Dioda ll rectifier terbuat dari silikon dan karena itu memiliki drop tegangan maju 0.7V .

Tabel tersebut menunjukkan maksimum saat ini dan maksimum tegangan balik untuk beberapa dioda
penyearah populer . The 1N4001 cocok untuk sebagian besar tegangan rendah sirkuit dengan arus
kurang dari 1A .

Diode

Maximum
Current

Maximum
Reverse
Voltage

1N4001

1A

50V

1N4002

1A

100V

1N4007

1A

1000V

1N5401

3A

100V

1N5408

3A

1000V

Tabel di bawah menunjukkan data teknis khas untuk beberapa diameter 5mm bulat LED
dengan paket disebarkan ( badan plastik ) . Hanya tiga kolom yang penting dan ini ditampilkan dalam
huruf tebal

IF
max.

VF
VF
VR
typ. max. max.

Luminous
intensity

Viewing
Wavelength
angle

Type

Colour

Standard

Red

30mA 1.7V 2.1V

5V

5mcd @
10mA

60

660nm

Standard

Bright
red

30mA 2.0V 2.5V

5V

80mcd @
10mA

60

625nm

Standard

Yellow

30mA 2.1V 2.5V

5V

32mcd @
10mA

60

590nm

Standard

Green

25mA 2.2V 2.5V

5V

32mcd @
10mA

60

565nm

High
intensity

Blue

30mA 4.5V 5.5V

5V

60mcd @
20mA

50

430nm

Super
bright

Red

30mA 1.85V 2.5V

5V

500mcd @
20mA

60

660nm

Low current

Red

30mA 1.7V 2.0V

5V

5mcd @ 2mA

60

625nm

JIKA max . Maju saat maksimum , ke depan hanya berarti dengan LED terhubung dengan
benar .

VF typ . Tegangan maju khas , VL dalam perhitungan resistor LED .

Ini adalah sekitar 2V , kecuali untuk LED biru dan putih yang itu adalah tentang 4V .

VF max . Tegangan maju maksimum .

VR max . Tegangan balik maksimum

Anda dapat mengabaikan ini untuk LED terhubung dengan cara yang benar .

Luminous intensitas Brightness dari LED pada saat ini, mcd = millicandela diberikan .

Viewing angle LED Standard memiliki sudut pandang dari 60 , yang lain memancarkan
sinar sempit dari sekitar 30 .

Panjang gelombang Puncak panjang gelombang cahaya yang dipancarkan , ini menentukan
warna LED .

nm = nanometer .

IC

Property
Technology
Power Supply

Inputs

Outputs

4000 Series
CMOS
3 to 15V

74 Series
74HC

74 Series
74LS

High-speed CM High-speed CMOS TTL Low-power

OS
TTL compatible
Schottky
2 to 6V

Input impedansi sangat tinggi .

Input yang tidak terpakai harus
terhubung ke + Vs atau 0V .
Input tidak dapat didorong
oleh 74LS output kecuali ' pullup ' resistor digunakan ( lihat
di bawah ) .
Output dapat
tenggelam dan
sumber 5mA
( 10mA dengan
pasokan 9V ) ,
cukup untuk
menerangi
sebuah LED .
Untuk beralih

74 Series
74HCT

Bisa
tenggelam
dan sumber
sekitar 20mA ,
cukup untuk
menerangi
sebuah LED .
Untuk beralih
arus yang

5V 0.5V
Impedansi yang
sangat tinggi .
Input yang tidak
terpakai harus
terhubung ke +
Vs atau 0V .
Kompatibel
dengan 74LS
( TTL ) output

5V 0.25V
' Mengambang '
tinggi logika
1 jika tidak
tersambung .
1mA harus
ditarik keluar
untuk menahan
mereka pada
logika 0 .

. Bisa tenggelam Bisa tenggelam

dan sumber
sekitar 20mA ,
cukup untuk
menerangi
sebuah LED .
Untuk beralih
arus yang lebih
besar

hingga 16mA
( cukup untuk
menerangi
sebuah LED ) ,
tetapi sumber
hanya sekitar
2mA . Untuk
beralih arus

arus yang lebih

lebih besar
besar
menggunakan
menggunakan
menggunakan
transistor
transistor
transistor
keluaran dapat
melaju hingga
50 CMOS ,
74HC atau
74HCT input ,
tetapi hanya
satu masukan
74LS .

Fan-out

Maximum
Frequency

Satu output dapat melaju hingga

50 CMOS , 74HC atau 74HCT
input , tetapi hanya 10 74LS
masukan

yang lebih
besar
menggunakan
transistor ..
Satu output
dapat melaju
hingga 10 74LS
input atau 50
74HCT input .

about 1MHz

about 25MHz

about 25MHz

about 35MHz

A few W.

A few W.

A few W.

A few mW.

Power
consumption
of the IC itself

NPN transistors
Code

Structure

Case
style

IC
max.

VCE hFE
max. min.

Ptot
max.

Category
(typical use)

Possible
substitutes

Audio, low
power

BC182 BC547

BC107

NPN

TO18 100mA 45V

110 300mW

BC108

NPN

TO18 100mA 20V

110 300mW

General purpose, BC108C BC183

low power
BC548

BC108C

NPN

TO18 100mA 20V

420 600mW

General purpose,
low power

BC109

NPN

TO18 200mA 20V

200 300mW

Audio (low
noise), low
power

BC182

NPN

TO92C 100mA 50V

100 350mW

General purpose,
BC107 BC182L
low power

BC182L

NPN

TO92A 100mA 50V

100 350mW

General purpose,
BC107 BC182
low power

BC547B

NPN

TO92C 100mA 45V

200 500mW

Audio, low
power

BC107B

BC548B

NPN

TO92C 100mA 30V

220 500mW

General purpose,
low power

BC108B

BC549B

NPN

TO92C 100mA 30V

240 625mW

Audio (low
noise), low
power

BC109

2N3053

NPN

TO39 700mA 40V

50

500mW

General purpose,
low power

BFY51

BFY51

NPN

TO39

1A

30V

40

BC639

NPN

TO92A

1A

80V

40

800mW medium power

800mW General purpose,

General purpose,

BC184 BC549

BC639
BFY51

medium power

TIP29A

NPN

TO220

1A

60V

40

30W

General purpose,
high power

TIP31A

NPN

TO220

3A

60V

10

40W

General purpose,
TIP31C TIP41A
high power

TIP31C

NPN

TO220

3A

100V

10

40W

General purpose,
TIP31A TIP41A
high power

TIP41A

NPN

TO220

6A

60V

15

65W

General purpose,
high power

2N3055

NPN

TO3

15A

60V

20

117W

General purpose,
high power

Please note: the data in this table was compiled from several sources which are not entirely consistent! Most of
the discrepancies are minor, but please consult information from your supplier if you require precise data.

PNP transistors
Code

Structure

Case
style

IC
max.

VCE hFE
max. min.

Ptot
max.

Category
(typical use)

Possible
substitutes

BC177

PNP

TO18 100mA 45V

125 300mW

Audio, low
power

BC477

BC178

PNP

TO18 200mA 25V

120 600mW

General purpose,
low power

BC478

BC179

PNP

TO18 200mA 20V

180 600mW

Audio (low
noise), low
power

BC477

PNP

TO18 150mA 80V

125 360mW

Audio, low
power

BC177

BC478

PNP

TO18 150mA 40V

125 360mW

General purpose,
low power

BC178

TIP32A

PNP

TO220

3A

60V

25

40W

General purpose,
high power

TIP32C

TIP32C

PNP

TO220

3A

100V

10

40W

General purpose,
high power

TIP32A

Please note: the data in this table was compiled from several sources which are not entirely consistent! Most of
the discrepancies are minor, but please consult information from your supplier if you require precise data.

Structure

This shows the type of transistor, NPN or PNP. The polarities of the
two types are different, so if you are looking for a substitute it must
be the same type.

Case style

There is a diagram showing the leads for some of the most common
case styles in the Connecting section above. This information is also
available in suppliers' catalogues.

IC max.

Maximum collector current.

VCE max.

Maximum voltage across the collector-emitter junction.

You can ignore this rating in low voltage circuits.

hFE

This is the current gain (strictly the DC current gain). The

guaranteed minimum value is given because the actual value varies
from transistor to transistor - even for those of the same type! Note
that current gain is just a number so it has no units.
The gain is often quoted at a particular collector current IC which is usually in the

middle of the transistor's range, for example '100@20mA' means the gain is at least
100 at 20mA. Sometimes minimum and maximum values are given. Since the gain
is roughly constant for various currents but it varies from transistor to transistor this
detail is only really of interest to experts.
Why hFE? It is one of a whole series of parameters for transistors, each with their
own symbol. There are too many to explain here.

Ptot max.

Maximum total power which can be developed in the transistor, note

that a heat sink will be required to achieve the maximum rating. This
rating is important for transistors operating as amplifiers, the power is
roughly IC VCE. For transistors operating as switches the maximum
collector current (IC max.) is more important.

Category

This shows the typical use for the transistor, it is a good starting point
when looking for a substitute. Catalogues may have separate tables
for different categories.

Possible substitute These are transistors with similar electrical properties which will be
s
suitable substitutes in most circuits. However, they may have a
different case style so you will need to take care when placing them
on the circuit board.

Selecting a Lamp
There are three important features to consider when selecting a lamp:

Voltage rating - the supply voltage for normal brightness.

Power or current rating - small lamps are usually rated by current.

Lamp type - please see the table below.

The voltage and power (or current) ratings are usually printed or embossed on the body of a
lamp.

Voltage rating
This is the supply voltage required for normal brightness. If a slightly higher voltage
is used the lamp will be brighter but its lifetime will be shorter. With a lower supply
voltage the lamp will be dimmer and its lifetime will be longer. The light from dim
lamps has a yellow-orange colour.
Torch lamps pass a relatively large current and this significantly reduces the output
voltage of the battery. Some voltage is used up inside the battery driving the large
current through the small resistance of the battery itself (its 'internal resistance'). As a result
the correct voltage rating for a torch lamp is lower than the normal voltage of the battery
which lights it!

For example: a lamp rated 3.5V 0.3A is correct for a 4.5V battery (three 1.5V cells) because
when the lamp is connected the voltage across the battery falls to about 3.5V.

Power or current rating

This is the power or current for the lamp when connected to its rated voltage. Low power
lamps are usually rated by their current and high power lamps by their power. It is easy to
convert between the two ratings:
where:
P = power in watts (W)
P=IV
I = current in amps (A)
or
V = voltage in volts (V)
I=P/V
Examples:

A lamp rated 3.5V 0.3A has a power rating P = I V = 0.3 3.5 = 1.05W

A lamp rated 6V 0.06A has a power rating P = I V = 0.06 6 = 0.36W

A lamp rated 12V 2.4W has a current rating I = P / V = 2.4 / 12 = 0.2A

Lamp Type

Type of Lamp
MES Miniature Edison Screw
These are the standard small lamps. The bulb diameter is
usually about 10mm, but tubular bulbs are also available.
MES lamps have one contact on the base and the body
forms the other contact. They are available with a good
range of voltage and power (or current) ratings. Lens
ended versions are available to produce a focused beam of
light.

LES

Lilliput Edison Screw

Smaller than MES, these have a bulb diameter of about

5mm.
Photograph Rapid Electronics

Example

MCC

Miniature Centre Contact

These have a bayonet style fitting, like a standard mains

lamp in the UK. They have one contact on the base and the
body forms the other contact. The bulb diameter is about
10mm.
Photograph Rapid Electronics

SBC

Small Bayonet Cap

These have a bayonet style fitting, like a standard mains

lamp in the UK. They have two contacts on the base so the
metal body is not connected in the circuit. SBC lamps have
high power ratings (24W for example) and their bulbs are
large with a diameter of up to about 40mm. Note the two
filament arrangements in the lamps shown, horizontal on
the left, vertical on the right.
Photograph Rapid Electronics

Pre-focus
This type of lamp is used in torches and lanterns. The
flange at the top of the metal body is used to hold the lamp
in place. Lampholders are not readily available so this type
is unsuitable for most projects.
Photograph Rapid Electronics

Wire ended
These are very small lamps with a bulb about 3mm
diameter and 6mm long. Take care to avoid snapping the
wires where they enter the glass bulb.
Photograph Rapid Electronics

Grain of Wheat
These are similar to the wire ended lamps above but they
have stranded wire leads usually about 150mm long. The
bulb is about 3mm diameter and 6mm long - the size of a
grain of wheat!
Photograph Rapid Electronics