Daftar simbol matematika

Nama

Simbol

Dibaca sebagai

Penjelasan

Contoh

Kategori

kesamaan

sama dengan

x = y berarti x and y mewakili

hal atau nilai yang sama.

1+1=2

umum

Ketidaksamaan

x y berarti x dan y tidak

tidak sama dengan mewakili hal atau nilai yang
sama.

12

umum

ketidaksamaan

<
lebih kecil dari;
lebih besar dari

>

x < y berarti x lebih kecil dari y.

x > y means x lebih besar dari y.

3<4
5>4

order theory

inequality

lebih kecil dari

x y berarti x lebih kecil dari

atau sama dengan y.
x y berarti x lebih besar dari

3 4 and 5 5
5 4 and 5 5

atau sama dengan,

lebih besar dari
atau sama dengan
atau sama dengan y.

order theory

tambah

tambah

4 + 6 berarti jumlah antara 4 dan

2+7=9
6.

aritmatika

disjoint union
A1={1,2,3,4}
A ={2,4,5,7}
the disjoint union A1 + A2 means the disjoint union 2
A1 + A2 = {(1,1), (2,1),
of and
of sets A1 and A2.
(3,1), (4,1), (2,2), (4,2),
(5,2), (7,2)}
teori himpunan

kurang

kurang

9 4 berarti 9 dikurangi 4.

83=5

3 berarti negatif dari angka 3.

(5) = 5

aritmatika

tanda negatif

negatif

aritmatika

set-theoretic
complement

minus; without

A B berarti himpunan yang

mempunyai semua anggota dari {1,2,4} {1,3,4} = {2}
A yang tidak terdapat pada B.

set theory

multiplication

kali

3 4 berarti perkalian 3 oleh 4.

7 8 = 56

aritmatika

Cartesian product

the Cartesian
product of and
; the direct
product of and

XY means the set of all ordered

pairs with the first element of
{1,2} {3,4} = {(1,3),
each pair selected from X and
(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)}
the second element selected
from Y.

teori himpunan

cross product

cross

u v means the cross product of (1,2,5) (3,4,1) =

vectors u and v
(22, 16, 2)

vector algebra

division

6 3 atau 6/3 berati 6 dibagi 3.

2 4 = .5

bagi
12/4 = 3

aritmatika

square root

akar kuadrat

x berarti bilangan positif yang

kuadratnya x.

4 = 2

bilangan real

complex square
root
if z = r exp(i) is represented in
the complex square polar coordinates with - < (-1) = i
root of; square root , then z = r exp(i/2).

Bilangan kompleks

absolute value

||

nilai mutlak dari

|x| means the distance in the real

|3| = 3, |-5| = |5|
line (or the complex plane)
|i| = 1, |3+4i| = 5
between x and zero.

numbers

factorial

faktorial

combinatorics

n! adalah hasil dari 12...n.

4! = 1 2 3 4 = 24

probability
distribution

has distribution

X ~ D, means the random

variable X has the probability
distribution D.

X ~ N(0,1), the standard

normal distribution

statistika

material
implication

implies; if .. then

A B means if A is true then B

is also true; if A is false then
nothing is said about B.
may mean the same as , or
it may have the meaning for
functions given below.

x = 2 x2 = 4 is true, but
x2 = 4 x = 2 is in
general false (since x could
be 2).

may mean the same as , or

propositional logic it may have the meaning for
superset given below.

material
equivalence

if and only if; iff

A B means A is true if B is
true and A is false if B is false.

x + 5 = y +2 x + 3 = y

propositional logic

logical negation
The statement A is true if and
only if A is false.

not

A slash placed through another

operator is the same as ""
placed in front.

(A) A
x y (x = y)

propositional logic

logical conjunction The statement A B is true if A n < 4 n >2 n = 3

or meet in a lattice and B are both true; else it is

and
false.

when n is a natural number.

propositional logic,
lattice theory

logical disjunction
or join in a lattice

or

The statement A B is true if A

n4 n2 n3
or B (or both) are true; if both
when n is a natural number.
are false, the statement is false.

propositional logic,
lattice theory

exclusive or

xor

The statement A B is true

(A) A is always true, A
when either A or B, but not both,
A is always false.
are true. A B means the same.

propositional logic,
Boolean algebra

universal
quantification

x: P(x) means P(x) is true for

for all; for any; for
all x.
each

n N: n2 n.

predicate logic

existential
quantification

there exists

x: P(x) means there is at least

one x such that P(x) is true.

n N: n is even.

predicate logic

uniqueness
quantification

! x: P(x) means there is exactly

! n N: n + 5 = 2n.
there exists exactly
one x such that P(x) is true.
one

predicate logic

:=

definition
x := y or x y means x is
defined to be another name for y
cosh x := (1/2)(exp x +
(but note that can also mean
is defined as
exp (x))
other things, such as
congruence).
A XOR B :
(A B) (A B)
P : Q means P is defined to be
everywhere logically equivalent to Q.

set brackets

{,}

the set of ...

{a,b,c} means the set consisting

N = {0,1,2,...}
of a, b, and c.

teori himpunan

set builder notation

{:}
the set of ... such
that ...

{|}
teori himpunan

{x : P(x)} means the set of all x

{n N : n2 < 20} =
for which P(x) is true. {x | P(x)}
{0,1,2,3,4}
is the same as {x : P(x)}.

himpunan kosong

{}

berarti himpunan yang tidak

himpunan kosong memiliki elemen. {} juga berarti {n N : 1 < n2 < 4} =
hal yang sama.
teori himpunan

set membership

is an element of; is a S means a is an element of

not an element of the set S; a S means a is not
an element of S.

(1/2)1 N
21 N

everywhere, teori
himpunan

subset

is a subset of

A B means every element of

A is also element of B.

A B A; Q R

A B means A B but A B.
teori himpunan

superset

is a superset of

A B means every element of

B is also element of A.

A B B; R Q

A B means A B but A B.
teori himpunan

set-theoretic union

the union of ...

and ...; union

A B means the set that

contains all the elements from A
AB AB=B
and also all those from B, but no
others.

teori himpunan

set-theoretic
intersection

intersected with;
intersect

A B means the set that

contains all those elements that
A and B have in common.

{x R : x2 = 1} N = {1}

teori himpunan

set-theoretic
complement

minus; without

A \ B means the set that contains

{1,2,3,4} \ {3,4,5,6} =
all those elements of A that are
{1,2}
not in B.

teori himpunan

function
application

of

f(x) berarti nilai fungsi f pada

elemen x.

Jika f(x) := x2, maka f(3) =

32 = 9.

Perform the operations inside

the parentheses first.

(8/4)/2 = 2/2 = 1, but 8/

(4/2) = 8/2 = 4.

teori himpunan

()
precedence
grouping

umum

function arrow

f:X
Y

from ... to

f: X Y means the function f

maps the set X into the set Y.

Let f: Z N be defined by
f(x) = x2.

fog is the function, such that

(fog)(x) = f(g(x)).

if f(x) = 2x, and g(x) = x +

3, then (fog)(x) = 2(x + 3).

N berarti {0,1,2,3,...}, but see

the article on natural numbers
for a different convention.

{|a| : a Z} = N

Z berarti {...,
3,2,1,0,1,2,3,...}.

{a : |a| N} = Z

teori himpunan

function
composition

composed with

teori himpunan

Bilangan asli

Bilangan

Bilangan bulat

Bilangan

Bilangan rasional

Q berarti {p/q : p,q Z, q 0}.

Q

3.14 Q
Q

Bilangan

Bilangan real

R berarti {limn an : n N:
an Q, the limit exists}.

R
(1) R

Bilangan

Bilangan kompleks

C means {a + bi : a,b R}.

i = (1) C

is an element of the extended

number line that is greater than
all real numbers; it often occurs
in limits.

limx0 1/|x| =

Bilangan

infinity

infinity

numbers

pi

pi

Euclidean
geometry

berarti perbandingan (rasio)

A = r adalah luas
antara keliling lingkaran dengan lingkaran dengan jari-jari
diameternya.
(radius) r

norm

|| ||

norm of; length of

||x|| is the norm of the element x

of a normed vector space.

||x+y|| ||x|| + ||y||

k=1n ak means a1 + a2 + ... + an.

k=14 k2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 =
1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30

linear algebra

summation

sum over ...

from ... to ... of

aritmatika

product

product over ...

from ... to ... of

n
k=1

ak means a1a2an.

k=14 (k + 2) = (1 + 2)(2 +
2)(3 + 2)(4 + 2) = 3 4
5 6 = 360

aritmatika

Cartesian product

the Cartesian
product of; the
direct product of

i=0nYi means the set of all

(n+1)-tuples (y0,...,yn).

n=13R = Rn

set theory

'

derivative

prime;

f '(x) is the derivative of the

If f(x) = x2, then f '(x) = 2x
function f at the point x, i.e., the
slope of the tangent there.

derivative of

kalkulus

indefinite integral
or antiderivative

indefinite integral
f(x) dx means a function whose 2
of ; the
x dx = x3/3 + C
derivative is f.
antiderivative of

kalkulus

definite integral

integral from ...

to ... of ... with
respect to

ab f(x) dx means the signed area

between the x-axis and the graph b 2
0 x dx = b3/3;
of the function f between x = a
and x = b.

kalkulus

gradient

f (x1, , xn) is the vector of

del, nabla, gradient
partial derivatives (df / dx1, ,
of
df / dxn).

If f (x,y,z) = 3xy + z then

f = (3y, 3x, 2z)

kalkulus

partial derivative

partial derivative

With f (x1, , xn), f/xi is the

If f(x,y) = x2y, then f/x =
derivative of f with respect to xi, 2xy
with all other variables kept

of

kalkulus constant.

boundary

boundary of

M means the boundary of M

{x : ||x|| 2} =
{x : || x || = 2}

topology

perpendicular
x y means x is perpendicular
is perpendicular to to y; or more generally x is
orthogonal to y.

If lm and mn then l || n.

geometri

bottom element

the bottom element

x = means x is the smallest

element.

x : x =

A B means the sentence A

entails the sentence B, that is
every model in which A is true,
B is also true.

A A A

lattice theory

entailment

|=

entails

model theory

inference

x y means y is derived from x. A B B A

infers or is derived
from

|propositional logic,
predicate logic

normal subgroup

is a normal
subgroup of

N G means that N is a normal

Z(G) G
subgroup of group G.

group theory

quotient group

mod

{0, a, 2a, b, b+a, b+2a} /

G/H means the quotient of
{0, b} = {{0, b}, {a, b+a},
group G modulo its subgroup H.
{2a, b+2a}}

group theory

isomorphism

is isomorphic to

group theory

G H means that group G is

isomorphic to group H

Q / {1, 1} V,
where Q is the quaternion
group and V is the Klein
four-group.