UNMDP Profesorado de Ingles

Historia de Inglaterra y Estados Unidos

Mock Test 2014

Gonalves, Beln
Larragneguy, Melisa
Milazzo, Vanina

The Age of Capital (1848-1875)

Marxs Das Kapital (1867)
New economic system: capitalism
It was the triumph of a society which believed that economic growth rested on competitive private
enterprise, on success in buying everything in the cheapest market and selling in the dearest
(Hobsbawm, 1975 p.13).
American Civil War (1861-1865)

Federal government of the United States

The Confederate States of America

Long term economic cause: each region had different systems of economy depending on
geographical conditions. The states fought to protect and expand them.
Upper south: plantation system based on slavery.
South West: cotton farming system and cattle production.
North East: industrial and commercial economy.
North West: farming system.
Long term political cause: US territorial expansion. A series of acts and policies were passed to keep
balance in Congress between slave and free states.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Compromise of 1850
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Immediate political cause: Abraham Lincolns presidency. He was the 16th US

President (1861-1865). He was responsible for the preservation of the Union
during the American Civil War and also for the emancipation of the slaves.

Confederate States of America or Confederacy

1860: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas seceded from the
US
1861: Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia joined the Confederacy
The confederacy adopted a new constitution which recognized the independence and sovereignty of each
state. These eleven states also introduced a new flag and they carried on all the affairs of a separate
government (A provisional government was established headed by Pres. Jefferson Davis )
End of the Civil War.
1865: In spring 1865, after four harrowing years of murderous combat, the Confederate forces
surrendered to the U.S forces, and thus, the Confederacy collapsed. Unions Victory.
April 14, 1865 Lincolns assassination
Second Industrial Revolution:
The Second Industrial Revolution was a process that took place in Europe during the late nineteenth
century. It was characterized by:
Growth of new industries
Replacement of iron for steel and steam for electricity
Population boom
Agricultural revolution
Chemical industries: In Germany, for instance, synthetic dyes
from coal tar replaced the natural dyes used to colour cloth
permitting new durable colours.
New materials:
Steel: iron was replaced by steel because of its hardness, strength
and plasticity.
Electricity: Even though electrical power was introduced in the 1880s, steam remained the dominant
source of power into the 20th Century.
Population boom and urbanization: these processes were the result of an improvement in food supply and
the importation of cheap food supply.
Agricultural revolution: inorganic fertilizers were developed and farm machinery was implemented. This
led to an increase of food production in Europe.

Consequences of industrialization and urbanization:

-dreadful living and working conditions
-working policies were inexistent
-growth of trade unions

Lebensraum: German word meaning "living space," used by the Nazis to refer to the need of the German people
for more land in which to live. First introduced in the 1870s, the term and the principle behind it were used to
justify Germany's aggressive expansion prior to and during World War II, especially in eastern Europe. (Butt
The Greenwood dictionary of world history p 196)
Between 1921 and 1925 Adolf Hitler developed the belief that Germany required Lebensraum ('living space') in
order to survive. The conviction that this living space could be gained only in the east, and specifically from
Russia, formed the core of this idea, and shaped his policy after his take-over of power in Germany in 1933. The
term Lebensraum was coined by the German geographer, Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904). During the last two
decades of the 19th century, Ratzel developed a theory according to which the development of all species,
including humans, is primarily determined by their adaptation to geographic circumstances (BBC)
Bearers/Destroyers of Culture: Hitler claims in Mein Kampf that humanity is divided into three categories: the
founders of culture, the bearers of culture, and the destroyers of culture. For him, the Aryan race belongs to the
first category. The bearers of culture are races that are inferior to the Aryan race and cannot produce their own
culture, so they adopt others nations culture. Hitler also states that the mightiest counterpart to the Aryan is
represented by the Jews, the destroyers of culture (Hitler, Mein Kampf)
Eugenics: It is the science that deals with the improvement (as by control of human mating) of hereditary
qualities of a race or breed (Merriem-Webster). Nazi eugenics was part of the partys ideology. It consisted in the
improvement of the Aryan race by eugenics and the massive sterilization of the inferior races (Hitler, Mein
Kampf).
Totalitarianism: It is a form of government consisting of a one-party state, headed by a single leader with
dictatorial powers, maintained in power by a secret police and the use of violence and unrestrained by
constitutional laws, liberties, and thoughts of human rights (House and Maltby, 2004 p 569).
Fascism: Fascism is a nationalist and militarist political doctrine rejecting both the liberal-democratic tradition
of representative government and socialist or communist alternatives to it, in favor of an authoritarian (or
totalitarian) government controlled by a strong leader, a single party, and strong police, unrestrained by
constitutional laws or bills of rights (House and Maltby, 2004 p 679).
The Doctrine of Fascism was put forward by Mussolini with the help of thinker Giovanni Gentile. According to
Mussolini, Fascism is not only a system of government, but a system of thought; a general attitude towards life
(Baltzly & Salomone, 1950 p 243-244).
Nazism: It is the abbreviation for the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Founded in 1919 and taken over
by Adolf Hitler in 1921, the Nazi Party took control of Germany in 1933. The Nazis believed in fascism, or
subordination of the individual to the state, and opposed democracy and communism. Soon after Hitler came to
power in 1933, all other parties were outlawed and any opposition was crushed. The Nazis declared their belief in

a pure Aryan race and in anti-Semitism. The Nazi beliefs were laid out in Hitler's Mein Kampf (1925). The Nazi
Party ruled Germany throughout World War II until Germany's defeat in 1945. The Nazi Party has been outlawed
in Germany but appears occasionally among extreme right-wing movements elsewhere (Butt The Greenwood
dictionary of world history p 236).
Nationalism: Nationalism is the political doctrine developed in the 19th century to assert the collective rights of
a nation, which was understood to be defined by a shared language, culture, history or religion; the doctrine
initially sought the independence and the unity of a nation (House and Maltby, 2004 p 678).