CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The causes of power quality problems are generally complex and difficult
to detect when we integrate a wind turbine to the grid. Technically speaking,
the ideal AC line supply by the utility system should be a pure sine wave of
fundamental frequency (50/60Hz). We can therefore conclude that the lack of
quality power can cause loss of production, damage of equipment or appliances
or can even be detrimental to human health. It is therefore imperative that a
high standard of power quality is maintained. This project demonstrates that
the power electronic based power conditioning using custom power devices like
P-STATCOM can be effectively utilized to improve the quality of power supplied
to the customers. Power quality and reliability cost the industry large amounts
due to mainly sags and short-term interruptions. Distorted and unwanted
voltage wave forms, too. And the main concern for the consumers of electricity
was the reliability of supply. Here we define the reliability as the continuity of
supply. The problem of distribution lines is divided into two major categories.
First group is power quality, second is power reliability. First group consists of
harmonic distortions, impulses and swells. Second group consists of voltage
sags and outages. Voltage sags is much more serious and can cause a large
amount of damage. If exceeds a few cycle, motors, robots, servo drives and
machine tools cannot maintain control of process. Transmission lines are
exposed to the forces of nature. Furthermore, each transmission line has its
load ability limit that is often determined by either stability constraints or by
thermal limits or by the dielectric limits. Even though the power quality
problem is distribution side problem, transmission lines are often having an

impact on the quality of the power supplied. It is however to be noted that while
most problems associated with the transmission systems arise due to the
forces of nature or due to the interconnection of power

systems, individual

customers are responsible for more substantial fraction of the problems of

power distributions.
AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of the project is to design and test and test adevice which
mitigates most of the power quality problems discussed below thereby
eliminating the disadvantages due to conventional methods using Simulink.

1.2 Power quality

The contemporary container crane industry, like many other industry

segments, is often enamored by the bells and whistles, colorful diagnostic
displays, high speed performance, and levels of automation that can be
achieved. Although these features and their indirectly related computer based
enhancements are key issues to an efficient terminal operation, we must not
forget the foundation upon which we are building. Power quality is the mortar
which bonds the foundation blocks. Power quality also affects terminal
operating economics, crane reliability, our environment, and initial investment
in power distribution systems to support new crane installations. To quote the
utility company newsletter which accompanied the last monthly issue of my
home utility billing: Using electricity wisely is a good environmental and
business practice which saves you money, reduces emissions from generating
plants, and conserves our natural resources. As we are all aware, container
crane performance requirements continue to increase at an astounding rate.
Next generation container cranes, already in the bidding process, will require

average power demands of 1500 to 2000 kW almost double the total average
demand three years ago. The rapid increase in power demand levels, an
increase in container crane population, SCR converter crane drive retrofits and
the large AC and DC drives needed to power and control these cranes will
increase awareness of the power quality issue in the very near future.

1.2.1 POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

For the purpose of this article, we shall define power quality problems as:
Any power problem that results in failure or misoperation of customer
equipment, manifests itself as an economic burden to the user, or produces
negative impacts on the environment.
When applied to the container crane industry, the power issues which degrade
power quality include:
Power Factor
Harmonic Distortion
Voltage Transients
Voltage Sags or Dips
Voltage Swells
The AC and DC variable speed drives utilized on board container cranes
are significant contributors to total harmonic current and voltage distortion.
Whereas SCR phase control creates the desirable average power factor, DC SCR
drives operate at less than this. In addition, line notching occurs when SCRs
commutate, creating transient peak recovery voltages that can be 3 to 4 times
the nominal line voltage depending upon the system impedance and the size of
the drives. The frequency and severity of these power system disturbances
varies with the speed of the drive. Harmonic current injection by AC and DC

drives will be highest when the drives are operating at slow speeds. Power
factor will be lowest when DC drives are operating at slow speeds or during
initial acceleration and deceleration periods, increasing to its maximum value
when the SCRs are phased on to produce rated or base speed. Above base
speed, the power factor essentially remains constant. Unfortunately, container
cranes can spend considerable time at low speeds as the operator attempts to
spot and land containers. Poor power factor places a greater kVA demand
burden on the utility or engine-alternator power source. Low power factor loads
can also affect the voltage stability which can ultimately result in detrimental
effects on the
life of sensitive electronic equipment or even intermittent malfunction. Voltage
transients created by DC drive SCR line notching, AC drive voltage chopping,
and high frequency harmonic voltages and currents are all significant sources
of noise and disturbance to sensitive electronic equipment
It has been our experience that end users often do not associate power
quality problems with Container cranes, either because they are totally
unaware of such issues or there was no economic Consequence if power quality
was not addressed. Before the advent of solid-state power supplies, Power
factor was reasonable, and harmonic current injection was minimal. Not until
the crane Population multiplied, power demands per crane increased, and
static power conversion became the way of life, did power quality issues begin
to emerge. Even as harmonic distortion and power Factor issues surfaced, no
one was really prepared.
Even today, crane builders and electrical drive System vendors avoid the
issue during competitive bidding for new cranes. Rather than focus on
Awareness and understanding of the potential issues, the power quality issue
is intentionally or Unintentionally ignored. Power quality problem solutions are

available. Although the solutions are not free, in most cases, they do represent
a good return on investment. However, if power quality is not specified, it most
likely will not be delivered.

Power quality can be improved through:

Power factor correction,
Harmonic filtering,
Special line notch filtering,
Transient voltage surge suppression,
Proper earthing systems.
In most cases, the person specifying and/or buying a container crane may not
be fully aware of the potential power quality issues. If this article accomplishes
nothing else, we would hope to
provide that awareness.

In many cases, those involved with specification and procurement of

container cranes may not be cognizant of such issues, do not pay the utility
billings, or consider it someone elses concern. As a result, container crane
specifications may not include definitive power quality criteria such as power
factor correction and/or harmonic filtering. Also, many of those specifications
which do
require power quality equipment do not properly define the criteria. Early in the
process of preparing the crane specification:
Consult with the utility company to determine regulatory or contract
requirements that must be
satisfied, if any.

 Consult with the electrical drive suppliers and determine the power quality
profiles that can be
expected based on the drive sizes and technologies proposed for the specific
project.
Evaluate the economics of power quality correction not only on the present
situation, but consider the impact of future utility deregulation and the future
development plans for the terminal.

CHAPTER-2

WIND ENERGY
2.1 Wind power:
Wind is abundant almost in any part of the world. Its existence in nature
caused by uneven heating on the surface of the earth as well as the earths
rotation means that the wind resources will always be available. The

conventional ways of generating electricity using non renewable resources such

as coal, natural gas, oil and so on, have great impacts on the environment as it
contributes vast quantities of carbon dioxide to the earths atmosphere which
in

turn will cause the temperature of the earths surface to increase, known

as the green house effect. Hence, with the advances in science and technology,
ways of generating electricity using renewable energy resources such as the
wind are developed. Nowadays, the cost of wind power that is connected to the
grid is as cheap as the cost of generating electricity using coal and oil. Thus,
the increasing popularity of green electricity means the demand of electricity
produced by using non renewable energy is also increased accordingly.

Fig 2.1 Formation of wind due to differential heating of land and sea
2.1.1 Features of wind power systems:
There are some distinctive energy end use features of wind power systems
i.

Most wind power sites are in remote rural, island or marine areas.
Energy requirements in such places are distinctive and do not require
the high electrical power.

ii.

A power system with mixed quality supplies can be a good match with
total energy end use i.e. the supply of cheap variable voltage power for
heating and expensive fixed voltage electricity for lights and motors.

iii.

Rural grid systems are likely to be weak (low voltage 33 KV).

Interfacing a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) in weak grids is
difficult and detrimental to the workers safety.

iv.

There are always periods without wind. Thus, WECS must be linked
energy storage or parallel generating system if supplies are to be
maintained.

Power from the Wind:

Kinetic energy from the wind is used to turn the generator inside the
wind turbine to produced electricity. There are several factors that contribute to
the efficiency of the wind turbine in extracting the power from the wind. Firstly,
the wind speed is one of the important factors in determining how much power
can be extracted from the wind. This is because the power produced from the
wind turbine is a function of the cubed of the wind speed. Thus, the wind
speed if doubled, the power produced will be increased by eight times the
original power. Then, location of the wind farm plays an important role in order
for the wind turbine to extract the most available power form the wind.
The next important factor of the wind turbine is the rotor blade. The rotor
blades length of the wind turbine is one of the important aspects of the wind
turbine since the power produced from the wind is also proportional to the
swept area of the rotor blades i.e. the square of the diameter of the swept area.
Hence, by doubling the diameter of the swept area, the power produced
will be four fold increased. It is required for the rotor blades to be strong and
light and durable . As the blade length increases, these qualities of the rotor

blades become more elusive. But with the recent advances in fiberglass and
carbon-fiber technology, the production of lightweight and strong rotor blades
between 20 to 30 meters long is possible. Wind turbines with the size of these
rotor blades are capable to produce up to 1 megawatt of power.The relationship
between the power produced by the wind source and the velocity of the wind
and the rotor blades swept diameter is shown below.

wind

D2 V 3wind
8 d

The derivation to this formula can be looked up in [2]. It should be noted that
some books derived the formula in terms of the swept area of the rotor blades
(A) and the air density is denoted as .
Thus, in selecting wind turbine available in the market, the best and efficient
wind turbine is the one that can make the best use of the available kinetic
energy of the wind.
Wind power has the following advantages over the traditional power plants.

Improving price competitiveness,

Modular installation,

Rapid construction,

Complementary generation,

Improved system reliability, and

Non-polluting.

2.2 Wind Turbines:

There are two types of wind turbine in relation to their rotor settings. They are:

Horizontal-axis rotors, and

Vertical-axis rotors.

In this report, only the horizontal-axis wind turbine will be discussed since the
modeling of the wind driven electric generator is assumed to have the
horizontal-axis rotor.

The horizontal-axis wind turbine is designed so that the blades rotate in front
of the tower with respect to the wind direction i.e. the axis of rotation are
parallel to the wind direction. These are generally referred to as upwind rotors.
Another type of horizontal axis wind turbine is called downwind rotors which
has blades rotating in back of the tower. Nowadays, only the upwind rotors are
used in large-scale power generation and in this report, the term .horizontalaxis wind turbine refers to the upwind rotor arrangement.
The main components of a wind turbine for electricity generation are the rotor,
the transmission system, the generator, and the yaw and control system. The
following figures show the general layout of a typical horizontal-axis wind
turbine, different parts of the typical grid-connected wind turbine, and crosssection view of a nacelle of a wind turbine.

Fig 2.2 Main Components of Horizontal-axis Wind Turbine

Fig 2.3 Cross-section of a Nacelle in A Grid-connected Wind Turbine

The main components of a wind turbine can be classified as i) Tower ii) Rotor
system

iii)Generator iv) Yaw v) Control system and vi) Braking and

transmission system

2.2.1 Tower:
It is the most expensive element of the wind turbine system.

The lattice or

tubular types of towers are constructed with steel or concrete. Cheaper and
smaller towers may be supported by guy wires. The major components such as
rotor brake, gearbox, electrical switch boxes, controller, and generator are fixed
on to or inside nacelle, which can rotate or yaw according to wind direction, are
mounted on the tower. The tower should be designed to withstand gravity and
wind loads.

The tower has to be supported on a strong foundation in the

ground. The design should consider the resonant frequencies of the tower do
not coincide with induced frequencies from the rotor and methods to damp out
if any.

If the natural frequency of the tower lies above the blade passing

frequency, it is called stif tower and if below is called soft tower.

2.2.2 Rotor:
The aerodynamic forces acting on a wind turbine rotor is explained by aerofoil
theory. When the

Fig 2.4 Zones of low and high-pressure

Fig 2.5 Forces acting on the rotor blade

Aero foil moves in a flow, a pressure distribution is established around the
symmetric aerofoil as shown in the fig. A reference line from which
measurements are made on an aerofoil section is referred to as chord line and
the length is known as chord. The angle, which an aerofoil makes with the
direction of airflow measured against the chord line is called the angle of attack

. The generation of lift force

on an aerofoil placed at an angle of attack

to an oncoming flow is a consequence of the distortion of the streamlines of the

fluid passing above and below the aerofoil.

When a blade is subjected to

unperturbed wind flow, the pressure decreases towards the center of curvature
of a streamline. The consequence is the reduction of pressure (suction) on the
upper surface of the aerofoil compared to ambient pressure, while on the lower
side the pressure is positive or greater. The pressure difference results in lift
force responsible for rotation of the blades. The drag force

is the component

that is in line with the direction of oncoming flow is shown in Fig (b).
These forces are both proportional to the energy in the wind. To attain a
high efficiency of rotor in wind turbine design is for the blade to have a
relatively high lift-to-drag ratio. This ratio can be varied along the length of the
blade to optimize the turbines energy output at various wind speeds. The lift
force, drag force or both extract the energy from wind.

For aerofoil to be

aerodynamically efficient, the lift force can be 30 times greater than the drag
force.
Cambered or asymmetrical aero foils have curved chord lines. The chord
line is now defined as the straight line joining the ends of the camber line and

is measured from this chord line.

Cambered aerofoil is preferred to

symmetrical aerofoil because they have higher lift/drag ratio for positive angles
of attack. It is observed that the lift at zero angle of attack is no longer zero
and that the zero lift occurs at a small negative angle of attack of approximately
4

. The center of pressure, which is at the chord position on symmetrical

aerofoil has at the chord position on cambered aerofoil and moves towards
the trailing edge with increasing angle of attack.
Arching or cambering a flat plate will cause it to induce higher lift force for a
given angle of attack and blades with a cambered plate profile work well, under

the conditions experienced by high solidity, multi bladed wind turbines. For
low solidity turbines, the use of aerofoil section is more effective.
The characteristics of an aerofoil, the angle of attack, the magnitude of the
relative wind speed are the prime parameters responsible for the lift and drag
forces.

These forces acting on the blades of a wind turbine rotor are

transformed into a rotational torque and axial thrust force. The useful work is
produced by the torque where as the thrust will overturn the turbine. This
axial thrust should be resisted by the tower and foundations.
2.2.3 Generator:
Electricity is an excellent energy vector to transmit the high quality
mechanical power of a wind turbine. Generator is usually 95% efficient and
transmission losses should be less than 10%. The frequency and voltage of
transmission need not be standardized, since the end use requirements
vary. There are already many designs of wind/ electricity systems including
a wide range of generators.

The distinctive features of wind/electricity

generating systems are:

(i)

Wind turbine efficiency is greatest if rotational frequency varies to

maintain constant tip
speed ratio, yet electricity generation is most efficient at constant or
near constant frequency.

(ii)

Mechanical control of turbine to maintain constant frequency

increases complexity and expense.

An alternative method, usually

cheaper and more efficient is to vary the electrical load on the turbine
to control the rotational frequency.

(iii)

The optimum rotational frequency of a turbine in a particular wind

speed decreases with increase in radius in order to maintain constant
tip speed ratio. Thus, only small turbines of less than 2 m radius can
be coupled directly to generators. Larger machines require a gearbox
to increase the generator drive frequency.

(iv)

Gearboxes are relatively expensive and heavy.

They require

maintenance and can be noisy. To overcome this problem, generators

with a large number of poles are being manufactured to operate at
lower frequency.
(v)

The turbine can be coupled with the generator to provide an indirect

drive through a mechanical accumulator (weight lifted by hydraulic
pressure) or chemical storage (battery).

Thus, generator control is

independent of turbine operation.

The generators used with wind machines are i) Synchronous AC generator ii)
Induction AC generator and iii) Variable speed generator
Induction AC generator:
They are identical to conventional industrial induction motors and are used
on constant speed wind turbines. The torque is applied to or removed from the
shaft if the rotor speed is above or below synchronous.

The power flow

direction in wires is the factor to be considered to differentiate between a

synchronous generator and induction motor. Some design modifications are to
be incorporated for induction generators considering the different operating
regime of wind turbines and the need for high efficiency at part load, etc.
Variable speed generator:
Electrical variable speed operation can be approached as:

 All the output power of the wind turbine may be passed through the
frequency converters to give a broad range of variable speed operation.
A restricted speed range may be achieved by converting only a fraction
of the output power.
2.2.3 Yaw system:
It turns the nacelle according to the actuator engaging on a gear ring at the top
of the tower. Yaw control is the arrangement in which the entire rotor is rotated
horizontally or yawed out of the wind. During normal operation of the system,
the wind direction should be perpendicular to the swept area of the rotor. The
yaw drive is controlled by a slow closed- loop control system. The yaw drive is
operated by a wind vane, which is usually mounted on the top of the nacelle
sensing the relative wind direction, and the wind turbine controller. In some
designs, the nacelle is yawed to attain reduction in power during high winds.
In extremity, the turbine can be stopped with nacelle turned such that
the rotor axis is at right angles to the wind direction.
One of the more difficult parts of a wind turbine designs is the yaw
system, though it is apparently simple.

Especially in turbulent wind

conditions, the prediction of yaw loads is uncertain.

2.3 Induction generator:
An induction generator is a type of electrical generator that is mechanically and
electrically similar to a polyphase induction motor. Induction generators
produce electrical power when their shaft is rotated faster than the
synchronous frequency of the equivalent induction motor. Induction generators
are often used in wind turbines and some micro hydro installations due to their
ability to produce useful power at varying rotor speeds. Induction generators

are mechanically and electrically simpler than other generator types. They are
also more rugged, requiring no brushes or commutators

CHAPTER-3

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (FACTS)

3.1 Introduction

Flexible AC Transmission Systems, called FACTS, got in the recent years

a well known term for higher controllability in power systems by means of
power electronic devices. Several FACTS-devices have been introduced for
various applications worldwide. A number of new types of devices are in the
stage of being introduced in practice.

In most of the applications the controllability is used to avoid cost

intensive or landscape requiring extensions of power systems, for instance like
upgrades or additions of substations and power lines. FACTS-devices provide a
better adaptation to varying operational conditions and improve the usage of
existing installations. The basic applications of FACTS-devices are:

Power flow control,

Increase of transmission capability,
Voltage control,
Reactive power compensation,
Stability improvement,
Power quality improvement,
Power conditioning,

 Flicker mitigation,
Interconnection of renewable and distributed generation and storages.

Figure shows the basic idea of FACTS for transmission systems. The
usage of lines for active power transmission should be ideally up to the thermal
limits. Voltage and stability limits shall be shifted with the means of the several
different FACTS devices. It can be seen that with growing line length, the
opportunity for FACTS devices gets more and more important.

The influence of FACTS-devices is achieved through switched or

controlled shunt compensation, series compensation or phase shift control.
The devices work electrically as fast current, voltage or impedance controllers.
The power electronic allows very short reaction times down to far below one
second.

The development of FACTS-devices has started with the growing

capabilities of power electronic components. Devices for high power levels have
been made available in converters for high and even highest voltage levels. The
overall starting points are network elements influencing the reactive power or
the impedance of a part of the power system. Figure 3.1 shows a number of
basic devices separated into the conventional ones and the FACTS-devices.

For the FACTS side the taxonomy in terms of 'dynamic' and 'static' needs
some explanation. The term 'dynamic' is used to express the fast controllability
of FACTS-devices provided by the power electronics. This is one of the main
differentiation factors from the conventional devices. The term 'static' means

that the devices have no moving parts like mechanical switches to perform the
dynamic controllability. Therefore most of the FACTS-devices can equally be
static and dynamic.

Fig 3.1 Overview of FACTS devices

The left column in Figure 1.2 contains the conventional devices build out
of fixed or mechanically switch able components like resistance, inductance or
capacitance together with transformers. The FACTS-devices contain these
elements as well but use additional power electronic valves or converters to
switch the elements in smaller steps or with switching patterns within a cycle
of the alternating current. The left column of FACTS-devices uses Thyristor
valves or converters. These valves or converters are well known since several
years. They have low losses because of their low switching frequency of once a

cycle in the converters or the usage of the Thyristors to simply bridge

impedances in the valves.

The right column of FACTS-devices contains more advanced technology

of voltage source converters based today mainly on Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistors (IGBT) or Insulated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT). Voltage
Source Converters provide a free controllable voltage in magnitude and phase
due to a pulse width modulation of the IGBTs or IGCTs. High modulation
frequencies allow to get low harmonics in the output signal and even to
compensate disturbances coming from the network.
The disadvantage is that with an increasing switching frequency, the
losses are increasing as well. Therefore special designs of the converters are
required to compensate this.

3.2 SHUNT DEVICES:

The most used FACTS-device is the SVC or the version with Voltage
Source Converter called STATCOM. These shunt devices are operating as
reactive

power

compensators.

The

main

applications

in

transmission,

distribution and industrial networks are:

Reduction of unwanted reactive power flows and therefore reduced network

losses.
Keeping of contractual power exchanges with balanced reactive power.
Compensation of consumers and improvement of power quality especially
with huge demand fluctuations like industrial machines, metal melting plants,
railway or underground train systems.

 Compensation of Thyristor converters e.g. in conventional HVDC lines.

Improvement of static or transient stability.

Almost half of the SVC and more than half of the STATCOMs are used for
industrial applications. Industry as well as commercial and domestic groups of
users require power quality. Flickering lamps are no longer accepted, nor are
interruptions of industrial processes due to insufficient power quality. Railway
or underground systems with huge load variations require SVCs or STATCOMs.

3.2.1 SVC:
Electrical loads both generate and absorb reactive power. Since the
transmitted load varies considerably from one hour to another, the reactive
power balance in a grid varies as well. The result can be unacceptable voltage
amplitude variations or even a voltage depression, at the extreme a voltage
collapse.

A rapidly operating Static Var Compensator (SVC) can continuously

provide the reactive power required to control dynamic voltage oscillations
under various system conditions and thereby improve the power system
transmission and distribution stability.

Applications of the SVC systems in transmission systems:

a. To increase active power transfer capacity and transient stability
margin
b. To damp power oscillations
c. To achieve effective voltage control

In addition, SVCs are also used

1. in transmission systems
a. To reduce temporary over voltages
b. To damp sub synchronous resonances
c. To damp power oscillations in interconnected power systems

2. in traction systems
a. To balance loads
b. To improve power factor
c. To improve voltage regulation

3. In HVDC systems
a. To provide reactive power to acdc converters

4. In arc furnaces
a. To reduce voltage variations and associated light flicker

Installing an SVC at one or more suitable points in the network can

increase transfer capability and reduce losses while maintaining a smooth
voltage profile under different network conditions. In addition an SVC can
mitigate active power oscillations through voltage amplitude modulation.
SVC installations consist of a number of building blocks. The most
important is the Thyristor valve, i.e. stack assemblies of series connected antiparallel Thyristors to provide controllability. Air core reactors and high voltage
AC capacitors are the reactive power elements used together with the Thyristor

valves. The step up connection of this equipment to the transmission voltage is

achieved through a power transformer.

Fig 3.2 SVC building blocks and voltage / current characteristic

In principle the SVC consists of Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC) and

Thyristor Switched or Controlled Reactors (TSR / TCR). The coordinated control
of a combination of these branches varies the reactive power as shown in
Figure. The first commercial SVC was installed in 1972 for an electric arc
furnace. On transmission level the first SVC was used in 1979. Since then it is
widely used and the most accepted FACTS-device.

3.2.2 STATCOM:

In 1999 the first SVC with Voltage Source Converter called STATCOM
(STATic COMpensator) went into operation. The STATCOM has a characteristic
similar to the synchronous condenser, but as an electronic device it has no
inertia and is superior to the synchronous condenser in several ways, such as
better dynamics, a lower investment cost and lower operating and maintenance
costs.
A STATCOM is build with Thyristors with turn-off capability like GTO or
today IGCT or with more and more IGBTs. The static line between the current
limitations has a certain steepness determining the control characteristic for
the voltage.

The advantage of a STATCOM is that the reactive power provision is

independent from the actual voltage on the connection point. This can be seen
in the diagram for the maximum currents being independent of the voltage in
comparison to the SVC. This means, that even during most severe
contingencies, the STATCOM keeps its full capability.

In the distributed energy sector the usage of Voltage Source Converters

for grid interconnection is common practice today. The next step in STATCOM
development is the combination with energy storages on the DC-side. The
performance for power quality and balanced network operation can be
improved much more with the combination of active and reactive power.

Fig 3.3 STATCOM structure and voltage / current characteristic

STATCOMs are based on Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) topology and

utilize

either

Gate-Turn-off

Thyristors

(GTO)

or

Isolated

Gate

Bipolar

Transistors (IGBT) devices. The STATCOM is a very fast acting, electronic

equivalent of a synchronous condenser.
If the STATCOM voltage, Vs, (which is proportional to the dc bus voltage
Vc) is larger than bus voltage, Es, then leading or capacitive VARS are
produced. If Vs is smaller then Es then lagging or inductive VARS are
produced.

Fig 3.4 6 Pulses STATCOM

The three phases STATCOM makes use of the fact that on a three phase,
fundamental frequency, steady state basis, and the instantaneous power
entering a purely reactive device must be zero. The reactive power in each
phase is supplied by circulating the instantaneous real power between the
phases. This is achieved by firing the GTO/diode switches in a manner that
maintains the phase difference between the ac bus voltage ES and the
STATCOM generated voltage VS. Ideally it is possible to construct a device
based on circulating instantaneous power which has no energy storage device
(ie no dc capacitor).

A practical STATCOM requires some amount of energy storage to

accommodate

harmonic

power

and

ac

system

unbalances,

when

the

instantaneous real power is non-zero. The maximum energy storage required

for the STATCOM is much less than for a TCR/TSC type of SVC compensator of
comparable rating.

Fig 3.5 STATCOM Equivalent Circuit

Several different control techniques can be used for the firing control of
the STATCOM. Fundamental switching of the GTO/diode once per cycle can be
used. This approach will minimize switching losses, but will generally utilize
more complex transformer topologies. As an alternative, Pulse Width Modulated
(PWM) techniques, which turn on and off the GTO or IGBT switch more than
once per cycle, can be used. This approach allows for simpler transformer
topologies at the expense of higher switching losses.

The 6 Pulse STATCOM using fundamental switching will of course

produce the 6 N1 harmonics. There are a variety of methods to decrease the
harmonics. These methods include the basic 12 pulse configuration with
parallel star / delta transformer connections, a complete elimination of 5th and
7th harmonic current using series connection of star/star and star/delta
transformers and a quasi 12 pulse method with a single star-star transformer,
and two secondary windings, using control of firing angle to produce a
30phase

shift between the two 6 pulse bridges.

This method can be extended to produce a 24 pulse and a 48 pulse
STATCOM, thus eliminating harmonics even further. Another possible
approach for harmonic cancellation is a multi-level configuration which allows
for more than one switching element per level and therefore more than one
switching in each bridge arm. The ac voltage derived has a staircase effect,
dependent on the number of levels. This staircase voltage can be controlled to
eliminate harmonics.

3.3 SERIES DEVICES:

Series devices have been further developed from fixed or mechanically

switched compensations to the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation
(TCSC) or even Voltage Source Converter based devices.

The main applications are:

Reduction of series voltage decline in magnitude and angle over a
power line,
Reduction of voltage fluctuations within defined limits during changing
power transmissions,
Improvement of system damping resp. damping of oscillations,
Limitation of short circuit currents in networks or substations,
Avoidance of loop flows resp. power flow adjustments.

3.3.1 TCSC:

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) address specific dynamical

problems in transmission systems. Firstly it increases damping when large
electrical systems are interconnected. Secondly it can overcome the problem of
Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR), a phenomenon that involves an interaction
between large thermal generating units and series compensated transmission
systems.

The TCSC's high speed switching capability provides a mechanism for

controlling line power flow, which permits increased loading of existing
transmission lines, and allows for rapid readjustment of line power flow in

response to various contingencies. The TCSC also can regulate steady-state

power flow within its rating limits.

From a principal technology point of view, the TCSC resembles the

conventional series capacitor. All the power equipment is located on an isolated
steel platform, including the Thyristor valve that is used to control the behavior
of the main capacitor bank. Likewise the control and protection is located on
ground potential together with other auxiliary systems. Figure shows the
principle setup of a TCSC and its operational diagram. The firing angle and the
thermal limits of the Thyristors determine the boundaries of the operational
diagram.

ADVANTAGES

Continuous control of desired compensation level

Direct smooth control of power flow within the network

Improved capacitor bank protection

Local mitigation of sub synchronous resonance (SSR). This permits

higher levels of compensation in networks where interactions with
turbine-generator torsional vibrations or with other control or measuring
systems are of concern.

Damping of electromechanical (0.5-2 Hz) power oscillations which often

arise between areas in a large interconnected power network. These
oscillations are due to the dynamics of inter area power transfer and
often exhibit poor damping when the aggregate power tranfer over a
corridor is high relative to the transmission strength.

3.4 SHUNT AND SERIES DEVICES

3.4.1 DYNAMIC POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

A new device in the area of power flow control is the Dynamic Power Flow
Controller (DFC). The DFC is a hybrid device between a Phase Shifting
Transformer (PST) and switched series compensation.

A functional single line diagram of the Dynamic Flow Controller is shown

in Figure 1.19. The Dynamic Flow Controller consists of the following
components:

A standard phase shifting transformer with tap-changer (PST)

series-connected Thyristor Switched Capacitors and Reactors (TSC /
TSR)
A mechanically switched shunt capacitor (MSC). (This is optional
depending on the system reactive power requirements)

Fig 3.6 Principle configuration of DPFC

Based on the system requirements, a DFC might consist of a number of

series TSC or TSR. The mechanically switched shunt capacitor (MSC) will
provide voltage support in case of overload and other conditions.
Normally the reactance of reactors and the capacitors are selected based
on a binary basis to result in a desired stepped reactance variation. If a higher
power flow resolution is needed, a reactance equivalent to the half of the
smallest one can be added.

The switching of series reactors occurs at zero current to avoid any

harmonics. However, in general, the principle of phase-angle control used in
TCSC can be applied for a continuous control as well. The operation of a DFC
is based on the following rules:

TSC / TSR are switched when a fast response is required.

The relieve of overload and work in stressed situations is handled by
the TSC / TSR.
The switching of the PST tap-changer should be minimized particularly
for the currents higher than normal loading.

 The total reactive power consumption of the device can be optimized by

the operation of the MSC, tap changer and the switched capacities and
reactors.

In order to visualize the steady state operating range of the DFC, we

assume an inductance in parallel representing parallel transmission paths. The
overall control objective in steady state would be to control the distribution of
power flow between the branch with the DFC and the parallel path. This
control is accomplished by control of the injected series voltage.

The PST (assuming a quadrature booster) will inject a voltage in

quadrature with the node voltage. The controllable reactance will inject a
voltage in quadrature with the throughput current. Assuming that the power
flow has a load factor close to one, the two parts of the series voltage will be
close to collinear. However, in terms of speed of control, influence on reactive
power balance and effectiveness at high/low loading the two parts of the series
voltage has quite different characteristics. The steady state control range for
loadings up to rated current is illustrated in Figure 1.20, where the x-axis
corresponds to the throughput current and the y-axis corresponds to the
injected series voltage.

Fig 3.7 Operational diagram of a DFC

Operation in the first and third quadrants corresponds to reduction of

power through the DFC, whereas operation in the second and fourth quadrants
corresponds to increasing the power flow through the DFC. The slope of the
line passing through the origin (at which the tap is at zero and TSC / TSR are
bypassed) depends on the short circuit reactance of the PST.

Starting at rated current (2 kA) the short circuit reactance by itself

provides an injected voltage (approximately 20 kV in this case). If more
inductance is switched in and/or the tap is increased, the series voltage
increases and the current through the DFC decreases (and the flow on parallel
branches increases). The operating point moves along lines parallel to the
arrows in the figure. The slope of these arrows depends on the size of the
parallel reactance. The maximum series voltage in the first quadrant is

obtained when all inductive steps are switched in and the tap is at its
maximum.

Now, assuming maximum tap and inductance, if the throughput current

decreases (due e.g. to changing loading of the system) the series voltage will
decrease. At zero current, it will not matter whether the TSC / TSR steps are in
or out, they will not contribute to the series voltage.
Consequently, the series voltage at zero current corresponds to rated PST
series voltage. Next, moving into the second quadrant, the operating range will
be limited by the line corresponding to maximum tap and the capacitive step
being switched in (and the inductive steps by-passed). In this case, the
capacitive step is approximately as large as the short circuit reactance of the
PST, giving an almost constant maximum voltage in the second quadrant.

3.4.2 UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER:

The UPFC is a combination of a static compensator and static series

compensation. It acts as a shunt compensating and a phase shifting device
simultaneously.

Fig 3.8 Principle configuration of an UPFC

The UPFC consists of a shunt and a series transformer, which are

connected via two voltage source converters with a common DC-capacitor. The
DC-circuit allows the active power exchange between shunt and series
transformer to control the phase shift of the series voltage. This setup, as
shown in Figure 1.21, provides the full controllability for voltage and power
flow. The series converter needs to be protected with a Thyristor bridge. Due to
the high efforts for the Voltage Source Converters and the protection, an UPFC
is getting quite expensive, which limits the practical applications where the
voltage and power flow control is required simultaneously.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF UPFC

The basic components of the UPFC are two voltage source inverters (VSIs)
sharing a common dc storage capacitor, and connected to the power system
through coupling transformers. One VSI is connected to in shunt to the

transmission system via a shunt transformer, while the other one is connected
in series through a series transformer.
A basic UPFC functional scheme is shown in fig.1

Fig 3.9 Functional scheme of UPFC

The series inverter is controlled to inject a symmetrical three phase

voltage system (Vse), of controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with
the line to control active and reactive power flows on the transmission line. So,
this inverter will exchange active and reactive power with the line. The reactive
power is electronically provided by the series inverter, and the active power is
transmitted to the dc terminals. The shunt inverter is operated in such a way
as to demand this dc terminal power (positive or negative) from the line keeping
the voltage across the storage capacitor Vdc constant. So, the net real power
absorbed from the line by the UPFC is equal only to the losses of the inverters
and their transformers.

The remaining capacity of the shunt inverter can be used to exchange

reactive power with the line so to provide a voltage regulation at the connection
point.
The two VSIs can work independently of each other by separating the dc
side. So in that case, the shunt inverter is operating as a STATCOM that
generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the voltage magnitude at the
connection point. Instead, the series inverter is operating as SSSC that
generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the current flow, and hence the
power low on the transmission line.
The UPFC has many possible operating modes. In particular, the shunt
inverter is operating in such a way to inject a controllable current, ish into the
transmission line. The shunt inverter can be controlled in two different modes:
VAR Control Mode: The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR
request. The shunt inverter control translates the var reference into a
corresponding shunt current request and adjusts gating of the inverter to
establish the desired current. For this mode of control a feedback signal
representing the dc bus voltage, Vdc, is also required.
Automatic Voltage Control Mode: The shunt inverter reactive current is
automatically regulated to maintain the transmission line voltage at the point
of connection to a reference value. For this mode of control, voltage feedback
signals are obtained from the sending end bus feeding the shunt coupling
transformer.
The series inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage
injected in series with the line to influence the power flow on the line. The
actual value of the injected voltage can be obtained in several ways.
Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs are directly the
magnitude and phase angle of the series voltage.

Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The reference input is phase

displacement between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage.
Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference input is an impedance value to
insert in series with the line impedance
Automatic Power Flow Control Mode: The reference inputs are values of P
and Q to maintain on the transmission line despite system changes.

3.4.3 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

The provision of both DSTATCOM and DVR can control the power quality
of the source current and the load bus voltage. In addition, if the DVR and
STATCOM are connected on the DC side, the DC bus voltage can be regulated
by the shunt connected DSTATCOM while the DVR supplies the required
energy to the load in case of the transient disturbances in source voltage. The
configuration of such a device (termed as Unified Power Quality Conditioner
(UPQC)) is shown in Fig. 14.15. This is a versatile device similar UPQCHowever,
the control objectives of a UPQC are quite different from that of a UPFC.

Fig 3.10 Block diagram of UPQC

CONTROL OBJECTIVES OF UPQC

The shunt connected converter has the following control objectives

1. To balance the source currents by injecting negative and zero sequence
components required by the load
2. The compensate for the harmonics in the load current by injecting the
required harmonic currents
3. To control the power factor by injecting the required reactive current (at
fundamental frequency)
4. To regulate the DC bus voltage.

The series connected converter has the following control objectives

1. To balance the voltages at the load bus by injecting negative and zero
sequence voltages to compensate for those present in the source.
2. To isolate the load bus from harmonics present in the source voltages, by
injecting the harmonic voltages
3. To regulate the magnitude of the load bus voltage by injecting the required
active and reactive components (at fundamental frequency) depending on the
power factor on the source side
4. To control the power factor at the input port of the UPQC (where the source
is connected. Note that the power factor at the output port of the UPQC
(connected to the load) is controlled by the shunt converter.

Operation of UPQC

Fig 3.11 Equivalent circuit of UPQC

The operation of a UPQC can be explained from the analysis of the
idealized equivalent circuit shown in Fig 3.11 Here, the series converter is
represented by a voltage source VC and the shunt converter is represented by a
current source IC. Note that all the currents and voltages are 3 dimensional
vectors with phase coordinates. Unlike in the case of a UPFC (discussed in
chapter 8), the voltages and currents may contain negative and zero sequence
components in addition to harmonics. Neglecting losses in the converters, we
get the relation

(VL,IC)+(VC,IS) =0

where X,Ydenote the inner product of two vectors, defined by

T

(X,Y) =

1
X T ( )Y()d

2 0

Let the load current IL and the source voltage VS be decomposed into two
Components given by

IL =
1P
Vs = V S

I 1L P + I L
+

V S

Where I1p L contains only positive sequence, fundamental frequency

components. Similar comments apply to V 1pS . IrL and V rS contain rest of
the load current and the source voltage including harmonics. I1pL is not
unique and depends on the power factor at the load bus. However, the following
relation applies for I1p L .

VL
I
PL = , L )

(V L , I 1L P)

This implies that hIrL ; VLi = 0. Thus, the fundamental frequency,

positive sequence component in IrL does not contribute to the active power in
the load. To meet the control objectives, the desired load voltages and source
currents

must

contain

only positive

sequence,

fundamental

frequency

components and

PL = V L I S cos l= V 1S P I S cos S
where V L and IS are the reference quantities for the load bus voltage
and the source current respectively. l is the power factor angle at the load bus
while s is the power factor angle at the source bus (input port of UPQC). Note
that V L(t) and IS (t) are sinusoidal and balanced. If the reference current
(IC ) of the shunt converter and the reference voltage (V C) of the series
converter are chosen as

I C =I L , V L =V C +V 1CP

I S=I 1L P , V L =V 1SP +V 1CP

Note that the constraint (14.30) implies that V 1p C is the reactive
voltage in quadrature with the desired source current, IS . It is easy to derive

that

V
( C , I )=0=( I C , V L )

The above equation shows that for the operating

conditions assumed, a UPQC can be viewed as a inaction of a DVR and a

STATCOM with no active power ow through the DC link. However, if the
magnitude of V L is to be controlled, it may not be feasible to achieve this by
injecting only reactive voltage. The situation gets complicated if V 1p S is not
constant, but changes due to system disturbances or fault. To ensure the
regulation of the load bus voltage it may be necessary to inject variable active
voltage (in phase with the source current). If we express

V C V C + V C , I C =I C + I C

I S=I S I C , V L=V 1S P +V 1CP ++ V C

( I S , V C ) + ( V L , I C )=0

(IS ,V C) = 0 = ( V L ,IC )

This implies that both VC and IC are perturbations involving positive

sequence, fundamental requency quantities (say, resulting from symmetric
voltage sags). the power balance on the DC side of the shunt and series
converter. The perturbation in VC is initiated to ensure that

V C + V C +Vs = V L = constant .

1. The unbalance and harmonics in the source voltage can arise due to
uncompensated nonlinear and unbalanced loads in the upstream of the UPQC.
2. The injection of capacitive reactive voltage by the series converter has the
advantage of raising the source voltage magnitude.

CHAPTER-4

VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

4.1 SINGLE-PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTERS
Single-phase voltage source inverters (VSIs) can be found as half-bridge
and full-bridge topologies. Although the power range they cover is the low one,
they are widely used in power supplies, single-phase UPSs, and currently to
form elaborate high-power static power topologies, such as for instance, the
multi cell configurations that are reviewed in Section 14.7. The main features of
both approaches are reviewed and presented in the following.

Full-Bridge VSI

Fig 4.1 Single-phase full-bridge VSI.

Figure 14.8 shows the power topology of a full-bridge VSI. This inverter is
similar to the half-bridge inverter; however, a second leg provides the neutral
point to the load. As expected, both switches

and

(or

and

) cannot

be on simultaneously because a short circuit across the dc link voltage source

vi would be produced. There are four defined (states 1, 2, 3, and 4) and one
undefined (state 5) switch states as shown in Table 14.2.
The undefined condition should be avoided so as to be always capable of
defining the ac output voltage. In order to avoid the short circuit across the dc
bus and the undefined ac output voltage condition, the modulating technique
should ensure that either the top or the bottom switch of each leg is on at any
instant. It can be observed that the ac output voltage can take values up to the
dc link value vi , which is twice that obtained with half-bridge VSI topologies.
Several modulating techniques have been developed that are applicable to fullbridge VSIs. Among them are the PWM (bipolar and unipolar) techniques.

4.2 Bipolar PWM Technique

States 1 and 2 (Table 14.2) are used to generate the ac output voltage in
this approach. Thus, the ac output voltage waveform features only two values,
which are vi and -vi. To generate the states, a carrier-based technique can be
used as in half-bridge configurations (Fig. 14.3), where only one sinusoidal
modulating signal has been used. It should be noted that the on state in switch
in the half-bridge corresponds to both switches
state in the full-bridge configuration. Similarly,
bridge corresponds to both switches

and

and

being in the on

in the on state in the halfbeing in the on state in the

full-bridge configuration. This is called bipolar carrier-based SPWM. The ac

output voltage waveform in a full-bridge VSI is basically a sinusoidal waveform
that features a fundamental component of amplitude
expression
v^ 01= v^ ab 1=v i ma

that satisfies the

In the linear region of the modulating technique (ma

1), which is twice that

obtained in the half-bridge VSI. Identical conclusions can be drawn for the
frequencies and amplitudes of the harmonics in the ac output voltage and dc
link current, and for operations at smaller and larger values of odd mf
(including the over modulation region (ma > 1)), than in half bridge VSIs, but
considering that the maximum ac output voltage is the dc link voltage vi .
Thus, in the over modulation region the fundamental component of amplitude
satisfies the expression
4
v i < ^v 01=^v ab 1 < v i

In contrast to the bipolar approach, the unipolar PWM technique uses

the states 1, 2, 3, and to generate the ac output voltage. Thus, the ac output
voltage waveform can instantaneously take one of three values, namely
v i ,v i

the signal vc is used to generate van, and

v bN

v bN 1 =v aN 1

.On the other hand,

v^ 01=2v aN 1 =v i m a

v 0

is used to generate

v 01=v aN 1v bN 1=2v aN 1

thus

This is called unipolar carrier-based PWM.

Identical conclusions can be drawn for the amplitude of the fundamental

component and harmonics in the ac output voltage and dc link current, and for
operations at smaller and larger values of mf, (including the over modulation
region (ma > 1)), than in full-bridge VSIs modulated by the bipolar SPWM.
However, because the phase voltages
phase, the output voltage

v 0 =v ab

v aN v bN

v aN v bN

are identical but 180_ out of

will not contain even harmonics.

Thus, if mf is taken even, the harmonics in the ac output voltage appear at

normalized odd frequencies fh centered around twice the normalized carrier

frequency mf and its multiples. Specifically
h=lmf k l=2,4, .
where k =1; 3; 5; . . . and the harmonics in the dc link current appear at
normalized frequencies fp centered around twice the normalized carrier
frequency mf and its multiples. Specifically,
p=l mf k 1 l=2,4,
where k = 1; 3; 5; . . .. This feature is considered to be an advantage because it
allows the use of smaller filtering components to obtain high-quality voltage
and current waveforms while using the same switching frequency as in VSIs
modulated by the bipolar approach.

4.3 Selective Harmonic Elimination:

In contrast to half-bridge VSIs, this approach is applied in a per-line
fashion for full-bridge VSIs. The ac output voltage features odd half- and
quarter-wave symmetry; therefore, even harmonics are not present
v
( 0 h =0, h=2,4,6, )
Moreover, the ac output voltage waveform
^

v 0 =v ab in

Fig. 14.8), should feature N pulses per half-cycle in order to adjust the
fundamental component and eliminate N 1 harmonics. For instance, to
eliminate the third, fifth and seventh harmonics and to perform fundamental
magnitude control (N . 4), the equations to be solved are:
. (17.19)

1
1
1
1
( 1) - ( 4 )= v^ 01 /( v i 4 )
( 3 )cos
cos
( 2)+cos
cos
3
3
3
3
( 1) - ( 4 )=0
( 3)cos
cos
( 2)+ cos
cos
5
5
5
5
( 1) - ( 4 )=0
( 3)cos
cos
( 2)+ cos
cos
7
7
7
7
( 1) - ( 4 )=0
( 3)cos
cos
( 2)+ cos
cos
The general expressions to eliminate an arbitrary N ( N1=3,5,7, ..)
of harmonics are given by

(1)
k=1

cos n k =

v^ 01
4 vi

number

(1)k

cos n k =0

k=1

Where

1, 2, N

should satisfy

for n=3,5,.,2N-1

1< 2 << N <

Shows a special case where only the fundamental ac output voltage is

controlled. This is known as output control by voltage cancellation, which
derives from the fact that its implementation is easily attainable by using two
phase-shifted square-wave switching signals as shown in

Fig 4.2 The full-bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the unipolar SPWM (a) carrier
and modulating signals; (b) switch

state; (c) switch

. state; (d) ac output

voltage; (e) ac output voltage spectrum; (f) ac output current; (g) dc current; (h)
dc current spectrum; (i) switch

current; (j) diode

current.

Fig 4.3 The half-bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the SHE technique: (a) ac
output voltage for third, fifth, and seventh harmonic elimination; (b) spectrum
of (a); (c) ac output voltage for fundamental control; (d) spectrum of (c).

Fig 4.4 Chopping angles for SHE and fundamental voltage control in halfbridge VSIs: (a) fundamental control and third, fifth, and seventh harmonic
elimination; (b) fundamental control.

Thus, the amplitude of the fundamental component and harmonics in the ac

output voltage are given by
4 1
v^ 0 h = v i cos ( h x1 ) , h=1,3,5,
h
It can also be observed in Fig. 14.12c that for

square wave operation is

achieved. In this case, the fundamental a output voltage is given by

4
v^ 01= v i

Where the fundamental load voltage can be controlled by the manipulation of

the dc link voltage.

Fig 4.5 The full-bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the output control by voltage
cancellation: (a) switch
output voltage spectrum.

state; (b) switch

state; (c) ac output voltage; (d) ac

CHAPTER-5

MODELING OF CASE STUDY

UPQC
5.1 Introduction
The best protection for sensitive loads from sources with inadequate
quality, is shunt-series connection i.e. unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)
.Recent research efforts have been made towards utilizing unified power quality
conditioner (UPQC) to solve almost all power quality problems for example
voltage sag, voltage swell, voltage outage and over correction of power factor
and unacceptable levels of harmonics in the current and voltage The basic
configuration of UPQC is shown in figure 1 The main purpose of a UPQC is to
compensate for supply voltage flicker/imbalance, reactive power, negative
sequence current, and harmonics [14]. In other words, the UPQC has the
capability of improving power quality at the point of installation on power
distribution systems or industrial power systems. The UPQC, therefore, is
expected as one of the most powerful solutions to large capacity sensitive loads
to voltage flicker/imbalance.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) for non-linear and a voltage sensitive
load has

following facilities.

It eliminates the harmonics in the supply current, thus improves utility

current quality for nonlinear loads.
UPQC provides the VAR requirement of the load, so that the supply voltage
and current are always in phase, therefore, no additional power factor
correction equipment is necessary.

 UPQC maintains load end voltage at the rated value even in the presence of
supply voltage sag.
The voltage injected by UPQC to maintain the load end voltage at the desired
value is taken from the same dc link, thus no additional dc link voltage support
is required for the series compensator.
The UPQC consists of two three phase inverters
connected in cascade in such a manner that Inverter I is connected in series
with the supply voltage through a transformer inverter II is connected in
parallel with the load. The main purpose of the shunt compensator is to
compensate for the reactive power demanded by the load, to eliminate the
harmonics and to regulate the common dc link voltage. The series compensator
is operated in PWM voltage controlled mode. It injects voltage in quadrature
advance to the supply voltage (current) such that the load end voltage is always
maintained at the desired value. The two inverters operate in a coordinated
manner.

The Unified Power Quality Conditioner is a custom power device

that is employed in the distribution system to mitigate the disturbances that
affect the performance of sensitive and/or critical load. It is a type of hybrid
APF and is the only versatile device which can mitigate several power quality
problems related with voltage and current simultaneously therefore is multi
functioning devices that compensate various voltage disturbances of the power
supply, to correct voltage fluctuations and to prevent harmonic load current
from entering the power system. Figure 1 shows the system configuration of a
single-phase UPQC. Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) consists of two
IGBT based Voltage source converters (VSC), one shunt and one series
cascaded by a common DC bus. The shunt converter is connected in parallel to

the load. It provides VAR support to the load and supply harmonic currents.
Whenever the supply voltage undergoes sag then series converter injects
suitable voltage with supply [2]. Thus UPQC improves the power quality by
preventing load current harmonics and by correcting the input power factor.

Fig 5.1 block diagram of upqc

5.2 TOPOLOGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
The STATCOM based current control voltage source
inverter injects the current into the grid in such a way that the source current
are harmonic free and their phase-angle with respect to source voltage has a
desired value. The injected current will cancel out the reactive part and
harmonic part of the load and induction generator current, thus it improves
the power factor and the power quality. To accomplish these goals, the grid
voltages are sensed and are synchronized in generating the current command
for the inverter. The proposed grid connected system is implemented for power
quality improvement at point of common coupling (PCC). The grid connected
system in Figure 3, consists of wind energy generation system and battery
energy storage system with UPQC.

Fig 5.2 grid connected system for power quality improvement of proposed
system
5.3 WIND ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM
In this configuration, wind generations are based on
constant speed topologies with pitch control turbine. The induction generators
used in the proposed scheme because of its simplicity, it does not require a
separate field circuit, it can accept constant and variable loads, and has
natural protection against short circuit. The available power of wind energy
system is presented asunder the equation,

It is not possible to extract all kinetic energy of wind, thus it extract a fraction
of power in wind, called power coefficient Cp of the wind turbine, and is given
in eq

5.4 BESS-STATCOM
The battery energy storage system (BESS) is used as an energy storage element
for the purpose of voltage regulation. The BESS will naturally maintain dc
capacitor voltage constant and is best suited in STATCOM since it rapidly

injects or absorbed reactive power to stabilize the grid system. It also control
the distribution and transmission system in a very fast rate. When power
fluctuation occurs in the system, the BESS can be used to level the power
fluctuation by charging and discharging operation. The battery is connected in
parallel to the dc capacitor of STATCOM. The STATCOM is a three-phase
voltage source inverter having the capacitance on its DC link and connected at
the point of common coupling. The STATCOM injects a compensating current
of variable magnitude and frequency component at the bus of common
coupling.

Fig 5.4 system operational scheme in upqc

The shunt connected STATCOM with battery energy storage

is connected with the interface of the induction generator and non-linear load
at the PCC in the grid system. The STATCOM compensator output strategy, so
as to maintain the power quality norms in the grid system. The current control
strategy is included in the control scheme that defines the functional operation
of the STATCOM compensator in the power system. A single STATCOM using
insulated gate bipolar transistor is proposed to have a reactive power support,
to the induction generator and to the non linear load in the grid system.

CHAPTER-6

SIMULATION RESULTS
6.1 SIMULATION MODEL:
Wind generation using wind turbine, pitch control, Induction Generator. Here
we are using the induction generator as generating machine due to its
advantages over other machines for its simplicity and economical factors. The
pitch angle controller makes the angle of the turbine blade to adjust in such a
way that the speed of rotation at every velocity of the wind is maintained
constant. And the parallel capacitive bank is to supply the reactive power to the
IM running as the generator. Here we considered the per unit values in the
closed loop that can be seen from the Figure 5. The rms values of the current
and voltage generated is taken and the power is being calculated at every

sampling time interval and the wave form is being traced in the scope. A timer
is used in figure for assigning the wind velocity at 3 different states which will
be linearise after some loop operations.

Fig 6.1 voltage source inverter with battery and controller

6.2 PARAMETERS
Grid voltage

415 V.

Operating frequency

60 HZ.

Induction generator

3.35KVA, 415V, 60 Hz.

Speed

1440 rpm,

Rr

0.01 ohms

Rs

0.015 ohms

Ls=Lr

0.06H.

Inverter - DC Link Volt

800V,

DC Link Capacitance

100F,

Switching Frequency

2 kHz.

Non linear load

25 KW.

Fig 6.2 Over all Circuit Diagram in Simulink with UPQC

6.3 RESULTS

Fig 6.3 line current

Total harmonic distortion

Fig 6.4 without UPQC

Fig 6.5 with UPQC

CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we present the FACTS device (UPQC) -based control scheme
for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and
with nonlinear load. The power quality issues and its consequences on the
consumer and electric utility are presented. The operation of the control system
developed for the UPQC in MATLAB/SIMULINK for maintaining the power
quality is to be simulated. It has a capability to cancel out the harmonic parts
of the load current. It maintains the source voltage and current in-phase and
support the reactive power demand for the wind generator and load at PCC in
the grid system, thus it gives an opportunity to enhance the utilization factor of
transmission line. Thus the integrated wind generation and FACTS device with
BESS have shown the outstanding performance in maintaining the voltage
profile as per requirement. Thus the proposed scheme in the grid connected
system fulfils the power quality requirements and maintains the grid voltage
free from distortion and harmonics.

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