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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 7, JULY 2014

Truncation Diffraction Phenomena of Floquet Waves

Radiated From Semi-Infinite Phased Array Antenna
in a General Focus Problem
Hsi-Tseng Chou, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractThis paper presents uniform formulations of radiation mechanisms, analogous to the ray decompositions of diffraction theory, from a semi-infinite and periodic array of antennas.
The antenna array is excited to radiate the electromagnetic (EM)
fields focused at a relatively arbitrarily selected location. The ray
decomposition results from a closed-form formulation by asymptotically evaluating the radiation integral of Floquet modes that are
obtained by applying the Poisson sum formula to the summation
of elemental radiations. The analysis is relatively general and will
reduce to the case of a conventional phased array antenna that is
excited to radiate directive beams focused in the far zone, and exhibits consistent phenomena. Theoretical investigations as well as
numerical examinations are presented to demonstrate the radiation mechanisms.
Index TermsElectromagnetic radiation mechanism, Floquet
modes and general field focus, phased antenna array, Poisson sum
formula.

I. INTRODUCTION

HE phased array antenna has received intensive investigation in the literature because of its flexibility and
potential to produce good radiation characteristics [1]. The conventional investigations in the past focus on the examination of
far-field radiation applications [1][3] such as creating focused
and highly directive beams for point-to-point microwave transmissions and satellite communications [4][6]. As a result,
most explorations of previous wave phenomena and design
techniques have been limited to their realizations in these
applications [1][4], [7], [8] until recent interest in near-field
and short distance communications such as vital life-detection
systems, noncontact microwave detection systems and radio
frequency identification (RFID) [9][15]. Electrically large antenna arrays, referred to as near-field focused antennas (NFAs)
[11][15] in these applications, were found advantageous in
focusing the energy in a target area.
The NFA represents a generalization of antenna realization
relaxed from the far-field focused antenna (FFA) because its
concept is to focus the antenna radiation at a relatively arbitrary

Manuscript received October 03, 2013; revised March 31, 2014; accepted
April 03, 2014. Date of publication April 18, 2014; date of current version July
02, 2014.
The author is with the Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan Ze
University, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: hchou@saturn.yzu.edu.tw).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2014.2318331

location including in the near- and far- zone. This generalization

reveals many shortages in the general understanding of radiation and propagation phenomena and mechanisms, which were
not exhibited in the conventional investigations of FFAs and
needs to be explored. In this case, the conceptual formulations
in terms of the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD)
[8], [16][20] ray decompositions appear to be convenient in
the phenomenon interpretation, which has been successfully applied to analyze the radiation from conventional FFA arrays [8],
[21].
The basic implementation of UTD ray decomposition starts
from a Floquet mode expansion using the Poisson Sum formula
[16], [17], [22], [23]. It transforms the superposition of discrete
radiation components from all antenna elements into an alternative superposition of integrals of Floquet modes. These integrals can be asymptotically evaluated to decompose the fields
in terms of ray fields, in closed-form solutions, emerging from
corresponding radiation points on the array aperture. In the previous investigation of the FFA, it was found that each Floquet
mode of an infinite array appears only as a single radiation ray,
which is either propagating or evanescent for the observers in
the entire space regardless of their locations [8], [21]. However,
our recent investigations [16], [17] exhibit different characteristics in the case of the NFA, where a selected Floquet mode may
have two rays that behave as either propagating or evanescent
waves depending on the field locations, except for the fundamental zero mode which has a single ray and is always propagating. Many new wave propagation features have been discovered in [16], [17] for the radiation of an infinite array of NFAs.
In particular, these two rays may converge into a single one and
form a curve of ray caustics in each Floquet mode when the two
radiation points on the array aperture coincide. This ray caustic
curve divides the space into two regions of evanescent and propagating waves, respectively.
This paper attempts to further develop a general formulation for a semi-infinite NFA array with a purpose to examine
the diffraction mechanism due to the existence of a truncation
edge. Following a similar UTD-type formulation [8] by asymptotically evaluating the Floquet mode integrals with a semi-infinite integration interval, the radiation is decomposed into radiation rays from the same array with infinite extent and edge
diffracted rays from the truncation edge. These edge diffracted
rays emerge from diffraction points on the edge in a fashion
similar to the radiation rays. This general formulation of NFA
field radiation/propagation mechanisms naturally reduces to the

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The Floquet mode waves are obtained by using the following

Poisson sum formula [23]:
(3)

Fig. 1. A one-dimensional, semi-infinite array configuration of line sources,

where the focus point and field observer are also shown.

case of FFA, previously explored in [8], and allows the characteristics of wave propagation investigated in both near- and
far-zones. This UTD-type formulation remains valid when the
radiation point is close to the diffraction point, and results in a
half value of the radiation ray field at the boundary where these
two points coincide.
The insufficiency of the current formulation exists because
there are two radiation points and two diffraction points in the
general NFA problem. It becomes singular when any three or
more points are close to each other simultaneously. A typical
example is the field point on the ray caustic curve, in which
the two radiation points may coincide with a diffraction point.
These phenomena will be investigated in future phases.
This paper is organized in the following format. Section II
describes the formulation for the radiation from a one-dimensional (1-D) semi-infinite NFA array. Section III presents the
case for a two-dimensional (2-D) semi-infinite NFA array. The
characteristics are investigated in Section III. In particular, the
study focuses on the truncation diffraction mechanism as a compensation to the shortage of Floquet mode phenomena in [16],
[17], which examine only the radiation mechanisms of an infinite array of antennas. Numerical examples are presented in
Section IV for demonstration and validation. Finally a short discussion is presented in Section V as a conclusion.
II. 2-D FINITE ARRAY RADIATION PROBLEM
A. Problem Composition of 2-D Radiation From a 1-D Array
The semi-infinite, linear array of line sources under investigation is illustrated in Fig. 1, whose elements are indexed by
and located at
on the x-axis
with a period . The array is excited to radiate fields focused
at
with the th elements excitation, , given by
[16]
(1)
where
is the wave number with being the wavelength in free space,
is used as a reference, and
. Thus the net potential at
radiated from this array can be expressed as
(2)
with

Applying (3) to (2), the th Floquet mode can be expressed as

(4)

,
,
,
and
. The
evaluation of (4) can be performed asymptotically by employing the spectral representation of the Hankel functions
[25] to decompose the radiating fields into components of
diffraction mechanisms [16].
where

B. Composition of Uniform Asymptotic Formulations

Within the UTD framework, the asymptotic evaluation of (4)
can be formulated into the following format [25][27]:
(5)
is the Heaviside step function and
[26][29]
where
is a UTD Fresnel transition function to assure a uniform field
distribution when the field point crosses the shadow boundary
of the direct field radiation. In (5),
is the asymptotic solution when the size of the array is extended to infinity, while
accounts for the effects of truncation. These components arise from a radiation point, , on the array aperture, and
a diffraction point, , on the edge, respectively. This formulation remains valid as the radiation point approaches the diffraction point, i.e.
. However, as mentioned in [16], [17],
there are two radiation points in a general NFA problem. The
solution in (5) becomes singular as these two radiation points
coincide near the diffraction point at the edge. The characteristics of these terms are addressed in the following subsections.
C. The Asymptotic Solution of Direct Radiation From a
Non-Truncated Array,
In (5),
is identical to the solution of radiation for an
infinite array, whose characteristics have been investigated in
[16]. The formulation is summarized in the following by
(6)
with being the contributing saddle point in
where
[16]. In (6),
and
are
and
when
. Also
is the distance to a ray caustic given by
(7)

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Fig. 2. Radiation mechanisms for different Floquet modes, where the

and 1 cases are illustrated. The ray caustic curve for a nonzero mode is also
and
, in the
illustrated. Note that there are two radiation saddle points,
nonzero modes for the field points in the propagating region as shown in [16].
; (b)
.
(a)

with
. The saddle point
found from the following equation:

can be

(8a)
(8b)
The illustration of the saddle points is shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b)
for
and
, respectively, which are the points majorly
contributing to the radiation and referred to as the radiation
points. The basic phenomena have been investigated in [16] and
are omitted here. However, it is worth mentioning that there are
two radiation points from which emerge two radiation rays in
each Floquet mode, except in the fundamental zero mode where
only a single radiation ray exits. The illustration of different
saddle points is shown in Figs. 2(a) and (b). The ray arising
from the coincidence of these two radiation rays will form a
ray caustic curve. The ray tube diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
A uniform formulation has been developed in [16] to consider
the radiation field as these two radiation points come close and
become coincident. It is also noted that the existence of a ray
caustic in (6) requires one to impose a phase change as the
field point crosses the caustic, as exhibited in the phenomena of
classic UTD solutions [26].
D. The Asymptotic Solution of Edge Point Contribution From
a Truncated Array

Fig. 3. Ray tube diagrams for radiation and diffraction fields. The ray tube
propagating through the ray caustic curve is also shown.

where
and
as illustrated in
Figs. 2(a) and (b) for the
and 1 modes, respectively. In (9), the parameters associated with the diffraction
coefficient (the term inside the last bracket) are defined by

(10)
It is noted that the point of diffraction is at the truncation edge
and remains fixed regardless of the Floquet modes under consideration. Only the diffraction coefficient, in addition to
,
is mode dependent. Thus for a non-uniform examination (i.e.,
in (5)), the summation of these truncation contributions will form a Fourier series, which is combined with the first
term on the right-hand side of (3) to result in a net diffraction
contribution from the truncation given by

(11)
The detailed derivation of (11) is described in Appendix B.
E. The Characteristics of Special Functions
The diffraction coefficient in (9) becomes singular as the radiation point moves close to the edge diffraction point, i.e.,
, which makes
. The standard
UTD Fresnel transition function [26][29] is given by
(12)

The asymptotic edge point contribution in (4) is developed in

Appendix A, and summarized in the following formulation:
where the parameter,
difference by
(9)

in [5], accounts for the phase

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(13a)
It is noted that
can be approximated by considering
an expansion over (8a), which gives

(13b)
and makes (13a) become
Fig. 4. A 2-D semi-infinite array with a truncation at

(13c)
This expression allows one to find the argument in terms of the
parameters along the geometrical ray paths in Fig. 2 and simplify the computation.
III. 3-D SEMI-INFINITE ARRAY RADIATION PROBLEM
A. Problem Composition of 3-D Radiation From a 2-D Array
The 2-D semi-infinite, linear array of point sources
is illustrated in Fig. 4. Its
th element is located at
(
,
)
on the x-y plane with
and
being their inter-element
periods, respectively. The array is excited to focus its radiation
at
by
(14)
where
tial at

is the reference excitation weighting, and

. The net radiation potenis described by [17]

where
, and
and
are
and
with and replaced by and , respectively. The
uniform asymptotic evaluation of (17) follows a form identical
to (5) in Section II-B, and will not repeated for brevity. The
components are described in the following subsections.
B. The Asymptotic Solution of Direct Radiation From a
Non-Truncated Array
A radiation point,
, exists on the array aperture plane,
which satisfies the following conditions:

(18)
The field radiated directly from the same array with an infinite
extent has been investigated in [17] with significant phenomena
explored. The solution can be described as

(15)
. In (15), the
where
permittivity and permeability are omitted so that it can be used
to consider either electrical or magnetic current sources. The
polarization of the current sources is also omitted for simplification. The Floquet modes are obtained by using the Poisson
sum formula by [23]:

(19)
where

, and

(20)
with
(16)
Thus, the

(21)
and

th Floquet mode of (15) can be expressed as

(22)

(17)

In (19), and are

and
, respectively corresponding to
the distances between the field observer and focus point, and the

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being a diffraction point located on the array trunwith

cation edge. The propagation vector components are defined by

(24a)

(24b)
Fig. 5. Ray tubes associated with the radiation and diffraction rays. After radiating from the array aperture, the radiation ray generally has two ray caustics
off the array aperture for a nonzero mode while the diffraction ray has only a
ray caustic off the truncation edge.

The diffraction point,

condition:

, can be found from the following

(25a)
(25b)

Fig. 6. Curved surface of radiation ray caustics for

and
modes,
where the two ray caustic distances are assumed to be the same for simplicity.

radiation point, respectively. The radiation ray tube is illustrated

in Fig. 5. As previously pointed out in [16], [17], there are two
ray caustics for each ray for each Floquet mode except at the
zeroth mode where all rays coincide at a point ray caustic (i.e.,
the focus point). Similar to the description of the 1-D case in
Section II-C, there are two radiation points for the propagating
fields for nonzero modes. The coincidence of these two points
will form a curved surface of ray caustics, where an example is
illustrated in Fig. 6 with
and
assumed. A uniform
formulation to account for the coincidence or close proximity of
these two radiation points is described in [17].
C. The Asymptotic Solution of Edge Point Contribution From
a Truncated Array
The diffraction contributions from the truncated edge diffraction point have been developed in Appendix C, and are summarized in the following. Let
and
denote the distances
between focus and diffraction points, and between the field and
diffraction points, respectively, which are given by

(23)

which fulfills the conditions in (A11) and (A12). This condition

will make the diffraction rays launched from the same diffraction point to form a cone in a fashion similar to the Keller cone
in the UTD wedge diffraction problem [26], which is illustrated
in Fig. 7. In particular, for the zeroth mode the focus point will
be located on the surface of this cone. For nonzero modes, the
span angles of the cones will become either larger or smaller in
comparison with that of the zeroth mode. The cone will disappear and move into a complex space when the coordinate of the
diffraction point is complex. Thus the diffraction field can be
expressed as

(26)
where the distance toward the ray caustic is given by

(27)
The diffraction coefficient is identified to be the term inside
the last bracket of (26). The diffraction ray tube is illustrated
in Fig. 5, where a ray caustic occurs at a position off the array
aperture. It is also noted that, similar to the arguments described
in Section II-D, the points of diffraction are at the same location
on the truncation edge for a selected value regardless of the
change of in the Floquet modes under consideration. In this
case, only the diffraction coefficients, in addition to
, are
mode dependent. Thus for a non-uniform case (i.e.,
in
(5)), the summation of these truncation contributions will form

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Fig. 8. Curved surface of diffraction ray caustics, which is rotationally symmetric along the edge axis. Each cut of the surface intercepted by a plane containing the truncation edge will show identical characteristics of the caustic
curve as in the 1-D linear array described in [16] because of the rotational
symmetry.

, which makes
. The parameter,
Fig. 7. Given a focus point and diffraction point, the diffraction rays will form a
cone, which is similar to the Keller cone in the ordinary UTD wedge diffraction.
mode; (b)
mode.
(a)

and
, accounts for the phase difference

by

a Fourier series, which is combined with the first term on the

right-hand side of (16) to result in a net contribution by

(29)
One performs a 2-D Taylor expansion over (29) with the condition of (25) in mind to give

(30)
where
or

(28)
The detailed derivation is shown in Appendix D. However, the
diffraction phenomena are similar to the radiation from a 1-D
array as the condition of diffraction in (25) is in a form identical to (8). Thus, without the need of going through the detailed derivations, one may easily conclude the existence of two
diffraction points. A uniform formulation with Airy functions as
the transition functions can be further performed to account for
the effects of possibly close-by diffraction points as previously
examined in [16], [17]. This formulation is quite standard and
can be obtained by symbolic replacements in (28) of [16], which
will not be repeated for brevity. However, it is worth mentioning
that the coincidence of these two diffraction points occurs when
the field points are on the curved surface of diffracted ray caustics. This curved surface of ray caustics is illustrated in Fig. 8.
At each cut of the curved surface along the truncation edge, the
curve will be identical to that in [16] for case of radiation from
a 1-D infinite array.
D. The Characteristics of Special Functions Argument
The diffraction coefficient in (26) becomes singular as the
radiation point moves close to the edge point, i.e.,

and
Also one approximates
an expansion over (18), which gives

(31)

by considering

(32)
Substituting (32) into (30) gives

(33)
where the parameters
can be found using a similar
formula in (20)(22) with the related parameter changed by
and the propagation vectors replaced by (24).

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Fig. 9. Diagram of approach to build up a valid solution formulation when two

critical points become close together. The two radiation points are indicated
by A and B while the two diffraction points are indicated by C and D. The
with being A or B, and being C or
coincident points are indicated by
is the coincident point of all four critical points.
D, respectively.

E. Contribution From the Edge 1-D Array

The contribution of Floquet modes from the edge linear 1-D
array, i.e., the first term on the right-hand side of (16), is considered. The th mode is defined by

(34)
which can be evaluated by following the procedure in
Appendix C. As a result, (34) can be expressed as

(35)

where the ray parameters are identical to those defined in

Section II-C.
F. Validity of Formulation for Near-by Radiation and
Diffraction Points
It was shown that there are two radiation points and two
diffraction points for the radiation from a semi-infinite array of
antennas in this general focus problem. It is thus required to
consider the situations when the radiation and diffraction points
coincide. Fig. 9 illustrates the strategy to build up a uniform
formulation that provides smoothly convergent solutions when
the radiation and diffraction points come close-by. In particular,
points A and B stand for the two separated radiation points while
C and D stand for the diffraction points on the truncation edge.
Also
( and are either A, B, C or D) represent the coincided point of any two points.
represents the coincided
point of the four points.

In the case of two close-by radiation points (i.e., points A and

B), the uniform formulation for the field radiation from an infinite array has been developed in [16], [17] via the utilization
of Airy functions. The argument to assure the uniform convergence of fields has been discussed in [16]. Similarly, the uniform formulations contributing to the fields of truncation effects, which are radiated from the two diffraction points C and
D, can be formatted according to the discussion of diffraction
phenomena in Section III-C, whose form was developed in [16].
This case will occur when the observer is on the curved surface
of ray caustics in Fig. 6.
On the other hand, the formulation in (5) provides a uniform solution for the fields radiated from a pair of radiation
and diffraction points (for example, A and C). This uniform formulation utilizes the Fresnel integral to cancel the discontinuity
caused by the diffraction coefficient. In particular, at the coincident point, such as at
, the net field is equal to a half of the
radiation field resulting from an infinite array with a radiation
. A similar formulation can be built for the case of
point at
radiation and diffraction points B and D. This case will occur
when the observer is on the curved surface of caustics in Fig. 8.
The situation when all four points coincide can be formulated
by considering the coincidence of
and
at
. As
discussed in the previous paragraph, the radiation fields at the
and
are equal to half of
observer contributed from
their individual radiation from an infinite array with radiation
points at
and
, respectively. Thus the uniform solution can be formulated by utilizing the Airy functions as demonstrated in the case of two close-by radiation points in [16], [17].
This case occurs at the observer located on the overlap curve of
ray caustic surfaces in Fig. 6 and 8. However, the uniform formulation in the case with any three of radiation and diffraction
points close-by and coincident is not validated in this work. It
will be investigated in a future phase.
IV. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
The numerical examples first consider the radiation in the
near-zone from a 1-D semi-infinite array
of
line current sources, where the inter-element period is
,
and thus the edge element is at
. In this
case, the focus point is at
, the frequency
is 10 GHz. The near-field is observed at
, and is compared with the reference results obtained by numerical integration. Fig. 10(a) shows the pattern of the
mode, where
the shadow boundary (SB) of edge diffraction is also shown.
The pattern on the left-hand side of the SB is purely caused by
the edge diffraction, which varies monotonically because the
array has only a truncation. On the other hand, the pattern on
the right-hand side is caused by the superposition of direct fields
and diffracted fields, and exhibits an oscillating curve, where a
single saddle point exists for the direct radiation field. Fig. 10(b)
shows the patterns of the
mode, where two saddle points
exist for the direct fields. The two curves associated with these
two saddle points almost overlap on each other. The boundary

CHOU: TRUNCATION DIFFRACTION PHENOMENA OF FLOQUET WAVES

Fig. 10. Validation of the radiation pattern in the near-zone of a 1-D array in
comparison with a reference solution obtained by numerical integration. (a)
mode; (b)
mode.

between the propagation and evanescent regions are also shown,

where the two saddle points tend to coincide. The fields diffracted from the array truncation are also shown in Fig. 10(b),
which exist in both propagation and evanescent regions. In the
deep evanescent region, the diffracted fields will dominate since
the evanescent waves decay significantly. Thus in the propagating field region, the pattern is formed by the superposition
of the contributions from these two saddle points and the edge
diffraction field. On the other hand, in the evanescent field region, the pattern is formed by the superposition of the contributions from evanescent waves and the edge diffracted field. Thus
an oscillating curve is observed in both regions, where the amplitude of oscillation is larger in the propagating field region. As
expected, the agreements with the results of numerical integration are excellent in both cases.
One next considers the radiation from a 2-D semi-infinite
array (
and
) of point current
sources, where
and
are examined.
mode
One first examines the radiation of the
at the observers along the
and
line, where
is considered for the array. As shown in Fig. 11(a), the
results exhibit phenomena similar to the case of the
mode
radiation of a 1-D array with a faster oscillation. The agreement
with the reference result obtained by numerical integration is excellent. One next considers the
mode radiation.
In this case the observation line is moved outward to

3599

Fig. 11. Validation of the radiation pattern in the near-zone of a 2-D array in
comparison with a reference solution obtained by numerical integration. (a)
mode; (b)
mode.

with
for the array dimension. The observers are all in
the propagation region, so the field decays in the deep shadow
region of direct radiations as can be observed. In the lit region,
there is only one saddle point found so the field variation exhibits oscillation because of the interaction with the truncation
diffraction field. The agreement with the reference result obtained by numerical integration is again excellent.
V. CONCLUSION
A uniform asymptotic formulation for the EM radiation from
a semi-infinite, periodic array is presented in this paper. It decomposes the radiation mechanisms with respect to the fundamental concepts of UTD, and can be applied to interpret the
wave propagation phenomena in a general radiation problem of
a focused field. In particular, the diffraction mechanisms from
the array truncation are investigated with numerical example
demonstrations. This formulation remains valid as the radiation
point approaches the diffraction point on the truncation edge
of the array. As discussed in [16], [17], there are two radiation
points on the array aperture when the radiation focuses in the
near-zone. The coincidence of these two radiation point occurs
in the case that the field points are on the caustic curves of each
Floquet mode. The presented formulation becomes singular as
the diffraction point is near the coincident point of these two radiation points. These phenomena will be investigated in a future
phase of this work.

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APPENDIX
A. Truncation Diffraction of Floquet Waves for a 1-D
Semi-Infinite Array

with

One considers (4) and substitutes the spectral representations

of the Hankel functions,
and
, into (4)
which gives

(A3b)
The summation inside the bracket can be found in closed-form.
As a result, (A4) becomes

(A4)

(A1)
The integral inside the bracket is first found in closed form. Rearranging each term makes (A1) become

The evaluation of (A4) can be performed in an identical fashion

as (A1) by considering the contributions from the poles and
saddle points. It is straightforward to show that there exist an
infinite number of poles with each resulting in identical formulations shown in Section II-C. On the other hand, the saddle point
contribution results in a single formulation, which corresponds
to the net diffraction effect and is equal to superposition of all
diffraction terms in part A of this appendix and the first term in
(3). Without going through the details, the saddle point contribution gives (11).
C. Truncation Diffraction From a 2-D Semi-Infinite Array

(A2)
The evaluation of (A2) can be performed asymptotically in a
sequential manner. The integral inside the bracket of (A2) is
first evaluated by the stationary phase method to consider the
contributions from the saddle points and poles via the modified
Pauli-Clemmow method [28], [29]. Afterward, the integration
over
is subsequently performed to consider the saddle point
contribution. The procedure resulting in the formulation in (5) is
quite standard and omitted. In this case, the contribution arising
from the pole at
(poles and saddle point
contributions in and
integrations, respectively) gives the
direct radiation from the same array configure with an infinite
extent, whose results are summarized in Section II-C. On the
other hand, the double saddle point contributions in
and
integrations give the diffraction effects arising from the edge
truncations, and are summarized in Section II-D.

One considers (17) and uses the spectral representations of

the free space Greens function by

and

(A5)

(A6)
and
where
Afterward, one uses the delta function identity

(A7)

B. Net Truncation Diffraction From a 1-D Semi-Infinite Array

One considers (2) and substitutes the spectral representations
of Hankel functions,
and
, into (2) which
gives

(A3a)

and (17) becomes

(A8)

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where
. The integral inside the
first bracket can be exactly found while the integral inside the
second bracket can be evaluated asymptotically to account for
the saddle point contribution. These two integrals, denoted by
and , respectively, are given by
(A9)
and

(A14)
where
and are the same as in (A6) and (A8), respectively.
It is noted that (A14) has a form almost identical to (A8). Thus
without repeating the detailed procedure, the result of (A8) can
be employed here with the following replacement:
(A15)
which gives the results in (28).

(A10)
with

and
. Here

satisfies the following

equation:

(A11)
has a pole singularity at
.
It is noted that
This pole contribution in (A8), in conjunction with the saddle
contribution from the integral of the
variable,
point
will result in the direct radiation of an infinite array as summarized in Section III-B. The double saddle point contribution
and
will result in the truncation diffraction. These
from
double saddle points occur at
(A12)

The result of (A8) will reduce to the summary in Section III-C.

D. Net Truncation Diffraction From a 2-D Semi-Infinite Array
One considers (15) and employs the Poissons sum formula
over the infinite summation, which gives
(A13a)
with

(A13b)
Using identities similar to (A5)(A7) and (A3b), (A13) becomes
(where (A6) is used explicitly in the following)

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Hsi-Tseng Chou (S96M97SM01F12) was

born in Taiwan, in 1966. He received the B.S. degree
from National Taiwan University, in 1988, and the
M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Ohio State University
(OSU), Columbus, OH, USA, in 1993 and 1996,
respectively, all in electrical engineering.
In August 1998, he joined Yuan-Ze University
(YZU), Taiwan, where he is currently a Professor
in the Department of Communications Engineering.
After completing his military obligation, he worked
for one year as an R&D Engineer at China Raydon
Corp., during which time he was sent to Mitsubishi Electronic, Japan, for
three months technical training. From 1991 to 1996, he was a Graduate
Research Associate with the ElectroScience Laboratory (ESL), OSU, and
from 1996 to 1998, a Postdoctoral Researcher. After joining YZU in 1998,
he was simultaneously a Technical Consultant to several industries including
Wistron NeWeb, Zinwell, Jonsa and Skyworks. His research interests include
wireless communication network, antenna design, antenna measurement, electromagnetic scattering, asymptotic high frequency techniques such as uniform
geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD), novel Gaussian beam techniques, and
UTD type solution for periodic structures. He has published more than 400
journal and conference papers.
Dr. Chou is an IEEE Fellow, an IET Fellow, and an elected member of URSI
International Radio Science US Commission B. He has received many national
awards to recognize his distinguished contributions in technological developments. Some important ones include a Young Scientist Research Award from
Academia Sinica of Taiwan, a Distinguished Contribution Award in promoting
inter-academic and industrial cooperation from the Ministry of Education, a
Distinguished Engineering Professor Award from the Chinese Institute of Engineers, a Distinguished Electrical Engineering Professor Award from the Chinese Institute of Electrical Engineering, and Universitys Industrial Economics
Contribution Award and National Award for Industrial InnovationKey Technology Elite Award both from Ministry of Economics. He was elected in 2004
as one of the nations ten outstanding young persons by the Junior Chamber
International, in 2005 he was awarded a National Young Person Medal from
China Youth Corps of Taiwan, and was named one of the Top 10 Rising Stars
in Taiwan by the Central News Agency of Taiwan. He has served as the Chair
of IEEE AP-S Taipei Chapter and received the Best Chapter Award in 2012. He
also received Outstanding Branch Counselor Awards from the IEEE including
IEEE Headquarter, R-10 and the Taipei Section, respectively. In addition, he
received the IEEE Technical Field Undergraduate Teaching Award in 2014.