IMPACT OF MGNREGA ON TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT

A CASE STUDY OF NALGODNDA DISTRICT

Submitted to Osmania University for Admission into Ph.D
Programme in Department of Social Work

By
SRIKANTH RAMAVATH

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK

OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD-500007
INDIA

IMPACT OF MGNREGA ON TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT A CASE STUDY

OF NALGODNDA DISTRICT
INTRODUCTION
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA, also known as National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme, NREGS) is Indian legislation enacted on August 25, 2005. The
NREGA provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year
to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual
work at the statutory minimum wage. The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Govt of India
is monitoring the entire implementation of this scheme in association with state governments this
act was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasing power of the rural people, primarily
semi or un-skilled work to people living below poverty line in rural India. It attempts to bridge
the gap between the rich and poor in the country. Roughly one-third of the stipulated work force
must be women. Adult members of rural households submit their name, age and address with
photo to the Gram Panchayat. The Gram panchayat registers households after making enquiry
and issues a job card. The job card contains the details of adult member enrolled and his /her
photo. Registered person can submit an application for work in writing (for at least fourteen days
of continuous work) either to panchayat or to Programme Officer. The panchayat/Programme
officer will accept the valid application and issue dated receipt of application, letter providing
work will be sent to the applicant and also displayed at panchayat office. The employment will
be provided within a radius of 5 km: if it is above 5 km extra wage will be paid.
Permissible activities as stipulated in para 1 of Schedule-I of Mahatma Gandhi NREGA are as
under: Water conservation and water harvesting, Drought proofing (including a forestation and
tree plantation, Irrigation canals including micro and minor irrigation works, Provision of
irrigation facility, horticulture plantation and land development facilities to land owned by
households belonging to the Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes or Below Poverty Line
families or to beneficiaries of land reforms or to the beneficiaries under the Indira Awas Yojana
of the Government of India or that of small farmers or marginal farmers as defined in the
Agriculture Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme, 2008. (The benefits of works on individual
lands have been extended to small and marginal farmers vide notification dated

22.7.2009),Renovation of traditional water bodies including desilting of tanks, Land

development, Flood control and protection works including drainage in water logged areas, Rural
connectivity to provide all-weather access, Construction of Bharat Nirman, Rajiv Gandhi Sewa
Kendra as Village Knowledge Resource Centre and Gram Panchayat Bhawan at Gram Panchayat
level (included vide Notification dated 11.11.2009).Any other work which may be notified by the
Central Government in consultation with the State Government.
The scheduled tribes have been one of the most disadvantaged social groups in Indian
population, traditionally they were deprived of educational and employment opportunities. After
the independence, they are making efforts to towards better living with the help of so many
schemes and programs initiated and funded by both the state and central governments which
were molded by the constitutional safe guards. The ego-ethnic background and the socio-cultural
heritage of these people in the state are linked to the neighboring states as well
Any development process in India should begin with the schemes/ programmes meant for
scheduled tribes (STs) and scheduled castes (SCs), as these are the most disadvantaged and
neglected people in the society. These are the people who are economically backward and
oppressed by the landlords and rural gentry over a period of time. Therefore, there is a need for
sincere efforts on the part of the government to help improve the quality of life of STs and SCs.
(i) Significance of tribal culture, indigenous skills and knowledge; (ii) Land problems, unrest,
and remedial measures; and (iii) Critical analysis of past efforts and present strategies of tribal
development. In fact, the tribal population in India accounts for 8.08 per cent and their literacy
rate is about 30 per cent. Majority of the tribals are found in central India (80 per cent), the
north-eastern states (12 per cent) and southern India (8 per cent). The occupational pattern of
tribals as hunter-gatherers, pastorals, shifting cultivators, settled cultivators, artisans, etc, are
discussed in a lucid way in chapter two.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The tribal population in the State of Andhra Pradesh, and in the country
as a whole, is the most deprived and vulnerable community that faces
severe economic exclusion. Although certain constitutional safeguards are
provided, no significant economic, social and political mobility has taken
place across this community. Contrary to Scheduled Castes and other
Backward Castes who witnessed certain degrees of progress because of
protective discrimination policies of the government, the Scheduled Tribes
remain abysmally backward and socially excluded, still living in harsh
environs.
The STs of Andhra Pradesh constitute 6.75 percent of Indias tribal population. although
the states STs comprise only 6.59 percent of the states population, they account for the largest
tribal concentration in Southern India. The Scheduled Areas of Andhra Pradesh, covered by the
Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) approach, are spread over 31,485 sq km in 5936 villages (11,855
habitation) in the districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West
Godavari, Warangal, Khammam, Adilabad and Kurnool. The 35 reported ST communities are
mainly concentrated in nine districts declared as Scheduled Areas by special government order in
1950. Sixty percent of the STs live in forest areas in the Eastern Ghats, on the banks of the river
Godavari. Two-thirds of the ST population in the State of Andhra Pradesh lives in these areas.
This constitutes 11% of the total geographical area of the state. Among the 23 districts,
Khammam has the highest ST population (26.47%), followed by Adilabad (16.74%),
Visakhapatnam 14.55%), Warangal (14.10%) and Nalgonda (10.55%). This zone forms the
traditional habitat of 31 tribal communities in Scheduled Areas (sprawling 30,030 sq km) and the
rest outside. The other three tribal groups, i.e., Lambada, Yerukala and Yanadi mostly live
outside the Scheduled Areas. Out of the 33 STs, Sugalis are numerically the largest ST with a
population of 2,077,947 constituting 41.4 percent of the states ST population. They are followed
by Koya 568,019 (11.3 percent), Yanadis 462,167 (9.2 percent), Yerukulas 437,459 (8.7 percent)
and Gonds 252,038 (5 percent). These five ST communities account for 76 percent of the total
ST population in the state.

As per the census of the India 2011 Scheduled Tribes population (Largest three)
1.Sugalis etc. 320,959,
2.Yerukulas 18, 531,
3.Chenchu etc. 9 92.
At this juncture it is important to analyze the impact of NREGS on the tribes of Nalgonda
district

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

In analyzing this dissertation, so many works on the rural society and socio-cultural,
socio-political and socio-economic literature on the subject of the tribal people has been sought.
Apart from this, census reports, performance budget, annual plans, sub-plan and oher
governmental literature has been studies. For the cultural identity of the tribal people L.P
Vidyardi and Dr. K.Mohan Raos works were consulted. About the economic, education and
social advancement, and for their autographic description, various departmental brochures have
been studied, as this study has to focus on the social, economic, educational and occupational
mobility of the schedule tribe, views expresses by eminent social geographers and works of
scholars in these fields have been referred which were in the forms of books, brochures and
research reports.
Dr Mohan Rao found that Andhra Pradesh is the home land of 33 tribal groups and most
of these communities are found in habiting in the boarder area of Andhra Pradesh in the north
and north-east. The tribals have identical nomenclature of certain communities, some times
based on identical traditional occupations with in the state also is leading to much confusion
facilitating these non tribal cast groups to cal in schedule tribes social status. The kammara caste
group people (which is included in the state B.C list) who are blacksmiths in the plain areas, are
also claiming has kammaras of agency tracts. For the sake of cornering a reservation benefits of
schedule tribes.

OBJECTIVES

To study the NREGA and its implementation in Nalgonda district

To study the tribal participating in NREGA
To study the wages of NREGA with reference to tribes
To correlate the employment security and NREGA
To study socio-economic developments schedule tribes of the Nalgonda district
To study the occupational mobility of schedule tribes
To study the education and family welfare of tribes of Nalgonda district

HYPOTHESIS
Tribals of Nalgonda district are not optimally used the NREGA
There is institutional gap in the NREGA and development of tribes

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

Nalgonda district occupies an area of approximately 14,200 square kilometres (5,500 sq mi),
comparatively equivalent to Indonesia's Flores. Towns in the district include: Nalgonda,
Suryapet, Miryalaguda, Bhongir, Kodada, Choutuppal, Chityal, Ramannapet, Kattangur,
Nakrekal, Bhoodhan Pochampally, Aleru, Narkatpalli, Huzurnagar, Devarakonda, Yadagirigutta,
Rajapet, Mothkur, and Kanegal.The rivers Krishna, Musi River, Aleru, Peddavagu, Dindi and
Paleru flow through the Nalgonda district.Minerals in the district include Limestone, Black &
Color Granites.Clean drinking water, water supply for irrigation and educational facilities for all
are perhaps the most important problems Nalgonda faces right now.Nearly 500 villages in
Nalgonda district are affected by the high fluorine content in water. It is estimated that nearly 1
million people are affected by Fluorosis in Nalgonda district.Parada village under Kattangur
Mandal was suffering due to drinking water; almost all the villages were supplied with water
from Krishna except this village.

According to the 2011 census Nalgonda district has a population of 3,483,648, roughly
equal to the nation of Panama or the US state of Connecticut.[12] This gives it a ranking of 88th in
India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 245 inhabitants per square
kilometer (630 /sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 7.26
%.Nalgonda has a sex ratio of 982 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 65.05 %.

METHODOLOGY
Methodology applied in the present research is based on the collection of primary data
and secondary data. The data collected is distributed in to the structured tables. The primary data
is collected through the census reports. The secondary data is collected through the publishers
work in the fors of books, articles, research, journals and government documents. As the research
is envisaged to examine the pattern of the development with in the schedule tribes, due care has
been taken while making the tribes, maps keeping in view the objectives.

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