OE4680 2013 - Lecture 16 - Discussion Exercise & Exam Questions

20June,2013
MScOffshore&DredgingEngineering
FacultyCEG,DepartmentHydraulicEngineering
Faculty3mE,DepartmentMaritime&TransportTechnology
BonusExerciseSummary
Aim:
Determinetheglobaliceloadson
2differentdesignsofanSPMtower
foralocationintheKaraSea
Stepstobetaken:
Reviewoficeconditionsandproperties;
Reviewoflimitingmechanism;
Crushingversusbending;
Reviewofthestructuralconfiguration;
Forthisexercise,youneed:
Theexercisehandout;
Thematerialgiventoyouduringthelectures;
ExcerptfromISO19906(onBlackboard)
20June,2013
DiscussionExercise&ExamQuestions
OE4680ArcticEngineering
Figure1:Mapof1)Southwestand
2)NortheastKaraSea
2
SeaIceconditions
Baidaratskaya BayispartofthesouthwestKaraSea
Thelocationofthestructureisoffshore
20June,2013
StructuralConfiguration
20June,2013
GivenParameters
20June,2013
OverviewExerciseScoring
Answeringallproblemscorrectly,yieldsa0,8 bonustoyourexamgrade.
ThisbonusisvalidfortheexaminQ4(onMonday24June2013,14:0017:00)
and theretake(onThursday15August2013,9:0012:00).
Intotal,therewere32pointstobeearned,dividedamongthe4problemsas:
1a. [1]
2a. [2]
3a. [1]
4a. [1]
1b. [2]
2b. [2]
3b. [4]
4b. [8]
2c. [3]
3c. [1]
4c. [2]
2d. [1]
4d. [4]
1. [3]
2. [8]
3. [6]
4. [15]
Thus,everysinglepointequalsa(0,8/32=)0,025bonus.
20June,2013
ProblemStatement1
Inthewinter20122013,themeandailyairtemperatureattheconsideredlocation
intheKaraSeawasbelowtheseawaterfreezingpointfrom16September2012
until20April2013.Theaveragemeandailyairtemperatureduringthisperiodwas
16,7C.
Forthecalculationoficethickness,theKaraandChukchiSeashavethesamesite
specificconstants;intheChukchiSeaatotalof4096freezingdegreedaysyieldedan
icethicknessof2,24m.
1. Forthegivenweatherconditionsinthewinter20122013,
a. calculatethenumberofaccumulatedfreezingdegreedaysintheKaraSea.
b. determinethemaximumundisturbedicethicknessintheKaraSea
assuminglinearheatconduction.
20June,2013
Problem1a
Forthegivenweatherconditionsinthewinter20112012:
a. calculatethenumberofaccumulatedfreezingdegreedaysintheChukchiSea.
Thenumberofaccumulateddegreedaysisfoundas:
CFDD
Tb avg Ta Tb ndays
MeandailyairtemperatureattheChukchiSeawasbelowtheseawaterfreezing
pointfrom16September2012until20April2013.
Theperiodfrom16September2012until20April2013yieldsatotalof:
15+31+30+31+31+28+31+20=217days.
Theaveragemeandailyairtemperatureduringthisperiodwas16,7C.
Ta isthereforegivenas16,7C.
Theseawatersalinityis32,thusthefreezingpointoftheseawaterTbis1,76C.
Andthus:
20June,2013
CFDD 16, 7 1, 76 217 3242

8
Problem1b
Forthegivenweatherconditionsinthewinter20112012:
b. determinethemaximumundisturbedicethicknessintheKaraSeaassuming
linearheatconduction.
Themaximumundisturbedicethicknessisfoundas: h aCFDD b
Forthecalculationoficethickness,theKaraandChukchiSeashavethesamesite
specificconstants;intheChukchiSeaatotalof4096freezingdegreedaysyielded
anicethicknessof2,24m.
Assuminglinearheatconductionitmustbethatb=0.5,thusfromthedataforthe
BeaufortSea,wefind:
hbeauf aCFDD ;beauf b
hbeauf
CFDD ;beauf b
2.24
0, 035
4096
WepreviouslyfoundthatCFDD =3242,thuswefindtheicethicknessfortheChukchi
Seaas:
h aCFDD b 0, 035 3242 1, 993 m
20June,2013
ProblemStatement2
Insteadoftheundisturbedicethickness,extremeicefloe
thicknessesshouldbeusedforthedesign loads.Inother
words,fromthispointonwardsusetheextremeicefloe
thicknessvaluespecificallygiventoyourgroup.
AssumethatforextremeicefloethicknessesintheChukchi
Sea,theicetemperatureatthefloesurfaceis15C.
2. Forthedepictedcylindrical structure,i.e.substructureA,
a. determinetheiceactionforanaveragesizedisolatedicefloeforlimitforce;
b. calculatethedesignactionforicecrushingfailureaccordingtoISO19906;
c. giveaconservativeestimateofthepenetrationofthestructureintoan
averagesizedisolatedicefloeforalimitenergyeventanddeterminethe
correspondinglimitenergyiceaction;
d. concludewhichlimitingmechanismsgovernstheiceactionandexplainwhy.
20June,2013
10
Problem2a
Forthedepictedcylindrical structure,i.e.substructureA,
a. determinetheiceactionforanaveragesizedisolatedicefloeforlimitforce;
Foranisolatedicefloe,wheretheicefloeisdescribedasanequivalentcircularfloe
withadiameterDeq,thelimitforceactioncanbedescribedas:
FLF , floe 8 Cd ,a aVa2 Deq2 8 Cd , w wVw2 Deq2
Fromthelectureonicemechanics,wefindthatCd,a =0,025andCd,w =0,002.

Furthermore,fromtable1wefindthata =1,37kg/m3,Va =21m/s,w =1029
kg/m3.AndVw =3m/s.
Additionallytable1givestheequivalentdiameterofaFYlevelicefloeas3to6
km;anaveragesizedfloethenhasanequivalentdiameterof4,5km.
Thus:
FLF , floe 8 0,025 1,37 21 4,5 10
3 2
8 0,002 1029 3 4,5 10
FLF , floe 120,1 147,3 267,4 MN

20June,2013
3 2
11
Problem2b
b. calculatethedesignactionforicecrushingfailureaccordingtoISO19906;
AccordingtoISO19906,wefindtheglobalcrushingloadthroughtheglobalice
pressureduetocrushing(eqs.A.820andA.821)as:
n
FG pG hw
h w
pG CR
h1 h
TheicestrengthcoefficientforArcticareasisequalto:CR =2.8MPa.
mandnareempiricalcoefficientsthatdependontheicethickness,butforthe
possiblethicknessesarealwaysfoundas:m=0.16,n=0.3.
Thewidthofthestructureis:w=14mandh1isaunitvariable:h1=1.
n
Withh=2,1mwethusfind:
20June,2013
h w
FG CR hw 48, 6 MN
h1 h
12
Problem2c(1)
c. giveaconservativeestimateofthepenetrationofthestructureintoanaverage
sizedisolatedicefloeforalimitenergyeventanddeterminethecorresponding
limitenergyiceaction;
Theiceactionforlimitenergyisdeterminedfromtheworkenergyprincipal:
F x dx p x w x h x dx
1
2
2
2
mvbeg
12 mvend
Again,weassumeanaveragesizedicefloewithadiameterof4,5km.
Thus,withice =910kg/m3 andh=H2=2,1m,themassoftheicefloebecomes:
m ice
Deq2 h 910
4,5 103 2,1 30, 4 Gkg

2
WeassumethatF(x)=FG isconstant.
Thestructureisconsideredtobeoffshore,sovbeg =0,3m/s.
Penetrationisthen:
20June,2013
F x dx F x
G
1
2
2
beg
mv
1
2
2
mvbeg
FG
1, 37 109
28, 2 m
48, 6 106
13
Problems2c(2)and2d
c. giveaconservativeestimateofthepenetrationofthestructureintoanaverage
sizedisolatedicefloeforalimitenergyeventanddeterminethecorresponding
limitenergyiceaction;
So,undertheassumptionsmade,wefindthatthepenetration:.
x 28, 2 m
Asthediameterofthestructureisonly14m,thismeansthatduringalimitenergy
event,thestructuregetsfullyenveloped.
Consequently,thecorrespondinglimitenergyiceactionmustbeequaltothelimit
stressload:
FLE FG 48, 6 MN
d. concludewhichlimitingmechanismsgovernstheiceactionandexplainwhy.
Fromquestiona.andb.wefind:FLS <<FLF.
Thus,theicewillfaillongbeforethelimitforceiceactionisreached.
(Additionally,fromquestionc.wefind:FLE =FLS.)
Thus,limitstressisthelimitingmechanismthatgovernstheiceaction.
20June,2013
14
ProblemStatement3
3. UsingtheISO19906provisions,
a. calculatetheaverageicesalinityfordesignconditions;
b. calculatethecorrespondingbrinevolumeandtotalporosity;
c. determinetheflexuralstrengthoftheiceforpreliminarydesign.
20June,2013
15
Problem3a
UsingtheISO19906provisions:
a. calculatetheapproximateicesalinityfordesignconditions;
TheAVERAGEicesalinityofagrowingfirstyearlevelicesheetisfoundaccordingto
theISO19906provisionsbythefollowingequation:
13, 4 17,4h for h 0,34 m
S
8,0 1,62h for h 0,34 m
Clearlyallgivenextremeicethicknessesare>0,34mandthus,substitutingthe
possiblevaluesgivesasalinity(inppt)as:
H 1 1,8 : S 5, 084
S 8, 0 1, 62h H 2 2,1: S 4,598

H 3 2, 4 : S 4,112
20June,2013
16
Problem3b(1)
ThecorrespondingbrinevolumefollowsfromISO19906as: Vbrine
49,18
S
0,53
T
Forthecalculationofthebrinevolumethatcorrespondstotheaverage salinitySof
anicesheet,weshouldalsousetheaverage temperatureovertheicesheet.
AssumethatforextremeicefloethicknessesintheKaraSea,theicetemperature
atthefloesurfaceis15C.
Inthelectureonicemechanics,itwasexplainedthatthetemperatureinanicefloe
changeslinearlyovertheheight:
atthefloesurfacethetemperatureisgivenas15C.
Lookingattheheatfluxthroughtheice,thetemperatureatthebottomofthe
icesheetmustbeequaltothefreezingpoint,i.e.1.76C.
Andthuswefindthat:
20June,2013
T Tavg 15 1, 76 2 8, 38 C
17
Problem3b(2)
SubstitutingtheaveragesalinitySandtheaveragetemperatureTyields:
Vbrine
49,18
S
0,53 6, 4 S
8, 38
H 1: Vbrine 32,54
H 2 : Vbrine 29, 43
H 3: V
brine 26, 32
Accordingtotheicemechanicslecture,theairvolume(inppt)maybe
approximated as:
Vair 1
bulk
sea ice
910
1
1
8, 49
particles
pure ice Ti
917,8
Andthustheporosityisfound(inppt)as:
Vbrine Vair
20June,2013
H 1: 32,54 8, 49 41, 03
H 2 : 29, 43 8, 49 37, 92
H 3: 26, 32 8, 49 34,81
18
Problem3c
c. determinetheflexuralstrengthoftheiceforpreliminarydesign;[2]
TheflexuralstrengthoftheiceisdefinedinISO19906as:
f MPa 1,76e 5,88
Vb
Here,thebrinevolumeshouldbesubstitutedasthebrinevolumefraction,thusa
brinevolumeof37,92(inppt)correspondstoabrinevolumefraction0,03792.
Thus,theflexuralstrengthscorrespondingtothedifferenticethicknessesare:
f 1, 76e 5,88
Vb
H 1: f 0, 609 MPa
H 2 : f 0, 642 MPa
H 3: 0, 678 MPa
f
NotethatthesevaluesaremuchhigherthanwhatISO19906notesreasonable!
20June,2013
19
ProblemStatement4
Toreducethedesignactions,thestructurehasbeen
redesignedandequippedwithacone.
3. Forthedepictedconical structure,i.e.substructure
B,andforthespecificcombinationofparameters
specifiedforyourgroup,
a. determinethediameteroftheconeatthestillwater
level;
b. calculatethetotalhorizontaldesignloadforbending
failureaccordingtoISO19906;
c. supposethatinsteadofanupwardcone,adownwardconewiththesame
anglewouldbeused;explainwhichcomponentsofthetotaldesignbending
loadshouldberecalculated;
d. giveanestimateofthetotaldesignloadreductionbyapplyingadownward
conewiththesamewaterlinediameterastheupwardcone.
20June,2013
20
Problem4a
Forthedepictedconical structure,i.e.substructureB,andforthespecific
combinationofparametersspecifiedforyourgroup:
a. determinethediameteroftheconeatthestillwaterlevel;
Thediameteroftheconeatthestillwaterlinefollowsfromtheradiusofthetopof
thecone,thedistanceofthetopoftheconeabovewaterandtheconeangle.
Fromsimpletrigonometrywefindtheadditionalradiusradd duetotheconeas:
radd
htop , c
tan A
6
tan A
A1: radd 6, 21
A2 : radd 5, 79
A3: r 5, 40
add
A4 : radd 5, 03
A5 : radd 4, 69
A6 : radd 4, 36
A7 : radd 4, 05
A8 : radd 3, 75
A9 : radd 3, 46
Consequently,thediameteroftheconeatthestillwaterlevelisfoundas:
wc btop , c 2radd
20June,2013
A1: wc 20, 42
A2 : wc 19,58
A3: w 18,80
A4 : wc 18, 06
A5 : wc 17, 38
A6 : wc 16, 72
A7 : wc 16,10
A8 : wc 15,50
A9 : wc 14, 92
21
Problem4b(1)
b. calculatethetotalhorizontaldesignloadforbendingfailureaccordingto
ISO19906;
ThetotalhorizontaldesignloadforbendingfailureisfoundaccordingtoISO19906
as:
H : Load required to break the ice blocks against the slope
H H P H R H L HT
FH B
HB
1
f ch
H R : Load required to push the ice blocks up the slope

H T : Load required to turn the ice block at the top of the slope
H P : Load required to push the sheet ice through the rubble
H L : Load required to lift the ice rubble with the unbroken ice floe
IngeneralthebreakingcomponentHB isthemaincomponent,whichisfoundas:
0,25
Eh
L
0,25
w gh5
C 12 w g 1 v 2
2
H B 0,68 f
LC
w
4
E
sin cos

cos sin
Here,theflexuralstrengthf istheresultofquestion3c.
20June,2013
22
Problem4b(2)
ISO19906;
Alternatively,thebreakingcomponentHB can(andshould)bewrittenas:
w gh 5
H B 0, 68 f
Wefind:
0,25
sin cos
cos sin
5 109 H 3
LC
12 1029 9,81 1 0, 32
20June,2013
0,25
2
3
Eh
C w LC with: LC
12 w g 1 v 2
sin cos

cos sin
0,25
C1 0.03, A5 52 :
0,806
1,362
0,592
H 1: LC 22, 68 m C 76, 38 m
H 2 : LC 25, 46 m C 80,19 m
H 3 : L 28,14 m 84, 36 m
C
C
23
Problem4b(3)
ISO19906;
Theremainingloadcomponentscanberewrittenas:
H P
H R
HL
HT
tan
1
wh i i g 1 e 1
tan 2 tan
tan
sin cos
sin
wi ghr
cos
cos
0,5 i 1 e hr i
1
h
cos sin
sin
tan tan
tan
2
r
tan
1
tan
1
whr 1
tan 1
0,5hr i g 1 e
c
tan
tan
tan
t
an
cos
1,5wh 2 i g
sin cos
20June,2013
24
Problem4b(4)
ISO19906;
ThehorizontalbreakingloadHB ,aswellastheother4componentsarenowfound
bysimplysubstitutingthecalculatedvaluesintotheISO19906equations.
ForexampleusingH2,C1&A5,wefind:
(i.e.h=2,1m; =0,03; =52)
H B 4,544 MN
H 0, 024 MN
P
H R 4, 023 MN
H 0,583 MN
L
H T 0,821 MN
Andthetotalforcebecomes:
FH
H B H P H R H L H T 4,544 0, 024 4, 023 0,583 0,821
10, 4 MN
HB
4,544
1
1
f ch
0, 642 80,19 2,1
20June,2013
25
Problem4c(1)
c. supposethatinsteadoftheupwardcone,adownwardconewiththesameangle
wouldbeused;explainwhichcomponentsofthetotaldesignbendingload
shouldberecalculated;
Ifwewouldcriticallyassesthephysicsofupwardversusdownwardbending,
wecanstatethat:
Theflexuralstrengthoftheiceisdifferentforupwardanddownwardbending.
Thefrictioncoefficientisdifferentaboveandunderwater.
Theweightoftheiceonanupwardslopeshouldbereplacedbyitsbuoyancy
foradownwardslope,i.e.thedensityshouldbereplacedbythesubmerged
density.(SeelecturesonIceActions)
NoteherethatinISO19906,theflexuralstrengthiscalculatedasanaverage flexural
strengthandthereforecannotdistinguishbetweenup/downwardbending!
Furthermore,wehaveonlyconsideredoneicestructurefrictioncoefficient.
20June,2013
26
Problem4c(2)
c. supposethatinsteadoftheupwardcone,adownwardconewiththesameangle
wouldbeused;explainwhichcomponentsofthetotaldesignbendingload
shouldberecalculated;
Thustheonlychangethatremainsis:
Theweightoftheiceonanupwardslopeshouldbereplacedbyitsbuoyancy
foradownwardslope,i.e.theicedensityshouldbereplacedbythesubmerged
density.(i wi ;SeelecturesonIceActions)
Soallcomponentsthatareafunctionoftheicedensityshouldberecalculated,which
isallcomponentsexceptforthebreakingcomponent.(i.e.HP,HR,HL andHT)
Noteherethat,inprincipal,thecomponentHT maybeneglectedcompletely,asan
iceblockwilllikelyturnbeforetheendoftheslopewhenitssubmerged.
20June,2013
27
Problem4d(1)
conewiththesamewaterlinediameteraswehavepreviouslyusedforthe
upwardcone.
Lookingattheequationsforthe4icecomponents:
H P
H R
HL
HT
tan
1
wh i i g 1 e 1
tan 2 tan
sin
tan
sin cos
wi ghr
cos
0,5
1
cos
1
e
h
h
i
r i
cos sin
sin
tan tan
tan
2
r
tan
1
tan
1
whr 1
tan 1
0,5hr i g 1 e
c
tan
tan
t
an
tan
1,5wh 2 i g
cos
sin cos
wefindthatweonlyneedtorecalculateHL! Therestcanbedirectlyfactored.
20June,2013
28
Problem4d(1)
conewiththesamewaterlinediameteraswehavepreviouslyusedforthe
upwardcone.
Thetotalhorizontalloadthanbecomes:
FH , down
H B down H P H R H L , down
HB
1
f ch
down
w i 119
i
910
Forourparameterset(H2,C1,A5),wefind:
FH ,up 10, 4 MN
FH , down
Andthetotalreductionbecomes:
20June,2013
4,544 0, 003 0,526 0,149

5, 4 MN
4,544
1
0, 642 80, 29 2,1
FH,red = FH,up - FH,down = 5,0 MN
29
Overviewexerciseresults
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Therewere44groups,ofwhich41weregroupsof2and3weresinglepersons.
Theaveragescoreofall85participants:
21,8 points;
Thegroupsof2hadanaveragescoreof:
22,4 points;
Whilethesingleshadanaverageof:
15,0 points;
20June,2013
30
20June,2013
FacultyCEG,DepartmentHydraulicEngineering
Faculty3mE,DepartmentMaritime&TransportTechnology
31
Examdates&Configuration
Examdates
Exam:
Reexam:
Monday24June,
Thursday15August,
14:00 17:00,
09:00 12:00,
DTCTZ2
tba
Theexamroughlyfollowsthesetupofthecourseschedule:
GeneralArcticEngineering:
6575%
Arcticregions,Arcticstructuresandicefeatures;
IceloadsandIceactions;
Icephysicsand/oricemechanics;
Icemanagementand/orArcticescape,evacuationandrescue;
CapitaSelecta.
Dynamicsoficestructureinteraction:
Frequencylockinandiceinducedvibrations;
Beam/PlatetheoryandNumericalmodelling;
Industryexperience;
20June,2013
2535%
32
Arcticregionsandicefeatures
Atthelocationsgiveninthefigurebelow,offshorehydrocarbonfieldsare
beingdevelopedorwillbedevelopedinthenextfewyears.
2
1
Q: Nametheseasthesehydrocarbon
fieldsaresituatedinanddescribethe
icefeaturesthatyouexpectto
encounteratthegivenlocations.
1. BarentsSea(Shtokman)
Firstyearlevelice,
Firstyeariceridges,and
(occasionally)Icebergs.
2. (Southern)KaraSea
Firstyearlevelice,
Firstyeariceridges,and
Multiyeariceridges.
20June,2013
33
Arcticconcepts
Q: Discusstheadvantages(pros)andlimitations(cons)ofthefollowing
hydrocarbonproductionconceptsforuseintheArctic:
GravityBasedStructure
ArcticSpar
DownwardConicalBuoy
LetsdiscusstheDownwardConicalBuoy(pros &cons):
Goodperformanceinlevelice,asiceisforcedtofailinbending.
Goodrubbleclearingduetobuoyancyeffectsonbrokenice.
Circularsymmetry,thereforenoicevaning required.
Requiresnooffshoretopsideinstallation.
Optionallyadisconnectionsystemfor(risersand)moorings.
Optionallyvariabledraft,allowinguseinbothsummerandwinter.
Congesteddeckarea
Requiresextremelyheavymooringsystem
Pooropenwaterbehaviourunderextremeweatherconditions
Therisersandmooringsystemsmaybeexposedtobrokenice.
20June,2013
34
Arcticregions/conceptsandicefeatures
Q: Whichofthegivenconceptswouldyouchoose
foreachlocationandexplainwhy.
1. BarentsSea(Shtokman)
GBS:Toodeep(320340m)
DownwardConicalBuoy:Assumingdisconnecta
bility andavariabledraftmakesthisaviableoption.
ArcticSpar:perfectforopenwaterbehaviour,
butitcannotbedisconnectedforicebergs.
Leastbad:DCBwithextraoptions
Bestoption:FPSO(disconnection,openwater)
2
1
2. (Southern)KaraSea
GBS:Viableoptionespeciallyintheshallowparts
DownwardConicalBuoy:Viableoptionasthe
occurringdownloadscanbewithstood,especially
withicemanagement.
ArcticSpar:Tooshallow.
Bestoption:DCBorGBSdependingonwaterdepth
20June,2013
GBS, Arctic Spar or Downward Conical Buoy?
35
Arcticregions/structuresandicefeatures
Q: Name2(3)areaswhereoffshoreplatformsmustbedesignedforboth
iceandseismicloads?
SeaofOkhotsk(Sakhalin),
CookInlet(Alaska),or
Bohai Bay(China)
Notehere:theCaspianSeaisawronganswer:
ThereareearthquakesinthesouthernpartoftheCaspianSea,but
thereisnoseaicethere.
InthenorthoftheCaspianSeathereisseaiceduringthewinters,
buttherearenoearthquakes.
20June,2013
36
Iceactions
Q: Whatarethemechanismsthatlimittheiceloadonastructureduringice
structureinteraction?
LimitEnergy
LimitStress
LimitForce
Q: Explainbrieflywhatismeantbyeachoftheselimitingmechanisms.
LimitEnergy:
Themechanismthatoccurswhentheactionislimitedbythe(relative)kineticenergyor
momentumoftheicefeature.ThismechanismisalsoreferredtoasLimitMomentum.
LimitStress:
Themechanismthatoccurswhenanicefeatureisdrivenagainstthestructureandthe
drivingforcesareinsufficientfortheicetofailandenvelopthestructure.
LimitForce:
Themechanismthatoccurswhenthedrivingforcesworkingontheicefeatureare
sufficientfortheicetofailasitinteractswiththestructure.
20June,2013
37
Iceactions
Q: Theiceloadsexertedonaslopingstructurearedifferentfromtheiceloads
exertedonaverticalstructure.Explainonwhichofthestructurestheicefloe
exertsthelowestloads,explainwhy,andnamethecorrespondingfailure
modes.
Againstslopingstructurestheicefailsthrough(ice) bending,
whileonaverticalstructuretheicefailsthrough(ice) crushing.
Thefailureoficethroughbendingdependsonthetensilestrengthofice,
whilecrushingdependsonthecompressivestrengthofice.
Thetensilestrengthoficeismuchlowerthenthecompressivestrengthofice
andthereforebendingexertslowerloadsonastructurethancrushing.
Ergo,theloadswillbelowestonslopingstructures.Notehoweverthatrubblepilingup
and/oradfreeze maydiminishtheadvantagesofslopingstructures
Tocalculatestaticiceactions,weusuallyapplytheISO19906,
butwehaveextensivelydiscussedthisduringthefirstpartofthislecture.
20June,2013
38
BernalFowlerRules
Q: TheBernalFowlerrulesdescribethearrangementofwatermoleculesand
hydrogenatomsintheidealcrystallinestructureofice.Givethe4Bernal
Fowlerrules.
1. Thewatermoleculeispreservedintheicelattice.Ergo,1Oatomwith2
Hatoms.
2. Eachwatermoleculeistetrahedrically bondedto4neighbourwater
molecules.
3. Thereisonly1hydrogenatomperoxygenoxygenbond.
4. Thehydrogenatomsaremobilesorules13maybesatisfiedinany
configuration.
20June,2013
39
IceMechanics
Q: Whatarethe4physicalicepropertiesthatinfluencethestrengthofice?
Temperature
Porosity
Salinity
Crystallography
Q: Howdoestherelativevelocitybetweenastructureandanicefloeinfluence
theloadsonthatoffshorestructureduringicestructureinteraction?
Lowvelocity
High(er)velocity
20June,2013
ductilefailure
brittlefailure
40
DynamicsofIceStructureInteraction
Q: Whatarethe3maintypesofmodelsthatareavailabletomodeldynamic
interactionbetweenseaiceandoffshorestructures?Giveashortexplanation
ofeachtypeofmodel.
Physically based models
Thistypeofmodelling triestoapproachrealityasmuchaspossiblebytaking
intoaccountthefundamentalphysical(micro)propertiesofthe
phenomenontobemodelled.
Empirical models
Modelsbasedondata.
Phenomenological models
Modelsthattrytomimicthebehaviour ofacertainphenomenonratherthan
lookingintothesourceofthisbehaviour.
20June,2013
41
DynamicsofISI exam31082012
20June,2013
42
Q: Thedynamicinteractionbetweenanicefloeandaslopingstructureis
describedbyaloadingcyclein2alternatingphases.Describethisloadingcycle
andidentifyits2phases.
1. Uponinitialcontactoftheicefloewiththehulloftheslopingstructure,thetip
oftheicefloeispusheddownwardsandtheicefloestartsbendingdownwards
uptothepointwheretheicefloe,heremodelledasabeam,breaksinbending
atacertaindistancefromtheinteractionpointatthetipoftheicefloe.Thisis
thefirstphasecommonlydescribedas:Bendinguptofailure.
2. Onceapieceoftheicefloe(beam)breaksofffromtheicefloe,thispiece(or
piecesofrubble)ispusheddowntheslopebytheremainingicefloe,untilthetip
oftheremainingicefloehitsthehulloftheslopingstructure.Thisisknownas
thesecondphase.Oncethetipoftheremainingicefloehitsthestructurethe
icefloeisonceagainapplyingadirectloadtothestructure,andwethus
commonlydescribethisphaseas:Pushingrubble(down)untilreloading.
20June,2013
43
Q: Whichbeamtheorywouldyouusetomodeltheinteractionbetweentheice
andthedownwardconicalstructureand why?
EulerBernoullibeamtheory,alsocommonlyknownastheclassicalbeam
theory.
Whenmodellingtheiceasabeam,thebeamrepresentingtheicecanalways
beconsideredtobelongorslender;Whenbeamsarelong/slender,shear
deformationsandrotationalinertiamaybedisregardedasisassumedforthe
EulerBernoullibeamtheory.
AdditionalNote:
Whenconsideringshortbeams,sheardeformationsandrotationalinertia
shouldbetakenintoaccountaccordingtoTimoshenkoRayleighbeamtheory.
20June,2013
44
Becausetheicesheetismoving,thedisplacementoftheicesheetdoesnotonly
dependontimebutalsodependsonitspositionintime.Themovingicefloe,
modelledasabeamonanelasticfoundationisthereforeknownasaconvective
system.Consequently,itsverticalaccelerationisfoundasafunctionoficefloe
2
velocityandaccelerationas:
D 2u
2u
2u
u
2 u
z
Dt
2v t
xt
v t
z
2
a t
Q: Assumingthatthevelocityoftheicesheetisconstant,givetheequationof
motionforthebendingofamovingicesheetusingthebeamtheoryfrom
question4c.Here,theaxialcompressionalongtheicesheetandthe
correspondingdampingmaybeneglected.
2
Assumingthattheicefloevelocityisconstant,we
D 2u z 2uz
2u z
2 uz
2 2v
v
canwritetheverticalaccelerationoftheicesheetas: Dt 2
t
xt
x 2
2
Consequently,wefind
2u z
2uz
4uz
2 uz
A 2 2v
v
EI 4 ku
0
z
theequationofmotionas:
2
t
xt
x
x

bending
foundation
convective inertia
20June,2013
45
Q: Givethe4boundaryconditionsfortheinteractionbetweentheunfractured icesheet
andthedownwardconicalbuoy,assumingthatthedownwardconicalbuoyisfixed.
Assumingthattheicesheetisinfinitelylong,wecanfindadistance,sayL,fromtheice
structureinteractionpointwherethedeflectionandtherotationoftheicearenegligible.
Thisyieldsthefirst2boundaryconditionsas:
uz
x L
uz
x
0
x L
Atthecontactpointbetweentheicesheetandthedownwardconicalbuoy,theboundary
conditionsareduetotheinteractionwiththerigidhullofthestructure.
Thebendingmomentinthebeamfollows
fromtheaxialcompressionforceas:
Thelastboundaryconditionfollowsfromthe
deflectionofthebeamtip,whichisfoundas:
20June,2013
2uz
EI 2
x
x 0
h
FH
2
uz t x 0 v t t0 sin
46
Foranyfloatingstructurethatisusedfordrilling,itisimportantthatitsrockingmotion
(roll/pitch)isminimal,becauselargerockingmotionsmaydamagethedrillstring.Asafirst
checkofthemaximumroll/pitchmotion,weassumethatthehorizontalandverticalloads
areconstants,i.e.timeindependent,andthatthedampingofthestructureinroll/pitch
maybeneglected.
Q: Givetheequationofmotionfortherollmotionofthedownwardconicalstructureand
determinethecorrespondingnaturalfrequency.
Theequationofmotionforthestructureisfoundas:
J k r FV a FH b FV a b n2
FV a b
J
Here,thenaturalfrequencyisfoundas:
kr
12 109
n
0,195 rad s
J
315 109
20June,2013
47
DuringthestructuresfirstdrillingoperationsintheChukchiSea,itisobservedthattheice
floevelocityintheChukchiSeavariesbetween0,04and0,08m/sandthelengthofthe
piecesoficethatbreakoffagainstthestructureinbendingrangesfrom10to14m.
Q: Determinethefrequencyrangeoficefailureagainsttheconicalstructureandexplain
whetherfrequencylockinmayoccurwhileoperatingthisstructureintheChukchiSea.
Thelowesticefailurefrequencyisfoundforacombinationofthebiggestbreaking
lengthandthelowesticefloevelocity:
2 vmin 2 0, 04
low
max
14
0, 018 rad s
Accordingly,thehighesticefailurefrequencyisfoundforacombinationofthesmallest
breakinglengthandthehighesticefloevelocity:
high
2 vmax 2 0, 08
0, 050 rad s
min
10
Previously,wefoundanaturalfrequencyof0,195rad/s,whichis4timesbiggerthan
thehighesticefailurefrequency.Duetothebigdifference,wemayexpectthattheice
failurefrequencyandthestructuresnaturalrollingfrequencywillnotsynchronize.
Thus,wedonotexpectfrequencylockintooccurhere.
20June,2013
48
Q: Assumingtheinitialconditions 0 0 0 ,derivetheexpressionforthe
rotation t .
Theequationtosolveis:
Thisyields:
n2
FV a b
J
FV a b FV a b
FV a b
2
J n
kr
t
A
t
B
t
sin
cos
n
n
kr
H t A sin n t B cos n t
P t
t An cos n t Bn sin n t
Differentiationtotimegives:
Substitutionintotheinitialconditionsthenyields:
0 An cos 0 Bn sin 0 An 0
F a b
F a b
0 A sin 0 B cos 0 V
B V
0
kr
Finallygiving:
20June,2013
kr
A0
FV a b
kr
FV a b
1 cos n t
kr
49
Forthedesignofthisdownwardconicalstructurethemaximumallowedroll/pitch
anglewasfoundtobe.
Q: Determinetheverticalforcethatcorrespondswiththemaximumallowed
roll/pitchangle.
2F a b
FV a b
1 cos n t V
kr
kr
max
Maxrotationif: cos n t 1 max
Themaximumforceallowedisthus:
FV,max
k r max
12 10 3 0, 0611
8, 82 MN
2 a b 2 36 1, 39 4
Noteherethatanyanglesshouldberewrittentoradians.
20June,2013
50
Good luck with the exam

on Monday 24 June
And enjoy the summer holiday!
20June,2013
51

OE4680 2013 - Lecture 16 - Discussion Exercise & Exam Questions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

OE4680 2013 - Lecture 16 - Discussion Exercise & Exam Questions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

20June,2013

CFDD 16, 7 1, 76 217 3242

FLF , floe 8 Cd ,a aVa2 Deq2 8 Cd , w wVw2 Deq2

Fromthelectureonicemechanics,wefindthatCd,a =0,025andCd,w =0,002.

FLF , floe 8 0,025 1,37 21 4,5 10

8 0,002 1029 3 4,5 10

FLF , floe 120,1 147,3 267,4 MN

4,5 103 2,1 30, 4 Gkg

S 8, 0 1, 62h H 2 2,1: S 4,598

f MPa 1,76e 5,88

H R : Load required to push the ice blocks up the slope

H B H P H R H L H T 4,544 0, 024 4, 023 0,583 0,821

4,544 0, 003 0,526 0,149

FH,red = FH,up - FH,down = 5,0 MN

GBS, Arctic Spar or Downward Conical Buoy?

Maxrotationif: cos n t 1 max

Good luck with the exam

You might also like

OE4680 2013 - Lecture 16 - Discussion Exercise &amp; Exam Questions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

OE4680 2013 - Lecture 16 - Discussion Exercise &amp; Exam Questions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

20June,2013

CFDD 16, 7 1, 76 217 3242

FLF , floe 8 Cd ,a aVa2 Deq2 8 Cd , w wVw2 Deq2

Fromthelectureonicemechanics,wefindthatCd,a =0,025andCd,w =0,002.

FLF , floe 8 0,025 1,37 21 4,5 10

8 0,002 1029 3 4,5 10

FLF , floe 120,1 147,3 267,4 MN

4,5 103 2,1 30, 4 Gkg

S 8, 0 1, 62h H 2 2,1: S 4,598

f MPa 1,76e 5,88

H R : Load required to push the ice blocks up the slope

H B H P H R H L H T 4,544 0, 024 4, 023 0,583 0,821

4,544 0, 003 0,526 0,149

FH,red = FH,up - FH,down = 5,0 MN

GBS, Arctic Spar or Downward Conical Buoy?

Maxrotationif: cos n t 1 max

Good luck with the exam

You might also like

OE4680 2013 - Lecture 16 - Discussion Exercise & Exam Questions

OE4680 2013 - Lecture 16 - Discussion Exercise & Exam Questions