VIBRATION AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

OF
PIPE LINE.
Assignment No._03

Submitted by:
ANKUR BHATIA
C.PRABHAKAR.CHAKRAVARTHY.
RAMA RAO.D

Roll No:-R160207002
R160207010
R160207017

M-tech PLE 2007

Date of
Submission

14-05-2008
 Grade

Faculty
Signature
Beam : A one dimensional Member loaded with different loads (Transverse to its longitudinal
axis) Due to loads, it bends (i.e deflects). The amount of sends depends

➢ Type of the loads

➢ Length of beam
➢ Material properties of beam (Elasticity)
➢ & Type of beam

In general beams are classified as

a. Simply supported beam

b. Cantilever beam
c. Over hanging beam

d. rigidly fixed or built in beam

e. continuous beam

Note : In Engineering S.S beam treated as basic determinate & stable structure.

Unstable under
 We Never provide beam :

Horizontal loads

Determinate beam/structure : The beams/structure that solved by statics i.e condition of

Equilibrium called determinate structure.
Indeterminate Structure : which cannot be solves by Statics.

Note : The structure/ beam, which having up to three unknown, treated as determinate
beam/structure
Types of Loading
A beam may be subjected to either or in combination of the following types of loads
1. Concentrated as point loads. W
L
W/L L

3. Uniformly Varying Loads

Total Magnitude of uniformly distributed Load (L.D.L)

W/Length
L
 = Intensity of Loading x Length over which it acts.
100 N/M
4m

Point of application W.D.L = Mid point of Loading Length

 100xN/M
50
4m x44==200
400NN

2m 2m

2m 3m

Total Magnitude of U.V.L

= Area of Loading diagram
6100
40mN/M
N/M Point of

Application = Centroid of
Loading Diagram
W40
660
Lmm
4W
18230=N/M
1.5
1.75
35
45
R0L
2L 1/2
1/2Wxx40L x 6
/Length
=N/M
N
B
33= 120 N

240 180

3m 2m
 θ

Structural Supports :

Followings supports are provided in Engineering for maintaing the stability of the
structure/Body.

Aim : To provide an appropriate Reactive Force to balanced Env. Loads.

1. Roller Supports : Such type of support's provide the reaction of compressive nature,
acting always perpendicular to the plane of the surface. (Behaves same as smooth
surface)

R900

900
θ
θ

At Roller : Reaction of known direction & Nature only Magnitude is unknown ie. one unknown

2. Hinged Supports : Hinged supports provide reaction of any nature and in any direction.
(It Behaves same as Rough Surface) It provide Resistance against translation along &
Normal to plane of Supports.
H

H
V
R

It is also called pin joint. At this support two unknow.

3. Fixed Support : Such supports offer reaction against translation and rotation. Total
unknown Reaction = 03

θ
 MA

Note : Moments at Roller and Hinged support is = Zero Because these supports does not have
any resistance against Rotation.

ANALYSIS OF FRAMES [PIN JOINTED STRUCTURE]

Def : A structure consist of straight members, connected at ends by pin, triangular is Geometry,
transfer external load by axial action.

Fundamental Assumption Made in Analysis of Frames : -

Following assumption's areHmade
A
VA
All member/Elements of pin jointed structure i.e TRUSS should be straight.
Members are connected by only pin.
Centroid of all member meeting at joint must be concide with the centroid of connection (pin.).
Hence form a system of concurrent forces in Equilibrium.
 Pin

External load acting only at the joint of concentrated nature.

W12
The frame work can resist geometrical distorsion.

A
C
B

Basic Equation for stable truss

m = 2j - 3

Where
m = No. of member
j = No. of Joints

For stability of frame Addition member

Classification of truss = 2 x joint Basic, Stable & Determinate Structure

Depending upon no. of member & No. of Joints in truss It may be classified as

a) Perfect Truss : In such truss m = 2j - 3

b) Imperfact Truss & when m ≠ 2j - 3
Perfect Frame : The frame, that remain is Stable (Internally Determinate)

Geometrical configuration, i.e Internal arrangement of member is such a manner so frame can
resist geometrical distorsion and analysis by the concept of Mechanics i.e. by condition of
equilibrium

To maintain Geometrical Configuration, m = 2j - 3

To analysis by mechanic, No of unknown = No. of condition of equilibrium

m=3 m=7
j=3 j=5
m = 2j - 3 m = 2j - 3 .k
k

Basic Pin jointed structure,

If condition m ≠ 2j - 3, such frame called Imperfect frame. Imperfect frame - Basically two type :
a. Deficient frame, m < 2j - 3
b. Redundaint frame m > 2j - 3

Deficient frame : Such frame is internally constable cannot maintain the geometrical
configuration under the loads.

Redundant Frame : In frame, No. of member in the frame is more than that required for perfect
i.e. (internally determinate). Such frame cannot be solved by condition of equilibrium (i.e.
Mechanics). Such frames also referred as Internally Indeterminate.

m=4 m=6
j=4 j=4
m<2j - 3 m>2j - 3

Deficient
Frame

Redundant
Frame
No. of support reaction exceeds C.O. Equilibrium then ext. indete
Deflection of Beams :-

Of any beam that deflection is the position of N.A. shift (Deflect) from its original position under
loading condition. The amount, by which a beam deflects mainly depends

→ Cross section
→ Bending Moment

Usually two criteria are used for designed purpose

a) Strength b) Stiffness

Strength is the criteria for the beam design, to resist bending & shear action (resist bending &
shearing strength stiffness criteria is to resist deflection of the beam)

As per Indian Standard Specification

Δ ≤ Span i.e. L
325 325

Relation between Slope, Deflection & Radius of Curvature

Consider a small portion of beam, that bent into an arc

From Geometry of arc

∠ ACB = dφ

and ds = R.dφ

∴ φ = ds = dx ( ds ≅ dx)
R dφ dφ

Let (x,y) be the co-ordinate of Point s. 'A'

tan φ = dy (φ is very small :: tan φ = φ )

dx

dφ = ∂ 2y = d2y
dx ∂x2 dx2

from equation (1) 1 = dφ

R dx

Shear Stress Distribution for other sections

T
 h
2

h y
τmax NA
= τ1.5a v
τmax
NA τmax
= 1.5 τ a
=1.33τav
(a) Rectangular (b) Triangular (c) Circular
T - Section L or Angle Sections
________________________________________________________________________

I - Section

Plate Girder

________________________________________________________________________
Diamond Section
hbAymax
τb1

D. Triangular

Width of the Strip DE E

b1 = by
h
Area of shaded portion
A= 1 b1 = 1 by2
2 2 h

y= 2h - 2y = 2 ( h - y )
3 3 3
Now substituting in the equation τ = F ay
Ib
τ ( by2 ) x 2 (h-y) (b1 = by
= F x 2h 3_______ h
I. b 1

τ= by2 x 2 (h - y) = f/3I ( f (h - y)
Fx 2h x 3
I x by x h

τ = F/3I [hy - y2]

T varies as parabolic, y2, at y = 0. T = 0, and y = h, τ = 0
for maximum value of shear stress

τ max = dt = 0, d/dy [f/3I [hy - y2]] = 0

h - 2y = 0, or y = h/2

At, h/2 distance i.e. mid point, T will be maximum

 τ max = f [ h . h - (h)2] = f.h2 = fh2
2 2 12 I 12 x 1/36bh3
= 3f = 3 x f = 1.5 τ av
bh 2 Area
and Shear stress at N.A, Put y = 2/3h
τ= f [h . 2 h - (2h)2] = f . 2h2 = 2fh2
3I 3 3 3I 9 27 I
τ = 2fh2 = 8 f = 4 x f
27 . 1/36bh3 3 Area

τ N.A = 1.33 τav