030306

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.35 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (235 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 112 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.99 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 579 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 7 s to tf = 8 s.
V (t) = 111[V /s2 ](t 6)2 + 9[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

70

Homework 6
Student: 313030307

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.51 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (351 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 105 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 12.63 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 532 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 6 s to tf = 7 s.
V (t) = 107[V /s2 ](t 5)2 + 8[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

71

Homework 6
Student: 313030309

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 3.74 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (374 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 86 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.69 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 410 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 4 s to tf = 5 s.
V (t) = 97[V /s2 ](t 3)2 + 6[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

72

Homework 6
Student: 313030311

Alternative motors
Teacher: David Medina

1. In problems 1.1 to 1.9 determine the thickness of a Si sheet required to

absorb: 10% of the original light intensity for problem 1.1, 20% of the
original light intensity for problem 1.2 and so forth if the photos of the
light source have a frequency of 2.83 P Hz.
2. In problems 2.1 to 2.9 repeat the calculations to determine the thickness
of a Si sheet if the frequency of the photons of the light source is a hundred
times larger (283 P Hz).
3. In problems 3.1 to 3.9 repeat the calculations of problem 1 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
4. In problems 4.1 to 4.9 repeat the calculations of problem 2 replacing the
Si sheet for a Ge sheet.
5. Determine the minimum frequency of a light source required to be absorbed by a 73 nm thick Si sheet by a factor of 40%.
6. What would be the efficiency of a 60 120 cm solar panel that produces
an open circuit voltage of 12 V and a short circuit current of 11.03 A at
noon.
7. Find the area required to provide 324 W four hours after the zenith if a
solar panel is made of:
7.1 Monocrystalline Si (ec = 0.1).
7.2 Thin film (ec = 0.14).
8. Determine the power of a solar panel of problem 7.1:
8.1 Five hours after the zenith.
8.2 Seven hours after the zenith.
9. Certain battery requires to be charged following the next trajectory (reference signal) in the overcharge phase from ti = 3 s to tf = 4 s.
V (t) = 89[V /s2 ](t 2)2 + 5[V ]
Using a sawtooth with a frequency of 8 Hz calculate the modulation signal
and determine:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Vmin
Vmax
The average of the reference signal.
The average of the PWM signal.

73