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March 21, 2016

Tackling Asia-Pacific's inequality trap

Shamshad Akhtar

RISING inequality threatens to derail, from the start, successful implementation of the new 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development in the Asia-Pacific region. Stronger, more equitable social protection will be
critical in overcoming these challenges.
New research by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
indicates that inequality, related to both outcomes and opportunities, is on the rise in the countries of Asia
and the Pacific and where it has not risen it has remained unacceptably high. This is having an adverse
impact on sustainable development.
Growing disparities in income and wealth, as well as unequal opportunities, reinforce each other, creating
an inequality trap that disproportionately affects women and the most vulnerable members of society,
including the poor, youth, persons with disabilities, migrants and older persons.
This stands in sharp contrast to both the shared growth that defined the rise of the 'Asian Tigers' in the
1960s, and more recent trends in other parts of the developing world, in particular Latin America, where
income inequality has been decreasing over in recent decades.
Over the past 20 years, the rich in Asia and the Pacific have grown richer, at the expense of the poor.
Inequalities in regional opportunities also abound, with nearly 80 per cent of the population lacking access
to affordable health care, and as many as 18 million children out of school. Access to these basic social
services are considerably lower among low-income groups and rural communities.
In the context of the 2030 Agenda, inequality casts deep shadows on all three pillars of sustainability
economic, social and environmental.

Economically, inequality threatens regional dynamism, is destructive to the sustainability of growth and
makes it more difficult to reduce poverty through growth. Had Asia-Pacific inequality not increased, an
additional almost 200 million people would have been lifted out of poverty in the three largest countries in
the region over the last two decades.
Inequality undermines social cohesion and solidarity. A growing divide between the rich and the poor is
often a factor in rising levels of crime and social unrest, undermining trust and weakening bonds of
solidarity. In extreme cases, especially where inequality manifests along ethnic lines, it can lead to
polarisation, radicalisation and even failure of the State.
Environmental sustainability is also hampered by inequalities, which create resentments and disincentives
and, in turn, generate pervasive free-riding and overuse of resources, with unsustainable environmental
outcomes. For instance, evidence from India and Nepal suggests that inequalities in local rural
communities actually intensify deforestation.
This is why tackling inequality must be central to the sustainable development agenda. Perfect equality of
wealth and income is not attainable but, when it comes to inequalities of opportunity, uch as access to
health and education, Asia-Pacific governments should not settle for less than a perfectly level playing
field.
It is encouraging to see that, in addition to traditional cash transfers, Asia-Pacific countries are introducing
innovative measures to reduce inequalities, such as health equity funds, impact investing in education,
universal health coverage and expanding access to old-age pensions.
Building on this momentum, countries could also develop sets of complementary policies to tackle
inequality in all its forms:
First, national taxation systems could be strengthened. There is ample room to expanding the tax base and
strengthen compliance frameworks across the region. This is an effective way of broadening fiscal space to
finance redistributive mechanisms, while building solidarity across socioeconomic groups and generations.
Second, productive and decent work should be even more strongly promoted. Forward-looking
macroeconomic policies, coupled with active labour market programmes and policies that encourage
diversification, including industrial upgrading and productivity growth are critical. Such approaches will
ensure that economic growth generates more and better employment for people working in vulnerable
conditions, while avoiding a race to the bottom triggered by unfettered international competition.
Third, social protection should be enhanced to ensure that everyone has access to quality essential
services. Transformative social protection policies need to be anchored in national legislation and aim
beyond providing short-term safety nets, to lift people out of poverty and vulnerability. Complementing
their redistributive role, well-designed and implemented cash transfers are an important vehicle of
inclusive, pro-poor growth. Good practices from around the region illustrate that comprehensive social
protection systems are feasible and affordable but necessitate political will. Strengthening the evidence
base on inequalities and social protection will also further facilitate the development and implementation
of effective policies and programmes. Innovative financing schemes, especially in partnership with the
private sector, will be essential in this regard.
These three policy measures benefit all, from individuals and communities, to public institutions and
private actors. They constitute a shared responsibility to inspire new partnerships and creative approaches,
as we move to implement the 2030 Agenda.
Asia-Pacific inequality cannot be ignored. To do so jeopardises the future we want of a more prosperous,
inclusive and sustainable Asia-Pacific region.

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Protecting the Sundarbans is our national duty-Anu Muhhamad
The Sundarbans, the last reserve forest in the country and a world heritage site, is again under attack. On March 19, 2016, a
cargo vessel carrying 1,300 tonnes of coal sank in Shela River of the Sundarbans. This incident, along with other similar
cases of oil and cement-laden cargo sinking since 2014, clearly illustrates the enormity of the threat of carrying coal through
the forest and of coal-related pollution in the power generation process of the Rampal coal-fired power plant. Earlier in the
oil spillage disaster on December 2014, the government was hopelessly ill-prepared to control the damage. The local
population came forward with whatever knowledge they had to clean up the oil from the river, risking their lives and health.
We did not see any effective action from the government except a flurry of rhetoric. In the last one year, the government has
repeatedly promised to stop the plying of vehicles through this route within the Sundarbans. These words have proved to be
hollow and that's why we have seen another disaster in the Sundarbans. We can only conclude from the government's
lacklustre attitude that they are not sincere about protecting the mangrove forest.
We have repeatedly urged the government to stop this controversial project. But the government, paying no heed to these
demands, allowed plying of big vessels through the nearby river route, construction of large coal-fired power plant and

encroachment of forest lands by land grabbers and business groups. The cabinet has already allocated funds for another
coal-fired power plant at Rampal. This power plant project at the vicinity of the Sundarbans lacks transparency. Most
worryingly, the project would destroy the Sundarbans that plays the role of a natural shield to protect the people and nature
of Bangladesh and maintain the ecological balance nurturing the invaluable biodiversity. Millions of people will lose their
livelihood due to destruction of the forest. The whole population of the coastal area will be affected.
The PM has said that her government would not embark on any development project that affects the environment.
Contrarily, we see the government is impatient about carrying out this project.
The people of our country as well as the relevant international bodies are quite aware of the importance of the Sundarbans.
Ramsar and Unesco have sent several letters to the government urging them to stop constructing the power plant near the
forest. They have even threatened to strike the Sundarbans off the list of world heritage sites unless the stop the
construction. The Norwegian government has withdrawn their investment of Global Pension Fund from the Indian company
NTPC for its involvement in this catastrophic project. Many international banks have refused to fund this project. After
conducting a field level survey at the project site, South Asian Human Rights body has urged the government to stop it.
Initially, various branches of the government had also showed their reservation about this project. These concerns and
warnings have fallen on deaf ears of the government.
The government is pursuing this questionable project in the name of solving power and energy crisis. There is no doubt that
we have to solve these problems. But the way the government is approaching this issue, it seems that they are more eager to
protect the interests of some local and international companies than solving the crisis. We can give more such examples of
destructive development projects, such as open pit mining at Phulbari-Barapukuria, leasing out gas blocks in the Bay of
Bengal to foreign companies, maintaining high price of oil amid global slump in oil price, undertaking questionable projects
at Cox's Bazar, constructing foreign company-dependent Ruppur Nuclear power plant and so on.
Since the oil and gas of the Bay of Bengal are the main resources for our future, it is only expected that our plans on using
these resources are judicious. Otherwise, the country will be totally deprived of the huge potentials it possesses. Sadly, one
would be astonished to know the attempts that are being made to destroy these natural resources. Without floating any
tender and based on mutual understanding, the government has decided to lease out the oil and gas blocks of our sea. In
order to do so, the government has resorted to the Speedy Supply of Power and Energy Special Act for 2010, which is
essentially an 'indemnity law'. As per this law, no one can seek the court's assistance in matters of the energy ministry.
The Act not only applies to the energy sector, but it also exempts the directors and officials of nuclear power companies
from all possible damages and expense. In this regard, on September 8, 2015, Nuclear Power Plant Bill 2015 was passed
in the parliament. In its 28th clause, under the title 'Protecting the activities done with innocence,' it has been said: No civil
or criminal case can be filed or any other legal steps can be taken against the government, chairman, managing directors,
project directors, other directors, advisers, consultants, officials or employees for their innocent activities done for building
and running nuclear power plants before or after the issuance of this ordinance. So, in essence, no one will take
responsibility for the harm that will be caused. Only our people will suffer.
On February 15, 2016, Finance Minister Abul Mal Abdul Muhit admitted that 'Sundarbans will be harmed because of the
Rampal power plant. But then added that the location cannot be changed. Why must the government implement this
project despite the fact that it will devastate the resources and shelters of the country which is incomparable to anything?
Are their hands really tied, and if so, to whom?
No government should have the right to play an 'our-hands-are-tied' role and threaten our natural resources. There is
definitely a proper solution to the energy crisis. We have highlighted these -- hundred percent national ownership in
national properties and using all properties for the development of the country; cancelling the indemnity law which enables
corruption and instead enacting a law Banning Export of Mineral Resources; cancelling the PSC process and enabling the
national institutions to explore fresh gas blocks in the sea and land areas by providing them with the necessary fund, power
and facilities; repairing and renewing the national power plants; banning of open-pit mining and full implementation of
Phulbari Agreement; developing the national capacity; adopting a national energy policy by making the best and mixed use
of renewable and non-renewable energy; and putting emphasis on long-term renewable energy. These are the ways to
achieve a long-term, sustainable, cheap, safe and pro-people development.

However, the government is going the other way: They are going for expensive, risky, donor-dependent projects which are
destructive for forests, water, people and the environment. Although some local and foreign coteries are reaping the benefits
of such projects, these activities are pushing our present and future generations towards severe uncertainty, danger and
destruction. No matter how the government tries to sell these as development, these projects, like the weapons of mass
destruction, are destructive for the environment and the people. We would not allow such arrangements to jeopardise our
country and the people. Sundarbans protects Bangladesh, so it is our national duty to save the Sundarbans.
The writer is member secretary of the National Committee to Protect Oil, Gas, Mineral Resources, Power and
Ports.

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The non-Hindu people of Hindustan must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must learn and respect
and hold in reverence the Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but of those of glorification of the Hindu
race and culture... In a word they must cease to be foreigners, or may stay in the country, wholly

subordinated to the Hindu nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential
treatment not even citizens' rights.
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Bangladesh: The case for renewable energy

Md. Jubair Ahmed

Goldman Sachs, one of the largest investment banks in the world, has identified Bangladesh as one of the 'Next Eleven'
emerging economies, which means that Bangladesh has the potential to become one of the largest and most influential
world economies this century. Although the country was rocked by political turmoil in the early part of this decade, the
stability reached in recent years has come to further aid the growth process.
Achieving growth is one thing; sustaining it is another. Bangladesh now faces a two-fold challenge or opportunity, if one
looks at it that way. The first is to capitalise on the current growth rate of above 6 percent and take it a step further: a
continued growth rate of over 7 percent, for the next decade is the most desired goal. The second challenge is to ensure
sustenance of the growth rate. A coupled success in achieving both these targets would ensure the goal of reaching the
middle income country status by the beginning of the next decade.
As the economy prospers due to growing industrialisation, the need for energy grows exponentially. Continued supply of
energy is an integral infrastructural requirement that drives economic growth. Bangladesh, while performing impressively
till date to meet surging energy needs, still has a long way to go to be self-sufficient in this sector. According to the United
States Energy Association (USEA), the energy supply deficiency in Bangladesh this year stands at 19 percent. With the
demand poised to rise with time, closing the gap will be a mammoth undertaking indeed.
The government is committed, and it will need all the help it can get. The amount spent in oil and coal imports is disrupting
the annual GDP by as much as 2 percent annually. The natural gas reserves are expected to run out by 2020, while the coal
reserves are expected to exhaust themselves with increasing use. The government has already invested huge amounts behind
new grids as well as a nuclear plant that is to be established in Rooppur. However, despite the obvious advantages of the
grids and the power plant, they are vulnerable to unstable weather or human accidents, and once disturbed, may cause
environmental and health disasters. Ukraine (Chernobyl) and Japan (Fukushima) are among the victims of such
catastrophes.
Use of non-renewable energy resources has multi-faceted environmental and health hazards as well. Burning of fossil fuels
like coal and oil for power generation emits greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which are primarily responsible for
ozone layer depletion, global warming, and respiratory diseases. Acid rain created by the emission of chemicals like sulfur
into the atmosphere, often as a result of conversion of fossil fuels into electricity, corrodes machinery and sometimes
severely harms local ecosystems. News of oil spills in rivers and oceans, a very relatable example of which is the 2014
Sundarbans oil spill, have been on the rise. The recent sinking of a coal-laden vessel in Shela River is another tragic
example. These accidents have devastating impacts on aquatic life.
The only globally acknowledged way to address the situation right now is to make optimum use of renewable energy
sources. It will help to mitigate any shortage issues, while dramatically reducing the dependence on non-renewable natural
resources. Only 62 percent of Bangladeshis had access to electricity in 2014. Initially introduced to supply electricity to
those with no access to the power source, the solar energy method has already demonstrated great potential in solving the
imminent crisis on a residential, industrial, regional, and even national scale. Very recently, 786 lighting poles in the
Chittagong EPZ have been powered entirely by the use of solar technology, which speaks volumes about its potential to
resolve the electricity crisis on an even bigger scale in future. Moreover, according to a report in Reuters, the introduction of
solar power in 1996 in Bangladesh, which is steadily expanding, has already saved 200,000 tonnes of kerosene worth about
$180 million in 18 years.
Bangladesh is blessed with an abundance of water. The Karnafuli Hydro Power Station, for instance, has a capacity to
generate 230 MW power. Water power currently accounts for 1.88 percent of total power supply in Bangladesh, according
to the Bangladesh Power Development Board. Effective utilisation of the resource, using apt expertise, efficient
management and government support to explore further opportunities, will help support the energy needs of the country.
Wind turbines are another highly effective solution to generate electricity using the power of wind. According to an article

published in the International Journal for Sustainable and Green Energy, wind energy has the potential to generate as much
as 2000 MW of electricity in the coastal regions of Bangladesh if the 724 km long coastline of the country can be utilised to
generate wind energy.
Our counterparts in the US, and many countries in Europe, and even India, have started utilising renewable energy sources
with a long term vision. The Geysers in California boasts of being the world's largest geothermal power installation in the
world, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. 11.4 percent of the energy consumed in the European Union comes from the
utilisation of wind energy.
Germany presents the greatest success story in this regard. More than 30 percent of the total energy consumed in the
country comes from a combined use of renewable energy sources like wind, biogas, and solar. The proportion of usage is
poised to increase every passing year; we can definitely take lessons from Germanys success story.
It is time we start considering renewable energy as a potentially major national power source as well. There are experts in
the country who are willing to help. We could also learn from our international counterparts who already have achieved
success. All we would need is awareness among our people on the efficient use of power, and apt support from our
government, which has already demonstrated a strong willingness to resolve the issue.
From a different perspective, the harsh truth that we often conveniently avoid is that Mother Earth is dying, and we are
helping to quicken her demise. Global warming caused by excessive extraction and industrial burning of fossil fuels is
making our environment more unliveable every day. Rising sea levels due to global warming is putting the very existence of
Bangladesh at risk. The resources will all run out some day. It is high time that we consider what kind of a world, and
country, we are leaving behind for our children.

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Streamlining opportunities to migrate

Dr. Bjorn Lomborg

In Bangladesh, remittances from people living and working abroad added up to nearly Tk. 1.2 trillion last yearmore than
four times the nearly Tk. 250 billion that foreign aid agencies spent in the country.
Almost 5 percent of the total working age population is now migrant workers, and every year, roughly half a million more
people leave the country to work overseas. Bangladesh Bank estimates that they send the equivalent of 7.4 percent of GDP
back to family and friends, from 2001-2015; this totalled to Tk. 9.6 trillion.
Despite these remittances from overseas migrants, Bangladeshis reap fewer benefits from migration than they could. The
informal process of migration is overly costly and has become riddled with expensive middlemen.
How can low-skilled migrant workers, the major contributor of remittance inflows to Bangladesh, boost their earnings and
access better opportunities overseas? Bangladesh Priorities can offer solutions to this and many other challenges. The
project, a partnership between the Copenhagen Consensus Centre and BRAC, has commissioned dozens of top economists
from the country, region, and world to study how Bangladesh can do the most good for every taka spent on her development
efforts.
New research suggests strategies that can make migration cheaper and make migrants more productive. The researchers Wasel bin Shadat, Lecturer of Econometrics at the University of Manchester, and Kazi Mahmudur Rahman, Assistant
Professor of Development Studies at the University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh - examined various proposals. The most
promising was to formalise the migration process with existing union digital centres or UDCs.

The average cost to migrate ranges from about Tk. 168,900 to 216,600 - equal to three years of income for many
Bangladeshis. It often takes two years of working abroad for migrants to recover these costs. One reason the costs are so
large is that multiple layers of middlemen force migrant workers to pay inordinate fees for visas and other expenses. They
take advantage of the fact that most lower-skilled migrants have very little information about either the process of migrating
or the country they are moving to.
Using UDCs to formalise the process, however, could yield tremendous benefits. There is already much interest in formal
migration - in 2013, after the national government signed an agreement with Malaysia to formalise the process through a
government-to-government (G2G) arrangement, nearly 1.4 million people registered online through UDCs. The G2G
process has been extended to G2G plus, engaging the private sectors of both countries, and the present research examined
the role that UDCs could play in connecting millions of less-skilled migrant workers with the formal migration process.

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Dai l y Jugant or 28/ 03. 16

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''This house records its profound conviction that the

historic upsurge of the 75 million people of East Bengal will triumph. The House wishes to assure them that
their struggle and sacrifices will receive the wholehearted sympathy and support of the people of India.
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http://www.dailynayadiganta.com/

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at :

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Daily Amader Somoy

30.03.16

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Champions of the Earth

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(Addis Ababa Action Agenda - AAAA)

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(Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs)

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('Peoples Empowerment')

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4-P Strategy
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(Protection),

(Promotion),

(Providing global leadership),

(help achieving global

5-P Strategy

Peace)
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(Partnership)

(People),

(planet),

(Peace),

(Prosperity)

(Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs)

(MDG)

Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs)

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Climate-Migrant

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(Asian

Infrastructure Investment Bank -AIIB)

(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South

Africa)

(Stockholm International Peace Research

Institute SIPRI)

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"Transforming our

World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'

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Collected Edited and Organized

By
Md.Ashfikur Rahman
ashfikurr@gmail.com