Molecular Sistemas de Bandas Intensidad

Characterization of organic materials by LIBS for exploration of correlation
between molecular and elemental LIBS signals

Shikha Rai and Awadhesh Kumar Rai
Citation: AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3650860
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3650860
View Table of Contents: http://aipadvances.aip.org/resource/1/AAIDBI/v1/i4
Published by the American Institute of Physics.
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AIP ADVANCES 1, 042103 (2011)
Characterization of organic materials by LIBS for

exploration of correlation between molecular and elemental
LIBS signals
Shikha Rai and Awadhesh Kumar Raia
Laser Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Allahabad University,
Allahabad-211002, India
(Received 3 March 2011; accepted 7 September 2011; published online 3 October 2011)
The present study is performed for the preparation of a database by accumulating

LIBS spectra of 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitrotoluene in air and argon. Changes in the
behavior of the molecular bands of the C2 Swan system and CN violet system as well
as of atomic lines of C, H and N in the LIBS signal are appreciable in argon. In order
to explore the correlation between observed LIBS signal and molecular composition
of these materials, normalized intensities of the emission lines have been estimated
for each compound. It has been found that the relative rates of increase/decrease in
the normalized intensities for all sets are higher for 4-nitrotoluene in argon. The cause
of the higher rate for 4-nitrotoluene might be due to the possession of a distinctive
functional group. The ultimate goal behind the whole study is to use this data-base as
input for the discrimination of energetic materials. Copyright 2011 Author(s). This
article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
[doi:10.1063/1.3650860]
I. INTRODUCTION
Real-time remote detection of energetic materials is a challenging area world wide because
of the widespread use of these materials in munitions has increases the risk of homeland attack
using these energetic materials. Therefore, interest in overcoming the difficulties arising from the
detection of energetic materials/nitro-compounds has grown over the past decade. As a result, there
has been much interest in developing a technique that is able to identify a wide variety of molecular
and elemental features of these materials simultaneously. Energetic materials are pure substance
or mixtures that chemically react and liberate large amounts of heat rapidly. These materials are
combustible in nature so in order to diagnose such materials we need a robust method (i) that requires
no sample preparation so that the possibility of sample contamination may be avoided and (ii) that
must possess non-destructive behavior. These materials may be inorganic or organic1 in nature and
can be divided into two broad categories, viz., low-energy and high-energy energetic materials based
on the factors related to how readily a reaction is initiated and its intensity.
There are different methods available for analysis of major and trace elements present in
energetic materials, like X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission/mass
spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).2 These are used for the determination
of trace elements concentrations of energetic materials. But, the present scenario desires an ideal
technique that would perform the analysis of major as well as trace elements simultaneously without
the need of dissolving the sample in solution that makes determination time consuming. In view
of these points, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an appropriate technique because
of its merits, such as no sample preparation; remote, rapid, multi-element micro-analysis of bulk
samples existing in any phase (solid, liquid, gas);312 its capability for minimally destructive, in situ,
a Email: awadheshkrai@rediffmail.com;shikharai22@rediffmail.com, 91-8858773774, 0532-2460993
2158-3226/2011/1(4)/042103/11
1, 042103-1

C Author(s) 2011
042103-2
S. RAI and A. K. Rai
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
real-time detection; and it offers the flexibility of point detection in comparison to other conventional
techniques. In view of these factors, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), is an alluring
technique and is used widely for the detection of energetic materials.1
In principle, LIBS is atomic emission spectroscopic technique.13 In this method, an intense
pulsed laser focused on the sample surface causes evaporation, atomization and ionization of the
material, resulting in ablation of a small amount of material and the subsequent formation of a
micro-plasma above the sample surface. This plasma emits light with characteristic frequencies
from ionic, atomic and molecular species. Such emitted light is collecte by a collecting lens and
focused onto a fiber optic attached to a spectrometer. A PC connected to the spectrometer displays
the recorded spectra, and thus provides the instant qualitative and quantitative information about
elemental composition,1418 which is the fingerprint of the sample.
In the present paper our key aim is associated with exploration of the correlation between the
molecular formulae of the compounds and molecular bands/atomic lines present in their LIBS spectra. An attempt has been made to describe the correlation of molecular formula of nitro compounds,
such as 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitrotoluene, with the spectral lines present in the LIBS spectra. The
motivation behind the correlation is stoichiometric ablation, i.e., the intensity of atomic, ionic and
molecular species emitted from the plasma provides the true representation of the species/constituents
present in the sample.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
Several LIBS spectra were recorded to optimize the experimental, parameters such as laser
energy, lens-to-sample distance, shot variation, and orientation of emission collection optics. LIBS
data presented in this study were acquired using a pulsed Nd: YAG laser (532 nm, 425 mJ/pulse, 4 ns
pulse width), which was focused onto the sample with a quartz plano-convex lens of focal length
150 mm. The emission from the plasma was collected with fiber bundles and spectrally resolved
with an Ocean Optics (model LIBS 2000+) four channel high-resolution miniature spectrometer
equipped with a charge coupled device (CCD) detector (200-980 nm, 0.1 nm FWHM resolution).
Nitro compounds, such as 4-nitroaniline (99% purity), and 4-nitrotoluene (99%), and copper
metal powder (99.5%) were purchased from the Central Drug House Ltd., New Delhi, India. In
order to perform the LIBS experiments, pellets were prepared from powdered samples of pure
nitro compounds using a hydraulic press machine (supplied by Midvale - Heppenstall Company,
Philadelphia, USA, model 341-20) by applying a pressure of approximately 2x108 Pa. LIBS spectra
of these pellets were recorded in open atmosphere using the experimental setup described by the
authors elsewhere.19 Each spectrum is an average of 10 laser shots. One of the major difficulties for
recording LIBS spectra of energetic materials/nitro compounds in open atmosphere is the possibility
of air interference. So in order to minimize the effect of the ambient atmosphere, we have recorded
LIBS spectra of the nitro compounds in an argon atmosphere by pulsing the argon gas across the
sample surface at angle of 45 with respect to the laser beam (its arrangement is shown in Fig. 1(a))
and effect of this purging on the LIBS signal in an air atmosphere is shown in Fig. 1(b).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Several LIBS spectra of 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitrotoluene were recorded to optimize the experimental parameters, such as laser energy, lens-to-sample distance, shot variation, and orientation
of the collection optics. After careful experimentation, we achieved the best signal-to-background
(S/B) ratio at a laser energy of 18 mJ; a constant lens-to-sample distance (LTSD) was achieved using
a focusing lens of 15cm focal length. Each LIBS spectrum is the average of 10 laser shots.
A. LIBS spectra of nitro compounds in air
Initially LIBS spectra of 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitrotoluene were recorded in air in the spectral
range of 200 to 950 nm using the experimental conditions discussed above. In air, there is the
possibility of interference by atmospheric O2 and N2 with the spectral lines of O and N along
042103-3
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
Fiber optic
cable
Sample
Plasma
plume
PC
Spectrograph
equipped with CCD
detector
Focusing
lens
Sample
Stage
Laser
Firing nozzle
for argon flow
having dimension
1mm x 5mm
argon cylinder
(a)
Argon
2000
Air
LIBS Intensity (Counts)
H(I)
1500
1000
O(I)
500
N(I)
Ar(I)
0
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
Wavelength (nm)
(b)
FIG. 1. (a): Experimental arrangement for recording LIBS spectra in an argon atmosphere. (b) Comparison of LIBS Spectra
of nitro compounds recorded in ambient air and argon atmospheres.
042103-4
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
with the molecular bands such as the CN violet system from the sample. Such interaction of
ambient air with the LIBS signals may give false information about sample composition. Thus, to
reduce the effect of the air environment within the analytical plasma, we have also recorded LIBS
spectra in an argon atmosphere which otherwise complicates the goal of discrimination of nitro
compounds/energetic materials.
B. LIBS spectra of nitro compounds in the presence of argon
To flow the argon across the surface of the sample, we used a bronze nozzle with dimensions of
1mm x 5mm (Fig. 1(a)). The nozzle was fitted onto the tip of a firing gauge which was connected
by tubing to the gas cylinder containing argon gas. The tip of the nozzle was placed at a distance
of 5 cm from the surface of the samples and at an angle of 45 with respect to the laser beam (on
the opposite side to the emission collection optics), as shown in Fig. 1(a). The flow of argon gas
was measured (5 litre/sec) with Penning- Pirani gauge associated with the argon cylinder. In this
way by pulsing the argon gas across the surface of the sample, the air atmosphere has been largely
replaced by argon atmosphere. LIBS spectra of nitro compounds (4-nitrotoluene) in the presence of
argon atmosphere show the presence of the atomic spectral line of argon at 763.5 nm (Fig. 1(b))
which clearly shows the presence of the argon atmosphere. Portions of the LIBS spectra of both
nitro compounds from 200-500 nm are shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b). The presence of C2 and CN
bands in air & argon are clearly seen in the LIBS spectra of these compounds [Figs. 2(a) and 2(b)].
For distinct visualization of these bands, expanded spectra for the spectral ranges of 380-392 nm
and 456-480 nm are shown in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b). After careful analysis of the bands observed in the
LIBS spectra, we found that they are related (i) to the CN (B2 + B2 + ) violet system at 385.09,
385.47, 386.19, 387.14, 388.34 nm and (ii) to the and C2 (d 3 IIg a 3 IIu) Swan system at 467.8,
469.7, 471.5 and 473.7 nm (Figs. 3(a) and 3(b)). The existence of C2 and CN molecular bands in
the LIBS spectra of these materials is primarily due to recombination of native carbon-carbon and
carbon-nitrogen in the laser-induced plasma of the samples.20
C. Comparison of LIBS spectra of nitro compounds recorded in air and argon
atmospheres
Considerable alteration in the intensities of the different spectral lines and the molecular bands
was observed by comparing the recorded LIBS spectra under different conditions (air and argon).
Overall the intensity of the CN band system for both the compounds is reduced whereas the intensity
of the C2 bands is enhanced when the LIBS spectra are recorded in an argon atmosphere instead
of an air atmosphere. In addition to this, the intensity of the overall background in the wavelength
range of the C2 bands is also enhanced. Reduction in the intensity of the CN band system is related
to the reduction of the nitrogen content coming from ambient air due to replacement of air by argon.
The cause of the overall signal enhancement (including C2 Swan system) is due to the confinement
of the laser-induced plasma in the presence of argon. Due to the heavier density and lower thermal
conductivity of argon relative to air, the overall plasma is confined near the sample surface in argon
relative to air. The confined plasma increases the number of collisions that might be responsible for
more excitation of species in the laser-induced plasma and leads to the enhancement of the overall
LIBS signal in an argon atmosphere.
D. Intensity ratio of C2 to CN bands in air and argon
Correlation of alteration in the intensities of molecular bands system appearing in the LIBS
spectra of both nitro compounds is useful for discrimination of these compounds. Therefore, we
have evaluated the intensity ratio of the C2 (473.7 nm) band to the CN (388.3 nm) band for each
nitro compounds in both the media. We have chosen the C2 band at 473.7 nm and the CN band at
388.3 nm for calculation of the intensity ratio because these bands are the most intense.21 It is clear
from Figs. 3(a) and 3(b) that the LIBS signal of C2 increases in argon while for CN, it decreases;
therefore we have estimated the normalized intensity ratio of C2 /CN that also increases in argon.
042103-5
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
LIBS spectum of 4-nitroaniline in argon

LIBS Spectrum of 4-nitroaniline in air
500
CN band system
Intensity (Counts)
400
C (I)
300
C2 band system
200
0
200
C (II)
C (III)
100
250
300
350
400
450
500
Wavelength (nm)
(a)
LIBS spectrum of 4-nitrotoluene in argon
LIBS spectrum of 4-nitrotoluene in air
500
CN band system
C (I)
300
200
100
0
200
C (II)
C2 band system
C (III)
Intensity (Counts)
400
250
300
350
400
450
500
Wavelength (nm)
(b)
FIG. 2. (a) LIBS spectra of 4-nitroaniline in air and argon atmospheres in the wavelength range 200-500 nm. (b): LIBS
spectra of 4-nitrotoluene in air and argon atmosphere in wavelength range 200-500 nm.
042103-6
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
LIBS spectrum of 4-nitroaniline in air

LIBS Spectrum of 4-nitroaniline in argon
600
CN violet band system

500
Intensity (Counts)
400
300
C2 Swan band system

200
100
0
384
392
456
464
472
480
Wavelength (nm)
(a)
LIBS spectrum of 4-nitrotoluene in air
LIBS Spectrum of 4-nitrotoluene in argon
600
Intensity (Counts)
500
400
CN violet band system
300
C2 Swan band system

200
100
0
384
392
456
464
472
480
Wavelength (nm)
(b)
FIG. 3. (a): Expanded LIBS spectra of 4-nitroaniline in the wavelength ranges 380 - 392 nm and 454- 480 nm. (b): Expanded
LIBS Spectra of 4-nitrotoluene in the wavelength ranges 380 - 392 nm and 454- 480 nm.
042103-7
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
Although the intensity ratio of C2 /CN increases, the value of this ratio is substantially different for
both the samples. It is higher for 4-nitrotoluene in comparison to 4-nitroaniline (Fig. 4(a)). The
existence of the C2 bands system in the LIBS spectra of both compounds is directly related to the
sample composition; therefore we have also calculated the normalized intensity of the C2 band in
the corresponding LIBS spectra (Fig. 4(b)). Normalization is carried out by dividing the LIBS signal
of interest by its background signal.
Correlation of the intensities of the atomic spectral lines of C, H and N with molecular bands
(C2 and CN), appearing in the LIBS spectra is also helpful to understand the LIBS behavior of
organic compounds. Thus measurement of the intensities of atomic lines of C, H and N appearing
in the LIBS spectra of nitro compounds is also essential to establish the correlation between their
molecular structures. Hence we have also calculated the normalized intensity of the spectral lines of
C, H and N at 247.8 nm, 656.2 nm and 744.2 nm,22 respectively. Our results show that the normalized
intensities of the atomic lines of carbon and hydrogen increase while nitrogen decreases in an argon
atmosphere (Figs. 5(a)5(c)). The enhancement in the normalized intensities of the spectral lines
of carbon and hydrogen is due to the confinement of plasma as already discussed. The reduction in
intensity of the spectral lines of N is due to reduction of air interference. To know the contribution
of ambient air (N2 and O2 ) in the LIBS signals of nitro compounds, we have calculated the intensity
of the spectral lines of N to O present in both nitro compounds (Fig. 6). Fig. 6 clearly demonstrate
that this ratio (N/O) is decreases when the LIBS spectra were recorded in the presence of argon.
The increase in the intensity of the spectral lines of C and H and decrease in the intensity of N are
higher for 4-nitrotoluene than for 4-nitroaniline. Thus the trend (increase / decrease) of atomic lines
is consistent with the trend obtained from the molecular band.
E. Differentiation between molecular formula of 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitrotoluene on the
basis of LIBS intensity
It is clear from the previous section that the change in the intensity of the atomic spectral lines
(C, H and N) and molecular bands (C2 and CN) in the LIBS spectra of nitro compounds may provide
information about their molecular composition. Therefore, we have evaluated the relative rate of
change in intensity of atomic lines (C, H and N) and molecular bands (C2 and CN) band in the
LIBS spectra of 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitrotoluene in air and argon atmosphere; these are tabulated
in Table I and II. Tables I and II clearly show the rate of change in intensity of the molecular
bands or the atomic lines, when one changes the atmosphere (from air to argon) is higher than for
4-nitrotoluene in comparison to 4-nitroaniline. We have tried to explain these results (Table I and II)
on the basis of the participation of the distinctive functional groups, namely the methyl group (-CH3 )
in 4-nitrotoluene and the amine group (NH2 ) in 4-nitroaniline along with the common nitro (-NO2 )
group in LIBS spectra of these compounds. It is clear from these functional group that the content
(number of atoms) of C, H, are higher in 4-nitrotoluene whereas the number of atoms of N is lower
in 4-nitrotoluene as compare to 4-nitroaniline. Thus, according to the stoichiometry nature of LIBS
signal, the intensity of the LIBS signal related to C and H is higher in 4-nitrotoluene (C7 H7 NO2 )
as compared to 4-nitroaniline (C6 H6 N2 O2 ) whereas the LIBS signal related to N is lower in 4nitrotoluene (C7 H7 NO2) . This type of unique behavior was found in our experimental results (shown
in 46 and Table I and II) and hence justifies our statement that there is significant correlation
between the molecular formula of nitro compounds and their corresponding LIBS signals.
F. Estimation of number of moles of ablated material
Based on the results and discussion, we can conclude that the differences in the intensities and
intensity ratio of LIBS signals (molecular bands and atomic lines) of the two nitro compounds is due
to the difference in their composition of H, C and N. The different composition are estimated from the
measurement of the ablated mass that results in the formation of LIBS spectra (molecular bands and
elemental species) providing information regarding the number of moles of each nitro compound.
To confirm the above statement as discussed in the previous section, we have evaluated the number
of moles of ablated mass of each nitro compounds which is ultimately reflected in intensity of LIBS
042103-8
Normalized Intensity Ratio of C2 to CN
0.25
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
4-nitrotoluene (4NT)
In Air
In Argon
0.20
0.15
4-nitroaniline (4NA)
0.10
0.05
0.00
4 NA
4 NT
(a)
In Air
In Argon
4-nitrotoluene (4 NT)
4.5
Normalized Intensity of C2
4.0
4-nitroaniline (4 NA)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
4 NA
4 NT
(b)
FIG. 4. (a): Bar diagram of the normalized intensity ratio of two molecular bands of C2 /CN present in LIBS of nitro
compounds in air and argon atmospheres. (b): Bar diagram of the normalized intensity of C2 Swan bands present in LIBS
spectra of nitro compounds in air and argon atmospheres.
042103-9
50
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
Air
Argon
40
45
35
Normalized Intensity of H
Normalize Intensity of C
40
In Air
In Argon
45
35
30
25
20
15
10
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
4 NA
4 NA
4 NT
(a)
4 NT
(b)
In Air
In Argon
0.9
0.8
Normalized Intensity of N
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
4 NA
4 NT
(c)
FIG. 5. (a): Bar diagram of the normalized intensity of atomic line of C present in LIBS spectra of nitro compounds in air
and argon atmospheres. (b): Bar diagram of the ormalized intensity of atomic line of H present in LIBS spectra of nitro
compounds in air and argon atmospheres. (c): Bar diagram of the normalized intensity of atomic line of N present in LIBS
spectra of nitro compounds in air and argon atmospheres.
TABLE I. Rate of increase of the intensity ratio of molecular bands (C2 /CN) and normalized intensity of C2 Swan band
when the LIBS spectra of nitro compounds are recorded in the argon instead of in an air atmosphere.
Sample
% Increment of C2 to CN
% Increment of C2
4-nitroaniline
(C6 H6 N2 O2 )
5.3 %
19.02%
4-nitrotoluene
(C7 H7 NO2 )
30.66%
21.92%
042103-10
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
In Air
In Argon
0.09
0.08
Normalised N/O Ratio
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
4 NA
4 NT
FIG. 6. Bar diagram of Normalized intensity ratio of two atomic lines (N744.2nm /O777.1 nm ) present in LIBS spectra of nitro
compounds in air and argon atmosphere.
TABLE II. Percentage rate of change of the normalized intensity of atomic spectral lines of C, H and N evaluated from
LIBS spectra recorded in different atmospheres (argon and air).
Sample
Normalized Intensity of C
Normalized Intensity of H
Normalized Intensity of N
N/O
13.93%
44.74%
12.2%
13.0 %-
10.61%
31.43%
10.67%
24.34%
4-nitroaniline
4-nitrotoluene
signal of the target sample. The weight of the pellets of each nitro compound before and after the
experiment was measured using electronic analytical balances (LWL Precision Instruments LB210S). These measurements were repeated for five times and finally the average value of the ablated
mass of the five replicate measurements was used for the study. Our measurements and calculations
show that 200g of the target material was ablated per laser shot. This amount of ablated mass was
used to calculate the number of moles of 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitrotoluene which are similar. The
number of molecules of 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitrotoluene are approximately equal to 8.72 x 10 17
and 8.78 x 10 17 , respectively. We see that the number of moles of 4-nitrotoluene and 4-nitroaniline
are similar; thus the differences in the rate of increase/ decrease in their respective LIBS signals
is due to the higher content of C and H and lower content of N in 4-nitrotoluene as compared to
4-nitroaniline. Thus the experimental observation of this section also supports our statement given
above that there is a correlation between molecular formula of the compound and its LIBS signal.
IV. CONCLUSION
The experimental results of the present paper clearly show that there is significant change in
intensity of atomic spectral lines and molecular bands of both nitro compounds when their LIBS
spectra are recorded in an argon atmosphere. Furthermore our results reveal that the rate of change
042103-11
AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)
of the in LIBS signal is correlated with the molecular formula of nitro compounds. Thus, LIBS data
(normalized intensity and the intensity ratio of molecular bands and atomic lines) obtained from the
LIBS spectra of nitro compounds recorded under different laboratory conditions may be helpful in
the formation of an appropriate database for discrimination of nitro compounds/energetic materials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Financial assistance from the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences), Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai (no. 2009/37/30/BRNS/2063) is gratefully acknowledged. Ms. Shikha Rai is also
grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research for providing Senior Research Fellowship.
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2 B.

Molecular Sistemas de Bandas Intensidad

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Molecular Sistemas de Bandas Intensidad

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Characterization of organic materials by LIBS for exploration of correlation

between molecular and elemental LIBS signals

Additional information on AIP Advances

AIP ADVANCES 1, 042103 (2011)

Characterization of organic materials by LIBS for

The present study is performed for the preparation of a database by accumulating

a Email: awadheshkrai@rediffmail.com;shikharai22@rediffmail.com, 91-8858773774, 0532-2460993

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

LIBS Intensity (Counts)

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

LIBS spectum of 4-nitroaniline in argon

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

LIBS spectrum of 4-nitroaniline in air

CN violet band system

C2 Swan band system

CN violet band system

C2 Swan band system

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

Normalized Intensity Ratio of C2 to CN

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

Normalised N/O Ratio

S. RAI and A. K. Rai

AIP Advances 1, 042103 (2011)

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